Parts of SPEECH Table

Function or Job Examples Sentences

Noun Thing or person Pencil, cat, work, This is my cat. They lived
notebook in Madrid.
Verb Action or state Get, come, cut, open, I like apple. Come in
like please.
Adverb Describe a verb, Silently, badly, really My cat eats quickly.
adjective or adverb.
Adjective Describes a noun Small, big, good, well, We like big cake. I have
blue three pencils.
Pronoun Replaces a noun I, you, he, she, it He is very clever.
Preposition Links a noun to another At, in, of, on, after, She was hiding under
word under the table.
Conjunction Joins clauses or But, and while, when I am very hungry, but
sentence the fridge is empty.
Interjection Short exclamation Oh! Hi! Ouch! Wow! Wow! What a beautiful
car!

What is a noun?
A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns can
play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, appositive,
or adjective.
Types of nouns
Nouns form a large proportion of English vocabulary and they come in a wide variety of types.
Nouns can name a person: Nouns can also name a place:
Albert Einstein Mount Apo
President Disneyland
Mother bedroom
Nouns can also name things, although sometimes they might be intangible things, such as concepts,
activities, or processes. Some might even be hypothetical or imaginary things.
Shoe, faucet, freedom, Elder, Wand, basketball
Proper nouns vs. common nouns
 One important distinction to be made is whether a noun is a proper noun or a common noun. A proper
noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and is always capitalized.
 Does Tina have much homework to do this evening?
 Tina is the name of a specific person.

 I would like to visit Old Faithful.

 Old Faithful is the specific name of a geological phenomenon.
The opposite of a proper noun is a common noun, sometimes known as a generic noun. A common noun is
the generic name of an item in a class or group and is not capitalized unless appearing at the beginning of a
sentence or in a title.
 The girl crossed the river.
Girl is a common noun; we do not learn the identity of the girl by reading this sentence, though we
know the action she takes. River is also a common noun in this sentence.
Types of common nouns
 Common or generic nouns can be broken down into three subtypes: concrete nouns, abstract nouns,
and collective nouns. A concrete noun is something that is perceived by the senses; something that is
physical or real.
 I heard the doorbell.
 My keyboard is sticky.
Doorbell and keyboard are real things that can be sensed.
Conversely, an abstract noun is something that cannot be perceived by the senses.
 We can’t imagine the courage it took to do that.
Courage is an abstract noun. Courage can’t be seen, heard, or sensed in any other way, but we know it
exists.
A collective noun denotes a group or collection of people or things.
 That pack of lies is disgraceful.
Pack of lies as used here is a collective noun. Collective nouns take a singular verb as if they are one entity –
in this case, the singular verb is.
 A pride of lions roamed the savanna.
Pride of lions is also a collective noun.

Nouns as subjects
 Every sentence must have a subject, and that subject will always be a noun. The subject of a sentence
is the person, place, or thing that is doing or being the verb in that sentence.

 Maria is happy.
Maria is the subject of this sentence and the corresponding verb is a form of to be (is).
Nouns as objects
 Nouns can also be objects of a verb in a sentence. An object can be either a direct object (a noun that
receives the action performed by the subject) or an indirect object (a noun that is the recipient of a
direct object).

 Give the books to her.

Books is a direct object (what is being given) and her is the indirect object (who the books are being given
to).
Plural Nouns
Plural nouns, unlike collective nouns, require plural verbs. Many English plural nouns can be formed by
adding -s or -es to the singular form, although there are many exceptions.
cat—cats
These two cats are both black.
Note the plural verb are.
tax—taxes
house—houses

Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted, even if the number might be extraordinarily high (like
counting all the people in the world). Countable nouns can be used with a/an, the, some, any, a few, and
many.
 Here is a cat.
Cat is singular and—obviously—countable.
 Here are a few cats.
 Here are some cats.
Uncountable nouns are nouns that come in a state or quantity which is impossible to count; liquids are
uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand, air). They are always considered to be singular, and
can be used with some, any, a little, and much.
 An I.Q. test measures intelligence.
Intelligence is an uncountable noun.
 Students don’t seem to have much homework these days.
This example refers to an unspecified, unquantifiable amount of homework, so homework is an
uncountable noun.
Possessive nouns
Possessive nouns are nouns which possess something; i.e., they have something. You can identify a
possessive noun by the apostrophe; most nouns show the possessive with an apostrophe and an s.
 The cat’s toy was missing.

The cat possesses the toy, and we denote this by use of -’s at the end of cat.
When a singular noun ends in the letter s or z, the same format often applies. This is a matter of style,
however, and some style guides suggest leaving off the extra s.
 I have been invited to the boss’s house for dinner.
 Mrs. Sanchez’s coat is still hanging on the back of her chair.
Plural nouns ending in s take only an apostrophe to form a possessive.
 My nieces’ prom dresses were exquisite.

How do you identify a noun in a sentence? Nouns usually have articles (the, a, or an) before them in a
sentence, but not always. Sometimes you’ll see adjectives or words like “some” or “this” before nouns.
Aside from the first word in a sentence, if a word is capitalized then it’s a noun, such as a person’s name.

TYPES OF VERBS
1. Regular verb - A verb that’s past (2nd form) and past participle (3rd form) is made by adding ‘d’ or
‘ed’ is called regular verb.
2. Irregular verb – If the formation of the verb is otherwise than the regular verb, it is called irregular
verb.
3. Linking verb – A verb that acts as a link between two words is called linking verb. It connects or link
a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate.
4. Transitive verb – A verb that needs object to complete itself is called transitive verb. It is called
transitive because it passes its action from subject to object.
5. Intransitive verb – A verb that doesn’t need any object to complete itself is called intransitive verb.
It does not pass its action from subject to the object.
6. Finite verb – Finite verb mean those verbs which can change their form in accordance with the
subject.
7. Infinite verb – An infinitive is a verb which has “to” before it. It shows infinite action when is used at
the beginning of the sentence.
REGULAR VERB - A verb that’s past (2nd form) and past participle (3rd form) is made by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ is
called regular verb. Some regular verb list is given below.
IRREGULAR VERB – If the formation of the verb is otherwise than the regular verb, it is called irregular
verb. For example
Subordinating Conjunction:
A Subordinating Conjunction is used to join two unlike clauses, phrases, or a sentence structure from
which one is a dependent clause, and the other is an independent clause.
1. Because of the nonstop rain, we had to cancel our trip.
2. The stadium was looking like garbage after the match had finished.
3. I feared lest he said something inside?
4. The lawyer has provided the essential documents in the courtroom.
5. Suppose you’re getting caught in an accident then what will you do?
Correlative conjunction:
A Correlative Conjunction is a combination of two words used in a similar sentence structure to show the
difference or to compare.
These words are adverbs but are used as a conjunction.
 Not only – but also, either-or, not – but, neither – nor, such – that, etc. are some correlative
conjunctions.
Examples:
1. She became a topper not only in the district but also in the state.
2. They can have either whiskey or wine at a party.
3. Both my brother and I are gamers.
4. Neither the shopkeeper nor my friend has this game set.
5. You can either eat your favourite dish or order something else.
Coordinating Conjunction:
Coordinating Conjunction is a type of conjunction that is used to join two words, clauses, phrases whose
formation is similar.
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions which we can easily remember in our mind by
remembering the word “F A N B O Y S” For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So, are coordinating conjugations.
Examples:
I chose that car as a birthday gift for my son.
Rambo and Charlie are good soldiers.
He neither drinks nor smokes.
Angela is good at singing but poor at dancing.
Will you come to my home or meet outside somewhere?
The theme of tonight’s party is yet to decide.
The wheel of our van was punctured on the way, so we have to wait in that lodge.
WHAT IS A VERB?
A verb is a word which describes the action in a sentence (the doing word)
Examples
I play football.
They skip quickly.
We eat spaghetti.
Bob is seven today.
Can you spot the words which are verbs?
SUN HAPPY PINK JUMP SIT CUP
One way to check if a word is a verb is to see if it can be changed
C Verb tenses describe WHEN the action is happening.hanging verbs. Verb Tenses
PRESENT (it’s happening NOW.)
PAST (it’s ALREADY happened.)
FUTURE (it’s ABOUT to happen.)

Present tense to past tense

The following sentences are written in the present tense. Try changing them to the past tense by putting
Yesterday at the beginning of each.
1. I walk to school.
Yesterday, I walked to school.
2. They jump the rope.
Yesterday, they jumped the rope
3. Bob looks at the bug.
Yesterday, Bob looked at the bug.
4. I play football.
Yesterday, I played football.
Most verbs just need -ed
Walk Walked
Jump Jumped
Look looked
Play Played
Spot the pattern
Put these sentences into the past.
Think how the verbs would alter this time.
 She hops over the cracks.
 She hopped over the cracks.
 The cow skip over the moon.
The cows skipped over the moon.
 I bat the ball in the garden.
I batted the ball in the garden.
 You tap on the window.
You tapped on the window.
Similar words. Different rules
tap/ tape I always tape my favourite TV shows. tape taped
hop/ hope We hope we win the race. Hope hoped

Verbs ending in y
 I try to make all my letters join.
 When I hurt myself I cry.
 For breakfast I fry some eggs.
 I carry the register to the office.
The y changes to
I try to make all my letters join.
When I hurt myself I cry.
For breakfast I fry some eggs.
I carry the register to the office.
Try tried
Cry cried
Fry fried
Carry carried
 Capitalization and Punctuations

PUNCTUATIONS
You may possess good language skills and know how to express yourself in the language but without the
knowledge of punctuation marks, your skills, especially written, is incomplete. A piece of writing which
does include punctuation marks is difficult to read as compared to a piece of writing which carries proper
punctuation marks at the right places.
The period (.)
The period (.) is placed at the end of declarative sentences, statements thought to be complete
and after many abbreviations.
As a sentence sender:
1. Jane and Jack went to the market.
2. After an abbreviation:
Her son, John Jones Jr., was born on Dec. 6, 2008.

Question mark (?)

Use a question mark (?) to indicate a direct question when placed at the end of a sentence.
 When did Jane leave for the market?
Exclamation point (!)
The exclamation point (!) is used when a person wants to express a sudden outcry or add emphasis.
“How cow!” screamed Jane. (Within dialogue)
My mother-in-law’s rants make me furious! (To emphasize a point)
COMMA, SEMICOLON, and COLON
Comma (,)– is used to show a separation of ideas or elements within the structure of a sentence.
Additionally, it is used in numbers, dates, and letter writing after the salutation and closing.
Separation of two sentences
 We went to the movies, and then we went out to lunch.
Direct address
 Thanks for all help, John.
Separating lists or elements within sentences
 Suzi wanted the black, green, and blue dress.
The comma, semicolon, and colon are often misused because they all can indicate in pause in a series.
Semicolon (;) – is used to connect independent clauses. It shows a closer relationship between the clauses
than a period would show.
Ex. John was hurt; he knew she only said it to upset him.
Colon (:)
He was planning to study four subjects: politics, philosophy, sociology, and economics.
A colon (:) has three main uses. The first is after a word introducing a quotation, an explanation, an
example, or a series. a pause in a series.
The second is between independent clauses when the second explains the first, similar to a semicolon:
 I didn't have time to get changed: I was already late.
The third use of a colon is for emphasis:
 There was one thing she loved more than any other: her dog.
A colon also has non-grammatical uses in time, ratio, business correspondence and references.
Dash and the Hyphen
A dash is used to separate words into statements. There are two common types of dashes: en dash and em
dash.
En dash: Twice as long as a hyphen, the en dash is a symbol (--) that is used in writing or printing to indicate
a range, connections or differentiations, such as 1880-1945 or Princeton-New York trains.
Em dash: Longer than the en dash, the em dash can be used in place of a comma, parenthesis, or colon to
enhance readability or emphasize the conclusion of a sentence. For example, She gave him her answer ---
No! Whether you put spaces around the em dash or not is a style choice. Just be consistent.
Hyphen is used to join two or more words together into a compound term and is not separated by spaces.
For example, part-time, back-to-back, well-known.
Brackets, Braces, and Parentheses
Brackets are the squared off notations ([]) used for technical explanations or to clarify meaning. If you
remove the information in the brackets, the sentence will still make sense.
Braces ({}) are used to contain two or more lines of text or listed items to show that they are considered as
a unit. They are not commonplace in most writing but can be seen in computer programming to show what
should be contained within the same lines. They can also be used in mathematical expressions. For
example, 2{1+[23-3]}=x.
Parentheses ( () ) are curved notations used to contain further thoughts or qualifying remarks. However,
parentheses can be replaced by commas without changing the meaning in most cases.
 John and Jane (who were actually half brother and sister) both have red hair.
Brackets, braces, and parentheses are symbols used to contain words that are a further explanation or are
considered a group.
Apostrophe, Quotation Marks and Ellipsis
An apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of a letter or letters from a word, the possessive case, or
the plurals of lowercase letters. Examples of the apostrophe in use include:
Omission of letters from a word:
 I've seen that movie several times. She wasn't the only one who knew the answer.
The final three punctuation forms in English grammar are the apostrophe, quotation marks, and ellipsis.
Unlike previously mentioned grammatical marks, they are not related to one another in any form
Possessive case - Sara's dog bit the neighbor.
Plural for lowercase letters - Six people were told to mind their p's and q's..
It should be noted that, according to Purdue University, some teachers and editors enlarge the scope of the
use of apostrophes, and prefer their use on symbols (&'s), numbers (7's) and capitalized letters (Q&A's),
even though they are not necessary.
Quotations marks (" ")
Quotations marks (" ") are a pair of punctuation marks used primarily to mark the beginning and end of a
passage attributed to another and repeated word for word. They are also used to indicate meanings and to
indicate the unusual or dubious status of a word.
Single quotation marks (' ') are used most frequently for quotes within quotes.
 Marie told the teacher, "I saw Marc at the playground, and he said to me 'Bill started the fight,' and I
believed him."
 "Don't go outside," she said.
Ellipsis (. . . )
The ellipsis is most commonly represented by three periods (. . . ) although it is occasionally demonstrated
with three asterisks (***). The ellipsis is used in writing or printing to indicate an omission, especially of
letters or words. Ellipses are frequently used within quotations to jump from one phrase to another,
omitting unnecessary words that do not interfere with the meaning. Students writing research papers or
newspapers quoting parts of speeches will often employ ellipsis to avoid copying lengthy text that is not
needed.
Omission of words - She began to count, "One, two, three, four…" until she got to 10, then went to find
him.
Within a quotation - When Newton stated, "An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in
motion..." he developed the law of motion.
Examples:
1. She said Im sorry.
Answer: She said, “I’m sorry.”
2. My favourite soap is pears and my favourite toothpaste is Pepsodent
Answer: My favourite soap is Pears and my favourite toothpaste is Pepsodent.
3. I would rather die,he exclaimed, than join the oppressors of my country
Answer: "I would rather die," he exclaimed, "than join the oppressors of my country."
4. my friend ria speaks german and she is teaching me some words
Answer: My friend, Ria speaks German and she is teaching me some words.
MODAL, MODAL VERB, TYPES OF MODAL VERBS
MODAL VERBS

Type Modal Verbs Examples

ABILITY Can, Could  David can speak three
languages.
 He could speak fluent
French when he was 5.
PERMISSION Can, Could, May  Can I sit in the chair
please?
 Could I open the
window?
 May I borrow your
dictionary?
ADVICE Should  You should visit your
dentist at least twice a
year.
 You should try to lose
weight.
OBLIGATION Must, Have to  I must memorized all of
these rules about tenses.
 You have to take off your
shoes before get into the
mosque.
POSSIBILITY Might, May, Could, Can  It looks nice, but it might
be very expensive.
 Richard may be coming
to see us tomorrow.

MODAL VERBS OF ASKING PERMISSION

INFORMAL
CAN
 Can I borrow your pen for a minute?
Can I speak to John Wilson?
POLITE
COULD
 Could I please have a glass of beer?
 Could I open the window?
FORMAL
MAY
 May I ask a question please?
 May we go home now?
POLITE
WOULD
  Would you mind if asked you something?
SENTENCE VARIETY
 Simple
The grass grows in spring.
 Compound
Grass grows in spring, but it dies in winter.
 Complex
Because it is too cold, grass doesn’t grow in winter.
 Compound Complex
Because grass need warm weather, it doesn’t grown in winter, but it grows in the summer.
 Adverbs
Quietly, Every day, Frequently
 Prepositional Phrases
In the morning, Due to stress, After work
 Other transitions
The last reasons…, Another cause of…is…, For example, Furthermore
 Short sentences
Use effectively
Avoid choppy sentences
 Medium sentences
10-15 words
 Long sentences
20-40 words
 Repeat key nouns
The employee…….the employee……..employees
 Use synonyms for variety
The employee………workers…….a worker……..the staff……..employees……..
 Say things in different ways
The employee……the worker…….the person working in an office…….. a hired person………someone
employed……
 Uses different sentence types
 Starts sentences differently
 Uses different sentence lengths
 Uses synonyms effectively
Summary
 Pick a topic
 Do some pre-writing
 Write a thesis statement
 Make an outline
 Begin writing
 Revise and edit

What is a Colon?
- A colon is a punctuation mark
- A colon is a punctuation mark that is used to divide a sentence. The colon resembles two dots
positioned vertically (:). The colon has a variety of uses, some of which include introducing a list,
introducing an explanation, introducing a quote, and connecting two related sentences.
How to use colon
4 main uses of a colon
1. To introduce a list
2.To separate two independent clauses when the second explain the first
3. To introduce a quotation
4. To emphasize a single word
Examples :
•I have visited many countries: Australia, Thailand, France and Germany.
•The weather outside is beautiful: the sun is shining and there's a gentle breeze."
• The professor said it best: "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the
world."
• His motivation was unwavering: success.
When to use a colon
Use a colon before a selles of items, especially after phrases he as follows or the following.
Only the following students passed: Lee, Sanchez, Cruz, and Mendoza
Use a colon after an independent clause for emphasis or to introduce a duetation
"Friends" is not just a TV show. It's a cultural phenomenon.
His passing reminded me of Morrie's words: "Death ends a life, not a relationship."
Use a colon to separate items when writing the time and after 8 The salutation of a formal letter.
Her classes start at 5:30 in the morning.
Tips for using a colon
1. Do not use a colon after a verb
2. Do not keep a space before a colon
3. Keep a space after a colon
Comma (,)
the punctuation mark(,) indicating a slight pause in the spoken sentence and used where there is a listing of
items or to separate a nonrestrictive clause or phrase from a main clause
It provides pauses in reading and speaking by seperating parts of the sentence
Example: It's raining, so let's grab our umbrellas.
Uses of comma
* Use comma to separate items in a series
Example: John went to the grocery store and bought bread, milk, butter, macaroni and cheese.
Use comma before the conjunction that join the main clause
Example: I like football, and I like hockey.
* Use comma after an introductory word group
Example: Because she begged insistently, I gave the little dog a treat.
Use a pair of comma to set up interruptions
Example: Queen Victoria was, as they say , a formidable woman.
Parenthesis ( )
Parenthesis, commonly represented by the symbols ( ), serve a crucial function in setting off additional
information within a sentence. They are used to provide extra details or clarification that may not be
essential to the main message but contribute to a deeper understanding of the context.

Here are some examples of how parenthesis are used:

1. Clarifying Information:
- The cat (which is black) is sleeping on the chair.
- Sarah (my best friend) is coming over for dinner.
2. Mathematical Expressions:
- (3 + 2) x 4 = 20
3. Emphasis or Aside:
- The movie was funny (or at least I thought so).
4. Abbreviations and Acronyms:
- The U.S. (United States) has fifty states.
Parentheses "( )" add extra information in a sentence.
- They give more details but are not crucial to the main point.
- Parentheses clarify things like color or relationships.
- In math, parentheses show which operations to do first for the right answer.
- They emphasize a comment or explain personal views.
- Parentheses help with abbreviations to ensure clear understanding.
Bracket and braces
What are brackets?
Brackets are punctuation marks that are used to enclose words, phrases, or information that is added to a
sentence.
There are four different types of brackets:
SQUARE ANGLE ROUND
[] <> ()
square brackets
Square brackets [ ] can be used for the following purposes:
1. to add ideas to an original text.
2. to indicate words that have been left out or misspelled.
3. for clarification
4. to add information within parentheses.
To Add Idea to an Original Text
Brackets can let you add your ideas or opinions to the original text.
For example:
She [the sister of the girl] was feeling jealous.
*Here, the writer has not mentioned the information. This was added by another person.
for clarification
For example:
She [my mother] didn't like my idea about not going to college.
* We make it clear in the brackets who is meant by "she".
to indicate words that have been left out of misspelled.
For example:
She has [a] good idea.
* The "a" was left out from the sentence.
to add information within parenthesis
For example:
The boxes contain all my stuff (my shoes, my dresses [formal ones], and my bags)
Round brackets
usually contain extra information that is not essential to the sentence.
1. to give more information
2. for abbreviation
3. to show personal opinions/comments
4. to give options
to give more information
For example:
We spent the whole night in a camping tent (cold and wet).
to show personal opinion/comments
We can use parentheses to express our opinions or ideas without changing the original text.
For example:
He said he will stop chasing his dream (he wouldn't dare) and just do whatever job they offer him.
for abbreviations
We can use parentheses to give the full form of the abbreviation or vice versa:
For example:
The UN (United Nations) decided to postpone the meeting.
to give options
We can use parentheses to indicate that the word can be singular or plural.
For example:
Keep your shoe(s) away from the white carpet.
Angle brackets
Angle brackets < > are sometimes called chevrons. This punctuation is rarely used in writing. We can find
them mostly in mathematics or computer programming.
What do they do?
In some languages, this punctuation is used instead of quotation marks. In English, they are used to set
aside information (although most writers use parentheses for this purpose), introduce websites, or when
something is spoken in a foreign language. We should know that these are used very rarely even in informal
writings.
For example:
Set aside information
My dog is drowning again <<I don't know why it keeps jumping in the pool>>.
*Writers use double pair of angle brackets to set aside information.
For example:
In comic books they are used to show that a foreign language is being spoken.
Australian guy : Excuse me where is the library?
French boy : << what is he saying?>>
French girl : << I don't know. Maybe he wants some money?>>
Braces { }
Braces are usually used in mathematics and science. They can also fulfill the function of brackets and
parentheses but this is not common. They are usually used with the name of substances or with numbers.
For example:
2 {1 + [4(2 + 1) + 3]}
= 2{1 + [4(3) + 3]}
= 2{1 + [12 + 3]}
= 2{1 + [15]}
= 2{16}
= 32
Here are some other functions of braces:
Making lists of options
Which one would you like to eat {ice cream, pizza, bread and cheese or rice}?

 Which one would you like to eat {ice cream, pizza,

 bread and cheese or rice}?
THREE TYPES OF DASH
HYPHEN EN DASH EM DASH
(-) (--) (----)
What is Hyphen?
Hyphen is used to join words to indicate that they have a combined meaning or that they are linked in the
grammar of a sentence.
Example:
Well-being, check-in
What is En Dash?
An en dash is a punctuation mark that replaces the word “to” when referring to a range.
Example:
The years 2001- 2003 were marked by significant changes
What is em dash?
An em dash is used to offset thoughts in sentences, much like colons, parentheses, and commas.
Example:
 We bought tablecloths in our wedding colors (teal, purple, and yellow) to brighten up the venue.
 We bought tablecloths in our wedding colors ---- teal, purple, and yellow --- to brighten up the
venue.
KIND OF SENTENCES (SIMPLE )
SIMPLE SENTENCE
IS A SENTENCE THAT HAS ONE SUBJECT AND ONE VERB AND EXPRESSES A COMPLETE IDEA.
EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURES EXAMPLES
1. SUBJECT + VERB He runs.
2. SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT She reads books
3. SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT He is tall
4. SUBJECT + VERB + ADVERB They eat quickly
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
Simple Sentences EXAMPLES
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES They are eating dinner.
Make statements or declarations.
End with a period.
2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Are you coming to the party?
Ask questions.
End with a question mark.
3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Please pass the salt.
Give commands or make requests.
End with a period or an exclamation mark.
4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES What a beautiful day!
Express strong emotion.
End with an exclamation mark.