Language Arts for

Middle School
Summer 2023
Let’s get to know each other
- My name is Marisol and you can call me Miss Marisol.
- I used to work in the high school and SAC rooms, so you might recognize me.
- My favorite hobbies are reading and watching youtube. Also, I really love
boba.
- Now tell me about yourselves!
1. Your name (it can be a preferred name as well)
2. Your age and grade level
3. What is something you’re good at?
4. What’s your favorite thing to do?
5. What’s your go to drink order? Do you like boba with OR without
tapioca?
6. Which one do you think is better – Apple OR Samsung?
 What are the two basic kinds of
nouns?
Common Nouns Proper Nouns

Generally, the noun is the Specific people, places, or

person, place or thing that can things. They are typically
act or be acted upon. capitalized in a sentence.

What is your favorite book? We all live in Chicago.

Plural Nouns
→ Names more than one person, place, or thing.
→ Most nouns are made plural by adding an ‘s’ to
the end of the word!

Nouns ending with

Nouns ending in s, Nouns ending a ‘y’ but have a
x, or z and ch or sh with a ‘y’ vowel in front

Add ‘es’ to the end Change y to i and then Only add an ‘s’
Boss → Bosses add an ‘es’ Boy → Boys
Country → Countries
 Plural vs. Possessive ‘S’
Plural Singular
Plural Possessive Possessive
Shows possession of a Shows possession of a
Names more than
one person, place, or plural noun without an singular noun by
thing without adding apostrophe s, just an adding an apostrophe s
an apostrophe apostrophe at the end [‘s]
of the noun
All of the trucks and cars
The truck’s lights were
came to a stop. Each of the trucks’ wheels
very bright.
were replaced.
 Appositives
1. An appositive is a noun or phrase that renames another
noun in a sentence.
2. The appositive offers more information about the noun.
3. When the appositive is non-essential, or not necessary to
the sentence, it should have a comma before and after it.
The sentence should still make sense if the information
within the commas were removed.
Ex:
My favorite TV show, The Untamed, was filmed 4 years ago.
→ → → My favorite TV Show was filmed 4 years ago.
More noun types!

Collective Nouns
A noun (person, place, or
thing) that refers to a group of
things as one whole.

Ex: A pack of wolves hunted

together
More noun types!
Abstract Nouns
Concrete Nouns Person, place, or thing that you
can not identify using your five
Person, place, or thing that is senses.
identifiable using your five
senses. Hint: Look for emotions,
characteristics, etc.
Ex: The guitar was a light
brown color. Ex: Passion is the best
motivator.
What are
pronouns?
Remember: Pronouns can be used in place of a
noun!
Review: Personal
Pronouns
A personal pronoun refers to the person,
place or thing that is talking or the noun
they are talking about.

Ex.
The noun ‘Jack’ becomes the pronoun ‘he’
→Jack played games all day. He went to
sleep late at night.
Review: Possessive
Pronouns
Possessive pronouns express ownership or
possession.

Ex: The book was hers but her friend tried

to take it and say it was theirs.
*Hers shows that the book is owned by the
girl.
Review:
Interrogative
Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used to form a
question. There are 5 main interrogative
pronouns: What, Who, Whom, Which,
Whose.

Ex: Which movie here is your favorite?

*Which means that the person is asking a
question and waiting for an answer.
 Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns
1. Both of these pronoun types end in -self or -selves.
2. Intensive pronouns usually appear after the subject
of a sentence; they emphasize the subject.
a. She herself is going to repaint the entire interior
of the house.
3. Reflexive pronouns appear elsewhere in in the
sentence and refer back to the subject.
a. We gave ourselves a few extra minutes to get
ready before the performance.
 Quick Comprehension Activity
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-p1P4fdhaF8
Please use the following to describe what happened in the short
film:
❏ Two collective nouns
❏ Three concrete nouns
❏ Three abstract nouns
❏ Any two of personal, subject / possessive, or interrogative
pronouns
❏ Two intensive and reflexive pronouns
Demonstrative
Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points to specific
person, place or thing.

Ex: That book is on the top shelf

*That shows that the specific book is far
away
Relative Pronouns
Pronouns that are related to
nouns that have already been
stated. They combine two
sentences that share a common
noun.
Summary so far
Personal Pronouns → refers to the person, place or thing that is talking or the
noun they are talking about.
Possessive Pronouns → express ownership or possession.
Interrogative Pronouns → used to form a question. There are 5 main interrogative
pronouns: What, Who, Whom, Which, Whose.
Intensive Pronouns → usually appear after the subject of a sentence; they
emphasize the subject.
Reflexive Pronouns → appear elsewhere in in the sentence and refer back to the
subject.
Demonstrative Pronouns → points to specific person, place or thing.
Relative Pronouns → Pronouns that are related to nouns that have already been
stated
Indefinite Pronouns → These pronouns do not specifically name the noun that
comes before it. Can be singular and/ or plural
Indefinite Pronouns
- These pronouns do not
specifically name the noun that
comes before it.
- Most are singular, but there are
plural ones as well.
- Some pronouns can be both
singular or plural. It depends on
the meaning being conveyed
 Be aware of Pronoun Shifts!
Incorrect: When people visit the
1. These shifts happen the Statue of Liberty, they are often
writer changes pronouns in disappointed to learn that you are
the middle of a sentence or not allowed to walk all the way up
paragraph. to the torch.
2. You must keep pronouns the
Correct: When people visit the
same throughout your writing
Statue of Liberty, they are often
when talking about or
disappointed to learn that they
addressing the same noun.
cannot walk all the way up to the
torch.
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7.11
 01
What is a verb?
A verb is a word that tells the action or the state
of being of a sentence.
 Quick Review!
1. What is a ‘subject’?
→ The person or thing doing the action and/or being
described. It may also be that the subject is being
identified or that it has something done to it.
2. What is a ‘compound subject’?
→ it is a subject consisting of two or more simple
subjects.
 Verbs

Regular Present Regular Past

Add -ed to the present tense to

You do not typically have to do
make it past tense. If it ends in
anything to the verb. The verb
-e then you just need to attach
stays in base form.
a -d.
We talk about what to do. I bake a cake → I baked a cake
yesterday.
 Irregular Verbs
Sadly, irregular verbs do not
follow the same conjugation
patterns or rules as regular
verbs do. This means that they
must be memorized.
Subject-Verb
Agreement
Verbs must agree in number
with the subject of the
sentence.
1. If the subject is singular,
the verb must singular.
2. If the subject is plural,
then so must the verb be
as well.
 Subject - Verb Agreement

If the subject is a If the subject is a If the subject and the verb

compound subject, two compound subject are separated by a word
subjects connected by the connected by the words or words, be sure that the
word and then a plural or or nor, then the verb verb still agrees with the
verb will agree with the subject subject!
closer to the verb.
Tyler and Inez bake pies Neither Tyler nor Inez Inez as well as her sisters
& likes blueberry pie. works at the bakery.
Tyler bakes pies
7.13
 Action Verbs
They tell the action of the sentence.
→ It can be a physical or mental action.
Ex: I painted a big painting. [physical]
Ex: My friend felt tired today. [mental]
→ They come in both regular and irregular forms.
→ They can be in past, present, and future tense.
 Another Review!
1. What is an ‘object’?
a. → A noun or a pronoun that is acted upon by a verb or
preposition.
b. I live with my family.
2. What is a ‘direct object’?
a. → the thing that is being acted upon.
b. Hack: ask ‘what’ or ‘whom’ to find the direct object.
i. Please give her the book.
3. What is an ‘indirect object’?
a. → the person or thing that receives the action verb.
b. Hack: ask ‘for’ or ‘to whom’ to find the indirect object.
i. Do not lie to me.
 Types of Verbs

Transitive Intransitive
1. Action verbs that are incomplete without a 1. An action verb that does not require a
direct object. direct object.
Ex: I wrote a poem. Ex: They ran across the field.
Verb → wrote Verb → ran
Direct Object → a poem Direct Object → none
 Types of Verbs

Linking Helping
1. These verbs connect a subject to a noun 1. They help form the main verb in a
or adjective sentence.
2. Common ones are various forms of the 2. The most common ones are ‘be’, ‘have’,
word ‘be’ (is, are, was, etcetera) and ‘do’
3. Other linking verbs relate to the five 3. Some other ones are ‘can’, ‘could’, will’,
senses or a state of being ‘would’, ‘might’, ‘should’, and ‘must’
a. Smell, look, taste, feel, sound
b. Appear, seem, become, grow, remain
7.17
 Review
Adjectives Adverbs
- A word used to describe a - The words used to modify a
noun or pronoun. verb, adjective, or another
- Most are common adjectives, adverb
meaning they are not - They tell how, why, when,
capitalized. where, how much, and how
- Proper adjectives are formed often.
from proper nouns and are - They often end in -ly.
therefore capitalized.
 Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives
1. What is a gerund?
a. It is when a verb is used as a noun. A verb is changed to a noun when you
add -ing to the end.
b. Ex → Painting is a hobby of mine
2. What is a participle?
a. It is a verb being used as an adjective. The verb changes to an adjective when
-ing and -ed are added.
b. Ex → The braking car came to a quick stop
3. What is an infinitive?
a. It is when a verb is being used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. This occurs
when nouns, adjectives, or adverbs are preceded by the word ‘to’
b. Ex → The student began to list song titles
 Conjunctions
1. Conjunctions - connect individual words or groups of words in sentences.
a. Coordinating conjunctions
i. Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses that are equal or of the
same type.
ii. Common ones are: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and so
b. Correlative conjunctions
i. Used with pairs and are used together
ii. Common ones are: both/and, either/or, and neither/nor
c. Subordinate conjunctions
i. Connect two clauses that are not equal, typically connecting dependent
clauses to independent clauses in order to complete meaning.
ii. Common ones are: after, as long as, and while
 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
- Prepositions show the relationship between a noun
or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
- ex: they fell to the ground
- Prepositional phrases include the prepositions and
the objects (nouns or pronouns, typically) that follow
the prepositions. They usually tell when or where
something is happening.
- ex: I went to the store because I had no
groceries.
- (Why? Because I had no groceries)
7.20
Summary So Far
verb: A verb is a word that tells the action or the state of being of a sentence.
subject verb agreement: Verbs must agree in number with the subject of the sentence.
action verb: They tell the action of the sentence. Can be physical or mental.
transitive verbs: Action verbs that are incomplete without a direct object.
intransitive verbs: An action verb that does not require a direct object. In other words, it is complete without a direct object.
linking verbs: These verbs connect a subject to a noun or adjective (is, are, was, etc)
helping verbs: They help form the main verb in a sentence (be, have, do).
gerund: It is when a verb is used as a noun. A verb is changed to a noun when you add -ing to the end.
participle: It is a verb being used as an adjective. The verb changes to an adjective when -ing and -ed are added.
infinitive: It is when a verb is being used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. This occurs when nouns, adjectives, or adverbs are
preceded by the word ‘to’
coordinating conjunction: Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses that are equal or of the same type. (and, but, for…)
correlative conjunction: Used with pairs and are used together (both/ and, either/or, neither/nor)
subordinate conjunction: Connect two clauses that are not equal, typically connecting dependent clauses to independent
clauses in order to complete meaning. (after, as long as, while)
prepositions: show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
 Sentence Types
- Declarative → makes a statement about a place, ting, or idea, and it ends with a
period.
- Example: I believe that dogs are cute.
- Interrogative → asks a question and ends with a question mark.
- Example: should we go outside today?
- Exclamatory → shows urgency, surprise, or emotion and ends with an exclamation
point.
- Example: oh my god, that was scary!
- Imperative → demands that an action be performed and can end with a period or
exclamation point.
- Example: you need to stop talking!
-
 More Sentences
Independent clause → a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

Dependent clause → does not present a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

Simple Sentences → one independent clause.

Compound Sentences → two or more simple sentences or independent clauses. They

can be formed with a comma or coordinating conjunctions joining two independent
clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, yet, so.

Complex Sentences → one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
The clauses are connected with a subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun
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the end :)
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