Seminar on

Sustainable Future through

Timber Design
UITM, Dec. 16.12.2014

Design Timber Structures

using
Eurocode 5

Simon Aicher

Contents of lecture
Basics of permissible stress and

semi-probabilistic partial factor concept

Interrelationship of
- Eurocodes,
- harmonized (timber) product standards,
- classification standards, calculation standards and
- test test standards
Basics of Eurocode 5 structure and contents
Design example: straight glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
Design example: curved glulam beam (EC 5 vs. permissible concept)
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100 years old

glulam beams,
train repair hall,
Bellinzona, Italy

Olympic Ice rink

Hammar, Norway,
1994
glulam truss beams,
span:97m

Manufacture of timber parasols for Expo 2000, Hannover

HESS Limitless Verbindung (22)

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HESS Limitless Verbindung (23)

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7-storey timber
building, Berlin, 2011

10-storey timber
building, Melbourne,
Australia 2013

Eurocodes and supporting product and test standards

Eurocodes regulate design of timber, steel, concrete structures
in conjunction with national application documents but give
no provisions on material properties
Harmonized product standards regulate material properties of
harmonized building products (e.g. not adhesives) such as
EN 14080 glulam
EN 14081-1 solid timber in conjunction with national grading rules
and classification standard EN 1912 and strength class standard
EN 338
EN 15497 finger jointed lumber
EN 16351 cross laminated timber
EN 14374 LVL
EN 13986 panel products in conjunction with product / production standards, e.g.
EN 300 for OSB
Test standards, e.g. EN 408, EN 789,..
Calculation standards, e.g. EN 14358 on characteristic values

Permissible stress concept

act = 95

acting loads, hence resulting section forces E and stresses

represent in general 95% quantiles of the distributions

Design verification
act permissible
where in case of structural timber (roughly)

permissible = f50 /3
f50
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mean value of strength

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Semiprobabilistic design concept with partial factors

act = 95

as in permissible stress concept the loads / section forces/ stress

distributions represent 95% quantiles of the distributions

Design verification
d design stress

d fd

fd design strength

d = act L
L partial factor for load (1,5 for live load; 1,35 for perm. load)
f d = fk kmod / M
fk

characteristic strength property (5% quantile)

kmod modification factor (time, climate)

M partial factor for strength (material dependant; 1,1 to 1,3)
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Semiprobabilistic vs. permissible stress design concept

f05 = f50 (1 - 1,64 COV)
assuming COV = 0,12
f05 = f50 (1 0,2) = f50 / 1,25
f05 kmod
M

L = 1,5 partial factor for load

f50 kmod
1,25 M

with M = 1,3 and kmod = 0,8

f05 kmod
M

f50 0,8
1,25 1,3

f50
2

f05 kmod
f50
=
d = act L = act 1,5 fd =
M
2
f50
act f50
2 1,5 = 3 = permissible
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Graphical illustration of semiprobabilistic design concept

Probability
density

ms
fs

z = mz = kmod mR - ms
fz

ms 95
pf = 10 -6
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ms 95 s

kmod mR 05

kmod mR
fR

R, s

kmod mR 05 / R

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Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures Part 1-1

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Structural Eurocode Program comprises

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Scope of EN 1995

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Structure of Eurocode 5 ( = EN 1995)

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Subjects / Topics of EN 1995-1-1

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Normative References

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Normative References (continued)

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Normative References (continued)

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Section 2 of EC 5: Basis of design

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Section 2.2 of EC 5: Principles of limit state design

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2.2.2 Ultimate limit states

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2.2.3 Serviceability limit states

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2.2.3 Serviceability limit states

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2.3 Basic variables

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2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes

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2.3.1.2 Load-duration classes

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2.3.1.3 Service classes

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2.3.2 Materials and product properties

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2.3.2 Materials and product properties

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2.4 Verification by the partial factor method

5%- quantile value (lognormal dist.)

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Recommended partial factors M for material properties

EC 5 Table 2.3

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2.4.2 Design values of geometrical data

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2.4.2 Design value of a resistance

Example: Rk = Xk relevant cross-sectional quantity

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EC 5 Section 3 Materials properties

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3.1.3/4 Strength and deformation modification factors

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EC 5 Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod

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EC 5 Table 3.1 Strength modification values kmod

(continued)

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Strength modification values kmod = f( time; moisture)

short
1 min

Strength modification factor

1.2
kmod

10Jahre
years50 Jahre
10
1
1 week
Woche 66months
Monate 10
years

Madison-Kurve

Service class 11/2

and2
Nutzungsklasse

0.8

Service class 3

Nutzungsklasse 3

0.6

0.4

very
short

short
kurz

sehr kurz

medium
mittel

permanent
stndig

long
lang

0.2

0
0 .0

1
0
.
0

0 .1

10

10

0
10

0
1

0
00

0
10

0
00

Accumulated duration of load [hours]

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10

0
00

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EC 5 Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef

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EC 5 Table 3.2 Deformation modification values kdef

(continued)

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EC 5 3.2: Solid timber

EN 15497
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EC 5 3.3: Glued laminated timber

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EC 5 3.3: Glued laminated timber

Now large finger joints are directly regulated in the

harmonized product standard for glulam,

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Example of large finger joint (single joint line)

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Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)

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Example of large finger joint (two joint lines)

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EC 5 3.3: Glued laminated timber

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EC 5 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

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EC 5 3.4: Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

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EC 5 3.5: Wood-based panels

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EC 5 3.6: Adhesives

Note: As permissible structural adhesive families and respective classifications have

been profoundly changed in conjunction with introduction of one-component
Polyurethane (1K-PU) and polymer isocyanate (EPI) adhesives according to EN 15425
and EN 16351 principle P (2) is no more throughout valid because of EPI definitions.

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EC 5 3.7: Metal fasteners

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EC 5 Section 4: Durability

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EC 5 Section 4: Durability

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EC 5 Section 4: Durability

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EC 5 Table 4.1 Corrosion protection of fasteners

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EC 5 - Section 5: Basis of structural analysis

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5.2 Members

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5.4 Assemblies

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5.4 Assemblies

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5.4.2 Frame structures

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5.4.4 Plane frames and arches

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Examples of assumed initial geometry deviations

geometry of
frames

initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to symmetrical load

initial geometry
deviation corresponding
to non-symmetrical load

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EC 5 - Section 6: Ultimate limit states

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Tension
6.1.2 Tension parallel to the grain

6.1.2 Tension perpendicular to the grain

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Compression
6.1.4 Compression parallel to the grain

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Compression

6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to the grain

where

c,90,d

is the design compressive stress in the effective contact area

perpendicular to the grain;

Fc,90,d

is the design compressive load perpendicular to the grain;

Aef

is the effective contact area in compression perpendicular to

the grain;

Fc,90,d

is the design compressive strength perpendicular to the

grain;

kc,90

is a factor taking into account the load configuration, the

possibility of splitting and the degree of compressive
deformation.

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Compression

6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to the grain

The effective contact area perpendicular to the grain, Aef, should be determined taking into
account an effective contact length parallel to the grain, where the actual contact length, , at
each side is increased by 30 mm, but not more than a, or 1/2, see Figure 6.2.
2. The value of kc,90 should be taken as 1,0 unless the conditions in the following paragraphs
apply. In these cases the higher value of kc,90 specified may be taken, with a limiting value
of kc,90 = 1,75.
3. For members on continuous supports, provided that 1 2h, see Figure 6.2a, the value
of kc,90 should be taken as:
kc,90 = 1,25 for solid softwood timber
kc,90 = 1,5 for glued laminated softwood timber
where h is the depth of the member and is the contact length.

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Compression

6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to the grain

4. For members on discrete supports, provided that 1 2h, see Figure 6.2b, the value of kc,90
should be taken as:
kc,90 = 1,5 for solid softwood timber
kc,90 = 1,75 for glued laminated softwood timber provided that I 400 mm
where h is the depth of the member and is the contact length.

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6.1.6 Bending

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6.1.6 Bending

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6.1.7 Shear

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6.1.7 Shear (crack factor issue)

2. For the verification of shear resistance of members in bending, the influence
of cracks should be taken into account using an effective width of the member
given as:
bef = kcr b
where b is the width of the relevant section of the member.
NOTE: The recommended value for kcr is given as
kcr = 0,67

for solid timber

kcr = 0,67

for glued laminated timber

kcr = 1,0

for other wood-based products in

accordance with EN 13986 and EN
14374.

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6.1.7 Shear

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6.1.8 Torsion

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6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain

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6.2.3 Combined bending and axial tension

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6.2.3 Combined bending and axial compression

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

Figure 6.8 Single tapered beam

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

(a)

Note: In curved beams

the apex zone extends
over the curved parts
of the beam

Figure 6.9 Double tapered (a) and curved (b) beams with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam
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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

Note: In pitched cambered
beams the apex zone
extends over the curved
parts of the beam

Figure 6.9 Pitched cambered beam (c) beam with the fibre direction parallel
to the lower edge of the beam
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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

or
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6.4 Members with varying cross-section or curved shape

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Design examples

Design of straight glulam member

- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052

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Straight beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

16x80 cm

q = 9 kN/m, g = 6 kN/m

GL 24 / BS 11
10 m

Geometry:
l = 10 m
b = 160 mm
h = 800 mm
S = b h/6 = 17 10-6 mm
I = b h/12 = 6.8 10-9 mm4

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Design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

Property

permissible concept

semi-probabilistic concept

Bending strength

m,perm = 11 N/mm

fm,k = 24 N/mm

Shear strength

v,perm = 1.2 N/mm

fv,k = 3.5 N/mm

MOE

Em = 11000 N/mm

Em,mean = 11000 N/mm

crack factor

kcr = 0.67

modification factor for duration

of load and moisture content

kmod = 0.6 (Service Class I/II,

medium-term)

Partial factor for material

properties

M = 1.25

(glulam, EC 5)

Deformation factor

kdef = 0.8 (Service Class I)

Partial factor for permanent

actions

G = 1.35

Partial factor for variable

actions

G = 1.5

Factor for quasi-permanent

value of a variable action

2,1 = 0.3

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Design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

Result

permissible concept

semi-probabilistic concept

distributed load

F = g + q = 15 kN/m

Fd = G g + Q q = 21.6 kN/m

bending moment M

M = F l / 8 = 188 kNm

Md = Fd l / 8 = 270 kNm

bending stress

m = M/S = 11 N/mm

m = Md/S = 15.8 N/mm

utilization (bending)

11 / 11 = 1.00

fm,d = fm,k kmod /M = 15.4 N/mm

15.8 / fm,d = 1.03

shear force V

V = F l/2 = 75 kN

Vd = Fd l/2 = 108 kN

shear stress v

1.5 V / (b h) = 0.88 N/mm

1.5 Vd / (b h) = 1.89 N/mm

1.2 / 0.88 = 0.73

fv,d = fv,k kmod /M = 2.24 N/mm

1.89 / fv,d = 0.84

utilization (shear)

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Design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

deflection

utilitization (deflection)

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5 4
=
= 26
384

= 0.78
/300

Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

= , + ,=
5 4
5 4
+
= 10.4 + 15.6
384 384
= 26
= , (1 + ) +
, (1 +2,1 )=
16.7 + 18.4 = 35.1mm

= 0.78
/300

= 0.53
/150

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Design examples

Design of curved glulam beam

- comparison of
Eurocode 5 vs. DIN 1052

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HESS Limitless Verbindung (7)

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Stress distributions in curved beams with const. moment

R1 < R2

R1 < R2
H/R2 = 0,09

= 0,09
RH/R
2 / H2 = 11
RH/R
=2,5
0,4
1 / H1 =

tension stresses
perpendicular to grain

,max
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H M
= 0,25
R W
Eurocode 5 Timber Structures

H/R1 = 0,4

bending stresses
parallel to grain
2

H
H M
II = 1+ 0,35 + 0,6
R
R W

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Stress t,90 of curved and tapered beams with line loads

stress perp.
to grain
h

stress perp.
to grain

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Curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

DIN 1052 BS 14: m,permissible = 14 N/mm2

EN 14080 GL 28: fm,k = 28 N/mm2
Geometry, dimensions and quality /strength class
of example beam
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Curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

EC5

F = 23,31 kN

Design for bending:

rin/t = 200,
kr = 0,96

hap / r = 0,118
k1 = 1; k2 = 0,35, k3 = 0,6
kl = 1,05
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Curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

F = 23,31 kN

EC5

Design for bending:

GL28:
fm,k = 28 N/mm2

load duration:
medium, kmod = 0,8

fm,d = fm,k kmod /m

kr = 0,96

fm,d =

glulam: m = 1,25

17,92 N/mm2

ratio = 0,38
kl = 1,05

Map,d = f Map

m,d = 6,85 N/mm2

combined loading: f = 1,4

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curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

EC5

Design for tension perp.:

glulam: V0 = 0,01 m3
kdis = 1,4

V = 0,691 m3

kVol = (V0/V)0,2 = 0,43

hap / r = 0,118
k5 = 0; k6 = 0,25, k7 = 0
kp = 0,0294
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Example: Curved Beam with pure moment loading

F = 23,31 kN

EC5

Design for tension perp.:

glulam:
ft,90,k = 0,5 N/mm2

kdis = 1,4 , kVol = 0,43,

load duration:
medium, kmod = 0,8

ft,90,d = ft,90,k kmod /m

glulam: m = 1,25

ft,90,d = 0,32 N/mm2

1,4 x 0,43 x 0,32 = 0,19 N/mm2

kp = 0,0294

Map,d = f Map

t,90,d = 0,19 N/mm2

ratio
= 1,0

combined loading: f = 1,4

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Curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

DIN
1052

F = 23,31 kN

Design for bending:

m m,permissible

m,permissible = 14 N/mm2

ratio = 0,33
m = kl 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kl = 1,05
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curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

DIN
1052

F = 23,31 kN

Design fr tension perp.:

t,90 t,90,permissible

t,90,permissible = 0,2 N/mm2

ratio = 0,69

t,90 = kp 6 Map/b h2
hap / r = 0,118, kp = 0,0294

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t,90 = 0,14 N/mm2

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curved beam design comparison EC 5 vs. perm. stress concept

F = 23,31 kN

bending

tension perp.

EC5

0,40

1,00

DIN 1052

0,33

0,69

no pre-stress effect
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Now ist time to finish!

Thank you very much for your patient listening!

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