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Lecture1 2016

digital electronic

Uploaded by

Pei Ing
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© © All Rights Reserved
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26 views

Lecture1 2016

digital electronic

Uploaded by

Pei Ing
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Digital versus Analogue Systems

Digital electronics involve quantities with discrete


values
Analogue electronics involve quantities with
continuous values
Digital signal

Analogue signal

Digital Signal
The function V(t) is discrete, i.e. can take on only finite
or countable values

-15V +15V

-15V

+15V
3

Analogue Signal
The function V(t) is continuous, i.e. can take on infinite
or uncountable values

+1V

0V

-1V

+0.55V
4

Advantages of Digital over


Analogue
Noise: less impact
Storage: cost and deterioration
Processing: speed, compression, easy to
edit
Transmission: over network

Applications

Digital technology is applied in a wide


range of areas such as:
Computer

systems
Communication systems
Control systems
Instrumentations and measurements
Etc

Digital Systems - Design


Hierarchy
System level: black box specification
Register level: collection of registers
Gate level: collection of logic gates
Transistor and physical design level: each
logic gate is implemented by a low-level
transistor circuit

Circuit/Transistor Level

CMOS inverter

CMOS 2-input NAND


8

Gate Level
x1
x2

G1
G4

Inputs

x1
x3

G2

G6

f(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5)

Combinational
logic
network

Outputs

x4
G5
x2
x3

G3

A combinational logic circuit with six gates.

Memory

Sequential logic circuit.

Input

Input

Adder
Compute the sum of
a sequence of
input numbers
Register A

Total

Total

(a) System Level

(b) Register Level

Clear
Store

Models of a digital system that adds lists of numbers.

10

This course is about logic design, not


system design (processor architecture) nor
circuit design (transistor level). So, we
deal with circuits at the gate level and
register level.

11

Binary Digits

The two digits in a binary system, 1 and 0 are


called bits (Binary digITS)
Two different voltage levels are used to represent
the two bits, e.g., (+5V, 0V) or (+5V, -5V), etc
A high voltage is referred to as HIGH (logic 1)
A low voltage is referred to as LOW (logic 0)
We will use positive logic: HIGH = 1, LOW = 0

12

Logic Levels

The voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0 are called


logic levels
In practice, a HIGH (or LOW) can be any voltage between
a specified minimum value VH(min) (or VL(min)) and a
specified maximum value VH(max) (or VL(max))
HIGH values for typical TTL may
range from 2V to 5V and LOW
from 0V to 0.8V.
So,
3.5V HIGH or logic 1
0.5V LOW or logic 0
0.8V to 2V are unacceptable
13

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