Introduction To Sanskrit Language

SANSKRIT
An Introductory Course
from Year 7
3 1 August 2014
STJAMES
SCHOOLS
Website: www.stjamesschools.co.uk
Title: Sanskrit: An Introductory Course from Year 7
The SanskritpadaTM,SCompTMand F l a g ~ Sanskrit

2 ~ ~ fonts used in this book are designed and
distributed by David Hockley, Oxford (tel. 01844 339944); O 2003 David Hockley.
Draft in progress: August 2014
0 2013 St James Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of
St James Publishing.
3 1 August 2014
CONTENTS
Page
The Sanskrit Alphabet and its Pronunciation
CHAPTER 1 - The Sanskrit Alphabet

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
The Families of Sounds

The \31- (Throat) Family
The 5 (Soft Palate) Family
The
(Hard Palate) Family
The 5 (Teeth) Family
The 3 (Lips) Family
Vocabulary 1
CHAPTER 2 - Combining Consonants and Vowels

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Consonants and Short Vowels

Vocabulary 2
Long Vowels
Consonants and Long Vowels
Vocabulary 3
Diphthongs
Consonants and Diphthongs
Vocabulary 4
Revision Exercises
3 1August 20 14
vii
CHAPTER 3 - Consonant Combinations

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
Halantas
Vocabulary 5
Halantas in the Middle of a Word
Combined Consonants
Vocabulary 6
'Double-Decker' Combined Consonants
Vocabulary 7
Halanta Consonants with g - the 'Leg'
Halanta g with Consonants - the 'Hook'
Vocabulary 8
Special Combinations
Vocabulary 9
Revision Exercises
Rdrniiyana Story 1 -The Royal Household
CHAPTER 4 - The Sanskrit Sentence 1

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
Nouns
Verbs
The Basic Sanskrit Sentence
The Object
The Object in Sanskrit
Translating a Sentence that Contains the Object
Adjectives
Vocabulary 10
Agreement between Adjectives and Nouns
Rdrniiyana Story 2 -R%na Slays Demoness Tataka
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
iv
- The Sanskrit Sentence
2:
Vocative and Instrumental
Vocabulary 11
The Vocative
The Vocative in Sanskrit
The Instrumental
The Instrumental in Sanskrit
Special Use of the Instrumental with
Riirniiyana Story 3 -R&na Receives a Weapon
3 1 August 20 14
CHAPTER 6
- The Sanskrit Sentence .3:

Dative and Ablative
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
Vocabulary 12
The Dative
The Dative in Sanskrit
Using the Dative with
('bows')
The Ablative
The Ablative in Sanskrit
Rdrndyana Story 4 - R m a Marries Sits
CHAPTER 7
- The Sanskrit Sentence
4:
Genitive and Locative

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Vocabulary 13
The Genitive
The Genitive in Sanskrit
Special Use of the Genitive - 'To Have'
The Locative
The Locative in Sanskrit
Rdrndyana Story 5 - Kaikeyi Demands Her Wish
CHAPTER 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
Vocabulary 14
The Singular Forms of R&na
Masculine and Feminine Words
Feminine Words in Sanskrit
Neuter Words
Neuter Words in Sanskrit
Rdrndyana Story 6 - RBvana's Sister is Mutilated
CHAPTER 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
- The Singular Forms of RBma, Sit2 and 'mitram'
- Dual Nouns and Verbs
Vocabulary 15
The Dual
The Dual of Masculine Words like R-a
The Dual of Feminine and Neuter Words
Singular Verbs
Dual Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement
Rdrndyana Story 7 - Ravana Kidnaps SitB
3 1August 2014
CHAPTER 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
- Plural Nouns and Verbs
Vocabulary 16
The Plural
The Plural of Masculines like R%na
The Plural of Feminine and Neuter Words
The Use of T ('and')
Plural Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement
The Use of
after Speech
- Riimiiyana Story 8 - Hanuman Finds Sits
CHAPTER 11
- Present, Future and Past
11.1 Vocabulary 17
11.2 Person
11.3 Conjugation of the Present Tense
11.4 Translation of Verbs
11.5 The Three Tenses
11.6 The Future Tense
11.7 Unusual Future Forms
11.8 The Past Tense
11.9 The Present and Past Tenses of ?@8
11.10 he Usage of
11.11 Rdmiiyana Story 9 - Hanuman Reports Back To RZima
CHAPTER 12
- Other'Areas of Grammar
12.1 Vocabulary 18
12.2 The Pronoun m
, ('that') in the Neuter
12.3 The Masculine Forms of m
,
12.4 The Feminine Forms of
12.5 m+
, Noun
12.6 The -T Ending
12.7 Prefixes
12.8 Prefixes in Sanskrit
12.9 When there is -'CT instead of -m
12.10 Commands
12.11 Riimfiyana Story 10 - Rama Kills RSivana
m,
APPENDICES
1. English - Sanskrit Vocabulary
2. Sanskrit - English IGCSE Vocabulary
vi
3 1 August 2014
3 a
as in
approach
as in
star
B i
as in
if
as in
feel
5 u
as in
book
3 ri
as in
food
9 r
V e
A sound made with the tip of

the tongue raised but not quite
touching the roof of the mouth
(something like the ri in 'ring').
as in
say
ai
as in
my
as in
home
3 au
as in
now
F ka
as in
kite
V kha
as in
block-head
JT ga
as in
gate
7 gha
i na
as in
log-hut
as in
long
T ca
T cha
as in
chalk
as in
catch him
3 ja
W jha
T fia
T ta
5 !ha
as in
jug
as in
hedgehog
as in
cringe
as in
take*
as in
anthill*
T? da
as in
do*
.3it
dha
na
ta
tha
da
dha
na
godhood*
Pa
pha
ba
bha
ma
pure
Ya
ra
la
Va
$a
yellow
under *
table
anthill
day
godhead
no
loop-hole
baby
abhor
mother
rosy*
lady
as in
awake
as in
shall
!a
Sa
asin
show*
as in
slug
7 ha
as in
heaven
m
h
as in a pure nasal
as in an exhaled breath
with the tongue raised to the roof

of the mouth
3 1 August 2014
vii
...
Vlll
31 August 2014
1 THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

1.1 The Families of Sounds
The Sanskrit alphabet has groups or families of letters which are set out below. The table
shows the range of sounds that the human mouth can make.
The Throat
VOWEL
HARD +
BREATH
qr
Xu
?Ta
'qka
T c ~ ta 3 ta '7- pa
HARD
(produced
without
using the
vocal chords)
The Soft- The HardThe Teeth The Lips

Palate
Palate
Family
Family
Family
~
~
~
i
l
~
'
3
1
kha
5 cha 5 tha
(produced by
using the
vocal chords)
ga
3ja
SOFT +
BREATH
gha
jha
FT ha
Tiia
T n a
T na
Wma
Fha
q y a
ra
T l a
%a
T ia
Tsa
q s a
tha T p h a
SOFT
NASAL
(sound produced
through
the nose)
SEMIVOWEL
SIBILANT
(s-type sound
produced with
hissing)
z d a
q d a
5 dha Y dha
3 1 August 2014
qba
bha
EXERCISE
1
Write the letter that fits the description. Use both the devandgari and Roman scripts.
1. lips, vowel
2. soft palate, soft

3. throat, hard + breath
4. hard palate, nasal
5. teeth, sibilant
1.2 The 3 (Throat) Family
Practise writing out each letter five times. Write using both the devandgari and Roman
scripts.
Practise writing out the 3 family in sequence three times. Then, write the
sequence once from memory.
EXERCISE
4
Read the following letters:
p
2
3 1August 2014
3 family
1.3 The
ca
(Soft Palate) Family

cha
jha
fia
Practise writing out each letter five times. Write both the devaniigari and Roman
scripts.
Practise writing out the

ory.
5 family in sequence three times. Then, write it from mem-
EXERCISE
7
Read the following letters from both the \3;r and
families:
EXERCISE
8
Write out the 3 and
families together, in sequence.
31 August 2014
1.4 The
'x(Hard Palate) Family

z
da
~
dha
~
~~ ~ &f
~$ &
q
~
& 2*
&
~
<
Practise writing out each letter five times. Write in both the devandgari and Roman
scripts.
Practise writing out the

memory.
family in sequence three times. Then, write it from
EXERCISE
11
Read the following letters from the three families you have learnt:
EXERCISE
12
Write the following devandgari letters using Roman script:
1. F
6.
2- T
79
3. T
8. T
9. T
5. 5
10. v
4.
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
13
Write out the
a,5 and
families together, in sequence.
1.5 The ?;Z (Teeth) Family

TT
ta
~
da
tha
~
T
~
=T
dha
~
na
~
;FT
la
p
sa
~
Practise writing out each letter five times. Write using both the devandgari and Roman
scripts.
Using both the devandgari and Roman scripts, practise writing out the
sequence three times. Then, write it from memory.
31 August 2014
family in
EXERCISE
16
Read the following sequences of letters from all four families you have learnt:
1.v F5
2 . T
3 T T
3. 'q
5 . c
5.
EXERCISE
17
Write the following Roman letters in devanagari:
1. sa
6. ta
2. 1
7. la
3. gha
8. na
4. dha
9. fia
5. cha
10. pa
a,
Write out the

q, and 5 families together, in sequence.
Use both the devandgari and Roman scripts.
3 1August 2014
1.6 The 3 (Lips) Family
"
w~:;<J:#>~;~sTs
;q
ba
bha
ma
&?%L%4r&B
va
gj
Ib
33
,$%p-~w-&w@*
EXERCISE
19
Practise writing out each letter five times. Use both the devandgari and Roman scripts.
Practise writing out the 3 family in sequence three times. Then, write it once from
memory. Use both the devandgari and Roman scripts.
EXERCISE
21
Read the following sequences of letters:
2.v
3.
?r
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
22
Write the following Roman letters in the devandgari script:
1. ma
2. ra
3. kha
4. bha
5. va
Write out the whole Sanskrit alphabet from memory, using both the devandgari and
Roman scripts.
1.7 Vocabulary 1
EXERCISE
24
Read the above vocabulary words and copy them into your exercise book.
Without looking at the above list, draw a line to match each Sanskrit word to its English
meaning.
arrow
.-
bird
i
chariot
elephant
father
I mountain
death
1 man
1 bull
1 rabbit
3 1 August 2014
Here are some vocabulary words that you have learnt. They are printed in the
devanagari script. Write each word using the Roman script. Then, translate into
English.
For example:
narah, man
Note that the visarga ( : ) is 'h' in Roman script.
3 1 August 2014
2. COMBINING CONSONANTS
AND VOWELS
2.1 Consonants with Short Vowels
All consonants of the Sanskrit alphabet can be combined with the vowels
For example:
a,5, 3 or q.
Exceptions: 1. We do not show any consonants with 5 because the only one that combines
2. Also,y combines with 3 , forming F.
with 5 is T, forming T.
P
Write out the above table in both devanagari and Roman scripts using the following letters:
V,T, JTand T.
EXERCISE
28
(a) Add an 5 to each of these two letters:
1.
'T
(b) Add an 3 to each of these two letters:
1.
1.
(c) Add a
to each of these two letters:
2. TT
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
29
Write the following in the devantEgari script:
1. tu
6. 6r
2. vi
7. phi
3. nr
8. ri
4. thu
9. jr
5. ni
10. fiu
2.2 Vocabulary 2
*YaR'
*
becomes
-m speaks 1says
12
3 1 August 20 14
Read the following sentences. Then, write them in Roman script. Finally, translate.
For example:
W Jr n l
rsabhah pibati.
The bull drinks.
2.3 Long Vowels

The vowels of the Sanskrit alphabet all have long counterparts. Each long vowel is
twice the length of the short one. Thus:
Copy the above table into your exercise book.
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
33
Fill in the blank on each line with the vowel's short or long counterpart:
l.X/. . .
2 . . . . / 5;
2.4 Consonants and Long Vowels

All consonants of the Sanskrit alphabet can be combined with the long vowels. For
example::
kii
Exception:
combines with
5, forming F.
Thus, we get the following table:
rn
'
ka
R
ka
ki
*
1
ki
%--if-
'F
% %
ku
kii
i
---
3 1August 2014
I
- 1
EXERCISE
34
Write out the above table. Then, replace 9; with q and write out a new table.
EXERCISE
35
Write the following in Roman script:
1.
fiT
6.
2.
7.
J=r
3. q
8.
4.
Rr
9.
5.
10.
dh
EXERCISE
36
Write the following in the devandgari script:
1. sii
6. Sa
2. vi
7. s r
3. yi
8. mi
4. b5
9. da
5. tu
10. lii
3 1 August 20 14
2.5 Vocabulary 3
EXERCISE
37
Here are some sentences in Roman script. Write them in devaniigari. Then translate
into English. For example: balakah dhavati.
You write:
1. dtitah dhavati.
' 'm:
4
1'
4. guruh janati.
3. j anani dadati.
16
'The boy runs.'
31 August 2014
2.6 Diphthongs
A diphthong is a combination of two vowels. Sanskrit has four diphthongs - two
and q,and two are a combination of
and 5. Thus:
are a combination of
\xand 5
3 and 3
EXERCISE
39
Write each diphthong twice, using both Roman and devaniigari scripts.
2.7 Consonants and Diphthongs

We can also add consonants to diphthongs as in the following:
ke
kai
ko
*
kau
Write out all the above table. Then, in place of TF, substitute T and then T and
write the table again using these new letters.
31 August 2014
(a) Write the following in Roman script:
(b) Write the following in devanagari script:

1. mo
2. sai
3. khau
4. de
5. cai
31 August 2014
2.8 Vocabulary 4
EXERCISE
42
Read the above words and copy them into your exercise book.
Each of the following sentences is missing a verb. Fill in the blank with one of the
verbs you have learnt. Then, translate the sentence. For example:
The brother sits down.
3 1 August 20 14
2.9 Revision Exercises

EXERCISE
44
Read the following:
EXERCISE
46
Write the following in devaniigari script:
8. ghai
9. di
5. nau
20
10. pa
3 1August 2014
Translate the following sentences.
EXERCISE
48
Translate the following English sentences into Sanskrit sentences.
1, The monkey eats.

2. The teacher walks.
3. The elephant gives.

4. The bird flies.
5. The boy speaks.
31 August 2014
3. CONSONANT COMBINATIONS
3.1 Halantas
A halanta is a small diagonal stroke (,) placed after a consonant, cutting off
the ?$ sound. For example:
EXERCISE
49
Read the following:
3 1August 2014
Put a halanta on each of [?? the five letters below. ??I Then, write the halanta sound
in Roman script. For example:
3.2 Vocabulary 5
,-*
*VTJX
-,
*
\
*'W
-,
gift
fruit
form, beauty
forest
EXERCISE
51
3 1August 2014
Without looking at the above list, draw a line to match each Sanskrit word to its English
meaning.
grass
fruit
form
water
gift
house
forest
belly
3 1August 2014
3.3 Halantas in the Middle of a Word

When a halanta letter is written in the middle of a word, it is written differently. The
halanta letter loses the small diagonal stroke (,) and also its vertical line. For example:
becomes
becomes
6
\
6
becomes
t.
C
They are still pronounced as a normal letter!
Write the following halanta letters in the new way, as if they were in the middle of a
word. Then, read them.
3 1 August 20 14
3.4 Combined Consonants

We can now add our halanta letter to another letter. For example:
with
s
\
becomes
ta
with
with
sta
becomes
becomes
Ya
nYa
Note: The first letter loses its downward line and its halanta mark, and the second
letter remains as it is.
Add the following together. Then, read your answers.
31 August 2014
Read the following:
3.5 Vocabulary 6
31 August 2014
thinks
27
EXERCISE
56
3.6 'Double-Decker' Combined Consonants

Some letters cannot combine in the way we have seen because of their shape. Thus,
they combine in a different way -they take the 'double-decker' configuration, with
the halanta letter on the top. For example:
ga
nga
dha
ddha
tha
stha
EXERCISE
57
Add the following together as 'double-deckers'. Then, read your answers.
1.
F+T=
2.
T+T=
3.
"i+z=
4.
q+w=
5.
T +,T=
3 1August 2014
Read the following:
3.7 Vocabulary 7
dog (also written TFB;3:

a
)
\O
EXERCISE
59
31 August 2014
Translate the following:
3.8 Halanta Consonants with
- the 'Leg'
The letter T (ra) combines in a special way with other letters. When a halanta letter
is added to the result is called a 'leg'. For example:
ra
dra
T-, T + T = T
t
ra
tra
31 August 2014
Join the following together. Then, read your answers
EXERCISE
62
Read the following:
v
9-
-6IT
I7
31 August 2014
3.9 Halanta
with Consonants - the 'Hook'
When a halanta T (ra) combines with other letters, it looks like a hook.
The resulting combination is read from top to bottom. See these examples:
da
rda
3 +=
r
ia
f
ria
EXERCISE
63
Join the following together. Then, read your answers
1.3+ s
2.3+ T
3 3 8
4.3+ 7F
5 . 3 +q
=
=
=
=
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
64
Read the following:
JT
Jr3
..T3
IFT
w-
;FT
Tr
w
v
Vocabulary 8
EXERCISE
65
3 1 August 20 14
Join the following together. Write your answers in both devaniigavt and Roman scripts.
3.11 Special Combinations

Sometimes, some letters combine with each other and the result does not look like
either letter! The following six combinations are the most important of these:
iF;
ta
kta
ta
tta
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
67
Write the following in devanagari script:
1, dya
2. ksa
3. tta
4. 6ra
5. jfia
EXERCISE
68
Read the following:
m-
F
ST
3ii
3
;9-
3-r
w,
?F
3 1August 20 14
Vocabulary 9
hermitage
<*
knowledge
throws, shoots
EXERCISE
69
Revision Exercises
EXERCISE
70
Read the following:
3 1 August 2014
EXERCISE
71
1.
2.
v,
3.
4.
FT
5. cc(
EXERCISE
72
Write the following in devandgari script:
1. k
6. kka
2. v
7. tra
3. vya
8. rtha
4. nma
9. ksa
5. ccha
10. kta
3 1 August 20 14
Translate the following into English:
3 1August 2014
-&mw--m.-w--.m"
~
"
11I 3.14
'*A73
<
"
>--ui.r,*n.-*
"""*""--"""
~
-
a ~ - r ~ r a u l u n P . r ~ - ' 8 * ~ - ~ h
"
"
"
~
~
.
a=-.
~ L""
z.,.^-r,u
"""""-
u---ui~-,.-w.*w'~
m--%,eulr*--.'W"
'
I
.
'~-""-~w-""-""-&
.
"
"
.
u
'
*
-
-,mL..mXr?ar-W.a-.-,",,%&--r^
*_.
Xi-L-*---A-&m
I-,>
!;
Riirniiyana Story 1:
THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD
----
,,,-----,----,,-,-
,-.,,--,,
.,,-.. -*
"
..%-Ye-"
$j!
Z!
.,-----.- ..--.---
""*
Underlined words:
DaSaratha, the king of Ayodhya
Tm
Kausalya
R-a
Laksmana
of DaSaratha
~atru~hna
Sumitra
wn
Bharata
also
=wr
are called
Kaikeyi
sons
-r
m,
31 August 2014
_i
ViSvamitra
of the sons
..--B
The four sons of King DaSaratha - ~atru~hna,

Rgma,
Lak~manaand Bharata
3 1August 2014
4. THE SANSKRIT SENTENCE 1

4.1 Nouns
We have now learnt many different Sanskrit words, many of which are nouns. A noun indicates
a person, place or thing. For example:
h
44 I
\
v:
mother (a person)
book (a thing)
house (a place)
EXERCISE
74
Translate these Sanskrit nouns:
1.
m,
2.
;Icr*
3.
FFr
4.
"\
5. T=4r
4.2 Verbs
We have also learnt many Sanskrit verbs. Verbs indicate an action. For example:
TWR
~~
falls
sees
writes
3 1August 2014
Translate the following Sanskrit sentences. Then, label the subject and verb in each
sentence.
4.4 The Object

The object in a sentence is the thing or person that receives the action of the verb.
The object is 'done to'. For example:
The child kicks the football.
The student eats her lunch.
The astronomer sees the star.
Indicate the object in each of these English sentences:
1. The woman walks to the town.

2. The dog eats a bone.
3. The musician plays an instrument.

4. The bear sees the rabbit.
5. The man speaks to the baby.

42
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
75
Translate these Sansknt verbs:
1.
gm
2.
3MT
3.
4.
WiR
5.
4.3 The Basic Sanskrit Sentence

The basic structure of all Sanskrit sentences is a subject and a verb.
The verb of the sentence is the action.
The subject of the sentence is the one who does the action.
For example:
subject
verb
m+
The sage
-1
speaks
The line at the end of the sentence is a Sanskrit full stop.
3 1August 20 14
4.5 The Object in Sanskrit

In Sanskrit, endings show the parts that words play in a sentence. Adding the
ending 9- to a noun can often make it the object in a sentence. This ending is sometimes called the accusative ending. Thus we get these pairs:
y
I----
boy (object)
girl (subject)
girl (object)
,@$
sage (object)
sage (subject)
If a word already ends in q,like the word
subject and object. For example:
boy (subject)
m,,then there is no change between
friend
(subject)
--
w,
friend (object)
hous; (object)
house (subject)
Turn these Sanskrit subjects into objects:
31 August 2014
4.6 Translating a Sentence that

Contains the Object
We can now translate sentences in Sanskrit that contain an object.
For example:
man (sub.)
star (obj.)
sees
The man sees the star.

Note that the order of the words in the Sanskrit sentence is different from the order in
an English sentence. The most important difference is that the Sanskrit verb goes at
the end.
EXERCISE
79
Translate the following sentences:
?my?wm
2. m m m
l
1.
3.
FFm~,.nfd-l
4.
w*w, Tm l
5.
JI;F:
m,
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
80
Translate the following English sentences into Sanskrit:
1. The horse drinks the water.
2. The sage speaks to the lady.

3. The demon sees the donkey.
4. The dog goes to the home.
5. The father gives the gift.
4.7 Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun. In the vocabulary list below are some
Sanskrit adjectives for you to learn.
4.8 Vocabulary 10
Note: The ( O > on the end of each adjective means that it takes the ending of the noun
it goes with. We shall find out more about this shortly.
46
3 1August 20 14
Read through the above new words. Then write them down and learn them.
4.9 Agreement between Adjectives and Nouns

An adjective will have the same ending as the noun it goes with. This is called 'agreement'. For example:
blue bird
blue water
blue nose
,*
"\
Notice how the ending on
~m0
changes depending on the noun it is going with.
Rewrite these Sanskrit phrases, putting the correct ending on the adjectives. Then,
translate each phrase.
3 1August 2014
Make up five of your own adjective-noun pairings using the words you know.
Remember to make the endings agree! Only use nouns that end in :, -,or .3;rT.
EXERCISE
S4
1.
T m l
2.
rn,p,
ml
3.
,mmml
4.
m: m:a i l ,
ml
5. m m m , m l
3 1 August 2014
."-4"--8.ss--A.?----as.L..M-7
.
.
.
u
=
$
%
A
.
i
l
i
*
m
m
*
.
>
*
>
*
>
*
w
P
,
w- *
*
a
"-.,l-m-&-.lw-*--S
"
>
&
WLa-*-.-%--L
/IT
4.10 RiimSiyana Story 2:
sI
jJ
RAMA SLAYS DEMONESS TATAKA 11

1 4
--c--A-in----rui
PU-w
--,.--
Underlined words:
v..isvamitra
-
?m
=TR
?IT
Rama
is called
she
F$WTw
T
and
m. Tataka's
Wd%
they go
+r
in the forest
blood
Laksmana
enters
TFr
dernoness
Ti'ETT
heart
dead
Tataka
3 1 August 2014
49
ViSvdmitra watches as Rdma and Lak~mana

prepare to kill Tatakd.
3 1August 2014
5. THE SANSKRIT SENTENCE 2:

VOCATIVE & INSTWMENTAL
5.1 Vocabulary 11
*-
foot
EXERCISE
85
Write down the above words and learn them.
5.2 The Vocative

A vocative word is used to identify a person who is being directly addressed.
For example:
Get your shoes on, Tabitha!
John, can you answer that question?
Mr Smith, your accounts seem to be in order.
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
86
Identify the vocative word in the following Engllish sentences:
1. Eat your vegetables, Charlie!

2. Fido, come here right now !
3. 0 noble lady, please forgive my crimes.
4. Mrs Jones, may I get a drink of water?

5. Do not doubt, 0 warrior.
5.3 The Vocative in Sanskrit

In Sanskrit, the vocative is expressed by a change in the ending of a word. For words
ending with a visarga ( : ), the visarga is removed. We can also add the word ' $',
which means '0'.For example:
boy (subject)
31w
0 boy ! (vocative)
B m
horse (subject)
0 horse! (vocative)
dog (subject)
0 dog! (vocative)
?FfF
3 1 August 20 14
Change the following Sanskrit words to their vocative forms. Then, translate them.
For example:
:
[You write:]
TFF
Translate the following sentences into English:
3 1August 2014
'0 father!'
EXERCISE
89
Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit:
1. 0 pupil, the brother walks.

2. 0 man, the god is strong.
3. 0 son, the father thinks.

4. 0 boy, the bird eats a fish.
5. 0 horse, the fruit falls.
5.4 The Instrumental

The instrumental is used to identify the noun that is the means by which the subject
does an action. For example:
The woman goes to town by bus.
The student writes with a pencil.
The girl kicks the ball with her foot.
As you can see, the instrumental uses the words 'by' or 'with'.
EXERCISE
90
Identify the instrumental word in each of the following English sentences:
1. The man drinks the coffee with a mug.

2. He goes to school by elephant.
3. The car goes by road.

4. The demon sees with his eye.
5. The minister arrives by horse.
54
3 1August 2014
5.5 The Instrumental in Sanskrit

For words ending with a visarga ( :), we get the instrumental by removing the visarga
and adding the ending VT to the word. For example:
'w
foot (subject)
--
m*
horse (subject)
bylwith the horse

(instrumental)
b /with the dog
Jnstrumental)
dog (subject)
Note: Sometimes the instrumental ending uses T instead of

about this at another time.
EXERCISE
91
Translate the following Sanskrit words into English:
1-
2.
7FaC;r
3.
4.
m,
5.
$g-
3 1August 2014
We shall find out
EXERCISE
92
Translate the following into Sanskrit:
1. by a man (use T at the end!)

2. with a body
3. by chariot
4. 0 fish
5. king (object)
EXERCISE
93
Translate the following sentences into Sanskrit:
1. The horse walks by foot.

2. The horse walks to the forest by foot.
3. The sage eats with his hand.
4. The sage eats fruit with his hand.
5. The lady goes by chariot.

56
31 August 2014
5.6 Special Use of the Instrumental with
w means 'together with' and is used with a word that has the instrumental ending.
For example:
'together with a man'
@PfJ
'together with Rama'
Translate the following phrases or sentences into English:
3 1August 2014
.7 Riimiiyana Story 3:
RAMA RECEIVES A WEAPON
- % & " - - - - s - - v P - - - - . w m - - w
-L-s%%---r"--r-=-
=
a
=
.
-
Underlined words:
f$WT#%
ViSv~itra
v-
he
R2ma
344:
weapon
T~tak~
dead
q:
sacrifice
T@
performs
?I
To
destroyed
contented
;sIS~-:
Mmca
rn
to RBma
thus
--
58
31 August 2014
hits
Riima ready for battle with demons

3 1 August 2014
6, THE SANSKRIT SENTENCE 3:

DATIVE AND ABLATIVE
6.1 Vocabulary 12
*W$+
heaven
EXERCISE
96
6.2 The Dative

The dative is used to identify the indirect object in a sentence, i.e. the person to whom
a gift is given. It is also used to identify the person or thing for whom the action is
done. For example:
He goes to the shops for his mother.
I give the sage a flower.
The librarian gives the book to the girl.
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
97
Identify the dative word in the following Engllish sentences:
1. The author writes the book for the queen.

2. The elephant gives the man a flower.
3. The lady goes to the forest for fruit.
4. The teacher gives a paper to the pupil.

5. The musician plays the violin for the audience.
6.3 The Dative in Sanskrit

For words ending with a visarga ( : ), we get the dative by removing the visarga and
adding the ending 3fM to the word. For example:
for R2ma (dative)
Rama (subject)
-----r---
elephant (subject)
god (subject)
for the elephant (dative)
for the god (dative)
31 August 2014
Change the following Sanskrit words to their dative forms. Then, translate them.
For example:
m:
4.
-m
5.
ad*
[You write:] ZFRW
'for the father'
EXERCISE
99
1.
T T g-,m m m * ~
31 August 2014
6.4 Using the Dative with
('bows')
('bows') goes with the dative to show the person to whom bowing is
The word
directed. For example:
Dative
..,.........,.,................ .........
...,...,,.,..
The man bows to Rama.

1.
,mmml
2.
F T W p - r n l
3.
w:F
4.
rn \31mm1
5.
;nSt 3 w r n l
F m r n l
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
101
1. The boy bows to the king.

2. The lady goes for a fruit.
3. The lady goes to the town for a fruit.

4. The sage gives the prince a gift.
5. The hero gives a flower to Rgma.
6.5 The Ablative

The ablative is used to identify the thing or person from whom action arises.
For example:
The teacher walks from the train station.
The book falls from the table.
The command comes from the general.
EXERCISE
102
Identify the ablative word in the following English sentences:
1. The leaf falls from the tree.
2. The lady walks from the park.
3. The spaceship flies from the moon.

4. Anger comes from desire.
5. The sage drinks from his hand.

64
3 1 August 2014
6.6 The Ablative in Sanskrit

For words ending with a visarga ( : ), we get the ablative by removing the visarga and
adding the ending 3FT-,to the word. For example:
RSma (subject)
elephant (subject)
from the ocean (ablative)
from the elepha& (ablative)
EXERCISE
103
1.
m,
2.
m,
3.
va
4.
m,
5.
$ rn
m,
q:
ocean (subject)
slJI*
from Rgma (ablative)
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
104
1.
2.
3.
m,
-1
* m,
* w*qaq
WiRl
mmq
ml
4.
qR:
5.
w+;lm; ,qxRl
CJ
*.
EXERCISE
105
1. The man goes from the moon.
2. The fruit falls from the tree.
3. The boy walks from the village.
4. Beauty arises from righteousness.
5. The lady eats from her hand.
3 1August 2014
Rdma takes the hand of Sitd.
31 August 2014
7. THE SANSKRIT SENTENCE 4:

GENITIVE AND LOCATIVE
7.1 Vocabulary 13
NOUNS
bliss
'*
bad person
desire
deer, forest animal
vulture
EXERCISE
106
7.2 The Genitive

The genitive is used to identify possession. In English we use the apostrophe or the
word 'of'. For example:
The pupil's book was on the table.
The sword of the warrior was very sharp.
The man stroked the dog's fur.
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
107
Identify the genitive word in the following English sentences:
1. The lady's computer was the latest model.

2. The king of the country is very powerful.
3. The sailor's boat won the race.
4. The girl's cat caught a mouse.
5. Rama is the husband of Sita.
7.3 The Genitive in Sanskrit

For words ending with a visarga ( : ), we get the genitive by removing the visarga and
adding the ending T T to the word. For example:
w*
R%na (subject)
of Rama I Rama's (genitive)
bad person (subject)
of the bad person I bad

person's (genitive)
m
m
bird (subject)
of the bird I bird's (genitive)
31 August 2014
Change the following Sanskrit words to their genitive forms. Then, translate them.
For example:
:
of the father 1 the father's
[You write:]
EXERCISE
109
1.
m m ,r
2.
mmml
3.
4.
n l
*w m:
\3
m ~qW?mwm*l
,
5.mmFw*7Ta?r1
31 August 2014
7.4 Special Use of the Genitive 'to have'

Sanskrit does not have a word meaning 'to have' ! Instead it uses the genitive plus the
verb 'to be' ( ?id%) to express ownership. For example:
of the dog
food
'Of the dog there is food.'
OR
'The dog has food.'
EXERCISE
110
1.
-my
2.
?+ww
3.
m p ml
4.
Jlw-SqgjF ml
5.
w?w3FFT
r n l
r n l
r n l
3 1August 20 14
is
EXERCISE
111
1. The tree's fruit falls.

2. The lady sees the friend of the boy.
3. The boy walks from the village.
4. The soldier goes by the chariot of the king.
5. The man has bliss.
7.5 The Locative

The locative is used to identify location. In English we use the words 'in' or 'on'. For
example:
The car drove on the road.
Flowers grow in the garden.
In the tree there are two birds.
EXERCISE
112
Identify the locative word in the following English sentences:
I. The lion lives in the jungle.

2. The bird perched on his hand.
3. I sleep in a bed.
4. In the battle there were many victories.
5. In the last century humans landed on the moon.

31 August 2014
7.6 The Locative in Sanskrit

For words ending with a visarga ( : ), we get the locative by removing the visarga and
adding the ending P to the word. For example:
Rams (subject)
m:
mountain (subject)
sun (subject)
1 in Rams 1on RBma (locative) 1

in the mountain I
on the mountain (locative)
in the sun I on the sun

(locative)
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
115
1. Rama is in the chariot.

2. The demon is on the mountain.
3. The bird stands on the hand.
4. In the village the brother speaks.
5. The elephant walks on the road.
3 1 August 2014
aS
*-.*.*-
m
-z
"-
.,,-*--=sms**
r.a.saA,u~---z-,---=m*
*--amm..d-w.
m------w.s-
--A-4&-'-\.-
=wt.cem.d,"%
,b*
"au-"
Riimiiyana Story 5:
KAIKEY~DEMANDS HER WISH
Underlined words:
rn
DaSaratha
(f.) beautiful
will be
will go
-%
Kaikeyi
@?T
thus
T?T
her
&
also
wW
Bharata
Laksmana
Tv
wish
Jk;s,
house
to Kaikeyi
TflR
makes, builds
3 1August 2014
.a*
3 1 August 20 14
8. THE SINGULAR FORMS OF

RAMA, SITA AND MITRAM
8.1 Vocabulary 14
EXERCISE
116
8.2 The Singular Forms of Riima

'Singular' means 'speaking of one thing'. We have now learned all the possible
singular endings of words that end with *.
Here we shall use RSima as an
example of such words:
3 1August 20 14
First Ending
- Subject (Nominative)
I ;Fm: 1
IP w
Rama
Vocative
Second Ending - Object (Accusative)
Rama (2nd)
Third Ending - Instrumental
Fourth Ending - Dative
Fifth Ending
Sixth Ending - Genitive
Seventh Ending - Locative
- Ablative
I*
From now on we shall translate
m,as 'RZima (2nd)'.
EXERCISE
117
1.
TFFW
2.
$w
3.
Tl'R
rn
5. m
4.
6.
for
VQT
31 August 2014
ma
EXERCISE
11s
1. in R%ma
9. for the god
2. for Rama
10. from the man
3. Rama
11. by the king
4. Rams (object)
12. in the boy
5. of Rama
13. 0 father
6. from Rama
14. from the fish
7. 0 Rama
15. deer (object)
8. by Rama
8.3 Masculine and Feminine Words

The word Rams' is an example of a masculine nooun. You can identify a masculine
noun. You can identify a masculine noun because it ends with
in the list of words
at the back of this book. For example: m:,
;@T:.
we,
Feminine words, on the other hand, end in

the book. For example:
m.
or $ in the list of words at the back
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
120
Translate into English:
1.
rn
2.
#itmy
3.
(2 answers)
4.
rn
5.
6.
7.
m,
8.
9.
10.
16. q
m
(2 answers)
d
'3FJ'W
EXERCISE
121
1.
TFW
2.
rn
3.
Tmr
4. .cIyIy
31 August 2014
(2 answers)
EXERCISE
122
1. from Sit8
6. of a nose
2. 0 Sits
7. in the mountain
3. by Sita
8. elephant (2nd)
4. for Rsma
9. for the star
5. of Rsma
10. for the wife
EXERCISE
123
1.
m*ml
2.
qJr: ~
3 . p
%mml
m
,
-
ma1
5. ~
,
m
*
l
4.
31August 2014
EXERCISE
124
+,
1. The man sees Sit%.

2. The pupil bows to the wife.
3. The army goes from the king.
4. The god is in the star.
5. The wife's son is wise.
8.5 Neuter Words
As we have seen, Sanskrit words can either be masculine or feminine. Now we shall
learn about a third gender called 'neuter', which is neither masculine nor feminine.
Neuter words can be identified by the
of this book. For example:
-?
many neuter words already!
EXERCISE
125
ending they have in the word list at the back

. -V
We have, in fact, learned a great
\
Translate the following neuter words into English:
m
2.
w,
3.
m,
4.
m,
5.
m,
84
31 August 2014
8.6 Neuter Words in Sanskrit
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ ry
/$
friend
0 friend
Sixth Ending - Genitive
/
Im
Im
I m,
/
/
I
1
/
/
Seventh Ending - Locative
m.3
First Ending
- Subject (Nominative)
Vocative
Second Ending - Object (Accusative)
Third Ending
- Instrumental
Fourth Ending
- Dative
Fifth Ending
- Ablative
friend (2nd)
by a friend
for a friend
from a friend
of a friend
in a friend'
1
/
1
I
1
We shall now use the singular forms of @W

-, ('friend') as an example of a neuter
word ending in T.
7
Bonus question: What endings are common to
3 1 August 2014
'w and m?
,
EXERCISE
126
m,
m
3. m
4. m
1.
(2 answers)
2.
11.
Va
12.
Y T-,(2 answers)
m
,
14.
m,
7.
rn,
%m
m
8.
18.
$m
9.
5-
19.
%
9
5.
6.
10.
15.
16.
17.
-'
\3
20.
EXERCISE
127
1.
3 I l
2.
3.
TgJw
,
4. ,
5.
m
\
31 August 2014
,(2 answers)
EXERCISE
128
1. friend (2nd)
6. for a wife
2. by a friend
7. from a flower
3. of a friend
8. in the forest
4. in a friend
9. 0 star
5. for a form
10. of truth
1.
a *39mTT_, m
1
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
130
1. The dog goes from the forest.

2. R3ma gives a flower to the friend.
3. The sage speaks the truth.

4. The servant sees the king's wealth.
5. The god shoots the demon in the sky with an arrow.
~ i i r ~ a n a k happroaches
d
Rdrna.
3 1August 2014
8.7 Riimiiyana Story 6:

RAVANA' s SISTER IS MUTILATED
Underlined words:
$ (f.)
~firpaxpkhs,R3vaqa7ssister
[literally, 'having fingernails (nakha)
like a fan (Siirpa)'
%%To cut off
Ishalleat
3 1August 2014
she
brother
9. DUAL NOUNS AND VEIiBS

9.1 Vocabulary 15
*- a
happiness
EXERCISE
131
9.2 The Dual

The dual is a special form that is used when exactly two people or two thngs are meant.
English, like many other modem Indo-European languages, no longer has dual endings.
However, there are still some words in English that refer to two people or things, such
as 'both'.
3 1August 2014
9.3 The Dual of Masculine Words like Riima

Here are the singular and dual forms of Rama (masculine):
/
/
1
/
1. Nominative
vocative
2. Accusative
3. Instrumental
4. Dative
6. Genitive
7. ~ocative
1
1
I$W /
1
1 .m (
1 'm 1
R3ma
ORama
Rnma (2nd)
'*
by Rama
17
for Rams
/ 'mqx, 1
inRama
two Ramas (2nd)
, by two Ramas
1 'm7: 1
for two Ramas
of two Ramas
in two Ramas
Note: There are only three new endings in the dual of Rsma.
EXERCISE
132
Translate into English: Give all possible answers.
1.
~m:
6.
d
3. m
,
7.
2.
e r :
8. H+l$l6cllY
a
4.
9.31*:
5. *
,
10. *WSIWIY
a
a
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
133
1. by two Ramas
6. in Rama
2. of two Ramas
7. from Rama
3. two Ramas (2nd)
8. for two lions
4. two Ramas
9. two elephants
5. in two Ramas
10. of two birds
9.4 Dual of Feminine and Neuter Words

Feminine words, like Sita, and neuter words, like mitram ('friend'), also have dual
forms. The feminine and neuter endings are the same. Here first are the singular
and dual forms of Sit%
1. Nominative
Vocative
2. Accusative
I H;% 1
I $ TR/
1, I
3. Instrumental
4. Dative
@RI%
5. Ablative
6. Genitive
7. Locative
/ T?RIW I
I
/
1
Sit3
o sit3
Sita (2nd)
1
/
two sitas
o two sitas
two Sitas (2nd)
by SitB
for sit"
mw:i
for two sit%
from Sita
m-
from two Sitas
of sit2
1:
m,in Sita
3 1August 2014
/
I
of two sitas
'$k@l':
1 in two Sitas
-I
Here are the Singular and Dual forms of the neuter word 'mitram' (friend):
1. Nominative
Vocative
2. Accusative
I
/
/
-,
1
/
3. Instrumental
Im
, q/
4. Dative
0 friend
friend (2nd)
by a friend
/%
1
7. Locative
/ @f% /
Note: The form
0 two friends
two friends (2nd)
by two friends
6. Genitive
in a friend
two friends
/ m,/
1 for a friend /
/ m, from a friend /
/ f%FR/ of a friend I -7:
5. Ablative
/
/
/
friend
(
I
-,
for two friends
from two friends
of two friends
in two friends
has four meanings.
EXERCISE
134
Translate into English: Give all possible answers.
1.
9. q1c31bL1161
2.
10.
q?m:
3.
11
mi':
12
ytQ
13.
'm
14.
15.
my-
amy
5. ma:
6. 'm
4.
7.
mfw
8.
m
31 August 2014
-,
EXERCISE
135
1. of two friends
9. two books
2. for two Sitas
10. in happiness
3. in two Sitas
11. of two stars
4. two friends
12. from two houses
5. 0 two friends
13. in two wives
6. by two R-as
14. two forms
7. from two rooms
15. 0 two wives
8. two lions
9.5 Singular Verbs

If one person does something, the verb has a singular ending. All the verbs we have
learned so far are singular. For example:
('becomes'),
('falls'),
TKR ('eats').
We shall now translate these verbs slightly differently.
'she becomes' or 'it becomes'. So we can now say for
Similarly, we can say for .
'
'he, she or it falls'.
3 1 August 2014
can mean 'he becomes',

'he, she or it becomes'.
Translate these verbs in the new say:
1.
2.
rn
3.
Ram
4.
WR
5.
W
m
9.6 Dual Verbs

Verbs can also be dual. If two people do something, the verb must be dual as well as
the noun. The dual verb ending, which says two people are doing something, is $.
So we have:
he, she or it becomes
he, she or it falls
they two become
they two fall

and also
he, she or it is
they two are
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
137
1.
2. ~qw*
3.
Qm
EXERCISE
138
1. he becomes
6. she eats
2. it falls
7. he bows
3. they two become
8. they two speak
4. they two fall
9. she speaks
10. they two bow
5. they two eat
9.7 Subject-Verb Agreement

If the subject of a sentence is singular, then the verb must be singular. Likewise, if the
subject is dual, then the verb must be dual. For example:
The bird eats. (singular)
The two birds eat. (dual)
3 1 August 20 14
EXERCISE
139
1.
@Pw*I
2.
'q!$WRl
3 . * m 1
4 . T T m l
5

1. Two trees fall.
5. Two birds fall.
2. Two men eat.
6. A man becomes angry.
3. Two friends speak.
7. Two men become angry.
4. A friend falls.
8. Two birds eat.
EXERCISE
141
1.
2.
;nSr-,m,m~
m:33 R C I
n*
3.
'W*
a
Tql'J'JlY,Wl
4.
5.
$ VR m:**
'a
'a
mwml
I
31 August 2014
Rdvana watches as Sitd asks Rdma to pursue the deel:

3 1August 20 14
Underlined words:
m0
Mm-ca (see story 3 in which

he is struck by R%ma7sweapon.)
W, T$lR puts onaform
beautiful
w-nft
31 August 2014
bring!
takes away, kidnaps
Rdvana carries off Sitd.
3 1 August 2014
10. PLURAL NOUNS AND VERBS

10.1 Vocabulary 16
NOUNS
*
k:
Lord
eye
cat
awe11
place, country
EXERCISE
142
Write down the above nouns and learn them.
10.2 The Plural

The plural is a special form that is used when three or more things are indicated. In English we usually use the ending 's' to show the plural. For example: one dog, many dogs.
EXERCISE
143
Indicate whether the following English words are singular or plural.
1. cat
4. fox
2. cats
5. children
3. geese
3 1 August 2014
10.3 The Plural of Masculines like Rgma

Here is a table showing the singular, dual and plural forms of the masculine word R'ima.
* w
** * w*
*:
0 RZma
two Ramas
many Ramas
0 two Ramas
0 many RZmas
from RZma
of R%na
PLURAL
by two RZmas
by RZma
for RZma
DUAL
by many Ramas
for two R Z ~ ~ S for many Ramas

from two Ramas
from many R m a s
of two RZmas
of many ~ Z m a s
in two RZmas
inmany Rgmas
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
144
Translate the following into English. Give all possible answers.
1.
9.
*%
*:
2.
m,
10.
3.
my
11
m,
4.
*w*
12
5.
13.
6.
m,
14.
7.
15.
8.
* * CS\
7
m
+
mq
EXERCISE
145
1. many RBmas
9. in two elephants
2. many RBmas (obj.)
10. in many birds
3. from many Ramas
11. by many birds
4. in many R m a s
12. many birds (obj.)
5. of many Ramas
13. from a son
6. by many Ramas
14. in many sons
7. 0 many elephants
15. of many sons
8. for many elephants

3 1August 2014
10.4 Plural of Feminine and Neuter Words

Feminine words, like Sit%,and neuter words, like 'mitram' (friend), also have plural
forms. You can see that the feminine and neuter plural endings are similar to, but not
exactly like, the masculine endings.
Here are the singular, dual and plural forms of Sita (feminine):
SINGULAR
DUAL
PLURAL
mr
two Sitas
?0 M
Sits
?!=
0 two Sitas
0 many Sitas
Sits (obj:)
two Sitas (obj.)
many Sitas (obj.)
by Sits
by two sitas
by many Sitas
m
for Sits
rn
for two Sitas
for many Sitas
from Sit3
from two Sitas
mw
from many Sitas
of Sits
of two SitZs
of many SitZs
3 1 August 2014
Here are the singular, dual and plural forms of the neuter word 'mitram' (friend):
SINGULAR
DUAL
PLURAL
friend '
two friends
many friends
0 friend
0 two friends
0 many friends
friend (obj.)
by a friend
by two friends
by many friends
for a friend
for two friends
for many friends
two friends (obj.)
from a fri;nd
from two friends
of a friend
of two friends
in a friend
/ many friends (obj.) I
m:
in two friends
3 1 August 2014
from many friends
of many frieids
in many friends
EXERCISE
146
1.
mq
11.
mTar
2.
?lmTy
12.
-mr
3.
13
4.
@m
14
5.
P@y
15.
-,
6.
mq
16.
7.
#kmy
17.
*:
8.
la%
18.
9.
@wTy
19.
$733
20.
10.
3 1 August 2014
mR
~WW
% =T@Fm
EXERCISE
147
1. by many Sitas
11. many houses
2. of many friends
12. by a house
3. in many Sitas
13. from many gifts
4. many friends (obj.)
14. many noses (obj.)
5. many Sitas (obj.)
15. many elephants (obj.)
6. from many friends
16. many doors (obj.)
7. for many Sitas
17. of many books
8. for a friend
18. by many wives
9. two Ramas
19. in many fruits

20. many wives
10. in many stars
10.5 The Use of T ('and')

The word T means 'and' in English. However, T operates slightly differently in
English as it does in Sanskrit. In English, we put the word 'and' between the elements
that it is connecting. For example:
Rama and Sits
In Sanskrit, the word
a goes after the elements it is connecting. For example:
3 1 August 2014
EXERCISE
148
1.
2
w ,I$@
.
a
m
3.m-a
4.pallfar-a
's
5.
w:d a
10.6 Plural Verbs

If many people or things do something, the verb must be plural as well. The plural
verb ending, which says three or more people are doing something, is f?T.
So we have:
he, she or it becomes
he, she or it falls
they two become
they many become
they two fall
they many fall
they two are
they many are
and also:
he, she or it is
___I
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
149
1.
rn
9.
2.
10.
3.
;ITTR
11.
4.
wm
13.
6.
14.
w@T
8.
w m
~i
maw
12 mm
5. Vm$
7.
~m
15.
EXERCISE
150
1. she bows
9. they two are
2. they many bow
10. they two go
3. they two bow
11. hegoes
4. he runs
12. they many go
5. they two run
13. she falls
6. they many run
14. they two fall
7. it is
15. they many fall
8. they many are

3 1 August 2014
10.7 Subject-Verb Agreement

The subject of a sentence is singular, dual or plural. The verb must agree with the subject.
For example:
m
1
I
/
The book falls. (singular)

The two books fall. (dual)
The many books fall. (plural)
Choose the correct verb out of the two. Then translate the sentence.
(WR, v m ) I
1.
2.
.=F$
7.
(m,
m)I
8.
3 1 August 2014
(*,
rn*)
I
(m,
EXERCISE
152
1. Many men think.
5. A man and a boy run.
2. Many kings run.
6. Two dogs eat.
3. Two wives speak.
7. Many elephants fall.
4. A friend drinks.
8. Many friends drink.
EXERCISE
154
1. The two men run from the angry demons.

2. On the mountains there are many trees.
3. The boy sees the stars.
4. A friend bows to the gods.
5. The two demons speak to the lung.

31 August 2014
10.8 The Use of
'mafter Speech
rn
In a Sanskrit sentence, when something has been said or thought, the word
is
added to mark [?? the place ??I where speech or thought ends. In English this is like
writing [?? quotation ??I marks after speech. For example:
Rama
forest
(obj.)
cc
goes
99
sit2
says
"Riima goes to the forest," says Sitd.
EXERCISE
155
1.
~rn*.rn;ns:
[?? Note: In the immediatelyfollowing story the 'iti' clauses should be practised at least once.
This change needs to be made. ??]
3 1 August 2014
.9 Rlmiiyana Story 8:
HANUMAN FINDS
SITA
Underlined words:
m,
garden, grove
-v
Lads%,island where Rgvana is king
TFF?
searches after
V3yuputra ('son of
the wind'), Hanuman
brings
-3
-3
monkey
ASoka trees
3 1August 20 14
113
Hanumdn speaks with Sitd in the ASoka grove.
31 August 2014
11. PRESENT, FUTURE AND PAST

11.1 Vocabulary 17
EXERCISE
156
Write down the above verbs and learn them.
11.2 Person
Verbs in Sanskrit are conjugated according to Person. Person defines who or what is the
subject of the verb. For example:
FIRST PERSON: he, she, it, they two, they many
MIDDLE PERSON (the person in front): you, you two, you many
BEST PERSON (the person within): I, we two, we many
3 1August 20 14
11.3 Conjugation of the Present Tense

Arranging these Persons into a table, we can get the conjugation of a present verb. We
shall use ; Y I ('becomes') as an example. You already know some of these.
/
FIRST
MIDDLE
BEST
SINGULAR
DUAL
he, she or it becomes they two become
you become
PLURAL
WR
they many become
WT
you two become
you many become
we two become
we many become
I become
Most of the verbs we have learnt can be conjugated this way!
EXERCISE
157
Translate into English. Give all possible answers.
1.
m?T
8.
rn
2.
wm
9.
q m *
3.
rTaRT
10.
4.
WW
11.
5.
qm
12.
m*
6.
Wm*
13.
m*
7.
wfq
14.
3 1 August 2014
EXERCISE
158
1. she becomes
11. we two see
2. they two become
12. you two see
3. they many become
13. you many see
4. we two eat
14. he bows
5. I eat
15. they many bow
6. we many eat
16. they two kill
7. you many go
17. I laugh
8. you two go
18. they two protect
9. you go
19. they many dwell

20. we two destroy
10. I see
11.4 Translation of Verbs

It is important to realise that sometimes the subject of the verb is actually contained
in its ending. For example:
W, V
IHe sees the moon.
? i l l <S
FI
I eat food.
m,-1
You run from the lion.
3 1 August 20 14
EXERCISE
160
Translate into Sanskrit:
1. He dwells in a house.
2. I fall from the horse.
3. They many kill the two demons.
4. We two eat the fruits.

5. You many bow to the god.
11.5 The Three Tenses

Verbs can happen at three times - past, present and future. The time that has gone
is the past. The time that is now is the present. The time that is coming is the future.
We call these three times 'tenses'.
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
161
Say whether the verb in the following English sentences is past, present or future.
1. He eats.
2. He will eat.
3. She runs.
4. She ran.
5. She will run.
11.6 The Future Tense

The conjugation of the future tense is very similar to that of the present tense. In
fact, all that is added is an
in the middle of the word to make it future.
~m
SINGULAR
mm
DUAL
vmm
they two
i
FIRST
he, she or it
will become
they many
will become
will become
I
VFmRIJmw
MIDDLE
YOU
will become
BEST
1 PLURAL
T W m
I will
become
1
1
you two
will become
we two
will become
3 1 August 20 14
you many
will become
we many
will become
EXERCISE
162
1.
MmFa
11. GlHqlq:
2.
mw
12.
3.
w-WW~:
13
4.
MmTf%
14
5.
VmfR
15.
'm
16.
~qm
m~
6.
~~
'm
7.
-V
17.
8.
-W
18.
9.
vmgm
19.
'
10.
mFmlR
20.
xWG3
3 1 August 2014
EXERCISE
163
1. he will become
9. we many become
2. they many will become
10. you will eat
3. I will become
11. you many will laugh
4. we two will become
12. you two will fall
5. you will become
13. they two will run
6. I become
14. it eats
7. she becomes
15. we many eat
8. they many become
Translate the following sentences into English. Note that the verb 'bhavati ' goes with
the nominative.
3 1 August 2014
11.7 Unusual Future Forms

Some verbs that we have learnt have special forms for the future tense. Here is a list
of some of these special future forms:
VERBS
SPECIAL FUTURE FORMS
will cry out
cries out
rm
throws, shoots
II
-.
goes
1
/
stands, stays
will go
-.
xe
will know
will stand, stay
hits
'm gives
f*mR
will throw, shoot
knows
1 'm
bows
will give
xmwill bow
RRWR
sees
writes
As you can see, the
will write
is often replaced by SzF in these special forms.
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
165
*:
Translate the following sentences into English.
1.
Timy
2.
mm 4 ; l ~ GI
3.
vmw=rmmTr41
4.
~
\
~~WIFTI
~
,
5.mm,ml
11.8 The Past Tense

The past tense is formed differently to the present and future tenses. To form the past
before the verb, and then use a set of special past endings.
tense we put
For example, the form
m,'he became' is formed this way:
3 1August 2014
Here is the past tense conjugation for the verb ;rim.
FIRST
SINGULAR
=,
he, she or it
became
MIDDLE
BEST
DUAL
they two
became
-
wm'm,
PLURAL
they ma>y
became
avm-
you two
became
you many
became
3wm'
we two
became
we many
became
EXERCISE
166
1.
avm-,
11.
q@Fm
2.
3wT-y
12.
q
m
3.
3PW
13
ad*
4.
m,
14
m,
5.
3wmT,
15.
m,
16.
w,
17.
mrn
8.
m,
3wwr
IS.
m,
9.
3fFmi
19.
wifa
20.
6.
7.
10.
124
31 August 2014
m,
a i
EXERCISE
167
1. he became
11. I become
2. you two became
12. I will become
3. I became
13. he laughed
4. we many became
14. they two ate
5. they many became
15. you spoke
6. you became
16. we many fell
7. we two became
17. you two protected
8. you many became
18. they many drank
9. they two became
19. you many ran

20. we two destroyed
10. we many become
3 1August 20 14
EXERCISE
168
1.
mm ~
2.
#RiFT:
3.
rn m
1
4.
m:
<
6.
rn m,I,*
m*
I,-
7-
s*-,-,1
8.
3FW
9.
mmm , l
3fJmq1
I,-
. 5 . Tw
lo.
1CI;F'
m,
EXERCISE
169
I. We ate the fruits

2. You two saw the army.
3. I went to the village by foot.
4. The two men drank the water.

5. You became a friend.
31 August 2014
11.9 The Present and Past Tenses of
m.
As we have seen, the verb ?#& ('to be') does not go like
We have already
learnt three forms of this verb in a previous chapter. Now let us learn the whole conjugation in the present and past tenses.
Present tense of
('to be'):
SINGULAR
?da
FIRST
MIDDLE
DUAL
PLURAL
F$
T R
he, she or it is
they two are
they many are
?m
you are
FP
TT
you two are
you many are
?@R
BEST
I am
v
C
TF
we two are
we many are
Past tense of 3 1 4 ('to be'):
/
FIRST
MIDDLE
BEST
3 4 uses
SINGULAR
?mkr
he, she or i&as
DUAL
3fWr
they two were
they many ?were
3R?T
m
y
you were
you two were
3mW,
I was
we two were
for the future tense.
3 1August 2014
PLURAL
you many were
m
we many were
EXERCISE
171
1. Iam.
6. They were.
2. We two were.
7. You are.
3. She is.
8. They two were.
4. You many were.
9. We many are.
5. We many are.
10. I was.
11.10 The Usage of

d??f('to be') can be used in the conventional sense, but it can also mean 'there is',
'there are' or 'there were'. For example:
WT
~
?A~RTI
W
,
128
'There is a bird.'
I'There are two friends.'

I
'There were lions.'

3 1 August 2014
3 1August 2014
*.>"ll.--.lllv-d
m
7
-=
w
-a
s
7
-
*W& w_-Ms,-L.d-*,
U
l
~
L
%
~
%
,
~
~
*
.
C I _ _ _ e z"' _ J - _ N _ _~~ c
auaxr
~ -s*u->au=~ r - "
2L =-r-.v.-
11.11 RiimiiyavaStory9:
HANUMAN REPORTS BACK TO RAMA
*
-
-*----
--
~
r .,
e
."--= -x
U
P
~
&
.
-
--
Underlined words:
TlT
there
~m
protects
kills
31 August 2014
The monkey army sets off for Larikii.
31 August 2014
12. OTHER AREAS OF GRAMMAR

12.1 Vocabulary 18
VERBS
comes
replies
approaches
enters
comes out
EXERCISE
173
Write down the above verbs and learn them.
3 1 August 2014
12.2 The Pronoun

('that9)in the Neuter
The word m, means 'that'. Here are its forms in the neuter.
y
SINGULAR
that (obj.)
1
1
by that
&
for that
PLURAL
those two
those many
those two (obj.)
those many (obj.)
by those two
by those many
from thS;t
from those two
a:
3F4
of that
in that
for those two
clSa-(lcl
DUAL
of those two
for those many

from those many
m,
of those many
in those two
Translate the following into English. Give all possible translations.

1.
2.
aq
m,
m,
4. m,
3.
3 1 August 20 14
12.3 The Masculine Forms of

The masculine of
is
'he'. It can also be translated as 'that' with masculine forms.
SINGULAR
him (obj.)
those two
those many
those two (obj.)
those many (obj.)
by those two
for him
for those t&o
from him
of him
\-
in him
PLURAL
DUAL
by him
-,
7n-m
\-
from those two
by those many
aw
m
for those many

from those many
m:
m:
of those two
of those many
in those two
in those many
rn
\
a-
3 1 August 2014
Ii
1
12.4 The Feminine Forms of
The feminine of 7TT-, is T 'she'. It can also be translated as 'that' with feminine forms.
---
SINGULAR
DUAL
PLURAL
w
she
a
a
those two (obj.)
those two
MI
her ( d j.)--
-----
those many (obj.)
---
by her
by those many
for her
m*
from her
wv=r
\
from those two

of those two
TFm
Tlrir:
in her
for those many
for those two
Tlrir:
of her
those many
in those two
3 1August 2014
from those many

of those many
-
in those many
135
EXERCISE
177
1.
TiTg
2.
3.
4.
mm:
5. TFIw,
12.5
m +Noun
y
In English, the word 'that' can be used on its own or with a noun. For example:
m.'
'I saw
'I saw that car.'
In Sanskrit, the use of the word 'that' is very similar. Although the three forms of
can be used on their own, they can also be used to describe a noun. For example:
that man
that girl
-,
by that book
Note that the forms of

which they belong.
that man (obj.)
of l from that girl
M, must agree in case, number and gender with the noun to

31 August 2014
EXERCISE
178

1.
?T**.
6. ,
2.
m, m.
7.
w*
a
3. ,Ti@: 1-:
d'*lylq ,
4.
mSaflaT
9 m m
5.
3 ,=Fv
10.
EXERCISE
179
1. that king
2. that friend
3. that girl
4. those many doors
5. from that boy
6. by that wife
7. of those many fruits
8. in that water
9. those two books

10. for that pupil
3 1 August 2014
3T a
12.6 The
-mEnding
The - 7 T ending gives a sense of an action having been completed. It is often translated as 'having'. For example:
'having gone'
The
-mword does not replace the main verb in the sentence. For example:
chariot (obj.)
having gone
he
the king (obj.)
saw
'Having gone to the chariot, he saw the king.

Here is a list of important
-mwords alongside the verbs to which they are related:

1
VERBS
~ $ 3goes
TM?T
------
sees
RELATED -imWORDS
JVT having gone
%T having seen
'M
bows
/I
becomes
eats
having bowed
having become
*X
having eaten
EXERCISE
IS0
l . W J,r r a r = R m
,
*
,
1
=Fm-,mw: ,F 4 t ~
3 . ; I C r * w m m: m ,l
2.
4.
5.
V
T
m
*sr:
*
7
=KTTF
m,W F q I
m a
, l q l
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
181
1. Having gone to the house, the man ate.

2. Having gone to the house, the man saw his son.
3. Having seen the moon, the lady thought.

4. Having become angry, the boy fell.
5. Having eaten the fruit, the king drank water.
12.7 Prefixes
A prefix goes at the beginning of a word. For example:
=stairs
downstairs
overcome
understand
EXERCISE
182
Say what the prefixes are in the following English words:
1. superman
2. downcast
3. upbeat
4. overdrive
5. forthcoming
3 1August 2014
12.8 Prefixes in Sanskrit

In vocabulary [?? 18 ??I, we learnt some verbs that began with prefixes.
For example:
. .
(This changes the

direction of the verb.)
goes
comes
UP
goes
approaches
out
goes
comes out
back
speaks
replies
forth
pervades,
enters
enters
3 1August 2014
EXERCISE
183
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
m
-
3Tlwml
'*
WTGTl
w: mkml
\O
mdal
w,ma31
12.9 When there is -qinstead of
-m
We have seen words ending in -m meaning 'having done something' - e.g.

'having become'. When, in Sanskrit, there is a prefix, there is -T instead of -m
For example:
RELATED -eel WORDS
VERBS
~~
comes
approaches
fM%$?T comes out
enters

1.
F K,
4Jm, I , -
4. Having come to the prince, the pupil bowed.

5. Having entered the demon's mouth, the man cried out.
3 1August 2014
having come
having approached
having come out
having entered
12.10 Commands
In Sanskrit, when someone is commanding someone else to do something, a special verb
form is used. Here is a table of examples of special command forms. The first column
is for commanding one, and the second column is for commanding many.
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
Tm
xw
go!
see!
be! become!
drink !
eat !
EXERCISE
184
1.
$,Tim- 1
2.$mmml
\
3.
p m **
r n l
~ . $ @ R ~ < W I
5.
$w*
*
31 August 2014
EXERCISE
185
1. 0 friend, see the bird!

2. 0 friends, see the bird!
3. 0 horse, eat the fruit!

4. 0 wife, drink the water!
5. 0 men, go to the forest!
3 1 August 20 14
"
-
-*- - - - -
$3
*-
%
m
P
.
:
*
-
.
.
W
,
,
&
E=arrr---u;uruarm
r m = ~ c + % - ~ ~ w - - . M u x c i r w
,
*
;
,
.
i
r .--*-r'wrwrxa-"rrrxuir*%,-~-a~q
&.a*.,
,
r ,I--r,
,.-z
.,.,
12.11 Ramayana Story 10:

RAMA KILLS RAVANA
-.ex-
a----amw&----
-mwL.-
---~-a-*--7w~%-~m-.--.a-,e-*--""wm-~~-"--
_-%~=-~%-4=*.--Y--w--.---%?-~~---~a-"m_UL~-~
Underlined words:
~ 4 3
grows
We
again
R0
own
people
my
WT&3
battle
they made
a=E?
3RR
kills
31 August 2014
bliss
lives
".
F$
Ir
Rdvana lies dead.
3 1 August 2014
APPENDIX 1
ENGLISH-SANSKRIT VOCABULARY
This list is based on the IGCSE vocabulary.
arises
arrow
angry
are (they many)
are (they two)
m0
deer
7#$f
demon
rn
destroys
dog
donkey
door
drinks
dwell
beauty
becomes
bird
eats
bliss
elephant
body
book
bows
falls
boy
brother
father
fish
flies
flower
chariot
forest
cries out
form
foot
3 1 August 2014
friend
lady
fruit
laugh
lion
gift
girl
man
gives
monkey
god
goes
moon
mountain
mouth
hand
happiness
nose
he
hero
home
prince
horse
protects
house
pupil
Rama
righteousness
road
kills
room
king
runs
3 1 August 2014
W
e
Vb
w-b
TKT
sage
sees
servant
Sit%
sky
soldier
son
speaks
stands
star
strong
teacher
thinks
town
tree
truth
village
walks
water
wealth
wife
wise
148
3 1August 2014
APPENDIX 2
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
(This is the IGCSE core vocabulary for Option A
and the extended vocabulary for Option B.)
(496 words / 201 asterisked )
For Option A, only those words with an asterisk (*) need to be known, and should be known in
both Sanskrit to English and vice versa. For Option B, all words in this list need to be known
in Sanskrit to English, and those with an asterisk should be known both ways.
A hyphen (-) at the end of a word indicates that the word appears at the beginning of a compound.
A hyphen before a word indicates that the word appears at the end of a compound.
A raised circle (") indicates that the word takes an ending.
*3
%
fire
top
in front
limb
(like
except neut. sing.)
O
many
* m.
end (%?T
3mC
finally
in the end)
-mO another
thumb
*-
mountain
food
* m0(like 53)other, another
soon (or am,)
mTO(like TT except
-,
hence
neut. sing.)
overmuch
m:
*?TR
very
*,
here
then, now
3PW0
today
(+ 2nd)
under
m
,(m)
now
straight away
follows
runs after, pursues
another
crime, sin, offence
also, even though
said
fearless
around
this
forest
m
e
enemy
3R"r0
red
-MO
for the sake of
experiences, feels
31 August 2014
149
ought, should, worthy, fit

small, mean
Yes
having considered,
observed
understands
hermitage
descends
seat
horse
sits, exists
eight
mouth
eighth
helshe said
he
food
is
wants
we, us, our etc.
thus
I am
this
pride
now
Oh my!
this
enough of
like, as if
here
sky, ether
distressed
comes
such, of this kind
practises
Lord
a command
one's self
his own I her own
etc., beginning with
bliss
w0
1 *mO
said, spoken to,

addressed
best
reply
stands up
brings
attains
belly
31 August 2014
~m
lifts
arises, is born
?E%w
garden, small wood
d m (+ 6th)
7Fel;FT-,
Im
story
when
approaches
daughter
on top
monkey
*3'?mm sits down

??Tw
how?
trembles, shakes
plan, trick, method
w0/3'Jq-q
both
0
3TM
helshe said
does, makes
ear
action
who? what?
crow
bull
desire
sage
body
cause, reason
time
(like W,
except neut. sing.) one,
what?
a certain
Once, at the same
*-
time
(m)
but
dog
why?
where?
this
angry
healthy, able
goes
*w
only, indeed, exactly
*W
thus, in such a manner
well
maker
made
for the sake of
* F:(m)
black
who? what?
only
3 1August 2014
hair
mountain
anger
F
?FO
plays
anger
virtue
heavy
teacher
cries out
vulture
trouble, pain
house
where?
grabbed
village
neck
for a moment
hunger
throws, shoots
horrible
field
bird
w*
my0
a
eat
1 m0
*
goer
sky
goes
group
gone
*-
deep
f.)
beak
four
=:
fourth
moon
d T-,
skin
**
elephant
donkey (o*
and
*T
walks
W*
bow
l&w,
-R?rr
mind, heart, thought

thought, worry
thinks
m,
) I,
sings
for a long time (arm)

if
steals
3 1 August 20 14
just so
cut
then
then
most
*
/ 5m: person I people
* 'm:
father
more
crosses over
mother
tree
creature
then
conquers
therefore
old age
star
*31C36(
water
for so long,
*m'fO
born, arisen
meanwhile, now
3m-R
knows
stays, stands
5
m
is born
bank, shore
3mT
conquered
but, now, verily
lives
hits
;Aim
life (or jffiT;lq /3-
grass
-xO
knower of
third
a'=R
-,
knowledge
leaves
*-
*m
W
\
*my a wise one

a0
am
\
three
eldest
YOU (1st case sing.)
light
giver
staff
( in a compound indicates
any form of M-,e.g. TR)
?v$
*m
that
after that, therefore,
gives
places
hence
ten
there
tenth
3 1August 2014
WWR
burns
m 0 righteous, just
gift
day
long
sorrow
sad
wears, puts on
*WfR
runs
*am
intelligent, wise
-,
I w0
=FR,
held
I *=I-
no, not
meditation
bad person
messenger
far away
weak
seen
having seen
I * -/;rJrST
I **
I *mR
goddess
1 *We
place, country
IT
I
fault
1 *;I&"
door
I *;mr
two
second
hatred
bows
a bow
=m8
god, lord
body
city
river
man
nine
ninth
O
-
I *-
ruined, destroyed
by name
-,
I **
1 *=nwR
=T@RT
P-ITmr
FPkR
y
riches, wealth
bow
righteousness,
justice
leads
I-
*mO
* v.
creator
name
lady
destroys
nose
ever, always
comes out
lives
blue
king
eye
31 August 2014
ship
before
asks
earth
reads
towards
five
returns
fifth
replies
wise, learned
first
falls; flies
powerful
husband, lord
enters (past N
),*
wife
question
page, leaf
wise
supreme
obtains
marries
dear
leaf
jump
mountain
sees
foot
fruit
father
drinks
distressed
binds
son
strength
again
mighty
city
outside
formerly, of old
many
person, man
flower
boy
arm
book
cat
filled with
31 August 2014
road
*W
-,
fear
friend
husband
YOU, Your Honour
meets
becomes
sage
part
mouse
wife
deer, forest animal
WV?T
says
dead
w K
speech
death
afraid
cloud
a being
dies
%
w?r
-,
*m
W+
*m
*mO
my
mouth, face
ground
**+
*m
servant
brother
sacrifice
y$.l=
m , ( n ) , q ( m ) , q ( f ) , (like T m )
who, which
RTr
having thought
fish
*
'6TtilCT;PT
\
*m
,(n)
*Tm,
middle
mind
man
Ycl+
since
93]r
where
q?rq?r
wherever
(used with 7T 7T there)
slowly slowly
thinks
great
(do) not
mother
156
(+ 3rd)
r<
....
made of
death
whatever
(used with 57 53-,that )
WF
3 1 August 2014
'm
provided with
does battle
when .... then
if .... then
death
uft
goes
I *T.T;m
W, ... m, as long as ...

... for so long
*W
O@
*W,
m,/w
boon
aof:
colour
*m
*ma
protects, saves
chariot
*w
forest
-,
*M
-,
ogre I female ogre

palace
or
wind
knower
knowledge
queen
without
kingdom
stops
night
large
form, beauty
difference
cries, wails
forgets
climbs
**
*w
RVR
writes
-*
-m,
*-
garment
carries
prince
finds
dwells
king
*m
grows
so
ww
brave
warrior, hero
tree
old, increased
tiger
play, sport
statement, command
like
1 * Slim,
says
I W
'
3 1August 2014
is able
(+ 6th)
a hundred
enemy
gently
157
curses
sound, voice
bed
arrow
rabbit
peace
quickly
I
seven
I 314F0
seventh
II ="
'mo capable,
1 * W?$T/*,
near
(+ 4th, 6th or 7th)
(+ a h )
ocean
a rock
quickly
pure
hears
grief
grieves
having heard
best
my
(n)
a room
pupil
fit for
~m.
/ * .&
snake
(like
except neut. sing.)
I*
I*
II *w(+
3rd)
WJTV
*
*
tomorrow
lake
.m.
all
everywhere
always
with a smile
together with
she
ocean
-a)
virtuous
lion
*mO
*my
six
sixth
he
truth
always
contented
same, equal
m0
( -ST)
\3
my
*@
*m
3 1August 2014
golden, gold
happiness, happily
happily, easily
handsome,
beautiful
friend
rule, aphorism; thread
sun
bridge
army
*H
;*
.
attendant, servant
**
brother
*MYheart
?g
soldier
-Fro
dweller
mwf8
places
Fn=R
-,
bath
,m
rn
(+ 7th)
is fond of
touches
(gives past sense
to a present verb)
remembers
one's own
sleeps
dream
thyself, himself
etc., voluntarily
heaven
sister
master
killed
kills
laughs
yesterday
hand
Alack! Alas !
indeed, for
3 1August 2014
cause, motive
short

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Introduction To Sanskrit Language

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SANSKRIT

Title: Sanskrit: An Introductory Course from Year 7

The SanskritpadaTM,SCompTMand F l a g ~ Sanskrit

Draft in progress: August 2014

0 2013 St James Publishing

CHAPTER 1 - The Sanskrit Alphabet

The Families of Sounds

CHAPTER 2 - Combining Consonants and Vowels

Consonants and Short Vowels

CHAPTER 3 - Consonant Combinations

CHAPTER 4 - The Sanskrit Sentence 1

- The Sanskrit Sentence

- The Sanskrit Sentence .3:

- The Sanskrit Sentence

Genitive and Locative

- The Singular Forms of RBma, Sit2 and 'mitram'

- Dual Nouns and Verbs

- Plural Nouns and Verbs

- Present, Future and Past

A sound made with the tip of

with the tongue raised to the roof

1 THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

The Soft- The HardThe Teeth The Lips

2. soft palate, soft

1.2 The 3 (Throat) Family

(Soft Palate) Family

Practise writing out the

5 family in sequence three times. Then, write it from mem-

families together, in sequence.

'x(Hard Palate) Family

Practise writing out the

family in sequence three times. Then, write it from

families together, in sequence.

1.5 The ?;Z (Teeth) Family

Write out the

1.6 The 3 (Lips) Family

Note that the visarga ( : ) is 'h' in Roman script.

(b) Add an 3 to each of these two letters:

to each of these two letters:

2.3 Long Vowels

Copy the above table into your exercise book.

2.4 Consonants and Long Vowels

Thus, we get the following table:

'The boy runs.'

2.7 Consonants and Diphthongs

(a) Write the following in Roman script:

(b) Write the following in devanagari script:

The brother sits down.

2.9 Revision Exercises

Write the following in Roman script:

Translate the following sentences.

1, The monkey eats.

3. The elephant gives.

5. The boy speaks.