A compilation of declension tables for nouns in Sanskrit

Grammarians call a declinable word . Here let us not go into the details of why it is called so. includes nouns, pronouns, participles and adjectives. means a sound or a word. In this context it means a declinable word, a noun.

Whereas in English and many other languages the case of a noun in a sentence is determined by the position it occupies in the sentence or by prepositions, in Sanskrit the word itself gets inflected according to the case. There are eight cases in general in Sanskrit which are given in this Table:
Literal meaning First case First case (for addressing) Second case Third case Fourth case Fifth case Sixth case Seventh case Equivalent in English Nominative case Vocative case Accusative case Instrumental case Dative case Ablative case Genitive case Locative case

In English, there are only two numbers: singular and plural. But in Sanskrit there are three. (singular), (dual) and (plural). In each of the eight cases, a noun could be declined in any of the three numbers. There are thus 24 types of inflexions for a noun. Normally these declensions are written out in a table of 8 rows and 3 columns, each row for a case and each column for a number. Students memorise these tables like multiplication tables. Often these tables are referred to as s. If a student is asked to recite , the student is expected to recite this table specific to the word . A noun could be masculine, feminine or neuter in gender. It is not easy to know the gender of an abstract noun, a collective noun or a noun referring to an inanimate object. Besides, adjectives and participles which take the gender, number and case of the noun they qualify could be declined in all the three genders. The pattern of declension for a noun ( When we say noun, we include other declinable words like pronoun, adjective and participle) depends on its gender and its last syllable. For example, is a masculine noun and ends in syllable . The pattern of declension applicable to is applicable to other masculine words which have the last syllable . Once you have learnt you can decline other nouns such as , etc in a similar manner. Grammarians call and similar model words whose declensions provide a standard template "paradigms".

As an example, in the Table below is with meaning in English:: (Thus goes) declension of word "raama" which ends in syllable "a" and is in masculine gender. Singular Nominative case(subject) Vocative case Accusative case(object) Instrumental case Dative case Ablative vase Genitive case Locative case Raama O raama, Raama by Raama for Raama from Raama of Raama in Raama Dual two Raamaas O (two) Raamas two Raamas by two Raamas for two Raamaas from two Raamas of two Raamaas in two Raamas Plural many (more than two) raamaas O (many) raamaas many raamaas by many Raamas for many Raamas from many Raamas of many Raamas in many Raamas

Although the meanings given in the table are generally applicable, they may differ depending on the context and accepted usage , somewhat similar to idiomatic usage of prepositions in English. I have called this compilation , a casket of s. You can access any either from Index of s or the alphabetical index .

For those who want to know more, a list of reference books is provided. If you find any typographical or substantive errors in this compilation or if you have any suggestions for improving what has been presented here, you may communicate to me at murthygss@gmail.com .

Some characteristics of Sanskrit

This note provides a panoramic view of Sanskrit as a language. It does nor claim to cover all the features of Sanskrit nor does it deal with any characteristic in any depth. It often happens that a student of Sanskrit, in his attempt to climb the mountain of Sanskrit language too engrossed with his next step is unable to get a birds eye view of the language. He fails to see the wood for the trees. Here is an humble attempt to help him get a perspective.
phonetic, punctuation, genders, numbers, cases, persons, adjectives, verbs, active and passive voice, tenses and moods, causals, indeclinables, verbal derivatives, compound words, sandhi, double entendre, direct speech, verses 1. Sanskrit is phonetic: If you know how to spell a word, you also know how to pronounce it. If you know how to pronounce a word, you know how to spell it. That is, there is a one to one correspondence between spelling and pronunciation. It is true for most Indian languages. It is not true for English. 2. Punctuation: Sanskrit by itself contains only "|" to indicate an end of a sentence or half of a verse and "||" to indicate the end of a complete verse. However, with the advent of the printed book, most punctuation marks used in English are also being used in printed Sanskrit text. Punctuation certainly helps in following the text. [There is symbol "s" in Sanskrit to indicate which is lost in liaising. Its antiquity is not known] 3. Genders: In English, gender of a noun denoting an inanimate object, collection or an abstraction is generally neuter. In Sanskrit, it could be any of the three- masculine, feminine or neuter. Often, the gender is determined by how a word is derived. Some words can be used in two or all of the three genders. While learning a new word it is important to learn its gender too. 4. Numbers: In English, there are only two numbers: singular and plural. In Sanskrit there are three: singular, dual and plural [, , ]. The noun undergoes appropriate inflexions to indicate the number. Example: = fruit; = two fruits; = many (more than two) fruits. 4. Cases: In English, the case of a noun in a sentence is determined by its position in the sentence or by prepositions preceding the noun. In Sanskrit, the stem of the noun itself gets inflected. Such inflexions occur in many Indian languages, although not in Hindi. The Table below which is in fact will clarify how nouns get inflected depending upon the case and number: Singular Nominative case(subject) Raama Dual two Raamaas Plural many (more than two) raamaas

Locative case Accusative case(object) Instrumental case Dative case Ablative vase Genitive case Locative case 5. Persons:

O raama, Raama by Raama for Raama from Raama of Raama in Raama

O (two) Raamas two Raamas by two Raamas for two Raamaas from two Raamas of two Raamaas in two Raamas

O (many) raamaas many raamaas by many Raamas for many Raamas from many Raamas of many Raamas in many Raamas

A Verb in a sentence gets inflected depending upon the person and number of the subject to which the verb refers. Third person eats (two) eat

(many) eat

second person(you) eat (you two) eat(you many) eat First person (I) eat (We two) eat (We many) eat It is important to note that the order in which the three persons are written in Sanskrit is the reverse of how it is written in English. In fact literally means first person, but actually is equivalent to the third person of English ! In some Sanskrit grammar books written in English, the order is reversed so that it falls in line with the way it is written in English grammar. In my view it is not a good practice and it is best learnt and written down the Sanskrit way. Also it is important to note that the inflected verb is not sensitive to the gender of the subject, which is not the case in many Indian languages. In a sentence in Sanskrit, nouns get inflected depending upon the case and number . The verb also gets inflected appropriately in line with the number and person of the subject noun. Therefore in a simple sentence the order in which the words are written is immaterial. Ex: On the other hand, we cannot change the order in English. Ex: Boy eats food. Food eats boy. Eats food boy.!! 6. Adjectives: Adjectives are declined like nouns and assume the gender, number and case of the noun they qualify. Therefore even if the adjective is not placed before the noun it qualifies, the two can be related by matching the words which agree in gender, number and case. This feature facilitates writing verses to meet the constraints of meter. It helps a reader in rearranging the word order in a verse syntactically for proper understanding.

7. Verbs: We have noted above that verbs are conjugated in three cases and three numbers. Root of a verb without any inflexions or terminations is called . There are two sets of terminations or inflexions that a verb

take terminations, some take terminations and some take both. Examples will clarify. = (He,she or it) eats. is and the termination it has taken is . , = (He, she or it) rejoices. and the termination it has taken is . is

can take in different persons and numbers. One set is and the other is . Some s

or = (He, she or it) requests or begs. it can take either termination. is and s which take either terminations is called .

or .

Therefore while learning verbs it is necessary to know well as whether it is , as

In addition, verbs are categorized into ten different groups called . A verb belonging to a gets inflected following a certain template specific to that . For example , quoted above and headed by : . belong to the first group called . The is called (+ = ).as the group is

Therefore while learning a verb, we also need to learn to which it belongs. 8. Active and passive voice: = Boy eats food = Food is eaten by the boy. Irrespective of whether , or , all verbs take only is terminations in passive voice. 9. Tenses and moods: There are six tenses and four moods Three tenses for the past, one for the present and two for the future. However Sanskrit does not have any direct equivalents to present continuous or past continuous. If you want to translate, "Boy is eating" into Sanskrit, you would do well to translate it as, " ". One mood is exclusively for giving commands ( ), another for polite requests ( ), and another for giving benedictions (). However writers do not strictly follow the restrictions especially in poetry. There is another mood to be used in sentences with a conditional clause. A verb can thus be conjugated in each one of these tenses and moods (a total of ten).

10. Causals: An interesting feature of most Indian languages is the facility of what is called the causal form. From any root verb you can derive another verb which denotes that the subject is causing another person or object to do the action. It is best to understand it through an example: = Boy eats food. = Mother makes the boy eat food. Or, mother feeds the boy. is the causal derivative of . --> The derived verb can be conjugated in all the tenses and moods. Somebody has made a wry remark that this facility in Indian languages points to the predisposition to get any work done by an other person! 11. Indeclinables: Words in a Sanskrit sentence are one of the three types: 1. 2. and 3. . comprises nouns, pronouns, adjectives and participles, which are inflected in the appropriate gender, case and number. are the verbs which have been inflected in the appropriate tense, number and person. are those which remain uninflected in a sentence and are therefore indeclinables. Indeclinables include a number of adverbs, conjunctions and interjections. In the sentence (=quickly) is .

and are . is . Words , , are all indeclinables. etc 12. Verbal derivatives:

Sanskrit is rich in verbal derivatives which enables a writer to express complex constructions with simplicity and precision. A few examples will help understand the use of such derivatives. = Boy runs while eating. = Teacher rebukes the boy who is eating. = Teacher rebukes the girl who is eating. From root the present participle which is declined like a masculine noun, is derived. , is in - whereas is in -. Similarly while qualifying a feminine noun the participle takes the form , which is declined like a feminine noun.

The above is a case of a present participle, which really acts as an adjective qualifying the noun to which it refers. Note how the present participle gets inflected according to the case and gender of the noun it qualifies. The past participle very often plays the part of a verb itself. For example: = Food was eaten by the boy. = Food was eaten by the boy. = Fruits were eaten by the boy. In these three sentences above, verb has been dispensed with. The past participle form of , does the job of a verb. Note how it agrees with the number and gender of the noun it qualifies. It can also be used in Active voice. For example: = Boy ate food. Use of past participle in place of a verb in past tense is very frequent in Sanskrit as it avoids the complexities of a verb. There are a number of verbal derivatives which act as indeclinables ( ). For example: = after eating; = to eat or for eating; = worthy of eating, should be eaten. 13. Compound words: A writer has tremendous freedom to build compound words. In classical Sanskrit it is rarely that you come across a sentence which does not contain a compound word. Compounding is called . Some forms of compounding are shown below: 1. An adjective can be tagged on to a noun: = A black cobra. Note that it is only the end word that gets inflected. 2. In place of possessive or genitive case. = teacher of a student.

3. A compound word can denote a simile. = Dark in complexion like a black lotus. Let us take this fairly familiar which is recited for an auspicious beginning:

All words other than and are compound words. = (one who is) wearing white dress. = (one who has) the complexion of moon. = (one who has) four shoulders = (one who has) a benign face = for the removal of all obstacles. Note that what is given in brackets is implied and is therefore to be assumed. Some authors in classical literature go to such ridiculous lengths of compounding words that by the time you have reached the end of the word you have forgotten where the word started! 14. Sandhi: When we speak out sentences fast, there is a natural tendency for the starting syllable of a word to coalesce with the last syllable of its preceding word. The great Panini and perhaps grammarians who came before him have studied scientifically how syllables coalesce in Sanskrit when words are spoken one after the other and arrived at a set of rules which govern such liasing. This phenomenon of liasing of syllables is called . A few examples will help to provide clarity: + = ; + = ; = ; + + = . Liasing as per Sandhi rules is compulsory within a compound word and generally within a quarter of a verse. In prose however it is left to the discretion of the writer. In fact in modern prose there is a tendency to avoid Sandhi to enable readers to follow with ease. However it is virtually impossible to wade through Sanskrit literature if a student does not acquire the skill to recognize Sandhi and split words as per Sandhi rules. 15. Double entendre: Sometimes a compound word can be meaningfully split in more than one way. For example, can be split as + or as + . This leads to interpreting a sentence in two ways and each one may be as meaningful and admissible as the other. Besides, Sanskrit abounds in words which have more than one meaning. which is a versified thesaurus of synonyms contains a chapter( ) devoted to words with multiple meanings. It has listed the various meanings of word as follows:

 Hari means 1. Yama, the God of death, 2. wind 3.Indra, 4.moon, 5.sun, 6.God ViShNu, 7.lion, 8.ray 9. horse. By skillful use of such words and the possibility of splitting words in different ways, poets show their mastery over language by weaving elaborate sentences which provide two or more meaningful and relevant meanings. Such poetic jugglery is called or . Here is a a standard example: means moon as well as lotus. can be split in two ways: + as well as + . Thus a pair of meanings can be derived as follows: 1. Your face is like a lotus which is attached to the sun( ). 2. Your face is like the moon which is attached to the rabbit (rabbit-like mark on the moon). 16. Direct speech : In Sanskrit there is no equivalent to indirect speech. If A wants to report to C what B told A, A will simply report the way he heard from B as direct speech. Puranas and epics have a way of telling multilayered stories. Perhaps in Mahabharata there are 3 or 4 levels in which the story is narrated. If indirect speech were possible it would have been confusion worse confounded! That is perhaps the reason why the poet introduces , , etc.! 17. Verses verses everywhere: An important characteristic of Sanskrit as a medium of communication was that almost everything was versified! There is hardly any branch of knowledge, whether it be philosophy, ethics, mythology, lexicography, astronomy, mathematics, arts or science which is not written in verses. Study of sonorous meters in poetry is highly evolved and contains interesting aspects of mathematics. Right from the Vedic times, there evolved a versatile and simple meter called which has four quarters () and each

quarter contains 8 syllables ( ) with some minimal constraints. It is perhaps the only meter which has the highest usage in world writing. Although it was used with ease by one and all since ancient times, it is a curious fact that it remained poorly defined till very recent times.

18. Conclusion: As has been pointed out at the beginning this write up has no pretensions of covering the subject either in depth or in its breadth. You are welcome to write to me giving your suggestions and comments at murthygss@gmail.com -----

Introduction to Dhatumanjari
Before presenting the Conjugation Tables, introductory remarks on Sanskrit Verbs and their classification are in order:
Conjugation of verbs: A Verb in a sentence gets inflected depending upon the person and number of the subject to which the verb refers. Third person eats (two) eat

(many) eat

second person(you) eat (you two) eat(you many) eat First person (I) eat (We two) eat (We many) eat It is important to note that the order in which the three persons are written in Sanskrit is the reverse of how it is written in English. In fact literally means first person, but actually is equivalent to the third person of English ! In some Sanskrit grammar books written in English, the order is reversed so that it falls in line with the way it is written in English grammar. In my view it is not a good practice and it is best learnt and written down the Sanskrit way. Also it is important to note that the inflected verb is not sensitive to the gender of the subject, which is not the case in many Indian languages. and terminations: Root of a verb without any inflexions or terminations is called There are two sets of terminations .

or inflexions that a verb can take in different persons and numbers. One set is and the other is . Some take terminations, some take terminations and some take both. s Examples will clarify. = (He,she or it) eats. is and the termination it has taken is . , = (He, she or it) rejoices. and the termination it has taken is . is or = (He, she or it) requests or begs. it can take either termination. s is and which take either terminations is called .

or .

Therefore while learning verbs it is necessary to know well as whether it is , as

In addition, verbs are categorized into ten different groups called . A verb belonging to a gets inflected following a certain template specific to that . For example , quoted above and headed by : . belong to the first group called . The is called (+ = ).as the group is

Therefore while learning a verb, we also need to learn to which it belongs. The ten s: There are six tenses and four moods Three tenses for the past, one for the present and two for the future. PaaNini, the great grammarian identifies these ten tenses and moods with specific symbols ( These are symbols only for easy identification and do not have any etymological significance.) as follows: For each one of these tenses we show the third person singular of an example. (Traditionally a : as student is first taught conjugation of )

1. (laT): This corresponds to Present tense in English. Ex: 2. (loT): Imperative mood. Ex: . When used in second person, it conveys a command, entreaty . When used to express a benediction, there is a special variant prescribed, although in

or advice. Ex: . (Be vigilant). It can also be used for expressing a wish or a prayer. Ex: usage the normal form is also observed. Ex: or . (May you live long)

3. (la~G): This corresponds to Past Imperfect in English. Ex: . per grammarians is to As be used to express an action that has taken place on the previous day or earlier. . 4. (li~G): Potential mood. Ex: . There is much overlap between and in usage.

Although can be used for a command, advice or request, it is more often used to lay down guide lines and code of conduct. ( ). It is also used to express a probability or possibility. It is sometimes called . 5. (liT): Past Perfect. Ex: . It is to be used for narrating past events which the narrator has not personally witnessed. Consequently in epics, puranas and itihasas, is preponderantly encountered. As a general rule when the subject is in First Person, is not appropriate. 6. (luT): Future Tense( sometimes called First Future or Periphrastic Future). Ex: . It is specified for denoting a future action which is not to take place on the current day. This tense is not frequently encountered. 7. (lRuT): Simple Future (also called Second Future): Ex: . This can be used for denoting any future action without any restrictions. In literature, is much more encountered than .

8. (aaSIrlin~G): This mood is exclusively for giving benedictions! Ex: . When used in First Person, it expresses a wish for oneself. 9. (lu~G): Grammarians call this Aorist. ( According to Concise Oxford Dictionary, past tense

merely denoting occurrence without limitation as to duration etc.) Ex: . is generally used in It

dialogues and conversations which refer to recent past actions. Conjugation in is quite complex and not easy to master. To the extent that a student has to recognize its conjugated forms in classics, he has to get familiar with it. However for compositions, he best avoids it.

best explained through an example: . (Had there been good rains there would have been abundance of food). It is to be used only in such situations where it is to be implied that had a certain event happened, (which did not happen) a certain other event would have happened. Please note that is used both in the main clause and the conditional clause.. The above ten together are called s. There is a ( a stray verse) which laconically explains them :

10. (lRu~G): Conditional. Ex: . Its use is restricted to a certain set of situations which is

In the Vedas, another is encountered which is called . The above refers to that too. Active and Passive voices: Like in English, transitive verbs will have two forms one in Active Voice ( ) and the other in Passive Voice ( ). Ex: -> Sanskrit allows for a type of Passive Voice, often called "Impersonal Passive" ( ) even for intransitive verbs. Ex: -> A verb can be conjugated in Active and Passive Voice in all the ten s. In passive voice irrespective of whether a verb is or , it takes only terminations. The ten s: Sanskrit grammarians have classified s into ten lists depending on the pattern they follow in conjugation. Each list is denoted after the root heading the list. The ten lists are as follows: 1. headed by ". " 2. headed by ". " 3. headed by . "" 4. headed by ". " 5. headed by ". " 6. headed by ". " 7. headed by ". " 8. headed by "".

9. headed by "

".

10. headed by "". s 1, 4, 6 and 10 are quite alike in conjugation and are generally clubbed together and taught before other s. It is to be noted that except for , , and in Active Voice, the pattern of conjugation is virtually the same for all the ten s. The ten s together list about 2200 s, out of which nearly half of them belongs to the first namely

. However there are a number of frequently used verbs which belong to other groups, necessitating a study of all of them. In what follows we first give for each a pair of Tables, which shows how verbs belonging to the ten s are conjugated in both and . [We have chosen the traditional paradigms except in cases where we felt it more convenient to provide a common paradigm for both and or where we felt that a more useful could replace the traditional paradigm with ). Each row of 9 cells gives the conjugation for a in that . What is normally written out in a 3X3 matrix is written out as a 9-cell row. For those who do not find themselves comfortable with paninian nomenclature of s, equivalent Sanskrit names as well as Engliah names have been given below. Move the mouse over the name of the and click to go to the relevant page. 1. (laT): Present Tense 2. (loT): Imperative 3. (la~G): Imperfect (past tense) 4. (li~G): Potential Mood 5. (liT): Perfect (past tense) 6. (luT): 1st Future 7. (lRuT): 2nd Future 8. (aaSIrlin~G): Benedictive Mood advantage.] The Tables do not cover Passive Voice( ) and Impersonal Passive(

9. (lu~G): Aorist (past tense) 10. (lRu~G): Conditional Mood It is important to note that in each (especially in - 2nd group) there are a large number of which significantly differ from the template of that and consequently the s student has to get familiar with the more useful of them as he proceeds in his studies. Conjugation of such verbs will be progressively added on to over a period of time. Conjugation of some verbs belonging to ( Second Group) has been recently added here.

-1-

. (First lesson)
| (This [is a] lamp.) two] lamps.) |(This [is a] garland.) than two] garlands.) |(This [is a] wheel.) than two] wheels.) |(These [are] two lamps.) |(These [are] two garlands.) |(These [are] two wheels.) |(These [are] [more than |(These [are] [more |(These [are] [more

(one lamp)

(one garland)

(one wheel)

(This [is] a lamp.) (This [is] a garland.) (This [is] a wheel.)

(He [is] a boy.) (The boy reads the book) (This boy reads this book.) (This girl reads these two books.) (This girl carries this lamp.) (The boy and the girl eat these [more than two] ripe fruits.) (The girls eat [more than two] fruits.)

(The priest worships God.) (The teacher praises these two intelligent students.) (Doctors treat these poor patients.)

(Doctors give bitter medicines.) (Two farmers plough two fertile fields.)

 (The boatman crosses this broad river.) (The girl smells these two beautiful garlands.) (The lady teacher rebukes these naughty girl students.) (The child looks at the moon.)

A 1- Grammar Notes A1.1 Gender ( ): In English, gender of a noun denoting an inanimate object, collection or an abstraction is generally neuter. In Sanskrit, it could be any of the three- masculine ( ), feminine ( ) or neuter ( ). In

this lesson (lamp) is masculine, (garland) is feminine and (wheel) is neuter. Often, the gender is determined by how a noun is derived. Some nouns can be used in two or all of the three genders. While learning a new noun it is important to learn its gender too. A1.2. Number (): In English, there are only two numbers: singular and plural. In Sanskrit there are three: singular, dual and plural [, , ]. The noun undergoes appropriate inflexions to indicate the number. The pattern of inflexions is different for different genders. Example: = a lamp; = two lamps; = many (more than two) lamps. = a garland; = two garlands; = many (more than two) garlands. = a wheel; = two wheels; =many (more than two) wheels. (When referring to two objects/persons, dual only has to be used. Plural is to be used when referring to more than two objects/persons. In the translation "more than two" is specified for plural to stress this point and will be dropped subsequently ) A1.3. Case ( ): In English, the case of a noun in a sentence is determined by its position in the sentence or by prepositions preceding the noun. In Sanskrit, the stem of the noun itself gets inflected. Please recall from your study of English grammar, that in a sentence the subject will be in nominative case and the object will be in the accusative case. is the stem ( ). is in nominative case ( ) singular. is in nominative case dual, is in nominative case plural. All noun stems which are masculine and end in the syllable get inflected in a manner similar to that of . Ex: , , ; , , etc.

Similarly all noun stems which are neuter and end in syllable get inflected like . Ex: , ,

; , , . [We may take it at this stage that if the last or penultimate syllable of the stem is end in get inflected like . Ex: , , ; , , .

, , or then becomes the inflexion. and not .]. Noun stems which are feminine and in

In the sentence , is the object and it is in accusative case( ) singular. See Table below:

Sentence

Object

Gender,Case and number Masculine accusative singular Masculine accusative dual Masculine accusative plural Feminine accusative singular Feminine accusative dual Feminine accusative plural Neuter accusative singular Neuter accusative dual Neuter accusative plural

stems ending in syllable , the model word is , the hero of Ramayana. For feminine noun stems ending in model word is . A is a Table consisting of 3 columns and 8 rows, each column corresponding to a Number (, Case( ) and Accusative Case(

In grammar books, the manner in which a noun gets inflected or is declined depending on the gender, case and number is indicated in a tabular form for a model word. Such tabular data is called a . For masculine noun

the model word is , the Goddess of wealth and consort of God Vishnu. For neuter noun stems ending in the

, ) and each row corresponding to a Case. In this lesson we have encountered only Nominative ). We may write out the manner of declension of

nouns ending in syllable in tabular form using the paradigms , and as follows:

inflected forms of demonstrative pronoun A similar table can be formed for inflected forms of . as follows.

A1.4. Pronouns and adjectives: Pronouns follow the nouns they refer to in gender, number and case. All pronouns are classified as s. In the sentences , , , , and are

In the sentences , , etc. the verb is understood and is not explicitly stated. An Adjective ( ) follows in gender case and number the noun it qualifies. Numerals 1 to 19 behave as adjectives. Notice how changes according to gender of the noun it qualifies or denotes.

Notice how the adjective follows the noun it qualifies in gender, number and case. , A1.5. Verbs ( , , , ,

different Tenses. What is called Third Person in English is called in Sanskrit. In this lesson we encounter verbs in Present Tense ()- third person.Ex: is the verb. - ,
Root verb

): The root of a verb is called A verb is conjugated in 3 persons and 3 numbers in .

- ,
Person and number

( ); in some cases the two appear unrelated : -> and we shall come across more of such cases in later lessons.

Note that the root of a verb gets modified in different ways when conjugated. Therefore while learning a verb, it is also necessary to learn the root. Although for the majority of verbs the inflected form is easily relatable to the root, in some cases the inflected form looks remotely related like (root) and

Note that the inflection of the verb does not change with the gender of the subject. This is not the case in many Indian languages.

Absence of Articles : Sanskrit does not have any equivalents to the articles a, an or the. However the numeral can be translated in English as a or an. A 1.7 Gender tip : All words denoting river(Ex: ) are feminine. words are feminine.[There are a few exceptions inconsequential though] B1 Vocabulary [ Legend : = = noun-stem ; = = group ; = ; ; = ; ; = = ; = ; = ; = ;
I column Stem of the noun( ) II column Gender( )

= ; =

; = ; = ; =

If the word is noun

III column Nominative case singular( ) [in case noun ends in a consonant( )] III person singular( -

IV column Meaning appropriate to context

verb

Root ()

Group() and whether it is or Indicated as ( )

Meaning appropriate to context

) -

indeclinable

indeclinable

Meaning appropriate to context Meaning appropriate to context

Indicated as

Nominative case sigular( -

Adjective (including )

Indicated as

) in masculine,feminine and neuter genders. -

Meaning appropriate to context

Vocabulary is not a dictionary and cannot serve the purpose of a dictionary. In cases where a noun may be declined in more than one gender, the second column indicates only one gender. Similarly in cases where a verb can be conjugated in more than one group (), the second column indicates only one .]

/..

../ ..

meaning priest

to worship child river

, ,

this God

+ /

teacher lady teacher fertile one medicine to treat(patient) farmer to plough field to eat to smell wheel intelligent moon student rebuke bitter to cross(river) poor lamp to see sailor to carry, to lead ripe to read lesson book to give disobedient

first fruit boy girl garland sick person wide doctor to praise lovely Sanskrit language staircase

girl student

C 1 Exercises : C 1.1 : Choose appropriate form of noun and pronoun given in the brackets to fill up the blank: _______ ______ (, ) _____ ______ ( , ) ________ ( ) ____ ________ (, ) __________ ( ) C 1.2 : Choose appropriate form of verb given in the brackets to fill up the blank. ______ () _______ () _______ ( )

_______ ()

C 1.3 : Choose appropriate form of adjective given in the brackets to fill up the blank. _____ ( )

_____ ( ) _____ ()

C 1.4 : Choose appropriate form of pronoun given in the brackets to fill up the blank. _________ () ____ () C 1.5 : Translate into Sanskrit: The child smells this garland. The farmer rebukes the poor boy. The teacher sees the doctor. Boys carry these (two) patients. C 1.6 Commit to memory : s- , and