ENGL111

- 2 types of linking verb: Verb of Sensation and

COVERAGE: Verb of Existence
1. Forms of Verbs COMMON LINKING VERBS
2. Verbal’s Be Sound
3. Tenses of Verbs Appear Taste
Become Prove
FORMS OF VERBS Feel Stay
Grow Smell
• Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs
Look Turn
• Linking Verbs
Remain Seem
• Auxiliary Verbs
Examples:
• Modals
• My name is Paula.
• Regular vs Irregular
Verbs • You look tired.
- are words that express an action, occurrence, or • The sky was gray.
state of being. • Her perfume smells like cucumber.
- A verb can be transitive or intransitive based on
whether it requires an object express a complete Auxiliary verbs
thought or not. - are verbs that add functional or grammatical
meaning to the clause in which it appears, to
Transitive verbs express tense, aspect, modality, voice, and
- are action words requiring an object whether it’s emphasis.
a person, place, or thing to receive the action. - Also called Helping Verb
- It answers “who” or “what”. - Can be added to main verb
Examples: - am, is/are, was/were, will/shall, do/does,
(Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object) might/may, be, been, being, have, having, has, had,
• Maria taught Home Economics. can, could/should
Examples:
• Maricela baked cookies.
(Subject + Auxiliary + Main Verb)
• She ate the ice cream yesterday.
• We were talking.
• He invited Paul to the party.
• It was written by a petitioner.
Intransitive verbs • You may choose what you like.
- express actions without a direct object receiving 1. “Be” is used with other verbs to form continuous
the action because the action is complete in itself. tenses and the passive voice:
- Linking verbs are always intransitive. Active voice – the subject is doer of the action.
- They may also have a modifier. Passive voice -the subject is receiver of the action.
- Never answer the questions “who” or “what”. • She is reading Shakespeare.
Examples: • We were talking to them for ages.
(Subject + Intransitive Verb)
• England were beaten by Germany in the
• People cheered. final.
• The pilot landed carefully. 2. “Have” is used to make perfect tenses:
• Jane is a writer. • I have taken the position.
• She hesitated for a moment. • In two years, we will have established
• The car stopped. community gardens.
3. “Do” is used as:
Linking verbs • For emphasis: He did look tired.
- do not express action. • To make question: Do you want a coffee?
- They connect the subject of the verb to additional
• To form negative statements/ questions:
information about the subject.
I don’t like meat.
- The most common linking verb is the verb to be.
Other common ones relate to the five senses.

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Modal Irregular Verbs

- an auxiliary expressing ability, possibility, - Changing the vowel to form a past tense or to
permission or obligation. change the spelling.

MODAL Third person Third person

Can / Can’t Ought / Ought not to Third person singular/
singular plural
plural past tense
Could / Couldn’t Might / Might not present tense present tense
May / May not Used to / Didn’t used to The dog
The dogs
Shall / Shall not Would / Wouldn’t catches the The dog caught the ball.
catch the ball.
Will/ Won’t Have to / Don’t have to ball.
Should / Shouldn’t Must / Must not The
The children
The child The children children
have drunk
Examples: drinks his drink their drank their
their milk.
milk. milk. milk.
Subject + Modal + Main verb (always in base form) (past perfect)
(past tense)
• People will dance.
• I can speak Chinese. (expresses ability) SIMPLE PAST
SIMPLE PAST
• May I go now? (asks permission) PRESENT (plural) PARTICIPLE
• She might go to Japan. (shows possibility) Be Was, were Been
• Will you help me? (shows willingness/wish) Bear Bore Born
• You should stop smoking. (to give advice) Beat Beat Beat
Become Became Become
• You could eat out tonight. (positive suggestion)
Begin Began Begun
• You must stop at a red I right. (shows necessity) Drive Drove Driven
• You couldn’t make a noise in the library. Drink Drank Drunk
(negative) Eat Ate Eaten
Fall Fell Fallen
Regular Verbs Fight Fought Fought
Flee Fled Fled
- We form a past tense, or add -ed and -d to the verb. Fling Flung Flung
Fly Flew Flown
Third person Third person Third person
singular present plural present singular/ plural VERBAL’S
tense tense past tense - a verb masquerading as another part of speech.
- It’s a verb in disguise
Mateo and Rafael Mateo and Rafael
Mateo dances. - Functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb in the
dance. danced.
sentence.
Petra and her - Three types of Verbals:
Petra and her
Petra loves cake. friends loved
friends love cake. • Gerund
cake.
• Participles
SIMPLE PAST
• Infinitives
SIMPLE PAST
PRESENT (single) PARTICIPLE
Remembers Remembered Remembered Gerund
Plays Played Played - Ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
Pays Paid Paid - It can take on the role of subject, direct object,
Changes Changed Changed subject complement, and object of preposition.
Hates Hated Hated
Jumps Jumped Jumped As subject:
Cares Cared Cared - Traveling might satisfy your desire for new
Stops Stopped Stopped experiences.
Walks Walked Walked As direct object:
Tracks Tracked Tracked - They do not appreciate my singing.
Uses Used Used
Destroys Destroyed Destroyed
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As subject complement:
- My cat’s favorite activity is sleeping. As an adjective:
Is – linking verb • The coveted ring was soon hers.
Subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that • The swindling accountant was apprehended.
appears with al linking verb. • She soothed the crying baby.
As object of preposition: • Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car.
- The police arrested him for speeding. • Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.
Participle Participles Phrases
- Used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing - Groups of words that contain a participle and
or -ed. function as adjective phrases.
2 types of participles: 1. Present participle
1. Present participles - we give the clause an active meaning. In other
- End in -ing. words, the noun being modified is the agent of the
2. Past participles action.
- End in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words • Singing in the shower, I was oblivious to the doorbell
asked, eaten, saved, dealt and seen. ringing. (I was singing)
• James, hiding under the bed, was completely silent.
(James was hiding)
Regular Present Irregular Present
Verb Participle Verb Participle
2. Past participle
- the noun being modified is either given a passive
Apologize Apologizing Eat Eating
role in the action, or else is being described.
Close Closing Run Running • The turkey, burnt to a crisp, was thrown in the
garbage.
Follow Following Sing Singing • My sister, exhausted after a long day’s work, has
fallen asleep on the sofa.
Look Looking Think Thinking
Sentence Placement
Remember Remembering write Writing Initial position:
• Running to the car, the boy welcomed his father
Regular verb Simple past Past participle home after three months away.
Apologize Apologized Apologized • Singing in the shower, I was oblivious to the
Close Closed Closed doorbell ringing.
Follow Followed Followed • Scared, my sister slept with the light on.
Look Looked Looked
Remember Remembered Remembered Middle position:
- When the participle or phrase occurs in the middle
Irregular verb Simple past Past participle position, and is not essential to the meaning of the
Eat ate Eaten sentence, it should be set apart from the rest of the
Run Ran Run sentence by two commas.
Sing Sang Sung Examples:
Think Thought Thought • My sister, exhausted, has fallen asleep on the sofa.
Write Wrote Written • James, hiding under the bed, was completely silent.
• The turkey, burnt to a crisp, was thrown in the garbage.
Participles as adjectives
as a verb: - However, if it occurs in the middle position and is
• She coveted the ring. essential to the meaning of the sentence, it should
• The accountant is swindling the clients. NOT be set apart by commas.
Examples:
• The students finished with their work may have a
break.
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• Jackets left behind will be donated.
• Participants breaking the rules will be removed from 3. Scheduled Events in the Future
the competition. • The train leaves tonight at 6PM.
• The prom starts at 9PM.
Final position: 4. The ‘NOW’ (Noncontinuous verbs)
- If the participle or phrase occurs in the final - Express the idea that an action is happening or
position immediately after the noun that it is not happening now.
modifies, it doesn’t need a comma. • He needs help right now.
Examples: • She is not here right now.
• We looked for hours and finally found James hiding. • He has his passport in his hand.
• The cat had no interest in the poor dog wagging its tail.
• I was in such a hurry I didn’t notice my jacket left on b. Simple past tense
the table. - Regular verb formed by adding -d or -ed at the end
- However, when it occurs in final position but not of the verb
immediately after the noun that it modifies, it does - Irregular verbs may vary in construction
need a comma.
Examples: Uses of simple past tense
• It was obvious he really enjoyed dinner, having had a 1. Completed action in the past
second helping of dessert. - The action has already been done.
• My sister cried as she packed up her belongings, • Joanna went to the mall yesterday to buy a
saddened at the idea of moving out of her childhood new set of furniture’s.
home. • I didn’t see him in the inauguration.
• Most of the puzzle pieces have disappeared, • Last year, I traveled to Japan with my family.
misplaced after so many years. 2. Duration in the Past
- a longer action often indicated by expressions such
as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, etc.
TENSES OF VERBS • I lived in Puerto Rico for three years.
• Eric studied different techniques of pottery
SIMPLE TENSES for a year.
a. Simple Present Tense • We waited at the bus station all day.
- The base for of the verb. 3. Habits in the Past
- 1st and 2nd person don’t put -s in the verb; 3rd - a habit, we often add expressions such as: always,
person put -s in the verb. often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I
- Ex. He speaks English (3rd person) was younger, etc.
• I played violin when I was younger.
Uses of simple present tense • They always skipped class during our
1. Repeated Action freshman year.
- A habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event
• He stopped writing poetry.
or something that often happens.
• I play badminton. c. Simple Future Tense
• She always forgets her bag. - "will" and "be going to."
• Anna leaves the house every morning. • You will help your Aunt prepare for the party
2. Statement of Facts later.
- The speaker believes that a fact was true before, is • Allen is going to meet his newborn sister
true now, and will be true in the future tonight.
- It is not important if the speaker is correct about Uses of Simple Future Tense
the fact. 1. Express Voluntary Action (will)
- Used to make generalization about people/things.
• I will sort out the documents so that Mrs. Tala
• Philippines offers the best customer won’t have any difficulty in the upcoming
service in the world. accreditation.
• Cats are amazing animals. • I will send you the needed drafts of the plan
• Many people love coffee more than tea. when I get my hands on them.
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2. Express a Promise (will)
• I will attend the meeting tomorrow. b. Past continuous tense
• Don’t worry, I will do better next time. - also called past progressive
3. Express a Plan (be going to) - used to show that an ongoing past action was
• I am going to spend my vacation in happening at a specific moment of interruption, or
Isabela. that two ongoing actions were happening at the
• I am going to continue on writing my same time.
thesis this month. - Form: was/were+ present participle
4. Express a Prediction (will/be going to) - Ex.: We were studying when her mom called.
• The year 2021 will be a better year for
all of us. Uses of Past Continuous Tense
• Janna is going to be the next president of 1. Interrupted Action in the Past
the student government body. • I was reviewing when she texted me.
• When the phone rang. Anna was writing
PROGRESSIVE/ CONTINUOUS TENSES a letter to Tommy.
a. Present Continuous tense 2. Specific Time as an interruption
- also called present progressive) • Last night at 8PM, I was listening to my
- used to show that an ongoing action is happening friend's podcast.
now, either at the moment of speech or now in a • Yesterday at this time, I was cleaning my
larger sense. Also, to show that an action is going bookshelves.
to take place in the near future. 3. Parallel Actions
- Form: am/is/are + present participle • I was cooking dinner while he was
- Ex.: I am listening to the radio. cleaning the house.
• Ali and Jake were listening to the webinar
Uses of Present Continuous Tense while writing the request letter.
1. The NOW 4. Repetition
• I am eating breakfast with my family here at - Remember to put the words "always" or
the hotel. "constantly" between "be" and "verb + ing."
• Sheena is watching the new season of her • She was constantly speaking while the
favorite American series. teacher was discussing.
• We are negotiating with the other team for the • They were always complaining about
event. work, so I didn't like them.
2. Longer actions in Progress now
- In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, c. Future Continuous Tense
this month, this year, this century, and so on. - "will be + present participle" and "be going to be
• I am studying to become a teacher. + present participle"
• I am reading Animal Farm by George
Orwell. Uses of Future Continuous Tense
3. Near future 1. Interrupted action in the Future
- In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, - to indicate that a longer action in the future will
this month, this year, this century, and so on. be interrupted by a shorter action in the future.
• I am meeting my friends after work. • I will be watching The Witcher in Netflix
• We are eating Samgyeopsal tonight. when she comes home tonight.
4. Repetition • I am going to be staying at my Airbnb, so
- Remember to put the words "always" or I will not see them when they arrive.
"constantly" between "be" and "verb + ing." 2. Predicting or Guessing about the Future Tense
• She is constantly speaking while the • He will be coming to the meeting, I
teacher is discussing. expect.
• They are always complaining about • I guess you are going to be feeling thirsty
work, so I don't like them. after working in the sun.

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3. The Use of ‘Still’ 2. Duration before something in the Past
- When combined with still, the future continuous - Started in the past and continued up until another
refers to events that are already happening now action in the past.
and that we expect to continue some time into the • We had had that car for ten years before it
future. broke down.
• In an hour, I will still be cooking this special • By the time Bobbie finished her studies, she
Adobo. had been in London for over seven years.
• We are going to still be wearing masks next year.
c. Future Perfect Tense
PERFECT TENSES - Will have/ be going to have + past participle
a. Present Perfect Tense
- An action has taken place once or many times Uses of Future Perfect Tense
before now. 1. Completed action before something in the Future
- Has/have + past participle - Will occur before another action in the future
- Ex: has eaten/have eaten; has written/have written - Will happen before a specific time in the future
• By next December, I will have received my
Uses of Present Perfect Tense promotion.
1. Unspecified time before now • By the time my mother gets home, I going to
- You cannot use the specific time expression such have cleaned the house.
as: yesterday, one year ago, last week and etc. • Sam is going to have finished his paper by the
- You can use the unspecific expression such as: time he leaves the coffee shop.
every, once, several times, before, already and etc. 2. Duration before something in the Future
• I have watched spirited away five times. (noncontinuous verbs)
• People have traveled to the moon. - Will continue up until another action in the future.
• I have been to Korea. (Experience) • I will have been in France for six months by
• You have grown since the last time I saw you. the time I leave.
(Change over time) • By Tuesday, Anna is going to have had my
• Scientist have invented a lot of useful tools for book for two weeks.
humans. (Accomplishments)
• Allan has not finished answering the tasks on
his module yet. (Uncompleted action)
• I have had four quizzes and five this semester
so far. (multiple actions at diff. times)
2. Duration from the Past until now (noncontinuous
verbs)
• I have had cold for two weeks. Tatlo lng yun coverage sa engl. Pero naka 6 pages ako kasii
• She has been in California for eight months. marami akong nilagay na exampless. HAHA un mga
nagpiprint dyan at ayaw masyado gumastos ng papel and
• Ken has loved kare-kare since he was a child.
ink, pwede nyo sya bawasan/iedit sa docx. Nilagay ko
naman dyan sa drive un naka docx na reviewers para maedit
b. Past Perfect Tense nyo sya pag may gusto kayong bawasan/dagdagan Hehe
- An action took place once or many times before
Study well and Good luckkk 😊😊 - Aki
another point in the past.
- Had + past participle
- Ex: had eaten, had delivered, had written

Uses of Past Perfect Tense

1. Completed Action before something in the Past
- Occurred before another action in the past.
- Happened before a specific time in the past.
• I had cooked dinner before he came home.
• Susan had studied Nihongo before she moved
to Japan.

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