MEP Pupil Text 4

4 Trigonometry

4.1 Squares and Triangles

A triangle is a geometric shape with three sides and three angles. Some of the different
types of triangles are described in this Unit.
A square is a four-sided geometric shape with all sides of equal length. All four angles
are the same size.

An isosceles triangle has two sides that are the

same length, and the two base angles are equal.

60

All the sides of an equilateral triangle are the

same length, and the angles are all 60 .
60

60

A scalene triangle has sides that all have different

lengths, and has 3 different angles.

Worked Example 1
Find the area of the square shown in the diagram.

Solution

4 cm

Area = 4 4
= 16 cm 2

4 cm

Exercises
1.

For each triangle below, state whether it is scalene, isosceles or equilateral.

(a)

(b)
6 cm

7 cm

6 cm

6 cm

8 cm

4 cm
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MEP Pupil Text 4

(c)

(d)
2 cm

2 cm
2 cm

40

40

(e)

(f)

30

60

60

60

(g)

60

(h)
3 cm
5 cm
3 cm

70

2.

3.

70

(a)

When a square is cut in half diagonally, two triangles are obtained. Are
these triangles scalene, isosceles or equilateral?

(b)

What type of triangle do you get if you cut a rectangle in half diagonally?

Find the area of each square below.

(a)

(b)
5 cm

7 cm

5 cm

7 cm

(c)

(d)
1 cm
10 m

1 cm

10 m

4.

Find the areas of the squares with sides of length:

(a)

5.

2m

(b)

100 m

(c)

15 cm

(d)

17 cm

Find the lengths of the sides of a square that has an area of:
(a)
(d)

9 cm 2
64 cm 2

(b)
(e)

25 m 2
1 cm 2
117

(c)
(f)

100 m 2
400 m 2

MEP Pupil Text 4

6.

Two squares of side 4 cm are joined together to form a rectangle. What is the area
of the rectangle?

7.

A square of side 12 cm is cut in half to form two triangles. What is the area of each
triangle?

8.

A square of side 6 cm is cut into quarters to form 4 smaller squares. What is the
area of each of these squares?

4.2 Pythagoras' Theorem

Pythagoras' Theorem gives a relationship between the lengths of the sides of a right
angled triangle. For the triangle shown,
a2 = b2 + c2

Note

The longest side of a right angled triangle is called

the hypotenuse.

Worked Example 1

4 cm

Find the length of the hypotenuse of the triangle

shown in the diagram. Give your answer correct to
2 decimal places.

6 cm

Solution
As this is a right angled triangle, Pythagoras' Theorem can be used. If the length of the
hypotenuse is a, then b = 4 and c = 6 .
So

a2 = b2 + c2
a2 = 42 + 62
a 2 = 16 + 36
a 2 = 52

a = 52
= 7.2 cm

(to one decimal place)

Worked Example 2
Find the length of the side of the triangle marked x
in the diagram.

6 cm

3 cm

Solution

As this is a right angled triangle, Pythagoras' Theorem can be used. Here the length of
the hypotenuse is 6 cm, so a = 6 cm and c = 3 cm with b = x .
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a2 = b2 + c2

So

6 2 = x 2 + 32
36 = x 2 + 9
36 9 = x 2
36 9 = x 2
27 = x 2
27 = x
x = 5.2 cm

(to one decimal place)

Exercises
1.

Find the length of the side marked x in each triangle.

(a)

(b)
x

4m

5 cm
12 cm

3m

(c)

(d)
26 m

15 cm

10 m

12 cm
x

(e)
6m

6 cm

(f)
8m

10 cm

(g)
(h)

36 cm

25 m

20 m

x
x

119

15 cm

MEP Pupil Text 4

2.

Find the length of the side marked x in each triangle. Give your answers correct to
2 decimal places.
(a)

(b)
x

7 cm

15 cm
11 cm

14 cm
4 cm

(c)

7m

(d)
5m

8 cm

(e)

8 cm

(f)
10 cm

12 cm

7 cm

5m

(g)
6m

12 m

(i)

2m

(h)

(j)
x

10 cm

18 cm

5m
4m

(k)

(l)

3.3 m
x

9.4 m
4.6 m

7.8 m

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(m)

(n)

8.9 cm

5.2 cm
x

3.

5.4 m

2.3 m

Ben

Adam runs diagonally across a school field,

while Ben runs around the edge.

Adam
200 m

(a)

How far does Ben run?

(b)

How far does Adam run?

(c)

How much further does Ben run than Adam?

120 m

4.

A guy rope is attached to the top of a tent

pole, at a height of 1.5 metres above the
ground, and to a tent peg 2 metres from the
base of the pole. How long is the guy rope?

Pole
1.5 m

Guy
rope
Peg
2m

5.

Farida is 1.4 metres tall. At a certain time her shadow is 2 metres long. What is the
distance from the top of her head to the top of her shadow?

6.

A rope of length 10 metres is stretched from the top of a pole 3 metres high until it
reaches ground level. How far is the end of the line from the base of the pole?

7.

A rope is fixed between two trees that are

10 metres apart. When a child hangs on to
the centre of the rope, it sags so that the
centre is 2 metres below the level of the
ends. Find the length of the rope.

2m

10 m

3m

8.

The roof on a house that is 6 metres wide

peaks at a height of 3 metres above the top of
the walls. Find the length of the sloping side
of the roof.

121

6m

MEP Pupil Text 4

9.

The picture shows a garden shed. Find the

length, AB, of the roof.

B
2.5 m
2m

10.

2m

Miles walks 3 km east and then 10 km north.

(a)

How far is he from his starting point?

(b)

He then walks east until he is 20 km from his starting point. How much
further east has he walked?

11.

Ali is building a shed. It should be rectangular with sides of length 3 metres and
6 metres. He measures the diagonal of the base of the shed before he starts to put
up the walls. How long should the diagonal be?

12.

Pauline is building a greenhouse. The base

PQRS of the greenhouse should be a
rectangle measuring 2.6 metres by
1.4 metres.

To check the base is rectangular Pauline has

to measure the diagonal PR.

1.4 m
S

2.6 m

(a)

Calculate the length of PR when the base is rectangular. You must show all
your working.

(b)

When building the greenhouse Pauline finds angle PSR > 90 .

She measures PR. Which of the following statements is true?
X:

PR is greater than it should be.

Y:

PR is less than it should be.

Z:

PR is the right length.

(SEG)

4.3 Further Work with Pythagoras' Theorem

Worked Example 1

2 cm

Find the length of the side marked x in the diagram.

x
4 cm

4 cm
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Solution
First consider the lower triangle. The unknown
length of the hypotenuse has been marked y.

y2 = 42 + 42

4 cm

y 2 = 16 + 16
y 2 = 32 cm

4 cm

The upper triangle can now be considered, using the value for y 2 .
From the triangle, x 2 = y 2 + 2 2 , and using y 2 = 32 gives

2 cm

x 2 = 32 + 4
x 2 = 36
x

= 36

= 6 cm

x
y

Note
32 , but to simply use y 2 = 32 .

When finding the side x, it is not necessary to find

Worked Example 2
Find the value of x as shown on the diagram, and
state the lengths of the two unknown sides.

13 m
2x

Solution
Using Pythagoras' Theorem gives

3x

13 = (2 x ) + (3 x )
2

169 = 4 x 2 + 9 x 2

(since (2 x ) = 2 2 x 2 = 4 x 2 )
2

169 = 13 x 2
13 = x 2
x = 13

= 3.61 cm

(to 2 decimal places)

Exercises
1.

Find the length of the side marked x in each diagram.

(a)

(b)

x
6

3
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MEP Pupil Text 4

(c)

(d)

4
10

12

4
3

(e)

(f)
10

15

x
x

2.

Find the length of the side marked x in the following situations.

(a)

(b)
20

4x

(c)

(d)

5x

4x

4x
20
5

3.

Which of the following triangles are right angled triangles?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
9
B

10

26
A

6.5

13
15

24

4.

130
6

120
D

2.5

40

A ladder of length 4 metres leans against a

vertical wall. The foot of the ladder is
2 metres from the wall. A plank that has a
length of 5 metres rests on the ladder, so that
one end is halfway up the ladder.
(a)

How high is the top of the ladder?

(b)

How high is the top of the plank?

(c)

How far is the bottom of the plank

from the wall?
124

2m

MEP Pupil Text 4

5.

The diagram shows how the sign that hangs

over a Fish and Chip shop is suspended by a
rope and a triangular metal bracket. Find the
length of the rope.

Rope
160 cm

50 cm
90 cm

6.

The diagram shows how a cable is attached

to the mast of a sailing dingy. A bar pushes
the cable out away from the mast. Find the
total length of the cable.

Metal
Bracket

FISH
AND
CHIPS

Wall

Mast
80 cm
Bar
40 cm

240 cm

Cable

80 cm

7.

8.

Deck

A helicopter flies in a straight line until it reaches a point 20 km east and 15 km

north of its starting point. It then turns through 90 and travels a further 10 km.
(a)

How far is the helicopter from its starting point?

(b)

If the helicopter turned 90 the other way, how far would it end up from its
starting point?

A cone is placed on a wedge. The

dimensions of the wedge are shown in the
diagram. The cone has a slant height of
30 cm. Find the height of the cone.

30 cm

4 cm
20 cm

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9.

10.

A simple crane is to be constructed using an

isosceles triangular metal frame. The top of
the frame is to be 10 metres above ground
level and 5 metres away from the base of
the crane, as shown in the diagram. Find
the length of each side of the triangle.

A thin steel tower is supported on one side

by two cables. Find the height of the tower
and the length of the longer cable.

10 m

5m

10 m
40 m

25 m

11.

12.

An isosceles triangle has two sides of length

8 cm and one of length 4 cm. Find the
height of the triangle and its area.

height

Find the area of each the equilateral triangles that have sides of lengths
(a)

8 cm

(b)

20 cm

(c)

2 cm

4.4 Sine, Cosine and Tangent

When working in a right angled triangle, the
longest side is known as the hypotenuse. The other
two sides are known as the opposite and the
adjacent. The adjacent is the side next to a
marked angle, and the opposite side is opposite
this angle.

Hypotenuse
Opposite

Adjacent

For a right angled triangle, the sine, cosine and

tangent of the angle are defined as:
sin =

opposite
hypotenuse

cos =

adjacent
hypotenuse

tan =

opposite
adjacent

Sin will always have the same value for any particular angle, regardless of the size of
the triangle. The same is true for cos and tan .

126

MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 1

For the triangle shown, state which sides are:

(a)

the hypotenuse

(b)

the adjacent

(c)

the opposite

Solution

(a)

The hypotenuse is the longest side, which for this triangle is CB.

(b)

The adjacent is the side that is next to the angle , which for this triangle is AB.

(c)

The opposite side is the side that is opposite the angle , which for this triangle
is AC.

Worked Example 2
Write down the values of sin , cos and tan
for the triangle shown. Then use a calculator to
find the angle in each case.

10

Solution
First,

opposite
hypotenuse
8
=
10

adjacent
hypotenuse
6
=
10

sin =

= 8
= 6
= 10

opposite
adjacent
hypotenuse

opposite
adjacent
8
=
6
4
=
3

cos =

0.8

tan =

0.6

Using a calculator gives = 53.1 (correct to 1 decimal place) in each case.

Exercises
1.

For each triangle, state which side is the hypotenuse, the adjacent and the opposite.
(a)

(b)

(c)

I
G
A

F
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MEP Pupil Text 4

(d) J

(e)

(f)

2.

For each triangle, write sin , cos and tan as fractions.

(a)

(b)

(c)

13

17

12

1.5

(d)

15

(e)

(f)

2.5

12

50

48
12.5

3.5

14

3.

4.

5.

Use a calculator to find the following. Give your answers correct to 3 decimal
places.
(a)

sin 30

(b)

tan 75

(c)

tan 52.6

(d)

cos 66

(e)

tan 33

(f)

tan 45

(g)

tan 37

(h)

sin 88.2

(i)

cos 45

(j)

cos 48

(k)

cos 46.7

(l)

sin 45

Use a calculator to find in each case. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal
place.
(a)

cos = 0.5

(b)

sin = 1

(c)

tan = 0.45

(d)

sin = 0.821

(e)

sin = 0.75

(f)

cos = 0.92

(g)

tan = 1

(h)

sin = 0.5

(i)

tan = 2

(j)

cos = 0.14

(k)

sin = 0.26

(l)

tan = 5.25

(a)

Draw a triangle with an angle of 50

as shown in the diagram, and measure
the length of each side.
50
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(b)

Using
sin =

opposite
hypotenuse

cos =

adjacent
hypotenuse

tan =

opposite
adjacent

and the lengths of the sides of your triangle, find sin 50, cos 50 and
tan 50 .

6.

(c)

Use your calculator to find sin 50, cos 50 and tan 50 .

(d)

Compare your results to (b) and (c).

For the triangle shown, write down expressions for:

(a)

cos

(b)

sin

(c)

tan

(d)

cos

(e)

sin

(f)

tan

4.5 Finding Lengths in Right Angled Triangles

When one angle and the length of one side are known,
it is possible to find the lengths of other sides in the
same triangle, by using sine, cosine or tangent.

12
50

Worked Example 1
Find the length of the side marked x in the triangle shown.

Solution

In this triangle,

hypotenuse = 20
opposite = x

70

Choose sine because it involves hypotenuse and opposite.

sin =

Using

opposite
hypotenuse

x
20
To obtain x, multiply both sides of this equation by 20, which gives
sin 70 =

gives

20 cm

20 sin 70 = x
or

x = 20 sin 70
= 18.8 cm

(to 1 d.p.)

This value is obtained using a calculator.

129

MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 2
Find the length of the side marked x in the triangle.

x
40

Solution

8m

In this triangle,

opposite = x
adjacent = 8 metres

Use tangent because it involves the opposite and adjacent.

Using

tan =

gives

tan 40 =

opposite
adjacent
x
8

Multiplying both sides by 8 gives

8 tan 40 = x

or
x = 8 tan 40
= 6.7 metres

(to 1 decimal place)

Worked Example 3
Find the length marked x in the triangle.
10 m

Solution
42

This problem will involve tangent, so use the other

angle which is 90 42 = 48 , so that x is the
opposite.

48

Then

opposite = x
adjacent = 10 metres

tan =

and using
gives

tan 48 =

10 m

opposite
adjacent

x
10

Multiplying both sides by 10 gives

x = 10 tan 48
= 11.1 metres

(to 1 decimal place)

Worked Example 4
Find the length of the hypotenuse, marked x, in the triangle.

10 cm

x
28

130

MEP Pupil Text 4

Solution
hypotenuse = x
opposite = 10 cm
Use sine because it involves hypotenuse and opposite.
opposite
Using
sin =
hypotenuse

In this triangle,

10
x
where x is the length of the hypotenuse.
sin 28 =

gives

Multiplying both sides by x gives

x sin 28 = 10 ,

then dividing both sides by sin 28 gives

x=

10
sin 28

= 21.3 cm

(to 1 decimal place)

Exercises
1.

Find the length of the side marked x in each triangle.

(a)

(b)

(c)
x

8 cm
25

12 cm

11 cm

50
x

80

15 cm

(d)

(e)

(f)

30

22
x
18 cm

24 cm
70

(g)

20 cm
x

(h)

(i)
x

45

28

26 cm

131

9m
60

MEP Pupil Text 4

(j)

(k)

(l)
38

10.4 m

45
x

16.7 m

50

20 m

(m)

(n)

48

15.2 m

(o)
18

8.2 m

12.8 m
x
25

2.

A ladder leans against a wall as shown in

the diagram.
(a)
(b)

3.

4.

How far is the top of the ladder from

the ground?

4m

How far is the bottom of the ladder

from the wall?

68

A guy rope is attached to a tent peg and the

top of a tent pole so that the angle between
the peg and the bottom of the pole is 60 .
(a)

Find the height of the pole if the peg

is 1 metre from the bottom of the pole.

(b)

If the length of the rope is 1.4 metres,

find the height of the pole.

(c)

Find the distance of the peg from the

base of the pole if the length of the
guy rope is 2 metres.

Tent

60

A child is on a swing in a park. The highest

position that she reaches is as shown.
Find the height of the swing seat above the
ground in this position.

132

3m

15
3.5 m

MEP Pupil Text 4

5.

A laser beam shines on the side of a building. The side of the building is 500 metres
from the source of the beam, which is at an angle of 16 above the horizontal. Find
the height of the point where the beam hits the building.

6.

A ship sails 400 km on a bearing of 075 .

7.

(a)

How far east has the ship sailed?

(b)

How far north has the ship sailed?

An aeroplane flies 120 km on a bearing of 210 .

(a)

How far south has the aeroplane flown?

(b)

How far west has the aeroplane flown?

8.

A kite has a string of length 60 metres. On a windy day all the string is let out and
makes an angle of between 20 and 36 with the ground. Find the minimum and
maximum heights of the kite.

9.

Find the length of the side marked x in each triangle.

(a)

(b)

(c)
x

x
9 cm

18 cm

42

48

70

10 cm
x

(d)

45

(e)

(f)

12 m

22 m

7m

x
18

55

(g)

(h)

(i)
26 cm

17

1.8 m
58

4 cm

133

x
50

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10.

The diagram shows a slide.

(a)

Find the height of the top of the slide.

(b)

Find the length of the slide.

Slide

2m
Steps

40

70

11.

A snooker ball rests against the side cushion

of a snooker table. It is hit so that it moves
at 40 to the side of the table. How far does
the ball travel before it hits the cushion on
the other side of the table?
40
80 cm

12.

(a)

Find the length of the dotted line and

the area of this triangle.

5 cm
50
12 cm

(b)

Find the height of the triangle below and then find a formula for its area in
terms of a and .

13.

A wire 18 metres long runs from the top of a

pole to the ground as shown in the diagram.
The wire makes an angle of 35 with the
ground. Calculate the height of the pole.
Give your answer to a reasonable degree of
accuracy.
(NEAB)

14.

18 m

35

In the figure shown, calculate

(a)

the length of BD.

(b)

the length of BC.

A 48
D
4 cm

(NEAB)

134

36

MEP Pupil Text 4

4.6 Finding Angles in Right Angled Triangles

If the lengths of any two sides of a right angled
triangle are known, then sine, cosine and tangent
can be used to find the angles of the triangle.

18 cm
?

Worked Example 1

10 cm

Find the angle marked in the triangle shown.

Solution
In this triangle,

hypotenuse = 20 cm
opposite = 14 cm

Using

sin =

gives

sin =

20 cm

14 cm

opposite
hypotenuse

14
20
= 0.7

Then using the SHIFT and SIN buttons on a calculator gives = 44.4

(to 1 d.p.)

Worked Example 2
Find the angle marked in the triangle shown.

Solution
In this triangle,

opposite = 25 cm
adjacent = 4 cm
tan =

Using

tan

gives

opposite
adjacent

4 cm

25
4
= 6.25
=

= 80.9

Using a calculator gives

25 cm

(to 1 d.p.)

Exercises
1.

Find the angle of:

(a)

8m

(b)

(c)
20 cm

10 m
6 cm

2 cm
135

5 cm

MEP Pupil Text 4

(d)

(e)

14 cm

6.7 m

(f)

22 m

15 cm

8m

7m

(g)

(h)

(i)

5m

9m
0.7 m

48 mm

0.5 m

12 mm

(j)

(k)

0.9 cm

(l)

12.2 m

16.5 m

8.7 m

3.6 cm

15.1 m

2.

A ladder leans against a wall. The length of

the ladder is 4 metres and the base is 2 metres
from the wall. Find the angle between the
ladder and the ground.

4m

2m

3.

4.

As cars drive up a ramp at a multi-storey car

park, they go up 2 metres. The length of the
ramp is 10 metres. Find the angle between
the ramp and the horizontal.

A flag pole is fixed to a wall and supported by

a rope, as shown. Find the angle between
(a)

the rope and the wall

(b)

the pole and the wall.

10 m

2m

5m

2m

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5.

The mast on a yacht is supported by a number of wire ropes. One, which has a
length of 15 metres, goes from the top of the mast at a height of 10 metres, to the
front of the boat.
(a)

Find the angle between the wire rope and the mast.

(b)

Find the distance between the base of the mast and the front of the boat.

6.

A marine runs 500 metres east and then 600 metres north. If he had run directly
from his starting point to his final position, what bearing should he have run on?

7.

A ship is 50 km south and 70 km west of the port that it is heading for. What
bearing should it sail on to reach the port?

8.

The diagram shows a simple bridge, which is supported by four steel cables.
(a)

Find the angles at and .

(b)

Find the length of each cable.

6m

4m

4m

4m

4m

4m

9.

A rope has a length of 20 metres. When a boy hangs at the centre of the rope, its
centre is 1 metre below its normal horizontal position. Find the angle between the
rope and the horizontal in this position.

10.

ABC is a right angled triangle. AB is of

length 4 metres and BC is of length
13 metres.
(a)

Calculate the length of AC.

(b)

Calculate the size of angle ABC.

13 m

(LON)

137

4m

MEP Pupil Text 4

11.

The diagram shows a roofing frame ABCD.

AB = 7 m, BC = 5 m, angle ABD = angle DBC = 90
D

3m

7m

(a)

Calculate the length of AD.

(b)

Calculate the size of angle DCB.

5m

(MEG)

4.7 Mixed Problems with Trigonometry

When you look up at something, such as an aeroplane, the angle between your line of
sight and the horizontal is called the angle of elevation.

Angle of elevation

Similarly, if you look down at something, then the angle between your line of sight and
the horizontal is called the angle of depression.

Angle of depression
Cliffs

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MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 1
A man looks out to sea from a cliff top at a height of 12 metres. He sees a boat that is
150 metres from the cliffs. What is the angle of depression?

Solution
The situation can be represented by the triangle shown in the diagram, where is the
angle of depression.

12 m

150 m

opposite = 12 m
adjacent = 150 m

In this triangle,

Using

tan =

opposite
adjacent

gives

tan =

12
150

Using a calculator gives = 4.6

= 0.08
(to 1 d.p.)

Worked Example 2
A person walking on open moorland can see the top of a radio mast. The person is 200
metres from the mast. The angle of elevation of the top of the mast is 3 . What is the
height of the mast?

Solution
The triangle illustrates the situation described.
In this triangle,

Using

gives

opposite = x
adjacent = 200 m

tan =

tan 3 =

opposite
adjacent

3
200 m

x
200

Multiplying both sides by 200 gives

x = 200 tan 3
= 10.5 metres

(to 1 d.p.)

139

MEP Pupil Text 4

Exercises
1.

In order to find the height of a tree, some

children walk 50 metres from the base of
the tree and measure the angle of elevation
as 10 . Find the height of the tree.

10
50 m

2.

From a distance of 20 metres from its base, the angle of elevation of the top of a
pylon is 32 . Find the height of the pylon.

3.

The height of a church tower is 15 metres. A man looks at the tower from a
distance of 120 metres. What is the angle of elevation of the top of the tower from
the man?

4.

A coastguard looks out from an observation tower of height 9 metres and sees a
boat in distress at a distance of 500 metres from the tower. What is the angle of
depression of the boat from the tower?

5.

A lighthouse is 20 metres high. A life-raft is drifting and one of its occupants

estimates the angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse as 3 .

6.

(a)

Use the estimated angle to find the distance of the life-raft from the
lighthouse.

(b)

If the life-raft is in fact 600 metres from the lighthouse, find the correct angle
of elevation.

A radio mast is supported by two cables as

shown. Find the distance between the two
points A and B.

30 m

60

50
B

7.

A man stands at a distance of 8 metres from

a lamppost. When standing as shown, he
measures the angle of elevation as 34 .
Find the height of the lamppost.

34
1.8 m
8m

8.

Find the unknown length (x) in each

diagram.
(a)

(b)
x

5m

3.5 m

40

4m

8m

140

7m

MEP Pupil Text 4

(c)

(d)

10 m
6m

x
60
3m

9.

10.

11.

28

4m

4m

From his hotel window a tourist has a clear

view of a clock tower. The window is
5 metres above ground level. The angle
of depression of the bottom of the tower is
5 and the angle of elevation of the top of
the tower is 7 .
(a)

How far is the hotel from the tower?

(b)

What is the height of the tower?

7
5
5m

A radar operator notes that an aeroplane is at

a distance of 2000 metres and at a height of
800 metres. Find the angle of elevation.
A little while later the distance has reduced
to 1200 metres, but the height remains 800
metres. How far has the aeroplane moved?

2000 m
800 m

The diagram represents a triangular roof

frame ABC with a window frame EFC.
BDC and EF are horizontal and AD and FC
are vertical.
(a)

Calculate the height AD.

(b)

Calculate the size of the angle

marked x in the diagram.

(c)

A
1.8 m
14.4 m

75

2.4 m

Calculate FC.
(MEG)

12.

Two ships B and C are both due east of a

point A at the base of a vertical cliff. The
cliff is 130 metres high. The ship at C is
350 metres from the bottom of the cliff.

(a)

(i)

Calculate the distance from the

top of the cliff to the ship at C.
141

130 m

33
A

B
350 m

MEP Pupil Text 4

(ii) Calculate the angle of depression from the top of the cliff to the ship at C.
(b)

The angle of elevation of the top of the cliff from the ship at B is 33 .
Calculate the distance AB.
(SEG)

4.8 Sine and Cosine Rules

A

In the triangle ABC, the side opposite angle A has

length a, the side opposite angle B has length b and
the side opposite angle C has length c.

The sine rule states

C

sin A sin B sin C

=
=
a
b
c

Proof of Sine Rule

A

If you construct the perpendicular from vertex A to

meet side CB at N, then
AN = c sin B
= b sin C

(from ABN)
(from ACN)

Hence
C

N a

similarly for

c sin B = b sin C

sin B sin C
=
b
c

sin A
.
a

The cosine rule states

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2 bc cos A
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2 ca cos B
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 ab cos C

Proof of Cosine Rule

If CN = x, then NB = a x and

c 2 = AN 2 + (a x )

a 0)
x)
((x

when x = C N

= (b sin C) + (a b cos C ) , since x = b cos C

N a

i.e.

= b 2 sin 2 C + b 2 cos 2 C 2 ab cos C + a 2

B

= b 2 sin 2 C + cos 2 C + a 2 2 ab cos C

c 2 = b 2 + a 2 2 ab cos C, since sin 2 C + cos 2 C = 1

142

MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 1
Find the unknown angles and side length of the
triangle shown.
2.1 cm

3.5 cm

Solution
Using the sine rule,
sin A sin 70 sin B
=
=
2.1
3.5
b

70

From the first equality,

2.1 sin 70
sin A =
= 0.5638
3.5
A = 34.32
Since angles in a triangle add up to 180 ,
B = 180 70 A = 75.68
From the sine rule,

sin 70 sin B
=
3.5
b
b =
=

3.5 sin B
sin70
3.5 sin 75.68
sin 70

= 3.61 cm

Worked Example 2
Find two solutions for the unknown angles and
side of the triangle shown.

Solution
Using the sine rule,
sin A sin B sin 42
=
=
a
6
5

5 cm

From the second equality,

6 sin 42
sin B =
= 0.8030
5

42

6 cm

A graph of sin x shows that between 0 and 180 there are two solutions for B.
y
0.8030

0
x
180

143

MEP Pupil Text 4

These solutions are B = 53.41 and, by symmetry, B = 180 53.41

= 126.59

Solving for angle A we have

A = 180 42 B

when B = 53.41,

A = 84.59

when B = 126.59, A = 11.41

From the sine rule,
6 sin A
sinB
For A = 84.59, B = 53.41, a = 7.44 cm
For A = 11.41, B = 126.59, a = 1.48 cm
a=

Worked Example 3
Find the unknown side and angles of the triangle
shown.
3.7

Solution
To find a, use the cosine rule:

a 2 = 3.72 + 4.9 2 2 3.7 4.9 cos 65

65
4.9

a 2 = 22.3759
a = 4.73 (to 2 d.p.)

To find the angles, use the sine rule:

sin 65 sin B sin C
=
=
a
4.9
3.7

4.9 sin 65 4.9 sin 65

=
= 0.9389
a
4.73
= 69.86

sin B =
B

3.7 sin 65 3.7 sin 65

=
= 0.7090
a
4.73
= 45.15 (alternatively, use A + B + C = 180 to find C)

sin C =
C

Checking, A + B + C = 65 + 69.86 + 45.15 = 180.01 . The three angles should add to

180 ; the extra 0.01 is due to rounding errors.

Exercises
1.

For each of the triangles, find the unknown angle marked .

(a)

(b)

85
8.1

3.6

10.3

144

2.9

79

MEP Pupil Text 4

(c)

(d)

5.1

4.2

4.8

66

64
5

(e)

(f)

6.7

99
9.4

3.9
105
11.2

2.

For each triangle, find the unknown side marked a, b or c.

(a)

(b)
5

a
60

44

(c)

80

50

6.5

70

55

45

68

68
4.5

(d)

(e)
15

(f)

75

95

7.2

c
110

55

8.3

7.9

45

3.

48

37

60

For each of the triangles, find the unknown angles and sides.
C

(a)

(b)

85
14.9

3.1

b
110
C

4.6

(c)

(d)

50

79
3.9

5.4

5.2 cm

a
A

A 57

B
145

6.1 cm

MEP Pupil Text 4

4.

Which of the following triangles could have two solutions?

(a)

(b)
30

36

35.8

12.4

8.7

(c)

17.9

(d)

11

61
11.4
12
81
10

5.

Find the remaining angles and sides of the triangle ABC if A = 67, a = 125 and
c = 100 .

6.

Find the remaining angles and sides of the triangle ABC if B = 81, b = 12 and
c = 11.

7.

For each of the following triangles, find the unknown angles and sides.
B

(a)

(b)
B

a
3

3.5

150
A

C
60

(c)

(d)

2.1

7.8

3.2

(f)
A

4.7

C
130

8.9

11.2

4.3

(e)

15

6.1
c

55
9.3

146

MEP Pupil Text 4

8.

To calculate the height of a church tower, a

surveyor measures the angle of elevation of
the top of the tower from two points 50
metres apart. The angles are shown in the
diagram.
(a)

Calculate the distance BC.

(b)

Hence calculate the height of the

tower CD.

47
B

9.

40
A

50 m

The angles of elevation of a hot air balloon

from two points, A and B, on level ground,
are 24.2 and 46.8 , respectively.
The points A and B are 8.4 miles apart, and
the balloon is between the points in the same
vertical plane. Find the height of the balloon
above the ground.

B
8.4 miles

5.7 m

10.

The diagram shows a crane working on a

wharf. AB is vertical.
(a)

Find the size of angle ABC.

(b)

Find the height of point C above the

wharf.

11.4 m
7.6 m

11.

The rectangular box shown in the diagram has dimensions 10 cm by 8 cm by 6 cm.

Find the angle formed by a diagonal of the base and a diagonal of the 8 cm by
6 cm side.

6 cm

8 cm
10 cm

147

MEP Pupil Text 4

12.

(a)

Calculate the length KB.

(b)

Calculate the size of the angle NKB.

14 cm

(LON)

N 81
21 cm
B

Nottingham

13.

Nottingham is 40 km due north of Leicester.

Swadlincote is 32 km from Leicester and 35
km from Nottingham. Calculate the bearing
of Swadlincote from Leicester.

North

35 km

(MEG)
Swadlincote

40 km

32 km
Leicester

14.

In triangle ABC, AC = 12.6 cm ,

BC = 11.2 cm and angle B = 54 . The
lengths AC and BC are correct to the
nearest millimetre and angle B is correct
to the nearest degree. Use the sine rule

C
11.2 cm

12.6 cm

54

sin A sin B
=
a
b

to calculate the smallest possible value of

angle A.
(MEG)

15.

The banks of a river are straight and

parallel. To find the width of the river,
two points, A and B, are chosen 50 metres
apart. The angles made with a tree at C on
the opposite bank are measured as angle
CAB = 56 , angle CBA = 40 . Calculate
the width of the river.
(SEG)

148

C
River

56
A

40
50 m

MEP Pupil Text 4

16.

In triangle ABC, AC = 7.6 cm , angle

BAC = 35 , angle ACB = 65 . The
length of AB is x cm. The size of angle
ABC is .

x cm

(a) Write down the value of .

35

65

7.6 cm

(b) Hence calculate the value of x.

(NEAB)

4.9 Angles Larger than 90

y

The x - y plane is divided into four quadrants by

the x and y axes. The angle that a line OP
makes with the positive x-axis lies between 0
and 360 .

SECOND

FIRST

O
THIRD

Angles between
Angles between

P
x

FOURTH

and 90 are in the first quadrant.

90 and 180 are in the second quadrant.

Angles between 180 and 270 are in the third quadrant.

Angles between 270 and 360 are in the fourth quadrant.
Angles bigger than 360 can be reduced to lie between 0 and 360 by subtracting
multiples of 360 .
y

The trigonometric formulae, cos and sin , are

defined for all angles between 0 and 360 as the
coordinates of a point, P, where OP is a line of
length 1, making an angle with the positive
x-axis.

1
O

Information
The Greeks, (in their analysis of the arcs of circles) were the first to establish the relationships or ratios between the sides and the angles of a right angled triangle.
The Chinese also recognised the ratios of sides in a right angled triangle and some
survey problems involving such ratios were quoted in Zhou Bi Suan Jing.
It is interesting to note that sound waves are related to the sine curve. This discovery by
Joseph Fourier, a French mathematician, is the essence of the electronic musical instrument developments today.

149

MEP Pupil Text 4

Some important values of sin , cos and tan are shown in this table.

sin

cos

tan

30

1
2

3
2

1
3

45

1
2

1
2

60

3
2

1
2

90

3
infinite

The graphs of sin and cos for any angle are shown in the following diagrams.
y = sin

360

270

180

90

90

180

270

360

450

540

630

720

180

270

360

450

540

630

720

1
y = cos
1

360 270

180

90

90

The graphs are examples of periodic functions. Each basic pattern repeats itself every
360 . We say that the period is 360 .
Sin and cos are often called sinusoidal functions.
y

Note
For any angle, note that

sin ( 90) = cos .

The graph of tan has period 180 .

180

It is an example of a discontinuous
graph.

180

150

360

MEP Pupil Text 4

The trigonometric equations sin = a, cos = b and tan = c can have many
solutions. The inverse trigonometric keys on a calculator ( sin 1 , cos 2 , tan 1 ), give the
principal value solution.
For sin = a and tan = c , the principal value solution is in the range
90 < 90 .
For cos = b , the principal value solution is in the range 0 < 180 .

Worked Example 1
Find cos150, sin 240, cos 315 and sin 270 .
y

Solution
150 is in the second quadrant.
The coordinates of point P are ( cos 30, sin 30) .

P
150
30

3
.
Hence cos150 = cos 30 =
2
1
(Note also that sin 150 = sin 30 = .)
2

240

240 is in the third quadrant.

The coordinates of point P are ( cos 60, sin 60) .
Hence sin 240 = sin 60 =

O
60

3
.
2

315 is in the fourth quadrant.

The coordinates of point P are (cos 45, sin 45) .
Hence cos 315 = cos 45 =

1
.
2

315

45

151

MEP Pupil Text 4

270 lies on the y axis. Sin 270 = 1 since the

coordinates of P are (0, 1).

270

Worked Example 2
Sketch a graph of sin for 0 360 . From the graph, deduce the values of
sin 150, sin 215, sin 300 .

Solution

A sketch of the graph of sin looks like this.

215
90 150
180

From the symmetry of the curve we can deduce that

1
sin150 = sin 30 =
2

y
1
2

30

sin180

300 360

150

=0
y

sin 215

= sin 45 =

1
2

1
2

45

215
45

1
2

sin 300 = sin 60 =

3
2

3
2

60

152

3
2

300
60

MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 3
1
, how many values of the angle are possible for 0 720 ?
2
Find these values for .
If cos =

Solution
A graph of cos shows that there are four possible values for .
y
1
2

12

60
90

180

270

360

450

60 60

540

630

720

60 60

Using the symmetry of the graph, the values of are

= 120, 240, 480, 600

The solution in the range 0 < 180 , = 120 , is called the principal value.

Worked Example 4
Use a calculator to solve the equation sin = 0.2 .
Sketch the sine graph to show this solution. Give the principal value solution.

Solution
Using the sin 1 key on a calculator gives

= sin 1 ( 0.2) = 11.537

A sketch of the graph of sin shows why is negative.
y

= 11.537

The principal value solution is 11.537 .

153

MEP Pupil Text 4

Worked Example 5
An angle is such that cos = 0.6 , sin = 0.8 and 0 360 .
Deduce in which quadrant the angle lies,
(a)

from the graphs of sin and cos , and

(b)

from the quadrant definition of the point ( cos , sin ).

Hence, using a calculator, find the value of .

Solution
(a)

The following graphs show the possible solutions for between 0 and 360 .
y

0.6

cos = 0.6

180

sin = 0.8

180

360

0.8

360

Principal
Value

From the graphs we deduce that the value of for which cos = 0.6 and
sin = 0.8 must lie between 180 and 270 , i.e. at point B on the cosine curve
and at point C on the sine curve.
y

(b)

From the quadrant definition of the point

( cos , sin ) we see that the point P
lies in the third quadrant for which
180 270 .

P
( 0.6, 0.8)

The cos 1 and sin 1 keys on a calculator give the principal values

= cos 1 ( 0.6) = 126.87

= sin 1 ( 0.8) = 53.13
From the graph of sin , for point C we deduce that

= 180 + 53.13
= 233.13
From the quadrant approach we calculate tan using the coordinates of P.
0.6
= 0.75 so = tan 1 0.75 = 53.13 ,
tan =
0.8
and hence = 180 + 53.13 = 233.13 .

154

MEP Pupil Text 4

Exercises
1.

2.

Without using a calculator, apply the quadrant definition to find the values of:
(a)

sin 60

(b)

sin 210

(c)

cos135

(d)

cos 240

(e)

sin 315

(f)

cos180

(g)

cos300

(h)

sin120

(i)

sin 495

(j)

sin 660

(k)

cos 540

(l)

cos 600

Sketch graphs of sin and cos for 0 720 . Without using a calculator, use
the symmetry of the graphs to find the values of the sin and cos in problem 1.
Now check your answers with a calculator.

3.

4.

Use a calculator to find the values of the following. In each case show the answer
on sketch graphs of sin or cos .
(a)

sin130

(b)

sin 235

(c)

sin 310

(d)

sin 400

(e)

sin 830

(f)

sin1310

(g)

cos170

(h)

cos190

(i)

cos 255

(j)

cos350

(k)

cos 765

(l)

cos 940

Sketch a graph of y = sin for 360 720 . For this domain of , how
1
?
2
Use the symmetry of the graph to deduce these solutions. What is the principal
value?
many solutions are there of the equation sin =

5.

Sketch a graph of y = cos for 360 720 . For this domain of , how

1
?
2
Use the symmetry of the graph to deduce these solutions. What is the principal
value?
many solutions are there of the equation cos =

6.

7.

Using a calculator and sketch graphs, find all the solutions of the following
equations for 360 360 .
(a)

sin = 0.7

(b)

sin = 0.4

(c)

sin = 1

(d)

cos = 0.6

(e)

cos = 0.4

(f)

cos = 1

Use a calculator and a sketch graph of y = tan to solve the equation for
0 720 .
(a)

tan = 0.25

(b)

tan = 1

155

(c)

tan = 0.5

MEP Pupil Text 4

8.

9.

In each of the following problems find the value of in the range 0 to 360 that
satisfies both equations.
(a)

cos = 0.6 and sin = 0.8

(b)

cos = 0.8 and sin = 0.6

(c)

sin = 0.6428 and cos = 0.7660 (each correct to 4 d.p.)

(d)

sin = 1 and cos = 0

Use a graphic calculator or computer software for this problem.

(a)

Draw a graph of y = sin 2 x for values of x between 360 and 360 .

(b)

(d)

Compare your graph with y = sin x . What is the period of the function
sin 2x ?
1
Repeat parts (a) and (b) for y = sin 3 x and y = sin x .
2
Use your answers to sketch a graph of y = sin ax .

(e)

Draw a graph of y = 2 sin x for values of x between 360 and 360 .

(c)

What is the relationship between the graphs of y = 2 sin x and sin x ?

10.

1
sin x .
2

(f)

Repeat part (e) for y = 3sin x and

(g)

Use your answers in parts (e) and (f) to sketch a graph of b sin x .

(h)

Sketch a graph of y = b sin ax .

Find formulae in terms of sine or cosine for the following graphs.

(a)

(b)

y
4

5
x
45

x
60

90

(c)

180

300

420

(d)

0.2

0.7
x
36

72

270540

0.2

0.7

156

1080

MEP Pupil Text 4

11.

Draw graphs of the following.

(a)

y = 1 + cos x

y = 3 + cos x

(b)

(c)

y = cos x 2

What is the relationship between these graphs and the graph of y = cos x ?
12.

At a time t hours after midnight, the depth of water, d, in metres, in a harbour is

given by
d = 8 + 5 sin(30t )
Draw up a table to show the depth of water in the harbour on each hour of the day.

13.

The mean monthly temperature in Crapstone, Devon, in August is 21C and the
minimum temperature in February is 0C . Assuming that the variation in
temperature is periodic satisfying a sine function, obtain a mathematical model to
represent the mean monthly temperature. Use your model to predict the mean
monthly temperature in June and January.

14.

The variation in body temperature is an example of a biological process that

repeats itself approximately every 24 hours, and is called a circadian rhythm.
Body temperature is highest ( 98.9C ) around 5 pm (1700 hours) and lowest
( 98.3C ) around 5 am (0500 hours). Let T be the body temperature in C and t be
the time in hours.

15.

(a)

Sketch a curve of the body temperature against time, using the given
information.

(b)

Choosing t = 0 so that the model of temperature is a cosine function, find a

formula of the form that fits the given information.

This question is about angles between 0 and 360 .

(a)

Find the two solutions of the equation

cos x = 0.5
(b)

Angle p satisfies the equation

sin p = sin 210

Angle p is not equal to 210 .

Find the value of p.
(c)

Sketch the graph of y = 5sin x .

157

MEP Pupil Text 4

(d)

Angle q is shown in the diagram.

90

180

270

Angles q and r are connected by the equation

tan q = tan r
Copy the diagram and mark clearly the angle r.
(SEG)

16.

(a)

Sketch the graphs of y = cos x on axes similar to those below.

y
1

90

x
90

180

270

360

450

(b)

Use your calculator to find the value of x between 0 and 90 for which
cos x = 0.5.

(c)

Using your graph and the answer to part (b), find two more solutions
in the range 90 x 450 for which cos x = 0.5.
(MEG)

158