Chapter

Cause and Effect

1 Such + Judgemental Noun + That + Result

• Cause and Effect ("such... That"vs"so... That")

Both "so... that" and "such... that", are used to show cause and effect. There

are some similarities and differences of them, such as :

 having the same meaning as each other in a sentence.

 Used to exolain the result or to explain an opinion about something (Which
are mentioned before).
 Used to express both the cause and the result/effect of a situation in a
sentence
 Having differences in their use in the sentence

1. "Such... That"
We can use "such" With"adjective + noun + that" To explain the result. It is
also used to exoress extreme feelings or an opinion about something. Different from
"so... That", we should add noun after the adjective following the word " Such"

Pattern :

Examples :
Such + Adjective + Noun + That + Result
 It was such a crowded restaurant that i decided not to go there anymore.
 Danira has such beautiful face that some viewers like to vote for supporting
her in the singing competition.
We can also "such" With "judgmental noun+that" to explain the result.
Because it is judgemental, we don't need to add any adjective before the
noun.
Pattern:
 Examples :
 The boy asked such a foolish question that everone laughed at him .
 The cat is such a poor that everyone gives it some food

2. "So... That"
We can use "so" With " Adjectives/adverbs + that " to state the cause
explaining the result. In addition, it is also used to indicate that something happens
at extreme points. However, while using "that" Is optional, we cannot use "very" To
replace "so".

Pattern :

Examples :

 Karisa walks so fast that she feels so tired after reaching home. (With or
without" That")
 This juicer works so well that i have fresh juice every day.
We can also use "so" With quantifiers (many/few/much/little) + "that" To
explain the result. However using "that" is optional.
So + Adjective/adverb + that + Result
Pattern :

Examples :

 The girl asked so many questions that the villagers could not do their work
well.
 Tiara has so many friends that she always spends her time outside home.

So + many/few + Plural Coutable Nouns + That + Result

So + much/little + Uncoutable Nouns + That + Result

Chapter
The Man Who Is Standing
Over the Ice Cream Stall

2
• Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional Phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or
pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A prepositional
Phrase is a group of words that lacks either a verb or a subject, and that functions as
a unified part of speech. It normally consist of a preposition and a noun or a
preposition and a pronoun.

Remember the following rules for prepositional Phrases and you will find that using
them becomes much easier:

 Prepositional Phrases always consist of two basic parts at minimum: the

object and the preposition
 In formal English, prepositions are almost always followed by objects.
 Adjectives can be placed between the propositions and objects in
prepositional Phrases.
 When prepositional Phrases are used as adverbs, they do at the same way
as single-word adverbs and adverb clauses do ; modifying adjectives, verbs,
and ither adverbs
Examples :

A prepositional Phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun Phrase. We use

prepositional and a noun Phrase. We use prepositional Phrases for many purposes,
for example:

1. To show who did something :

 The monster was killed by the prince.
 I saw a wonderful picture by my sister

2. With
double
object verbs
like give and get
:

 W
e
give five pounds to the woman on the corner
  They got a drink for me

3. As adverbials of time and place :

 We will be back in a few days

 Aunt Rahmi drove to Jakarta

4. As a post modifier in a noun phrase :

 We've got a new television with a Thirty one inch screen

 Helen is the girl in the red dress

5. After certain verbs, nouns and adjectives

 The bag belongs to me

 I had an argument with my brother
 I feel sorry for you

Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional Phrase :

• Adjective Clause

You're probably already familiar with adjectives. They modify nouns and
pronouns, providing a description or information. A clause is also a part of a
sentence. An adjective clause, usually also called relative clause, tells us about which
About behind in to above
person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means. Pay attention to
the table below to know
Before insideabout through
their patterns!
after between

Near under Adjective

Across by Clause instead Followed by

Of People until on with

Who along Verb

During at for outside

Whom without Object

Whose Possesive(Noun)
 Animal / Thing Which Verb

Which Object

Of Which The + Possesive (Noun)

What Verb

Examples :

 Fira works for a company which handles cosmetics products

 Where are the eggs which were in the fridge before?
 What's the name of the girl whose pen you borrowed? (You borrowed her
pen)
 Is he the man of which the car was broken yesterday?
 Adelia who works as a model in Jakarta is a beautiful and carming woman
 An architect is someone who designs buildings.
 Sabrina is the girl whose father is a succes entrepreneur.

• Finite and Noun- Finite Verb

A verb may be finite or Non-finite. A verb is said to be finite when tenses and
number affect it. It's Non-finite when tenses or number does'nt affect it. Pay
attention to the use!

Finite Verbs Non - Finite Verbs

Atira's hobby is travelling. My hobby is to make handicrafts

Atira's hobbies are swimming and My hobby was making handicrafts

travelling.
My hobby is to bake cakes and to play
o The bold verbs respond to a guitar
change in number.
o The bold verbs don't respond to a
My hobby is travelling. change both in number and
tenses.
My hobby was reading a book
so, we can say that they are non-finite
o The bold verbs respond to a
verbs.
change in tenses.

so, we can say that the bold verbs are

 Chapter
finite verbs.

To form non-finite verbs, we can use the following ways: Finite and
1. Use 'to' (To+Verb 1)
Non- Finite Clause
3
 We want to go to the mall.
 The weather isn't allowed me to play outside.

2. Use gerund ( verb + -ing)

 I saw him going to the cinema last night

 Riana meets the man wearing the funny hat.

3. Use past participle

 Jack has gone away on holiday

 I wish i had studied in that university

4. Use present patriciple

 I'm going to a concert tonight

 I heard my dad fixing up the stairs

• Finite and Non-Finite Clause

1. Finite Clause
A finite Clause may stand alone as a complete sentence. It contains a subhect and a
verb that can be inflected (suffixed) for tense, person, and sometimes number. It is
an independent clause (matrix clause). The clause can be Coordinated with or
subordinated to another finite clause. Pay attention to the underline clause in the
table below carefully!

Main clause [ independent/matrix] Subordinate Clause [dependent]

  Putri pratices her vocal regularly  We know that Bian raises his
 She pratices her vocal regularly hand constantly.
and she learns a lot at her vocal  Bian raised his hand so that he
class could ask a many questions
 Bian's curiosity is due to the fact
that he asks so many questions
 Other children are annoyed
because Bian raises his hand
constantly
 The teacher will ignore Bian if he
waves his hand widly

2. Non-finite clause
A non-finite clause cannot stand alone. It rarely includes a subject, and its verb is
a secondary verb form (infinitival, gerundparticiple or past participle) which cannot
be inflected for tense, person, or number. It is a dependent clause serving as a
subject or a complement to a verb, preposition, or noun. Pay attention to the
explanation below!

a. As subject
o To speak in class is encouraged
o Speaking in class is encouraged

b. As verb complement

o He loves to participate in the poem writing competition.

o He dislikes sitting quietly

c. As preposition complement

o Charlie smiled after answering the question

o Charlie is used to answer questions.
o Charlie is interested in hearing the answers.

d. As noun complement

o Prepared students excel in class

 Chapter
o Students encouraged by their well taught teachers.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

If + S + Verb 2 + S + Would + Verb 1(bare infinitive)

Or

S + Would + Verb 1 (bare infinitive) + If + S + Verb 2

Conditional sentences are also known as conditional clauses or it clauses. They are
used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a
certain condition( in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of
conditional Sentences: conditional Sentence type 1,conditional Sentence type 2, and
conditional Sentence type 3. We have learned about conditional Sentence type 1 in
the previous grade. In this chapter, we will only learn about the other 2 types. They
are type 2 and type 3.

Conditional type 2 is present, but it is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled

Pattern :
 Examples :

 If Kalisa bought some kinds of cakes, Namira and I would bring her some
guava juice.
Fact : Because Kalisa doesn't buy some kinds of cakes, Namira and I do not
bring her some guava juice.
 IfIf+ ISubject
came home
+ had +earlier,
V3(pastI would meet
participle) my brother.
+ Subject + would have + V3(past participle)
Fact : I don't come home earlier so I do not meet my brother.
Or

If + Subject + had been + adjective/noun + subject + would have been + adjective/noun

• Conditional Sentence type 3

Conditional Sentence type 3 is about a condition which is impossible to be
fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Pattern :

Examples:

 If i had brought an umbrella, i would have bought the hot coffee.

Fact : I didn't bring an umbrella so i didn't buy the hot coffee
 The food wouldn't have got burnt if you had not forget to turn off the stove
Fact: The food got burnt because you forgot to turn off the stove
 Chapter
Contrastive Conjunctions
5

Contrastive Conjunctions are used to emphasize the contrast between two

ideas and to link two ideas or statements that are considered different. There are
some kinds of contractive Conjunctions, such as :

1. However

'However' is a Conjunction that joins two sentences or clauses of a sentences that

present or introduce opposing ideas. The use of 'however' ecpresses surprise, but it
is able to convey contrast as well as confession.

 We must study hard for preparing the national examination. However, we

must pray to god first before studying today.
 I can come, however, i may have to leave early

2 . On the other hand

'On the other hand' is a Conjunction adverb. It is used to compare teo
situations or two people and to show that there is an important difference between
them.

 Buying a shirt in the mall is very expensive, on the other hand, we can but
clothes from head to toe with the same sum of money in the traditional
market.
 I like living in the city. On the other hand, my wife prefers the countryside.

.3. Even if...

'Even if' emphasize that something will happen, would happen, or would have
happened whatever the condition is.

 Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train

 I wouldn't go into the water even if i could swim
 Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn't have been cheaper.

4. Unless....
'Unless' is followed by an affirmative verb to express "if.... not".
 Chapter
 You will not pass theworking while
exam unless you study harder
 Unless you ask her, you will never know.
 My leg's broken. I can't stand up unless you help me. Studying
 I will not tell you anything unless you tell me what you know first.

6
5. In contrast
'In contrast' is used when we are comparing two things or people and saying that the
second one is very different from the first.

Patterns :

Or

 Johny's diligence was in contrast to hid brother's laziness behavior

 The benefit of the traditional cosmetic company is concluded better by
contrast with the modern cosmetic company in this year.
In contrast to + someone By contrast with + something
6. Nevertheless
' Nevertheless ' is a transition and links two sentences or clauses of a sentence,
often presenting contrasting ideas. It can easily be used in place of 'however', but
not always. 'Nevertheless' is used to show the relationship between two clauses or
Sentences. This relationship is mostly the one of concession which is not exoected
and is surprising. Look at the following sentence to understand the idea if concession
and the use of 'nevertheless'!

 Mandy lived in Japan for 10 years;nevertheless she cannot speak Japanese.

• Discussion Text
Discussion text is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem
will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in
philosophical, historical, and social text.

Generic structure of discussion text

1. Statement of issue: stating the issue which is to discussed

2. List of supporting points : presenting the point in supporting the presented
issue.
3. List of contrastive point : presenting other points which disagree to the
supporting point.
4. Recommendation : stating the writer's recommendation of the discourse.

Language feature of discussion text

1. Introducing category or generic participant.

2. Using thingking verb: feel, hope, believe, etc.
3. Using Additive, contrastive, and casual connection:similarly, on the hand,
however, etc.
4. Using modalities : must, should, could, may, etc.
5. Using adverbial of manner: deliberately, hopefully, etc.

Example :

Nuclear Energy Advantage Or Disadvantage  Title

Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an  Issue

alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The
debate of whether the use of nuclear energy is an
appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some
people agree with the utilization of it because of its
benefits. However, some others disagree because
of its risks to the environment.

Those who agree with the operationof nuclear  Supporting points

reactors usually argue that nuclear energy is the
only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing
energy needs. In their opinion the other sources of
energy: oil, coal, and liquid natural gas are not
renewable and safe, while nuclear energy can be
sustainable when produced in a safe way.

However, people who disagree with the use of  Contrastive points

nuclear energy point out that the waste of nuclear
products can completely destroy the environment
and human lives. A meltdown in reactor, for
example, usually results in the contamination of the
surroundings soil and water. The serious
contamination imperilef people and the
environment severely.

It is obvious that nuclear energy should be  Recommendation

avoided because it really endanger the environment
but what about a less polluted energy instead of
nuclear energy? Is there any alternative energy to
overcome the crisis of energy?

• Phrases for Discussion

Discussion is a talk between two more peopabout a subject, usually to

exchange ideas or reach a conclusion, or talk of this kind. We usually
hold discussion in class or between friends. There are some Phrases
which we can use for a good discussion, pay attention to the Phrases in
the tables below carefully.

Introduction What you think about How to agree/disaagree

somebody/something

 Let's begin/start  I don't think....  I'm convinced that.....

with...  I don't believe  The way i see it.....
that...  It seems to me that....
 Well, if you ask  I wouldn't say that.....
 me....  I must admit that.....
 If you want my  I totally/fully/partly
honest opinion... agree.
 As far as i'm  I agree/ don't agree
concerned... with you.
 I think...  I believe/don't
 In my opinion... believe.....
 As far as i know....
 In my view....

Asking for How to interrupt Other opinions Phrases to

opinion politely keep a
discussion
going
 What do  I'm sorry,  They also  Let's get
you but... say... back to..
mean?  Can/May i add  Opinion  As we just
 What are something? among heard...
  Sorry to teachers is  Where
 your Intterpurt, that.... were we?
ideas? but....  That's a
 What are matter if
you trying opinion
to say?  On the one
 What do hand... On
you think? the other
 What's hand. Mm
your  They claim
opinion? that...
 Would
you like to
say
something
?
 Chapter concessive
Clause

• Concessive Clause
A Concessive Clause is s clause which begins. With "although" Or " Even though "
And which express es an idea that suggests the opposite of the main part of the
Although/even though + Subject + Subject + Verb, although/even though +
sentence. Pay attention to the following sentence.
Verb, Subject + Verb Verb
"Although Rustam is quiet, he'snit shy, "

 The sentence begins qith a clause " Although Rustam is quiet' which has the
opposite meaning of "he's not shy" Which is the main part of the sentence.

Pattern:

Or

Nnn

Examples :

 Although Mr. David had a luxurious house, he doesn't often stay in it.
 I'm no better, although i've taken the pills
 Even though you are not happy in the new house, you should try to be nice to
everyone there
 Chapter
 Event though Miss Dina and Miss Della were millionaires, they spend their
money thriftily.


Review Text
Although the hotel was cheep the guests chose another love.
Zeha wants to eat a bowl of chicken noodle, although she is still full.

• Review Text
Review text is one of academic writing genres which social function is to criticize a
product for a public audience. We can make review of almost all products such as
movies, books, and novels.

Generic structure of review text :

 Orientation : Background information of the text

 Evaluations : Concluding statement (judgement, opinion, or
recommendation). It can consist more than one.
 Interpretative recount: Summary of an art works including character and
plot.
 Evaluative summation: The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the
punch line of the art works being criticized.

Example:

Insidious  Title

" Insudious" Is a film by James wan and  Orientation

leigh whannell the tandem responsible
for the famous saw franchise.
Considering this, one would be possibly
awaiting a high-class suspense movie;for
a film that scares rather with is
atmosphere than with jump-scares, gore,
and sudden loud sounds. Justifying this
expectation, "insidious" Begins
reasonably well in that the first third of
the film is truly frightening.
Unfortunately, gradually”insidious "
Returns to tried methods, sometimes
just interpreting them, but never adding
fresh material.

The plot starts with an average American  Evaluation

family ( Josh, his wife Renai, and their
three children Dalton, Foster, and Kelly)
that moves into a new house. As soon as
they settle in and unpack their things,
strange occurrences happen. In the
beginning, the only person to notice the
abnormalities is Renai;the books she was
searching for a long time somehow
appear at the loft;things seem to move
on their own;strange sounds can be
heard around the house and in though
the radio.

The main issue of" Insidious " Is it is  Interpretative recount

completely secondary. No, really: a
young happy family moving into a
haunted house is one of the most
common cliches for horror movies! At
the same time, i liked that the directors
tried to bypass this banality by shifting
the focus from the house on the boy,
and Developing the idea about demons
trying to possess Dalton's body. But
anyways, the methods they used to scare
the audience were typical.

Another factor that does not speak in  Interpretative recount

favor of "insidious" Is a number og flaws,
which are pretty easy to notice.
Microphone wires, which can be seen as
Josh takes Dalton's clothes out of
wardrobe; a shadow of a cameraman
behind Renai as she enters Dalton's
room
 Chapter
" Insidious " Is a well-made horror  Evaluation summation
movie about poltergeist. It can hardly be
called innovative, though, due to a English song lyric
number of exploited horror movies

9
cliches: at the same time, the directors
made significant efforts to make the
story about a family in a haunted house
look intriguing (so it becomes story
about a family with a haunted son).
• How to Analyze a song
Music is a common part of our lives and our society. We hear music everywhere
from full albums on our CD players and the latest hit singles on the radio to music in
commercials, restaurants, elevators, etc.

The basic unit of music in our society is the song. Songs can range from long
instrumental ballads and symphonies to short upbeat modern pieces with lyrics.
Believe it or not, songs are considered media messages, and so the same media
literacy rules apply to songs as to other forms of media. Below are some things to
consider to help us better understand the messages in songs, they are :

1. What the instrumentation tells us about the song

is the instrumentation dense, with heavy guitars/drums/bass, forcing us to
focus more on it than on the vocals? Or is the instrumentation sparse,
perhaps only an acoustic guitar, forcing us to focus on the vocals? Is the
tempo fast or slow? Is the instrumentation loud or soft? What emotion does
the instrumentation make us feel? Calm? Anxious? Happy? Sad?
Instrumentation affects us in subconscious way.

2. What the vocals and lyrics tell us about the song

Does the tone of the words fit with the way the singer sings them ?
does the tone of the vocals agree with or contradict the instrumentation (do the
instruments make you feel happy while the lyrics are sad, for example)? What is the
message of the lyrics? Is the song political? How can you tell? Is the song romantic?
How can you tell?

3. Who is the target market for the song? What values do the lyrics contain?

Does the artist's image ( how they portray themselves) affect how you feel
about the song? Would you feel the same way about the song if it was sung by
someone of a different age, race, or gender? How might someone of a different
demographic.
The other way to analyze and understanding a song meaning is by Parapharsing is a
great skill to learn. Often a deeper meaning of the work is achieved through the basic
steps of Parapharsing. For us who want to analyze song, the lyrical Parapharsing is a
great way to validate a song besides translating song lyric.

 Select one or two phrases or lyrical Sentences from the song. Read it until
you understand it's meaning or overall message.
 Take away the visual or written line. Jot down the key words or points on a
piece of paper or white board.
 Look for ways to shorten or lengthen the phrases or Sentences. Write out or
type your new ideas and lyric.

• Figurative Language
As said before that lyric means either Explicit or implicit, lyrics also use
figurative language. Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions
with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Figurative language is
very common in poetry, and is also used in song and nontifiction writing as well.
There are some different types of figurative language. For example, it often includes
the use of a specific type of word or word meaning.

1. Simile

A simile is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" Or "as". One
example of a simile would be to say, " Jamie runs as fast as the wind".

2. Personification

When something that is not human is given human-like qualities, thus is known
as personification. An example of personification would be to say " The leaves
danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon. "

3. Hyperbole

Exaggerating, oftenin a humorous way, to make a particular point is known as

hyperbole. One of examples of hyperbole would be to saysay, "May eyes widened at
the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we were having for dessert".

4. Symbolism

Symbolism occurs when a noun which has meaning in itself is used to

represent something entirely different. One example of symbolism would be to use
an image of the American flag to represent patriotism and a love for one's country.

5. Metaphor
 A metaphor is a comparision which is made between things which are
essentially not alike. One example of a metaphor would be to say, "Nobody invites
Edward to parties because he is a wet blanket. "

In addition to various types of words relating to the word's meaning, figurative

language also includes unusual Constructicons or combinations of words that
provide a new perspective on the word.

1. Metonymy

A metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced with a word that is
closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
government.

2. Onomatopoiea

When you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it, this is known as
onomatopoiea. One example of onomatopoiea would be to say, " The bees buzz
angrily when their hive is disturbed. "

3. Idiom

An idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning

that is only known through common use. One example of an idiom would be to say,
"i'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket. "

4. Synecdoche

A synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word or words that are a part to

represent a whole. For example, referring to credit cards as "plastic" Is a synecdoche.

5. Clche

A cliche is a phrase that is often repeated and has become kind of meaningless. An
example of a cliche is the expression"walk a mile in my shoes. "