Nds 2015 B
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NDS
2015 EDITION
ANSI/AWC NDS-2015
Approval date September 30, 2014
The American Wood Council (AWC) is the voice of North American traditional and engineered wood
products. From a renewable resource that absorbs and sequesters carbon, the wood products industry
makes products that are essential to everyday life. AWCs engineers, technologists, scientists, and
building code experts develop state-of-the-art engineering data, technology, and standards on structural
wood products for use by design professionals, building officials, and wood products manufacturers to
assure the safe and efficient design and use of wood structural components.
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NDS
2015 EDITION
Copyright 2014
American Wood Council
ANSI/AWC NDS-2015
Approval date September 30, 2014
ii
iii
FOREWORD
The National Design Specification for Wood
Construction (NDS) was first issued by the National Lumber Manufacturers Association (now the
American Wood Council) (AWC) in 1944, under the
title National Design Specification for Stress-Grade
Lumber and Its Fastenings. By 1971, the scope of
the Specification had broadened to include additional
wood products. In 1977, the title was changed to
reflect the new nature of the Specification, and the
content was rearranged to simplify its use. The 1991
edition was reorganized in an easier to use equation
format, and many sections were rewritten to provide
greater clarity.
In 1992, the American Forest & Paper Association
(AF&PA) formerly the National Forest Products
Association was accredited as a canvass sponsor by
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
The Specification subsequently gained approval as an
American National Standard designated ANSI/NFoPA
NDS-1991 with an approval date of October 16, 1992.
In 2010, AWC was separately incorporated, rechartered, and accredited by ANSI as a standards
developing organization. The current edition of the
Standard is designated ANSI/AWC NDS-2015 with
an approval date of September 30, 2014.
In developing the provisions of this Specification,
the most reliable data available from laboratory tests
and experience with structures in service have been
carefully analyzed and evaluated for the purpose of
providing, in convenient form, a national standard
of practice.
It is intended that this Specification be used in
conjunction with competent engineering design,
accurate fabrication, and adequate supervision of
construction. Particular attention is directed to Sec-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part/Title Page
Part/Title Page
2
2
2
2
3
3
2.1 General
10
2.2 Reference Design Values
10
2.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 10
8.1 General
8.2 Reference Design Values
8.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
8.4 Special Design Considerations
14
15
15
17
19
20
21
22
22
23
56
56
57
58
10.1 General
60
10.2 Reference Design Values
60
10.3 Adjustment of Reference Design
Values 60
10.4 Special Design Considerations
62
9.1 General
9.2 Reference Design Values
9.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
9.4 Design Considerations
52
52
52
54
11.1 General
64
11.2 Reference Design Values
65
11.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 65
26
27
28
31
12.1 General
74
12.2 Reference Withdrawal Design Values 76
12.3 Reference Lateral Design Values
80
12.4 Combined Lateral and Withdrawal
Loads 86
12.5 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 86
12.6 Multiple Fasteners
90
4.1 General
4.2 Reference Design Values
4.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
4.4 Special Design Considerations
5.1 General
5.2 Reference Design Values
5.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
5.4 Special Design Considerations
13.1 General
13.2 Reference Design Values
13.3 Placement of Split Ring and Shear
Plate Connectors
34
35
36
39
125
6.1 General
44
6.2 Reference Design Values
44
6.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 44
7.1 General
7.2 Reference Design Values
7.3 Adjustment of Reference Design Values
7.4 Special Design Considerations
118
119
14.1 General
14.2 Reference Design Values
14.3 Placement of Timber Rivets
48
48
48
50
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132
132
134
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part/Title Pag
Part/Title Page
16.1 General
152
16.2 Design Procedures for Exposed Wood
Members 152
16.3 Wood Connections
154
Appendix ..................................................................................................155
References ..........................................................................................185
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vii
LIST OF TABLES
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.5
2.3.6
3.3.3
3.10.4
4.3.1
12.2B
4.3.8
5.1.3
12.2C
5.2.8
12.2D
5.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.5
6.3.11
7.3.1
8.3.1
9.3.1
9.3.4
10.3.1
12.5.1F
11.3.3
11.3.4
12A
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viii
LIST OF TABLES
12B
12L
12C
12M
12D
12N
12E
12P
12F
12Q
12R
12S
12T
13A
13.2A
12G
12H
12I
12J
12K
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13.2B
13.2.3
13.2.4
14.2.3
14.3.2
ix
14.2.1E
14.2.1F
15.1.2
F1
G1
I1
N2
N3
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LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
3A Spacing of Staggered Fasteners.......................... 14
3B
3C
Shear at Supports................................................ 17
3F
4A
5A
Axis Orientations................................................ 35
5B
5C
5D
Tudor Arch.......................................................... 41
5E
B1
E1
E2
E3
J1
J2
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GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
1.1 Scope
1.2
General Requirements
1.3
Standard as a Whole
1.4
Design Procedures
1.5
1.6 Notation
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1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Practice Defined
1.1.1.1 This Specification defines the methods to be
followed in structural design with the following wood
products:
- visually graded lumber
- mechanically graded lumber
- structural glued laminated timber
- timber piles
- timber poles
- prefabricated wood I-joists
- structural composite lumber
- wood structural panels
- cross-laminated timber
It also defines the practice to be followed in the design
and fabrication of single and multiple fastener connections using the fasteners described herein.
1.1.1.2 Structural assemblies utilizing panel products shall be designed in accordance with principles of
engineering mechanics (see References 32, 33, 34, and
53 for design provisions for commonly used panel
products).
1.1.1.3 Structural assemblies utilizing metal connector plates shall be designed in accordance with accepted engineering practice (see Reference 9).
1.1.1.4 Shear walls and diaphragms shall be designed in accordance with the Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic (see Reference 56).
1.1.1.5 This Specification is not intended to preclude the use of materials, assemblies, structures or designs not meeting the criteria herein, where it is demonstrated by analysis based on recognized theory, fullscale or prototype loading tests, studies of model analogues or extensive experience in use that the material,
assembly, structure or design will perform satisfactorily
in its intended end use.
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1.6 Notation
Except where otherwise noted, the symbols used in
this Specification have the following meanings:
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1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Crs = empirical load-shape radial stress reduction factor for double-tapered curved
structural glued laminated timber bending
members
Cs = wood structural panel size factor
Cst = metal side plate factor for 4" shear plate
connections
Ct = temperature factor
Ctn = toe-nail factor for nailed connections
Cvr = shear reduction factor for structural glued
laminated timber
Cy = tapered structural glued laminated timber
beam deflection factor
C = geometry factor for connections
COVE = coefficient of variation for modulus of
elasticity
D = dowel-type fastener diameter, in.
Dr = dowel-type fastener root diameter, in.
E = length of tapered tip of a driven fastener,
in.
E, E' = reference and adjusted modulus of
elasticity, psi
Eaxial = modulus of elasticity of structural glued
laminated timber for extensional deformations, psi
Emin, Emin' = reference and adjusted modulus of
elasticity for beam stability and column
stability calculations, psi
(EI)min, (EI)min' = reference and adjusted EI for beam
stability and column stability calculations,
psi
(EI)app, (EI)app' = reference and adjusted apparent bending
stiffness of cross-laminated timber including shear deflection, lbs-in.2/ft of panel
width
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FcE1, FcE2 = critical buckling design value for compression member in planes of lateral support,
psi
Fc, Fc' = reference and adjusted compression
design value perpendicular to grain, psi
Fcx = reference compression design value for
bearing loads on the wide face of the laminations of structural glued laminated timber, psi
Fcy = reference compression design value for
bearing loads on the narrow edges of the
laminations of structural glued laminated
timber, psi
Fe = dowel bearing strength, psi
Fem = dowel bearing strength of main member,
psi
Fes = dowel bearing strength of side member,
psi
Fe = dowel bearing strength parallel to grain,
psi
Fe = dowel bearing strength perpendicular to
grain, psi
Fe = dowel bearing strength at an angle to
grain, psi
Frc = reference radial compression design value
for curved structural glued laminated timber members, psi
Frt Frt' = reference and adjusted radial tension
design value perpendicular to grain for
structural glued laminated timber, psi
Fs, Fs' = reference and adjusted shear in the plane
(rolling shear) design value for wood structural panels and cross-laminated timber,
psi
Ft, Ft' = reference and adjusted tension design
value parallel to grain, psi
Fv, Fv' = reference and adjusted shear design
value parallel to grain (horizontal shear),
psi
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1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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g = gauge of screw
h = vertical distance from the end of the
double-tapered curved structural glued
laminated timber beam to mid-span, in.
e = eccentricity, in.
e1,
e2
e/d
m
n
s
= length between tangent points for doubletapered curved structural glued laminated
timber members, in.
= effective span length of bending member,
in.
= effective length of compression member,
in.
= effective length of compression member
in planes of lateral support, in.
= slenderness ratio of compression member
= length of dowel bearing in main member,
in.
= length of notch, in.
= length of dowel bearing in side member,
in.
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1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN
1,
= resistance factor
B = angle of soffit slope at the ends of doubletapered curved structural glued laminated
timber member, degrees
t = thickness, in.
t = exposure time, hrs.
tgi = time for char front to reach glued interface
(hr.) for cross-laminated timber
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DESIGN
VALUES FOR
STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS
2.1 General
10
2.2
10
2.3
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10
2.1 General
2.1.1 General Requirement
Each wood structural member or connection shall
be of sufficient size and capacity to carry the applied
loads without exceeding the adjusted design values
specified herein.
2.1.1.1 For ASD, calculation of adjusted design values shall be determined using applicable ASD adjustment factors specified herein.
2.1.1.2 For LRFD, calculation of adjusted design
values shall be determined using applicable LRFD adjustment factors specified herein.
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Table 2.3.2
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the format conversion factor, KF, specified in
Table 2.3.5. The format conversion factor, KF, shall not
apply for designs in accordance with ASD methods
specified herein.
1. Load duration factors shall not apply to reference modulus of elasticity, E, reference modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability,
Emin, nor to reference compression perpendicular to grain design values,
Fc, based on a deformation limit.
2. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural
members pressure-treated with water-borne preservatives (see Reference 30), or fire retardant chemicals. The impact load duration factor
shall not apply to connections.
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the resistance factor, , specified in Table 2.3.6.
The resistance factor, , shall not apply for designs in
accordance with ASD methods specified herein.
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the time effect factor, , specified in Appendix
N.3.3. The time effect factor, , shall not apply for designs in accordance with ASD methods specified herein.
Table 2.3.3
Temperature Factor, Ct
Reference Design
Values
In-Service
Moisture
Conditions1
T100F
100F<T125F
125F<T150F
Ft, E, Emin
Wet or Dry
Dry
Wet
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.5
Ct
1. Wet and dry service conditions for sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, prefabricated wood I-joists, structural
composite lumber, wood structural panels and cross-laminated timber are specified in 4.1.4, 5.1.4, 7.1.4, 8.1.4, 9.3.3, and
10.1.5 respectively.
.
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2
DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Load Duration
Permanent
Ten years
Two months
Seven days
Ten minutes
Impact2
11
12
Table 2.3.5
Application
Member
All Connections
Table 2.3.6
Application
Member
All Connections
KF
2.54
2.70
2.88
2.40
1.67
1.76
3.32
Symbol
b
t
v
c
s
z
Value
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.90
0.85
0.65
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DESIGN
PROVISIONS
AND EQUATIONS
3.1 General
14
3.2
15
3.3
15
3.4
17
3.5
19
3.6
20
3.7
Solid Columns
21
3.8
Tension Members
22
3.9
23
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13
14
3.1 General
3.1.1 Scope
Chapter 3 establishes general design provisions that
apply to all wood structural members and connections
covered under this Specification. Each wood structural
member or connection shall be of sufficient size and
capacity to carry the applied loads without exceeding
the adjusted design values specified herein. Reference
design values and specific design provisions applicable
to particular wood products or connections are given in
other Chapters of this Specification.
3.1.3 Connections
Structural members and fasteners shall be arranged
symmetrically at connections, unless the bending moment induced by an unsymmetrical arrangement (such
as lapped joints) has been accounted for in the design.
Connections shall be designed and fabricated to insure
that each individual member carries its proportional
stress.
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15
3.2.3.1 Bending members shall not be notched except as permitted by 4.4.3, 5.4.5, 7.4.4, and 8.4.1. A
gradual taper cut from the reduced depth of the member
to the full depth of the member in lieu of a squarecornered notch reduces stress concentrations.
3.2.3.2 The stiffness of a bending member, as determined from its cross section, is practically unaffected
by a notch with the following dimensions:
notch depth
(1/6) (beam depth)
notch length
(1/3) (beam depth)
3.2.3.3 See 3.4.3 for effect of notches on shear
strength.
The actual bending stress or moment shall not exceed the adjusted bending design value.
fb
Mc M
I
S
(3.3-1)
M 6M
S bd2
(3.3-2)
I
S
bd3
moment of inertia, in.4
12
(3.3-3)
I bd2
(3.3-4)
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3
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
16
Table 3.3.3
Effective Length,
e,
Cantilever1
where
u/d
<7
where
u/d
e=1.33
e=0.90
+ 3d
e=1.87
e=1.44
+ 3d
where
u/d
<7
where
u/d
e=2.06
e=1.63
+ 3d
e=1.80
e=1.37
+ 3d
e=1.11
e=1.68
e=1.54
e=1.68
e=1.73
e=1.78
e=1.84
e=1.84
1. For single span or cantilever bending members with loading conditions not specified in Table 3.3.3:
= 2.06 u
where u/d < 7
e
= 1.63 u + 3d where 7 u/d 14.3
e
= 1.84 u
where u/d > 14.3
e
2. Multiple span applications shall be based on table values or engineering analysis.
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RB
(3.3-5)
e
2
bE b
1.9
0.95
(3.3-6)
where:
Fb* = reference bending design value multiplied by
all applicable adjustment factors except Cfu,
CV, and CL (see 2.3), psi
FbE
1.20 Emin
RB2
3.3.3.9 See Appendix D for background information concerning beam stability calculations and Appendix F for information concerning coefficient of variation in modulus of elasticity (COVE).
3.3.3.10 Members subjected to flexure about both
principal axes (biaxial bending) shall be designed in
accordance with 3.9.2.
Shear at Supports
fv
VQ
Ib
(3.4-1)
fv
3V
2bd
(3.4-2)
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3
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
1 FbE Fb*
CL
1.9
17
18
2
d
Vr Fvbdn n
3
d
(3.4-3)
where:
d = depth of unnotched bending member, in.
2 d dn
Vr
Fv b d
e
3
dn
(3.4-5)
where:
e = the distance the notch extends from the inner
edge of the support and must be less than or
equal to the depth remaining at the notch, e
dn. If e > dn, dn shall be used to calculate fv
using Equation 3.4-2, in.
dn = depth of member remaining at a notch meeting the provisions of 3.2.3, measured perpendicular to length of member. If the end of
the beam is beveled, as shown by the dashed
line in Figure 3D, dn is measured from the inner edge of the support, in.
Figure 3D
(b) For bending members with circular cross section and notched on the tension face (see 3.2.3),
the adjusted design shear, Vr', shall be calculated as follows:
2
d
Vr Fv An n
3
d
(3.4-4)
where:
An = cross-sectional area of notched member, in2
(c) For bending members with other than rectangular or circular cross section and notched on the
tension face (see 3.2.3), the adjusted design
shear, Vr', shall be based on conventional engineering analysis of stress concentrations at
notches.
(d) A gradual change in cross section compared
with a square notch decreases the actual shear
2
d
Vr Fvbde e
3
d
(3.4-6)
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where:
for split ring or shear plate connections:
de = depth of member, less the distance from the
unloaded edge of the member to the nearest
edge of the nearest split ring or shear plate
connector (see Figure 3E), in.
Figure 3E
Vr
2
Fv bde
3
(3.4-7)
(3.5-1)
where:
Kcr = time dependent deformation (creep) factor
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3
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
19
20
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21
CP
2c
1 FcE Fc*
F F*
cE c
2c
c
(3.7-1)
0.822 Emin
/ d
d
d dmin (dmax dmin ) a 0.15 1 min (3.7-2)
dmax
where:
d = representative dimension for tapered column,
in.
dmin = the minimum dimension for that face of the
column, in.
dmax = the maximum dimension for that face of the
column, in.
where:
FcE
Support Conditions
Large end fixed, small end unsupported
or simply supported
Small end fixed, large end unsupported
or simply supported
Both ends simply supported:
Tapered toward one end
Tapered toward both ends
For all other support conditions:
a = 0.70
a = 0.30
a = 0.50
a = 0.70
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(3.7-3)
22
Calculations of fc and CP shall be based on the representative dimension, d. In addition, fc at any cross
section in the tapered column shall not exceed the reference compression design value parallel to grain multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except the
column stability factor, CP.
Figure 3G
ft
Ft
fb
1.0
Fb*
(3.9-1)
and
fb ft
1.0
Fb**
(3.9-2)
where:
Fb* = reference bending design value multiplied by
all applicable adjustment factors except C L,
psi
Fb** = reference bending design value multiplied by
all applicable adjustment factors except CV,
psi
f
fb1
c
Fb1 1 fc FcE1
Fc
fb2
1.0 (3.9-3)
2
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and
2
fc fb1
1.0
FcE2 FbE
(3.9-4)
where:
fc FcE1
0.822 Emin
( e1 / d1 )2
0.822 Emin
fc FcE2
( e2 / d2 )2
Effective column lengths, e1 and e2, shall be determined in accordance with 3.7.1.2. Fc', FcE1, and FcE2
shall be determined in accordance with 2.3 and 3.7. Fb1',
Fb2', and FbE shall be determined in accordance with 2.3
and 3.3.3.
and
1.20 E
fb1 FbE 2min
(RB )
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3
DESIGN PROVISIONS AND EQUATIONS
and
23
24
(3.10-1)
Cb
where:
= angle between direction of load and direction
of grain (longitudinal axis of member), degrees
6" or more
1.00
For round bearing areas such as washers, the bearing length, b, shall be equal to the diameter.
Figure 3
Cb
0.375
(3.10-2)
where:
b
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25
SAWN LUMBER
4
4.1 General
26
4.2
27
4.3
4.4
31
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SAWN LUMBER
4.1 General
4.1.1 Scope
Chapter 4 applies to engineering design with sawn
lumber. Design procedures, reference design values,
and other information herein apply only to lumber
complying with the requirements specified below.
4.1.3 Definitions
4.1.3.1 Structural sawn lumber consists of lumber
classifications known as Dimension, Beams and
Stringers, Posts and Timbers, and Decking, with
design values assigned to each grade.
4.1.3.2 Dimension refers to lumber from 2" to 4"
(nominal) thick, and 2" (nominal) or more in width.
Dimension lumber is further classified as Structural
Light Framing, Light Framing, Studs, and Joists and
Planks (see References 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, and 49
for additional information).
4.1.3.3 Beams and Stringers refers to lumber of
rectangular cross section, 5" (nominal) or more thick,
with width more than 2" greater than thickness, graded
with respect to its strength in bending when loaded on
the narrow face.
4.1.3.4 Posts and Timbers refers to lumber of
square or approximately square cross section, 5" x 5"
(nominal) and larger, with width not more than 2"
greater than thickness, graded primarily for use as posts
or columns carrying longitudinal load.
4.1.3.5 Decking refers to lumber from 2" to 4"
(nominal) thick, tongued and grooved, or grooved for
spline on the narrow face, and intended for use as a
roof, floor, or wall membrane. Decking is graded for
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27
4.2.5 Bending, Fb
4.2.5.1 Dimension Grades. Adjusted bending design values for Dimension grades apply to members
with the load applied to either the narrow or wide face.
4.2.5.2 Decking Grades. Adjusted bending design
values for Decking grades apply only when the load is
applied to the wide face.
4.2.5.3 Post and Timber Grades. Adjusted bending
design values for Post and Timber grades apply to
members with the load applied to either the narrow or
wide face.
4.2.5.4 Beam and Stringer Grades. Adjusted bending design values for Beam and Stringer grades apply
to members with the load applied to the narrow face.
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4
SAWN LUMBER
28
SAWN LUMBER
vide for adequate service in typical wood frame construction. The reference compression design values
perpendicular to grain specified in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C,
4D, 4E, and 4F are species group average values associated with a deformation level of 0.04" for a steel plate
on wood member loading condition. One method for
limiting deformation in special applications where it is
critical, is use of a reduced compression design value
perpendicular to grain. The following equation shall be
used to calculate the compression design value perpendicular to grain for a reduced deformation level of
0.02":
Fc0.02 = 0.73 Fc
(4.2-1)
where:
Fc0.02 = compression perpendicular to grain design
value at 0.02" deformation limit, psi
Fc = reference compression perpendicular to grain
design value at 0.04" deformation limit (as
published in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and
4F), psi
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Resistance Factor
CF
Ci
2.70 0.80
Ct
Ci
2.88 0.75
Ct
CF
Ci
CP
2.40 0.90
CM
Ct
Ci
Cb 1.67 0.90
CM
Ct
Ci
CM
Ct
Ci
CT
Ft' = Ft
x CD CM
Ct
Fv' = Fv
x CD CM
Fc' = Fc
x CD CM
Fc' = Fc
E' = E
Emin' = Emin
1.76 0.85
CL
Incising Factor
2.54 0.85
Ct
Temperature Factor
Cr
Ci
x CD CM
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4
SAWN LUMBER
KF
CF Cfu
Fb' = Fb
LRFD
only
Size Factor
Table 4.3.1
29
30
SAWN LUMBER
Design Value
E, Emin
Fb, Ft, Fc, Fv
Fc
Incising Factors, Ci
Ci
0.95
0.80
1.00
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the time effect factor, , specified in Appendix
N.3.3.
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4.4.1.1 Sawn lumber bending members shall be designed in accordance with the lateral stability calculations in 3.3.3 or shall meet the lateral support requirements in 4.4.1.2 and 4.4.1.3.
4.4.1.2 As an alternative to 4.4.1.1, rectangular
sawn lumber beams, rafters, joists, or other bending
members, shall be designed in accordance with the following provisions to provide restraint against rotation
or lateral displacement. If the depth to breadth, d/b,
based on nominal dimensions is:
(a) d/b 2; no lateral support shall be required.
(b) 2 < d/b 4; the ends shall be held in position,
as by full depth solid blocking, bridging, hangers, nailing, or bolting to other framing members, or other acceptable means.
(c) 4 < d/b 5; the compression edge of the member shall be held in line for its entire length to
prevent lateral displacement, as by adequate
sheathing or subflooring, and ends at point of
bearing shall be held in position to prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
(d) 5 < d/b 6; bridging, full depth solid blocking
or diagonal cross bracing shall be installed at
intervals not exceeding 8 feet, the compression
edge of the member shall be held in line as by
adequate sheathing or subflooring, and the ends
at points of bearing shall be held in position to
prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
(e) 6 < d/b 7; both edges of the member shall be
held in line for their entire length and ends at
points of bearing shall be held in position to
prevent rotation and/or lateral displacement.
4.4.1.3 If a bending member is subjected to both
flexure and axial compression, the depth to breadth ratio shall be no more than 5 to 1 if one edge is firmly
held in line. If under all combinations of load, the unbraced edge of the member is in tension, the depth to
breadth ratio shall be no more than 6 to 1.
KM e
K TE
(4.4-1)
where:
e
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4
SAWN LUMBER
32
SAWN LUMBER
4.4.3 Notches
Figure 4A
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STRUCTURAL
GLUED
LAMINATED
TIMBER
5.1 General
34
5.2
35
5.3
5.4
39
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33
34
5.1 General
5.1.1 Scope
Table 5.1.3
5.1.2 Definition
The term structural glued laminated timber refers
to an engineered, stress rated product of a timber laminating plant, comprising assemblies of specially selected and prepared wood laminations bonded together
with adhesives. The grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally. The separate laminations shall not exceed 2" in net thickness and are permitted to be comprised of:
one piece
pieces joined end-to-end to form any length
pieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones
pieces bent to curved form during gluing.
Nominal
Width of
Laminations
(in.)
Net
Finished
Width (in.)
10
12
14
16
Western Species
2- 3-1/8 5-1/8
6-
8-
Southern Pine
2- 3-1/8 5-1/8 6- 8- 10- 12- 14-
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Reference design values for softwood and hardwood structural glued laminated timber are specified
in Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D (published in a separate
Supplement to this Specification). The reference design values in Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D are a compilation of the reference design values provided in the
specifications referenced in the footnotes to the tables.
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5
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
Reference design values for structural glued laminated timber are dependent on the orientation of the
laminations relative to the applied loads. Subscripts
are used to indicate design values corresponding to a
given orientation. The orientations of the crosssectional axes for structural glued laminated timber are
shown in Figure 5A. The x-x axis runs parallel to the
wide face of the laminations. The y-y axis runs perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations.
36
Southern Pine
all loading
conditions
Frt = (1/3)FvxCvr
Douglas Fir-Larch,
Douglas Fir South,
Hem-Fir, Western
Woods, and Canadian
softwood species
wind or
earthquake
loading
other types
of loading
Frt = (1/3)FvxCvr
Frt = 15 psi
Reference design values for structural glued laminated timber are based on the moisture service conditions specified in 5.1.4. When the moisture content of
structural members in use differs from these moisture
service conditions, reference design values shall be
multiplied by the wet service factors, CM, specified in
Tables 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D.
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Table 5.3.1
37
Resistance Factor
KF
2.54 0.85
Ft = Ft
CD
CM
Ct
2.70 0.80
Fv' = Fv
CD
CM
Ct
Cvr
2.88 0.75
Frt' = Frt
CD
CM
Ct
2.88 0.75
CD
CM
Ct
CP
2.40 0.90
Fc' = Fc x
CM
Ct
Cb
1.67 0.90
E' = E
CM
Ct
CM
Ct
Fb = Fb
'
Fc = Fc
Emin' = Emin x
1.
1.76 0.85
The beam stability factor, CL, shall not apply simultaneously with the volume factor, CV, for structural glued laminated timber bending members (see 5.3.6). Therefore, the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply.
When structural members will experience sustained exposure to elevated temperatures up to 150F
(see Appendix C), reference design values shall be
multiplied by the temperature factors, Ct, specified in
2.3.3.
1/x
21
CV =
1/x
12
d
1/x
5.125
1.0
(5.3-1)
where:
L = length of bending member between points
of zero moment, ft
d = depth of bending member, in.
b = width (breadth) of bending member.
For multiple piece width layups, b = width of
widest piece used in the layup.
Thus, b 10.75".
x = 20 for Southern Pine
x = 10 for all other species
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'
CI
Cc
Curvature Factor
Cfu
CV
Volume Factor 1
CL
Ct
Temperature Factor
CM
'
CD
LRFD
only
ASD
only
38
The volume factor, CV, shall not apply simultaneously with the beam stability factor, CL (see 3.3.3). Therefore, the lesser of these adjustment factors shall apply.
12
C fu =
d
y
Figure 5B
(5.3-2)
Depth, dy, for Flat Use Factor
1
1 Fb tan FvC vr Fb tan2 Fc
2
(5.3-4)
where:
= angle of taper, degrees
1
1 Fb tan Fv C vr Fb tan2 Frt
2
(5.3-5)
where:
dy (in.)
(5.3-3)
where:
t = thickness of laminations, in.
R = radius of curvature of inside face of member, in.
t/R 1/100 for hardwoods and Southern Pine
t/R 1/125 for other softwoods
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39
fr
3M
2Rbd
(5.4-1)
Where the bending moment is in the direction tending to increase curvature (decrease the radius), the radial stress shall not exceed the adjusted radial compression design, fr Frc'.
5.4.1.4 The deflection of curved bending members
with constant cross section shall be determined in accordance with 3.5. Horizontal displacements at the supports shall also be considered.
fb K
where:
M = bending moment, in.-lbs
R = radius of curvature at center line of member, in.
6M
bd2c
(5.4-2)
where:
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5
STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the time effect factor, , specified in Appendix N.3.3.
40
fr KrsCrs
6M
bd2c
(5.4-3)
c
3
32'xb dequiv
(5.4-4)
where:
c = vertical deflection at midspan, in.
= uniformly distributed load, lbs/in.
where:
The horizontal deflection at the supports of symmetrical double-tapered curved beams shall be permitted to be estimated as:
2h
H c
where:
= R + dc/2
R = radius of curvature of inside face of member, in.
(5.4-5)
ha = /2 tanT + de
Figure 5C
de
/2
d c/2
dt
P.T.
R
Rm
B
hs
P.T.
R
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41
dequiv C dt de
(5.4-6)
where:
de = depth at the small end of the member, in.
Cdt = empirical constant derived from relationship
of equations for deflection of tapered
straight beams and prismatic beams.
Tudor Arch
Cdt = 1 + 0.62Cy
when 0 < Cy 3
Cdt = 1 + 0.43Cy
Cy
Figure 5E
dc de
de
Tapered Straight Bending
Members
dc
de
L
(a)
dc
de
L
(b)
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Cdt = 1 + 0.66Cy
42
5.4.5 Notches
5.4.5.1 The tension side of structural glued laminated timber bending members shall not be notched,
except at ends of members for bearing over a support,
and notch depth shall not exceed the lesser of 1/10 the
depth of the member or 3".
5.4.5.2 The compression side of structural glued
laminated timber bending members shall not be
notched, except at ends of members, and the notch
depth on the compression side shall not exceed 2/5 the
depth of the member. Compression side end-notches
shall not extend into the middle 1/3 of the span.
Exception: A taper cut on the compression edge at the end of a structural glued
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43
ROUND TIMBER
POLES AND
PILES
6.1 General
44
6.2
44
6.3
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44
6.1 General
6.1.1 Scope
6.1.2 Specifications
6.1.2.1 The procedures and reference design values
herein apply only to timber piles conforming to applicable provisions of ASTM Standard D 25 and only to
poles conforming to applicable provisions of ASTM
Standard D 3200.
6.1.2.2 Specifications for round timber poles and
piles shall include the standard for preservative treatment, pile length, and nominal tip circumference or
nominal circumference 3 feet from the butt. Specifications for piles shall state whether piles are to be used as
foundation piles, land and fresh water piles, or marine
piles.
All reference design values except modulus of elasticity, E, modulus of elasticity for column stability,
Emin, and compression perpendicular to grain, Fc, shall
be multiplied by load duration factors, CD, as specified
in 2.3.2. Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not
apply to timber poles or piles pressure-treated with wa-
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LRFD
only
CP
Ccs
Fb = Fb
x CD
Ct
Cct
CF
Fv' = Fv
x CD
Ct
Cct
2.88 0.75
Fc' = Fc
Ct
Cct
Cb
1.67 0.90
E' = E
Ct
Emin' = Emin x
Ct
'
Table 6.3.5
Air
Dried
1.0
Kiln
Dried
0.90
1.76 0.85
Steaming
(Normal)
0.80
Steaming
(Marine)
0.74
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Cct
Ct
Fc' = Fc
Temperature Factor
x CD
Size Factor
KF
Resistance Factor
Table 6.3.1
45
46
Reference
Design Value
Fc
Fb
Number of
Piles in Group
2
3
4 or more
2
3
4 or more
Cls
1.06
1.09
1.11
1.05
1.07
1.08
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47
PREFABRICATED
WOOD I-JOISTS
7.1 General
48
7.2
48
7.3
7.4
50
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48
7.1 General
7.1.1 Scope
7.1.3 Identification
Chapter 7 applies to engineering design with prefabricated wood I-joists. Basic requirements are provided in this Specification. Design procedures and other
information provided herein apply only to prefabricated
wood I-joists conforming to all pertinent provisions of
ASTM D 5055.
When the design procedures and other information provided herein are used, the prefabricated
wood I-joists shall be identified with the manufacturers name and the quality assurance agencys name.
7.1.2 Definition
Reference design values reflect dry service conditions, where the moisture content in service is less than
16%, as in most covered structures. Prefabricated wood
I-joists shall not be used in higher moisture service
conditions unless specifically permitted by the prefabricated wood I-joist manufacturer.
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Resistance Factor
KF
LRFD
only
Temperature Factor
ASD
only
Table 7.3.1
49
CD CM
Ct
CL
Cr
KF 0.85
Vr' = Vr
CD CM
Ct
KF 0.75
Rr' = Rr
CD CM
Ct
KF 0.75
EI' = EI
CM
Ct
(EI)min' = (EI)min
CM
Ct
K' = K
CM
Ct
KF 0.85
-
ricated wood I-joists shall be provided with lateral support at points of bearing to prevent rotation.
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7
PREFABRICATED WOOD I-JOISTS
Mr' = Mr
50
obtained from the prefabricated wood I-joist manufacturers literature or code evaluation reports.
7.4.4 Notches
Notched flanges at or between bearings significantly reduces prefabricated wood I-joist capacity and is
beyond the scope of this document. See the manufacturer for more information.
7.4.5 Deflection
Both bending and shear deformations shall be considered in deflection calculations, in accordance with
the prefabricated wood I-joist manufacturers literature
or code evaluation reports.
7.4.7 Shear
Provisions of 3.4.3.1 for calculating shear force,
V, shall not be used for design of prefabricated wood
I-joist bending members.
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51
STRUCTURAL
COMPOSITE
LUMBER
8.1 General
52
8.2
52
8.3
8.4
54
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52
8.1 General
8.1.1 Scope
Chapter 8 applies to engineering design with structural composite lumber. Basic requirements are provided in this Specification. Design procedures and other
information provided herein apply only to structural
composite lumber conforming to all pertinent provisions of ASTM D5456.
8.1.2 Definitions
8.1.2.1 The term laminated veneer lumber refers
to a composite of wood veneer sheet elements with
wood fiber primarily oriented along the length of the
member. Veneer thickness shall not exceed 0.25".
8.1.2.2 The term parallel strand lumber refers to a
composite of wood strand elements with wood fibers
primarily oriented along the length of the member. The
least dimension of the strands shall not exceed 0.25"
and the average length shall be a minimum of 150 times
the least dimension.
8.1.2.3 The term laminated strand lumber, refers
to a composite of wood strand elements with wood fibers primarily oriented along the length of the member.
The least dimension of the strands shall not exceed
0.10" and the average length shall be a minimum of 150
times the least dimension.
8.1.3 Identification
When the design procedures and other information
provided herein are used, the structural composite lumber shall be identified with the manufacturers name
and the quality assurance agencys name.
ing must be limited, the need for use of a reduced modulus of elasticity shall be determined. See Appendix F
for provisions on adjusted values for special end use
requirements.
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LRFD
only
CL
CV
Cr
2.54 0.85
Ft' = Ft
CD
CM
Ct
2.70 0.80
Fv' = Fv
CD
CM
Ct
2.88 0.75
Fc' = Fc
CD
CM
Ct
CP
2.40 0.90
Fc' = Fc
CM
Ct
Cb
1.67 0.90
E' = E
CM
Ct
Emin' = Emin x
CM
Ct
1.76 0.85
1. See 8.3.6 for information on simultaneous application of the volume factor, C V, and the beam stability factor, CL.
All reference design values except modulus of elasticity, E, modulus of elasticity for beam and column
stability, Emin, and compression perpendicular to grain,
Fc, shall be multiplied by load duration factors, CD, as
specified in 2.3.2.
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8
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE LUMBER
Ct
Volume Factor 1
CM
CD
Temperature Factor
Fb' = Fb
KF
Resistance Factor
Table 8.3.1
53
54
CV, shall not apply simultaneously with the beam stability factor, CL (see 3.3.3) and therefore, the lesser of
these adjustment factors shall apply. When CV > 1.0,
the volume factor, CV, shall apply simultaneously with
the beam stability factor, CL (see 3.3.3).
Reference bending design values, Fb, shall be multiplied by the repetitive member factor, Cr = 1.04,
where such members are used as joists, studs, or similar
members which are in contact or spaced not more than
24" on center, are not less than 3 in number and are
joined by floor, roof, or other load distributing elements
adequate to support the design load. (A load distributing element is any adequate system that is designed
or has been proven by experience to transmit the design
load to adjacent members, spaced as described above,
without displaying structural weakness or unacceptable
deflection. Subflooring, flooring, sheathing, or other
covering elements and nail gluing or tongue-andgroove joints, and through nailing generally meet these
criteria.)
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55
WOOD
STRUCTURAL
PANELS
9.1 General
56
9.2
56
9.3
9.4
Design Considerations
58
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56
9.1 General
9.1.1 Scope
Chapter 9 applies to engineering design with the
following wood structural panels: plywood, oriented
strand board, and composite panels. Basic requirements
are provided in this Specification. Design procedures
and other information provided herein apply only to
wood structural panels complying with the requirements specified in this Chapter.
9.1.2 Identification
9.1.2.1 When design procedures and other information herein are used, the wood structural panel shall
be identified for grade and glue type by the trademarks
of an approved testing and grading agency.
9.1.2.2 Wood structural panels shall be specified by
span rating, nominal thickness, exposure rating, and
grade.
9.1.3 Definitions
9.1.3.1 The term wood structural panel refers to a
wood-based panel product bonded with a waterproof
adhesive. Included under this designation are plywood,
9.2.1.1 Reference panel stiffness and strength design values (the product of material and section properties) shall be obtained from an approved source.
9.2.1.2 Due to the orthotropic nature of panels, reference design values shall be provided for the primary
and secondary strength axes. The appropriate reference
design values shall be applied when designing for each
panel orientation. When forces act at an angle to the
principal axes of the panel, the capacity of the panel at
the angle shall be calculated by adjusting the reference
design values for the principal axes using principles of
engineering mechanics.
Nominal thickness shall be used in design calculations. The relationships between span ratings and nominal thicknesses are provided with associated reference
design values.
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57
KF
FbS' = FbS
CD
CM
Ct
Cs
2.54 0.85
FtA' = FtA
CD
CM
Ct
Cs
2.70 0.80
Fvtv' = Fvtv
CD
CM
Ct
2.88 0.75
Fs(Ib/Q)' = Fs(Ib/Q)
CD
CM
Ct
2.88 0.75
FcA' = FcA
CD
CM
Ct
2.40 0.90
Fc' = Fc
CM
Ct
1.67 0.90
EI' = EI
CM
Ct
EA' = EA
CM
Ct
Gvtv' = Gvtv
CM
Ct
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9
WOOD STRUCTURAL PANELS
Resistance Factor
LRFD
only
Format Conversion Factor
Temperature Factor
ASD
ASD and LRFD
only
Table 9.3.1
58
For LRFD, reference design values shall be multiplied by the format conversion factor, KF, specified in
Table 9.3.1.
Cs
0.5
(8 + w) / 32
1.0
Wood structural panels shall be designed for flexure by checking bending moment, shear, and deflection.
Adjusted planar shear shall be used as the shear resistance in checking the shear for panels in flatwise
bending. Appropriate beam equations shall be used
with the design spans as defined below.
(a) Bending moment-distance between center-line
of supports.
(b) Shear-clear span.
(c) Deflection-clear span plus the support width
factor. For 2" nominal and 4" nominal framing,
the support width factor is equal to 0.25" and
0.625", respectively.
9.4.6 Bearing
The adjusted bearing design value of wood structural panels shall be used in design when the load is
applied perpendicular to the panel face.
59
CROSSLAMINATED
TIMBER
10.1 General
60
60
62
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10
60
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER
10.1 General
10.1.1 Application
10.1.2 Definition
10.1.4 Specification
All required reference design values shall be specified in accordance with Section 10.2.
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LRFD
only
2.54 0.85
Ft(Aparallel) = Ft(Aparallel)
x CD
CM Ct
2.70
Fv(tv) = Fv(tv)
x CD
CM Ct
2.88 0.75
Fs(Ib/Q)eff = Fs(Ib/Q)eff
CM Ct
2.88 0.75 -
Fc(Aparallel) = Fc(Aparallel)
x CD
CM Ct
CP
2.40 0.90
Fc = Fc
CM Ct
Cb
1.67 0.90 -
(EI)app = (EI)app
CM Ct
(EI)app-min = (EI)app-min
CM Ct
Resistance Factor
CM Ct CL
Temperature Factor
x CD
Fb(Seff) = Fb(Seff)
Table 10.3.1
61
1.76 0.85 -
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10
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER
62
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER
1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressuretreated with water-borne preservatives.
Table 10.4.1.1
(EI)app
EIeff
16K s Ieff
1
A effL2
Shear Deformation
Adjustment Factors, Ks
Loading
End Fixity
Uniformly Distributed
Pinned
Fixed
11.5
57.6
Ks
Pinned
Fixed
14.4
57.6
Pinned
10.5
Constant Moment
Pinned
11.8
Uniformly Distributed
Cantilevered
4.8
Cantilevered
3.6
(10.4-1)
where:
E = Reference modulus of elasticity, psi
Ieff = Effective moment of inertia of the CLT section for
calculating the bending stiffness of CLT, in.4/ft of
panel width
Ks = Shear deformation adjustment factor
Aeff = Effective cross-sectional area of the CLT section
for calculating the interlaminar shear capacity of
CLT, in.2/ft of panel width
L = Span of the CLT section, in.
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63
MECHANICAL
CONNECTIONS
11.1 General
64
65
Table 11.3.3
Table 11.3.4
Table 11.3.6A Group Action Factors, Cg, for Bolt or Lag Screw
Connections with Wood Side Members....................70
Table 11.3.6B Group Action Factors, Cg, for 4" Split Ring or
Shear Plate Connectors with Wood Side
Members......................................................................70
Table 11.3.6C Group Action Factors, Cg, for Bolt or Lag Screw
Connections with Steel Side Plates............................71
Table 11.3.6D Group Action Factors, Cg, for 4" Shear Plate
Connectors with Steel Side Plates.............................72
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11
64
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
11.1 General
11.1.1 Scope
11.1.1.1 Chapter 11 applies to the engineering design of connections using bolts, lag screws, split ring
connectors, shear plate connectors, drift bolts, drift
pins, wood screws, nails, spikes, timber rivets, spike
grids, or other fasteners in sawn lumber, structural
glued laminated timber, timber poles, timber piles,
structural composite lumber, prefabricated wood Ijoists, wood structural panels, and cross-laminated timber. Except where specifically limited herein, the provisions of Chapter 11 shall apply to all fastener types
covered in Chapters 12, 13, and 14.
11.1.1.2 The requirements of 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and 3.1.5
shall be accounted for in the design of connections.
11.1.1.3 Connection design provisions in Chapters
11, 12, 13, and 14 shall not preclude the use of connections where it is demonstrated by analysis based on
generally recognized theory, full-scale or prototype
loading tests, studies of model analogues or extensive
experience in use that the connections will perform satisfactorily in their intended end uses (see 1.1.1.3).
Eccentric Connections
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MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
er. Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners shall be evaluated in accordance with principles of
engineering mechanics (see 11.1.2).
11
66
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
Ceg
Cdi
P' = P x
Q' = Q x
P' = P x
Q' = Q x
Z' = Z x
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CM
CM
CM
CM
CM
Ct
Ct
Ct
Ct
Ct
Cg
Cg
-
C
C
C5
C
Cd
Cd
-
Cst
Cst4
Cst4
-
Timber Rivets
Spike Grids
Nails, spikes, lag screws,
wood screws, & drift pins
Ceg
KF
Diaphragm Factor 3
Cg
Resistance Factor
Ct
Toe-Nail Factor 3
CM
CD
Temperature Factor
Z' = Z x
Dowel-type Fasteners
LRFD
Only
ASD
Only
Geometry Factor 3
Table 11.3.1
Lateral Loads
Ctn 3.32 0.65
-
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32
3.32
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.65
Withdrawal Loads
W' = W x CD
CM2
Ct
1. The load duration factor, CD, shall not exceed 1.6 for connections (see 11.3.2).
2. The wet service factor, CM, shall not apply to toe-nails loaded in withdrawal (see 12.5.4.1).
3. Specific information concerning geometry factors C , penetration depth factors Cd, end grain factors, Ceg, metal side plate factors, Cst, diaphragm factors, Cdi,
and toe-nail factors, Ctn, is provided in Chapters 12, 13, and 14.
4. The metal side plate factor, Cst, is only applied when rivet capacity (Pr, Qr) controls (see Chapter 14).
5. The geometry factor, C, is only applied when wood capacity, Qw, controls (see Chapter 14).
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67
Fastener Type
At Time of Fabrication
In-Service
CM
Lateral Loads
19%
> 19%
any
19%
19%
> 19%
1.0
0.8
0.7
Dowel-type Fasteners
19%
> 19%
any
19%
19%
> 19%
1.0
0.42
0.7
Timber Rivets
19%
19%
19%
> 19%
1.0
0.8
any
any
19%
> 19%
1.0
0.7
19%
> 19%
19%
> 19%
19%
19%
> 19%
> 19%
1.0
0.25
0.25
1.0
any
any
1.0
Withdrawal Loads
Lag Screws & Wood
Screws
Nails & Spikes
Threaded Hardened
Nails
1. For split ring or shear plate connectors, moisture content limitations apply to a depth of 3/4" below the surface of the wood.
2 CM = 0.7 for dowel-type fasteners with diameter, D, less than 1/4".
CM = 1.0 for dowel-type fastener connections with:
1) one fastener only, or
2) two or more fasteners placed in a single row parallel to grain, or
3) fasteners placed in two or more rows parallel to grain with separate splice plates for each row.
Table 11.3.4
In-Service
Ct
Moisture
Conditions1 T100F 100F<T125F 125F<T150F
Dry
Wet
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.5
1. Wet and dry service conditions for connections are specified in 11.3.3.
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MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
11
68
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
1 R
m(1 m2n )
EA
Cg
n 1 REAmn (1 m) 1 m2n 1 m
(11.3-1)
where:
Cg = 1.0 for dowel type fasteners with D < 1/4"
n = number of fasteners in a row
REA = the lesser of
E s A s Em A m
or
Em A m E s A s
2 Em A m E s A s
s = center to center spacing between adjacent
fasteners in a row, in.
Group action factors for various connection geometries are provided in Tables 11.3.6A, 11.3.6B, 11.3.6C,
and 11.3.6D.
11.3.6.2 For determining group action factors, a
row of fasteners is defined as any of the following:
(a) Two or more split rings or shear plate connector units, as defined in 13.1.1, aligned with the
direction of load.
(b) Two or more dowel-type fasteners of the same
diameter loaded in single or multiple shear and
aligned with the direction of load.
Where fasteners in adjacent rows are staggered and
the distance between adjacent rows is less than 1/4 the
distance between the closest fasteners in adjacent rows
measured parallel to the rows, the adjacent rows shall
be considered as one row for purposes of determining
group action factors. For groups of fasteners having an
even number of rows, this principle shall apply to each
pair of rows. For groups of fasteners having an odd
number of rows, the most conservative interpretation
shall apply (see Figure 11B).
11.3.6.3 Gross section areas shall be used, with no
reductions for net section, when calculating Am and As
for determining group action factors. When a member
is loaded perpendicular to grain its equivalent crosssectional area shall be the product of the thickness of
the member and the overall width of the fastener group
(see Figure 11B). Where only one row of fasteners is
used, the width of the fastener group shall be the minimum parallel to grain spacing of the fasteners.
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Figure 11B
69
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MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
11
70
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
Table 11.3.6A Group Action Factors, Cg, for Bolt or Lag Screw Connections with
Wood Side Members2
As/Am1
0.5
As
in.2
5
12
20
28
40
64
5
12
20
28
40
64
2
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
10
0.45
0.61
0.70
0.76
0.81
0.87
0.54
0.70
0.78
0.83
0.87
0.91
11
0.41
0.57
0.66
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.49
0.65
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
12
0.38
0.53
0.62
0.69
0.75
0.82
0.45
0.61
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.88
1. Where As/Am > 1.0, use Am/As and use Am instead of As.
2. Tabulated group action factors (Cg) are conservative for D < 1", s < 4", or E > 1,400,000 psi.
Table 11.3.6B Group Action Factors, Cg, for 4" Split Ring or Shear Plate Connectors
with Wood Side Members2
As/Am1
0.5
As1
in.2
5
12
20
28
40
64
5
12
20
28
40
64
2
0.90
0.95
0.97
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
3
0.73
0.83
0.88
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.87
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
0.98
10
0.25
0.32
0.39
0.44
0.49
0.58
0.30
0.39
0.46
0.52
0.58
0.67
11
0.22
0.29
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.54
0.28
0.36
0.42
0.47
0.54
0.62
12
0.20
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.42
0.50
0.25
0.33
0.39
0.44
0.50
0.58
1. Where As/Am > 1.0, use Am/As and use Am instead of As.
2. Tabulated group action factors (Cg) are conservative for 2-1/2" split ring connectors, 2-5/8" shear plate connectors, s < 9", or E >
1,400,000 psi.
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Table 11.3.6C Group Action Factors, Cg, for Bolt or Lag Screw Connections with Steel
Side Plates1
Am/As
12
18
30
35
42
50
11
0.37
0.43
0.55
0.63
0.72
0.80
0.87
0.92
0.41
0.48
0.60
0.68
0.77
0.83
0.90
0.94
0.76
0.83
0.90
0.93
0.69
0.77
0.85
0.90
0.64
0.73
0.82
0.88
0.59
0.68
0.78
0.85
0.54
0.63
0.74
0.82
12
0.34
0.40
0.52
0.59
0.69
0.77
0.85
0.90
0.37
0.44
0.56
0.64
0.73
0.81
0.88
0.92
0.72
0.80
0.88
0.92
0.65
0.73
0.83
0.89
0.60
0.69
0.79
0.86
0.55
0.64
0.75
0.83
0.51
0.59
0.71
0.79
1. Tabulated group action factors (Cg) are conservative for D < 1" or s < 4".
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MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
24
11
72
MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS
Table 11.3.6D Group Action Factors, Cg, for 4" Shear Plate Connectors with Steel
Side Plates1
Am/As
12
18
24
30
35
42
50
Am
in.2
5
8
16
24
40
64
120
200
5
8
16
24
40
64
120
200
40
64
120
200
40
64
120
200
40
64
120
200
40
64
120
200
40
64
120
200
10
0.25
0.29
0.37
0.42
0.50
0.59
0.70
0.79
0.28
0.32
0.41
0.47
0.55
0.64
0.75
0.82
0.54
0.63
0.74
0.82
0.47
0.56
0.67
0.76
0.43
0.51
0.62
0.71
0.39
0.46
0.57
0.67
0.35
0.42
0.52
0.62
11
0.23
0.26
0.33
0.39
0.46
0.55
0.66
0.75
0.26
0.30
0.37
0.43
0.51
0.60
0.71
0.79
0.50
0.58
0.70
0.78
0.43
0.51
0.63
0.72
0.40
0.47
0.58
0.68
0.36
0.42
0.53
0.62
0.32
0.38
0.48
0.58
12
0.21
0.24
0.31
0.35
0.43
0.51
0.63
0.72
0.24
0.27
0.34
0.39
0.47
0.56
0.67
0.76
0.46
0.54
0.66
0.75
0.40
0.48
0.59
0.68
0.36
0.43
0.54
0.64
0.33
0.39
0.49
0.59
0.30
0.35
0.45
0.54
1. Tabulated group action factors (Cg) are conservative for 2-5/8" shear plate connectors or s < 9".
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73
DOWEL-TYPE
FASTENERS
(BOLTS, LAG SCREWS, WOOD
SCREWS, NAILS/SPIKES,
DRIFT BOLTS, AND DRIFT PINS)
12.1 General
74
12.2 Reference Withdrawal Design Values 76
12.3 Reference Lateral Design Values
80
12.4 Combined Lateral and Withdrawal
Loads 86
12.5 Adjustment of Reference Design Values 86
12.6 Multiple Fasteners
90
Table 12.2A
Table 12.2B
Table 12.2C
Table 12.2D
Tables 12J-K
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12
74
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
12.1 General
12.1.1 Scope
Chapter 12 applies to the engineering design of
connections using bolts, lag screws, wood screws, nails,
spikes, drift bolts, drift pins, or other dowel-type fasteners in sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, timber poles, timber piles, structural composite
lumber, prefabricated wood I-joists, wood structural
panels, and cross-laminated timber.
12.1.2 Terminology
12.1.2.1 Edge distance is the distance from the
edge of a member to the center of the nearest fastener,
measured perpendicular to grain. When a member is
loaded perpendicular to grain, the loaded edge shall be
defined as the edge in the direction toward which the
fastener is acting. The unloaded edge shall be defined
as the edge opposite the loaded edge (see Figure 12G).
12.1.2.2 End distance is the distance measured
parallel to grain from the square-cut end of a member to
the center of the nearest bolt (see Figure 12G).
12.1.2.3 Spacing is the distance between centers
of fasteners measured along a line joining their centers
(see Figure 12G).
12.1.2.4 A row of fasteners is defined as two or
more fasteners aligned with the direction of load (see
Figure 12G).
12.1.2.5 End distance, edge distance, and spacing
requirements herein are based on wood properties.
Wood-to-metal and wood-to-concrete connections are
subject to placement provisions as shown in 12.5.1,
however, applicable end and edge distance and spacing
requirements for metal and concrete, also apply (see
11.2.3 and 11.2.4).
12.1.3 Bolts
12.1.3.1 Installation requirements apply to bolts meeting requirements of ANSI/ASME Standard B18.2.1. See
Appendix Table L1 for standard hex bolt dimensions.
12.1.3.2 Holes shall be a minimum of 1/32" to a
maximum of 1/16" larger than the bolt diameter. Holes
shall be accurately aligned in main members and side
plates. Bolts shall not be forcibly driven.
12.1.3.3 A standard cut washer (Appendix Table
L6), or metal plate or metal strap of equal or greater
dimensions shall be provided between the wood and the
bolt head and between the wood and the nut.
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Toe-Nail Connection
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
75
12.1.6.5 The minimum length of nail or spike penetration, pmin, including the length of the tapered tip
where part of the penetration into the main member for
single shear connections and the side members of double shear connections shall be 6D.
Exception: The minimum length of penetration,
pmin, need not be 6D for symmetric double shear
connections where nails with diameter of 0.148
or smaller extend at least three diameters beyond
the side member and are clinched, and side
members are at least 3/8" thick.
12.1.6.6 Edge distances, end distances, and fastener
spacings shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of the
wood.
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12
76
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
(12.2-1)
(12.2-2)
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Table 12.2A
77
Tabulated withdrawal design values (W) are in pounds per inch of thread penetration into side grain of wood member.
Length of thread penetration in main member shall not include the length of the tapered tip (see 12.2.1.1).
1.
2.
1/4"
397
381
357
349
281
260
232
225
218
205
199
186
179
173
167
161
155
149
143
137
132
110
5/16"
469
450
422
413
332
307
274
266
258
242
235
220
212
205
198
190
183
176
169
163
156
130
3/8"
538
516
484
473
381
352
314
305
296
278
269
252
243
235
226
218
210
202
194
186
179
149
7/16"
604
579
543
531
428
395
353
342
332
312
302
283
273
264
254
245
236
227
218
209
200
167
7/8"
1016
974
913
893
719
664
593
576
559
525
508
475
459
443
428
412
397
381
367
352
337
281
1"
1123
1077
1009
987
795
734
656
636
617
580
562
525
508
490
473
455
438
422
405
389
373
311
1-1/8"
1226
1176
1103
1078
869
802
716
695
674
634
613
574
554
535
516
497
479
461
443
425
407
339
1-1/4"
1327
1273
1193
1167
940
868
775
752
730
686
664
621
600
579
559
538
518
498
479
460
441
367
Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, for lag screw connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
Specific gravity, G, shall be determined in accordance with Table 12.3.3A.
(12.2-4)
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DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Specific
Gravity,
G2
0.73
0.71
0.68
0.67
0.58
0.55
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.31
12
78
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12.2B
Cut Thread or Rolled Thread Wood Screw Reference Withdrawal Design Values, W1
Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, are in pounds per inch of thread penetration into side grain of wood
member (see 12.2.2.1).
Specific
Wood Screw Number
Gravity,
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
2
G
0.73
209
229
249
268
288
327
367
406
446
485
564
0.71
198
216
235
254
272
310
347
384
421
459
533
0.68
181
199
216
233
250
284
318
352
387
421
489
0.67
176
193
209
226
243
276
309
342
375
409
475
0.58
132
144
157
169
182
207
232
256
281
306
356
0.55
119
130
141
152
163
186
208
231
253
275
320
0.51
102
112
121
131
141
160
179
198
217
237
275
0.50
98
107
117
126
135
154
172
191
209
228
264
0.49
94
103
112
121
130
147
165
183
201
219
254
0.47
87
95
103
111
119
136
152
168
185
201
234
0.46
83
91
99
107
114
130
146
161
177
193
224
0.44
76
83
90
97
105
119
133
148
162
176
205
0.43
73
79
86
93
100
114
127
141
155
168
196
0.42
69
76
82
89
95
108
121
134
147
161
187
0.41
66
72
78
85
91
103
116
128
141
153
178
0.40
63
69
75
81
86
98
110
122
134
146
169
0.39
60
65
71
77
82
93
105
116
127
138
161
0.38
57
62
67
73
78
89
99
110
121
131
153
0.37
54
59
64
69
74
84
94
104
114
125
145
0.36
51
56
60
65
70
80
89
99
108
118
137
0.35
48
53
57
62
66
75
84
93
102
111
130
0.31
38
41
45
48
52
59
66
73
80
87
102
1.
2.
Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, for wood screw connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
Specific gravity, G, shall be determined in accordance with Table 12.3.3A.
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31
25
24
23
21
20
18
17
16
0.58
0.55
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
11
11
10
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.31
71
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
29
35
40
57
59
66
80
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
25
27
30
31
33
40
45
65
67
75
82
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
26
27
30
32
34
41
46
66
69
77
85
10
14
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
27
28
31
33
35
42
48
68
71
79
57
50
42
40
38
34
32
29
27
26
52
46
38
36
34
31
29
26
25
23
21
20
19
17
16
12
19
18
17
16
15
11
24
82
75
23
85
78
22
95
21
102
93
87
121
14
19
21
22
24
25
27
29
30
32
34
38
40
45
47
49
59
68
97
101
113
130
15
21
22
24
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
41
43
48
50
53
64
73
105
109
121
141
17
23
24
26
28
29
31
33
35
38
40
45
47
52
55
58
70
80
114
118
132
153
18
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
41
43
48
51
57
60
63
76
86
124
128
143
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
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165
19
26
28
30
32
34
37
39
41
44
47
52
55
61
64
67
81
93
133
138
154
178
21
28
30
33
35
37
40
42
45
47
50
56
59
66
69
73
88
100
144
149
166
196
23
31
33
36
38
41
44
46
49
52
55
62
65
72
76
80
97
110
158
164
183
1. Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, for nail or spike connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Specific gravity, G, shall be determined in accordance with Table 12.3.3A.
13
12
0.39
15
35
0.67
14
50
0.68
0.40
52
0.71
0.41
62
58
0.73
28
38
40
43
46
49
52
56
59
63
66
74
78
87
91
96
116
133
190
197
220
236
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
26
27
30
32
34
41
46
66
69
77
82
11
15
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
25
26
29
31
34
36
38
46
52
75
78
87
93
12
16
17
19
20
21
23
24
26
27
29
32
34
38
40
42
50
57
82
85
95
102
14
19
21
22
24
25
27
29
30
32
34
38
40
45
47
49
59
68
97
101
113
121
Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, are in pounds per inch of fastenerpenetration into side grain of wood member (see 12.2.3.1).
Specific
Plain Shank Nail and Spike
Threaded Nail
Gravity,
Diameter, D
Diameter, D
0.099" 0.113" 0.128" 0.131" 0.135" 0.148" 0.162" 0.192" 0.207" 0.225" 0.244" 0.263" 0.283" 0.312" 0.375" 0.120" 0.135" 0.148" 0.177"
G2
Table 12.2C
17
23
24
26
28
29
31
33
35
38
40
45
47
52
55
58
70
80
114
118
132
141
0.207"
12
80
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12.2D
Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, are in pounds per inch of ring shank penetration into side grain of
wood member (see Appendix Table L5).
Specific
Gravity,
G2
0.73
0.71
0.68
0.67
0.58
0.55
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.47
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.31
Diameter, D (in.)
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
129
122
112
109
82
74
63
61
58
54
51
47
45
43
41
39
37
35
33
31
30
23
142
134
123
120
90
81
69
67
64
59
56
52
49
47
45
43
41
38
36
35
33
26
170
161
147
143
107
96
83
80
76
70
67
62
59
56
54
51
48
46
44
41
39
31
192
181
166
162
121
109
94
90
86
80
76
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
47
44
35
199
188
172
167
125
113
97
93
89
82
79
72
69
66
63
60
57
54
51
48
46
36
1. Tabulated withdrawal design values, W, for post-frame ring shank nails shall be
multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Specific gravity, G, shall be determined in accordance with Table 12.3.3A.
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81
Single Shear
D m Fem
Z
Rd
Im
(12.3-1)
Fes
Fes
II
k1 D s Fes
Rd
(12.3-3)
IIIm
k2 D m Fem
(1 2Re ) Rd
(12.3-4)
IIIs
k 3 D s Fem
(2 Re ) Rd
(12.3-5)
2 k 3 D s Fem
(2 Re ) Rd
IV
D2
Rd
(12.3-6)
2 D2
Rd
(12.3-2)
Rd
2 Fem Fyb
3 (1 Re )
2
Re 2Re (1 R t R t ) R t R e
2(1 Re )
Re
Table 12.3.1B
Fastener Size
3Fem m
2Fyb (2 Re )D
3Fem s
Fes
0.25" D 1"
Im, Is
II
IIIm, IIIs, IV
D < 0.25"
2 Fem Fyb
3 (1 Re )
(12.3-8)
(12.3-9)
(12.3-10)
Reduction Term, Rd
Yield Mode
Rd
Reduction
Term, Rd
4 K
3.6 K
3.2 K
K D1
Notes:
K = 1 + 0.25(/90)
= maximum angle between the direction of load
and the direction of grain (090) for any
member in a connection
D = diameter, in. (see 12.3.7)
for D 0.17"
KD = 2.2
for 0.17" < D < 0.25"
KD = 10D + 0.5
1. For threaded fasteners where nominal diameter (see Appendix L) is greater
than or equal to 0.25" and root diameter is less than 0.25", Rd = KD K.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
k 3 1
2(1 R e )
2Fyb (1 2Re )D
(12.3-7)
D =
Fyb =
Rd =
Re =
Rt =
=
m
=
s
Fem =
R e (1 R t )
(1 Re )
k 2 1
2D
Is
Notes:
k1
Double Shear
D m Fem
Z
Rd
12
82
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Figure 12C
Fe
Fe Fe
Fe sin2 Fe cos2
(12.3-11)
where:
= angle between the direction of load and the
direction of grain (longitudinal axis of member)
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 12.3.3
Specific1
Gravity,
G
83
Fe||
1/4" D 1" D=1/4" D=5/16"
D=3/8"
D=7/16"
Fe
D=1/2"
D=5/8"
D=3/4"
D=7/8"
D=1"
4150
4050
3950
3900
3800
3750
3650
3550
3500
3400
3350
3250
3200
3100
3050
2950
2900
2800
2750
2650
2600
2550
2450
2400
2300
2250
2200
2100
2050
2000
1900
1850
1800
1750
1650
1600
1550
1500
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
3850
3800
3700
3650
3550
3500
3400
3350
3250
3200
3100
3050
3000
2900
2850
2750
2700
2650
2550
2500
2450
2350
2300
2250
2150
2100
2050
2000
1900
1850
1800
1750
1650
1600
1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1200
1150
1100
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DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
0.73
9300
8200
7750
6900
6300
5850
5450
4900
4450
0.72
9050
8050
7600
6800
6200
5750
5350
4800
4350
0.71
8850
7950
7400
6650
6050
5600
5250
4700
4300
0.70
8600
7850
7250
6500
5950
5500
5150
4600
4200
0.69
8400
7750
7100
6350
5800
5400
5050
4500
4100
0.68
8150
7600
6950
6250
5700
5250
4950
4400
4050
0.67
7950
7500
6850
6100
5550
5150
4850
4300
3950
0.66
7750
7400
6700
5950
5450
5050
4700
4200
3850
0.65
7500
7300
6550
5850
5350
4950
4600
4150
3750
0.64
7300
7150
6400
5700
5200
4850
4500
4050
3700
0.63
7100
7050
6250
5600
5100
4700
4400
3950
3600
0.62
6900
6950
6100
5450
5000
4600
4300
3850
3500
0.61
6700
6850
5950
5350
4850
4500
4200
3750
3450
0.60
6500
6700
5800
5200
4750
4400
4100
3700
3350
0.59
6300
6600
5700
5100
4650
4300
4000
3600
3300
0.58
6100
6500
5550
4950
4500
4200
3900
3500
3200
0.57
5900
6400
5400
4850
4400
4100
3800
3400
3100
0.56
5700
6250
5250
4700
4300
4000
3700
3350
3050
0.55
5550
6150
5150
4600
4200
3900
3650
3250
2950
0.54
5350
6050
5000
4450
4100
3750
3550
3150
2900
0.53
5150
5950
4850
4350
3950
3650
3450
3050
2800
0.52
5000
5800
4750
4250
3850
3550
3350
3000
2750
0.51
4800
5700
4600
4100
3750
3450
3250
2900
2650
0.50
4650
5600
4450
4000
3650
3400
3150
2800
2600
0.49
4450
5500
4350
3900
3550
3300
3050
2750
2500
0.48
4300
5400
4200
3750
3450
3200
3000
2650
2450
0.47
4150
5250
4100
3650
3350
3100
2900
2600
2350
0.46
4000
5150
3950
3550
3250
3000
2800
2500
2300
0.45
3800
5050
3850
3450
3150
2900
2700
2400
2200
0.44
3650
4950
3700
3300
3050
2800
2600
2350
2150
0.43
3500
4800
3600
3200
2950
2700
2550
2250
2050
0.42
3350
4700
3450
3100
2850
2600
2450
2200
2000
0.41
3200
4600
3350
3000
2750
2550
2350
2100
1950
0.40
3100
4500
3250
2900
2650
2450
2300
2050
1850
0.39
2950
4350
3100
2800
2550
2350
2200
1950
1800
0.38
2800
4250
3000
2700
2450
2250
2100
1900
1750
0.37
2650
4150
2900
2600
2350
2200
2050
1850
1650
0.36
2550
4050
2750
2500
2250
2100
1950
1750
1600
0.35
2400
3900
2650
2400
2150
2000
1900
1700
1550
0.34
2300
3800
2550
2300
2100
1950
1800
1600
1450
0.33
2150
3700
2450
2200
2000
1850
1750
1550
1400
0.32
2050
3600
2350
2100
1900
1750
1650
1500
1350
0.31
1900
3450
2250
2000
1800
1700
1600
1400
1300
1. Specific gravity, G, shall be determined in accordance with Table 12.3.3A.
2. Fe|| = 11200G; Fe = 6100G1.45/ D ; Fe for D < 1/4" = 16600 G1.84; Tabulated values are rounded to the nearest 50 psi.
12
84
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Specific1
Gravity, G
Specific1
Gravity, G
Alaska Cedar
0.47
Alaska Hemlock
0.46
Douglas Fir-Larch
E=1,900,000 psi and lower grades of MSR
0.50
Alaska Spruce
0.41
0.51
0.46
0.52
Aspen
0.39
0.53
Balsam Fir
0.36
0.54
Beech-Birch-Hickory
0.71
0.55
0.39
Cottonwood
0.41
0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
0.50
0.53
0.49
0.57
Douglas Fir-South
0.46
Eastern Hemlock
0.41
0.36
Eastern Hemlock-Tamarack
0.41
0.47
Eastern Softwoods
0.36
Eastern Spruce
0.41
0.43
0.36
0.44
0.38
0.45
Hem-Fir
0.43
0.46
Hem-Fir (North)
0.46
0.47
Mixed Maple
0.55
0.48
Mixed Oak
0.68
0.49
0.51
0.50
Mountain Hemlock
0.47
0.51
Northern Pine
0.42
0.52
0.68
Northern Species
0.35
0.31
Ponderosa Pine
0.43
Red Maple
0.58
Red Oak
0.67
Red Pine
0.44
0.44
0.37
Sitka Spruce
0.43
Southern Pine
0.55
0.36
Spruce-Pine-Fir
0.42
0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir (South)
0.36
0.50
Western Cedars
0.36
0.35
Western Hemlock
0.47
0.46
0.40
Western Woods
0.36
White Oak
0.73
Yellow Poplar
0.43
0.46
0.38
0.46
Hem-Fir
Hem-Fir (North)
E=1,000,000 psi and higher grades of MSR and MEL
Southern Pine
Spruce-Pine-Fir
0.46
0.55
0.57
0.42
0.46
0.50
Spruce-Pine-Fir (South)
Western Cedars
E=1,000,000 psi and higher grades of MSR
0.36
Western Woods
E=1,000,000 psi and higher grades of MSR
0.36
1. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry. Different specific gravities, G, are possible for different grades of MSR and MEL lumber
(see Table 4C, Footnote 2).
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Wood Structural
Panel
Plywood
Structural 1, Marine
Other Grades1
Oriented Strand Board
All Grades
Specific1
Gravity,
G
Dowel Bearing
Strength, Fe, in
pounds per square
inch (psi) for
D1/4"
0.50
0.42
4650
3350
0.50
4650
1. Use G = 0.42 when species of the plies is not known. When species of
the plies is known, specific gravity listed for the actual species and the
corresponding dowel bearing strength may be used, or the weighted
average may be used for mixed species.
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DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
85
12
86
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
(Wp)Z
(Wp) cos2 Z sin2
(12.4-1)
(Wp)Z
(Wp) cos Z sin
(12.4-2)
where:
= angle between the wood surface and the
direction of applied load, degrees
p = length of fastener penetration into the main
member, in.
Figure 12F
where:
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Figure 12G
Table 12.5.1A
2D
4D
3.5D
2.5D
7D
5D
actual spacing
minimum spacing for C = 1.0
12.5.1.3 Where D 1/4", edge distance and spacing between rows of fasteners shall be in accordance
with Table 12.5.1C and Table 12.5.1D and applicable
requirements of 12.1. The perpendicular to grain distance between the outermost fasteners shall not exceed
5" (see Figure 12H) unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the wood
member. For structural glued laminated timber members, the perpendicular to grain distance between the
outermost fasteners shall not exceed the limits in Table
12.5.1F, unless special detailing is provided to accommodate cross-grain shrinkage of the member.
12.5.1.4 Where fasteners are installed in the narrow edge of cross-laminated timber panels and D
1/4", end distances, edge distances, and fastener spacing in a row shall not be less than the minimum values
in Table 12.5.1G.
Table 12.5.1B Spacing Requirements for
Fasteners in a Row
Direction of
Loading
Parallel to Grain
Minimum
spacing
3D
Perpendicular to
Grain
3D
Spacing
Minimum spacing
for C = 1.0
4D
Required spacing for
attached members
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Direction of Loading
Perpendicular to Grain
Parallel to Grain,
Compression:
(fastener bearing away
from member end)
Parallel to Grain,
Tension:
(fastener bearing toward member end)
for softwoods
for hardwoods
C =
87
12
88
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
12.5.2.1 Where lag screws are loaded in withdrawal from end grain, the reference withdrawal design values, W, shall be multiplied by the end grain
factor, Ceg = 0.75.
12.5.2.2 Where dowel-type fasteners are inserted
in the end grain of the main member, with the fastener
axis parallel to the wood fibers, reference lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by the end grain
factor, Ceg = 0.67.
12.5.2.3 Where dowel-type fasteners with D1/4"
are loaded laterally in the narrow edge of crosslaminated timber, the reference lateral design value, Z,
shall be multiplied by the end grain factor, Ceg=0.67,
regardless of grain orientation.
Where nails or spikes are used in diaphragm construction, reference lateral design values, Z, are permitted to be multiplied by the diaphragm factor, Cdi =
1.1.
Table 12.5.1C
Table 12.5.1E
Orientation
Edge Distance
End Distance
Spacing
Minimum Distance/Spacing
1.5D
4D
4D
Edge Distance
Requirements1,2
Direction of Loading
Parallel to Grain:
where /D 6
where /D > 6
Perpendicular to Grain:2
loaded edge
unloaded edge
Minimum Spacing
1.5D
Table 12.5.1F
Moisture Content
Fastener
Type
All Fasteners
Bolts
Lag Screws
Drift Pins
2.5D
(5 + 10D) / 8
5D
Perpendicular to Grain
Distance Requirements for
Outermost Fasteners in
Structural Glued Laminated
Timber Members
At Time of
Fabrication
>16%
Any
<16%
<16%
<16%
InService
<16%
>16%
<16%
<16%
<16%
Maximum
Distance
Between
Outer
Rows
5"
5"
10"
6"
6"
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 12.5.1G
Direction of Loading
Minimum
End
Distance
Perpendicular to Plane
of CLT
4D
Parallel to Plane of
CLT, Compression:
(fastener bearing away
from member end)
4D
Parallel to Plane of
CLT, Tension: (fastener bearing toward
member end)
7D
3D
Minimum
Spacing
for
Fasteners
in a Row
4D
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Figure 12H
Minimum
Edge
Distance
Figure 12
89
12
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
90
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners shall be evaluated in accordance with principles
of engineering mechanics (see 11.1.2).
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
91
12
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12A
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
Side
Member
Bolt
Diameter
Thickness
Main
Member
BOLTS
92
tm
in.
ts
in.
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/2 1-1/2
1-3/4 1-3/4
2-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2
3-1/2 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/4 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/2
3-1/2
1-1/2
7-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.67
Red Oak
Zll
lbs.
650
810
970
1130
1290
760
940
1130
1320
1510
770
1070
1360
1590
1820
770
1070
1450
1890
2410
830
1160
1530
1970
2480
830
1290
1860
2540
3020
1070
1450
1890
2410
1160
1530
1970
2480
1290
1860
2540
3310
1070
1450
1890
2410
1290
1860
2540
3310
1070
1450
1890
2410
1290
1860
2540
3310
Zs
lbs.
420
500
580
660
740
490
590
680
770
860
480
660
890
960
1020
480
660
890
960
1020
510
680
900
1120
1190
590
880
1190
1410
1670
660
890
960
1020
680
900
1120
1190
880
1190
1410
1670
660
890
960
1020
880
1190
1410
1670
660
890
960
1020
880
1190
1410
1670
Zm
lbs.
420
500
580
660
740
490
590
680
770
860
540
630
720
800
870
560
760
900
990
1080
590
820
940
1040
1130
590
880
1190
1410
1670
760
990
1260
1500
820
1050
1320
1530
880
1240
1640
1940
760
990
1260
1560
880
1240
1640
1980
760
990
1260
1560
880
1240
1640
2090
Z
lbs.
330
370
410
440
470
390
430
480
510
550
440
520
570
620
660
440
590
770
830
890
480
620
780
840
900
530
780
950
1030
1100
590
780
960
1020
620
800
1020
1190
780
1080
1260
1420
590
780
960
1020
780
1080
1260
1470
590
780
960
1020
780
1080
1260
1470
Zll
lbs.
530
660
800
930
1060
620
770
930
1080
1240
660
930
1120
1300
1490
660
940
1270
1680
2010
720
1000
1330
1730
2030
750
1170
1690
2170
2480
940
1270
1680
2150
1000
1330
1730
2200
1170
1690
2300
2870
940
1270
1680
2150
1170
1690
2300
2870
940
1270
1680
2150
1170
1690
2300
2870
Zs
lbs.
330
400
460
520
580
390
470
540
610
680
400
560
660
720
770
400
560
660
720
770
420
580
770
840
890
520
780
960
1160
1360
560
660
720
770
580
770
840
890
780
960
1160
1390
560
660
720
770
780
960
1160
1390
560
660
720
770
780
960
1160
1390
Zm
lbs.
330
400
460
520
580
390
470
540
610
680
420
490
560
620
680
470
620
690
770
830
510
640
720
810
880
520
780
960
1160
1360
640
850
1060
1140
690
890
1090
1170
780
1090
1380
1520
640
850
1090
1190
780
1090
1410
1550
640
850
1090
1350
780
1090
1450
1830
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
Z
lbs.
250
280
310
330
350
290
330
360
390
410
350
390
430
470
490
360
500
580
630
670
390
520
580
640
670
460
650
710
780
820
500
660
720
770
520
680
840
890
680
850
1000
1060
500
660
720
770
680
850
1020
1100
500
660
720
770
680
850
1020
1210
Zll
lbs.
480
600
720
850
970
560
700
850
990
1130
610
850
1020
1190
1360
610
880
1200
1590
1830
670
930
1250
1620
1850
720
1120
1610
1970
2260
880
1200
1590
2050
930
1250
1640
2080
1120
1610
2190
2660
880
1200
1590
2050
1120
1610
2190
2660
880
1200
1590
2050
1120
1610
2190
2660
Zs
lbs.
300
360
420
470
530
350
420
480
550
610
370
520
590
630
680
370
520
590
630
680
380
530
680
740
790
490
700
870
1060
1230
520
590
630
680
530
680
740
790
700
870
1060
1290
520
590
630
680
700
870
1060
1290
520
590
630
680
700
870
1060
1290
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
300 220
360 240
420 270
470 290
530 310
350 250
420 280
480 310
550 340
610 360
370 310
430 340
500 380
550 410
610 440
430 330
540 460
610 510
680 550
740 590
470 350
560 460
640 520
710 550
780 590
490 430
700 560
870 630
1060 680
1230 720
590 460
790 590
940 630
1010 680
630 470
830 630
960 740
1040 790
730 630
1030 780
1230 870
1360 940
590 460
790 590
980 630
1060 680
730 630
1030 780
1260 910
1390 970
590 460
790 590
1010 630
1270 680
730 630
1030 780
1360 930
1630 1110
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
Zll
lbs.
470
590
710
830
950
550
690
830
970
1110
610
830
1000
1170
1330
610
870
1190
1570
1790
660
920
1240
1590
1820
710
1110
1600
1940
2210
870
1190
1570
2030
920
1240
1620
2060
1110
1600
2170
2630
870
1190
1570
2030
1110
1600
2170
2630
870
1190
1570
2030
1110
1600
2170
2630
Zs
lbs.
290
350
400
460
510
340
410
470
530
600
360
520
560
600
650
360
520
560
600
650
380
530
660
700
750
480
690
850
1040
1190
520
560
600
650
530
660
700
750
690
850
1040
1260
520
560
600
650
690
850
1040
1260
520
560
600
650
690
850
1040
1260
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
290 210
350 240
400 260
460 280
510 300
340 250
410 280
470 300
530 320
600 350
360 300
420 330
480 360
540 390
590 420
420 320
530 450
590 490
650 530
710 560
460 340
550 450
620 500
690 530
760 570
480 420
690 550
850 600
1040 650
1190 690
590 450
780 560
900 600
970 650
630 470
810 620
920 700
1000 750
720 620
1010 750
1190 840
1320 900
590 450
780 560
940 600
1010 650
720 620
1010 750
1220 870
1340 930
590 450
780 560
990 600
1240 650
720 620
1010 750
1340 900
1570 1080
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
Zll
lbs.
440
560
670
780
890
520
650
780
910
1040
580
780
940
1090
1250
580
830
1140
1470
1680
620
880
1190
1490
1700
690
1070
1540
1810
2070
830
1140
1520
1930
880
1190
1550
1990
1070
1540
2060
2500
830
1140
1520
1930
1070
1540
2060
2500
830
1140
1520
1930
1070
1540
2060
2500
Zs
lbs.
270
320
380
420
480
320
380
440
500
560
340
470
520
550
600
340
470
520
550
600
360
500
600
640
700
460
650
800
980
1110
470
520
550
600
500
600
640
700
650
800
980
1210
470
520
550
600
650
800
980
1210
470
520
550
600
650
800
980
1210
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
270 190
320 220
380 240
420 250
480 280
320 230
380 250
440 280
500 300
560 320
330 270
390 300
450 330
500 360
550 390
400 310
490 410
550 450
600 480
660 520
440 320
510 410
580 460
640 490
700 530
460 410
650 500
800 560
980 590
1110 640
560 430
740 520
830 550
910 600
590 440
780 590
850 640
930 700
690 580
970 710
1100 770
1230 830
560 430
740 520
860 550
940 600
690 580
970 710
1130 790
1250 860
560 430
740 520
950 550
1190 600
690 580
970 710
1280 850
1470 1030
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
Side
Member
Bolt
Diameter
tm
in.
ts
in.
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/2 1-1/2
1-3/4 1-3/4
2-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2
3-1/2 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/4 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/2
3-1/2
1-1/2
7-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
Zll
lbs.
410
520
620
720
830
480
600
720
850
970
550
730
870
1020
1160
550
790
1100
1370
1570
590
840
1130
1390
1590
660
1040
1450
1690
1930
790
1100
1460
1800
840
1130
1490
1910
1040
1490
1950
2370
790
1100
1460
1800
1040
1490
1950
2370
790
1100
1460
1800
1040
1490
1950
2370
Zs
lbs.
250
300
350
390
440
290
350
400
460
510
320
420
460
500
540
320
420
460
500
540
340
480
540
580
630
440
600
740
910
1030
420
460
500
540
480
540
580
630
600
740
920
1140
420
460
500
540
600
740
920
1140
420
460
500
540
600
740
920
1140
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
250 180
300 190
350 210
390 230
440 250
290 210
350 230
400 250
460 270
510 290
310 250
360 270
410 300
450 320
500 350
380 290
440 370
500 400
550 430
600 470
400 300
460 370
520 410
580 440
640 480
440 390
600 450
740 500
910 540
1030 580
530 410
690 460
750 500
820 540
560 410
700 540
770 580
850 630
660 530
900 640
1010 690
1130 750
530 410
700 460
780 500
860 540
660 530
920 650
1030 720
1150 780
530 410
700 460
900 500
1130 540
660 530
920 650
1210 790
1340 970
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Zll
lbs.
410
510
610
710
810
470
590
710
830
950
540
710
850
1000
1140
540
780
1080
1340
1530
580
820
1120
1360
1550
660
1020
1420
1660
1890
780
1080
1440
1760
820
1120
1470
1890
1020
1480
1920
2330
780
1080
1440
1760
1020
1480
1920
2330
780
1080
1440
1760
1020
1480
1920
2330
Zs
lbs.
240
290
340
380
430
280
340
390
450
500
320
410
450
490
530
320
410
450
490
530
330
470
530
570
610
430
590
730
890
1000
410
450
490
530
470
530
570
610
590
730
910
1120
410
450
490
530
590
730
910
1120
410
450
490
530
590
730
910
1120
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
240 170
290 190
340 210
380 220
430 240
280 200
340 220
390 240
450 260
500 280
300 240
350 270
400 290
440 310
490 340
370 280
430 360
480 390
540 420
590 460
390 290
450 360
510 400
570 430
630 460
430 380
590 440
730 480
890 520
1000 560
520 400
670 450
730 490
800 530
550 410
680 530
750 570
820 610
650 520
880 620
990 670
1100 730
520 400
690 450
760 490
830 530
650 520
900 640
1010 700
1120 760
520 400
690 450
890 490
1110 530
650 520
910 640
1180 780
1300 950
G=0.37
Redwood (open grain)
Zll
lbs.
360
450
540
630
720
420
520
630
730
840
500
630
750
880
1010
500
720
1010
1180
1350
530
760
1030
1200
1370
620
960
1250
1460
1670
720
1010
1350
1560
760
1040
1370
1760
960
1390
1740
2120
720
1010
1350
1560
960
1390
1740
2120
720
1010
1350
1560
960
1390
1740
2120
Zs
lbs.
210
250
290
330
370
250
290
340
390
430
290
350
370
410
440
290
350
370
410
440
300
400
430
470
510
400
520
650
770
870
350
370
410
440
400
430
470
510
520
650
820
1020
350
370
410
440
520
650
820
1020
350
370
410
440
520
650
820
1020
Zm
Z
lbs. lbs.
210 140
250 160
290 170
330 190
370 200
250 170
290 190
340 200
390 220
430 230
250 200
300 220
340 240
380 260
420 280
320 250
370 300
410 320
460 350
500 380
330 260
390 310
430 330
480 360
530 380
400 330
520 370
650 400
770 440
870 470
470 350
560 370
620 410
670 440
500 370
570 430
640 470
690 510
610 460
750 520
850 560
940 600
470 350
580 370
650 410
700 440
610 460
770 530
870 590
960 630
470 350
630 370
810 410
920 440
610 460
840 560
1010 700
1100 820
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S),
Western Cedars,
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
Zll
Zs Zm
Z
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
350 200 200 130
440 240 240 150
520 280 280 170
610 320 320 180
700 360 360 190
410 240 240 160
510 280 280 180
610 330 330 190
710 380 380 210
820 420 420 230
490 280 240 190
610 330 290 210
740 360 330 230
860 390 370 250
980 420 410 270
490 280 300 250
710 330 350 290
990 360 400 310
1160 390 440 340
1320 420 480 370
520 290 320 250
740 380 370 290
1000 420 420 320
1170 460 470 350
1340 490 520 370
610 390 390 310
950 500 500 350
1220 630 630 390
1430 750 750 420
1630 840 840 450
710 330 460 330
990 360 540 360
1330 390 600 390
1520 420 650 420
740 380 480 360
1020 420 560 420
1350 460 620 460
1740 490 670 490
950 500 590 440
1370 630 730 500
1710 800 830 550
2080 980 910 580
710 330 460 330
990 360 570 360
1330 390 630 390
1520 420 680 420
950 500 590 440
1370 630 750 520
1710 800 840 570
2080 980 930 600
710 330 460 330
990 360 620 360
1330 390 800 390
1520 420 890 420
950 500 590 440
1370 630 820 550
1710 800 980 680
2080 980 1070 790
Zll
Zs Zm
Z
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
340 200 200 130
420 240 240 150
500 270 270 160
590 310 310 170
670 350 350 190
390 230 230 150
490 270 270 170
590 320 320 190
690 360 360 200
790 410 410 220
470 280 240 180
590 320 280 210
710 350 320 230
830 370 350 240
940 410 390 260
480 280 290 240
700 320 340 280
950 350 380 300
1110 370 420 320
1270 410 470 350
510 280 310 250
730 370 360 280
970 410 410 310
1130 430 440 320
1290 470 500 360
600 380 380 310
930 490 490 340
1180 620 620 370
1370 720 720 390
1570 810 810 430
700 320 450 320
970 350 530 350
1280 370 560 370
1460 410 630 410
730 370 470 350
1000 410 540 410
1320 430 580 430
1700 470 650 470
930 490 580 430
1330 620 710 480
1660 770 780 510
2030 950 880 560
700 320 450 320
970 350 550 350
1280 370 590 370
1460 410 650 410
930 490 580 430
1330 620 720 500
1660 770 800 530
2030 950 890 580
700 320 450 320
970 350 600 350
1280 370 770 370
1460 410 860 410
930 490 580 430
1330 620 810 540
1660 770 920 650
2030 950 1030 760
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Main
Member
Thickness
BOLTS
Table 12A
(Cont.)
93
12
1-3/4
1/4
2-1/2
1/4
3-1/2
1/4
5-1/4
1/4
5-1/2
1/4
7-1/2
1/4
9-1/2
1/4
11-1/2 1/4
13-1/2 1/4
Z
lbs.
420
480
550
600
660
460
520
590
650
710
600
670
750
820
880
620
860
990
1070
1150
860
1140
1460
1660
860
1140
1460
1730
860
1140
1460
1820
1140
1460
1820
1460
1820
1820
Zll
lbs.
620
780
940
1090
1250
690
870
1040
1210
1380
860
1150
1370
1600
1830
860
1260
1740
2170
2480
1260
1740
2320
2980
1260
1740
2320
2980
1260
1740
2320
2980
1740
2320
2980
2320
2980
2980
Z
lbs.
350
400
450
510
550
370
430
480
540
580
470
530
590
650
700
550
690
760
840
890
760
1000
1190
1270
760
1000
1240
1320
760
1000
1280
1590
1000
1280
1590
1280
1590
1590
Zll
lbs.
580
730
870
1020
1170
640
800
960
1130
1290
830
1050
1270
1480
1690
830
1210
1670
1990
2270
1210
1670
2220
2860
1210
1670
2220
2860
1210
1670
2220
2860
1670
2220
2860
2220
2860
2860
Z
lbs.
310
360
420
470
510
340
390
440
490
540
410
470
530
590
640
510
610
680
740
800
710
940
1050
1130
710
940
1090
1170
710
940
1210
1500
940
1210
1500
1210
1500
1500
Zll
lbs.
580
720
860
1010
1150
630
790
950
1110
1270
820
1040
1250
1450
1660
820
1200
1660
1950
2230
1200
1660
2200
2840
1200
1660
2200
2840
1200
1660
2200
2840
1660
2200
2840
2200
2840
2840
Z
lbs.
310
360
410
450
500
330
380
430
480
520
400
470
520
570
620
510
600
660
710
770
700
930
1010
1080
700
930
1050
1130
700
930
1180
1470
930
1180
1470
1180
1470
1470
Zll
lbs.
550
690
820
960
1100
600
750
900
1050
1200
780
980
1180
1370
1570
800
1160
1580
1840
2100
1160
1610
2140
2750
1160
1610
2140
2750
1160
1610
2140
2750
1610
2140
2750
2140
2750
2750
Z
lbs.
290
340
390
430
480
310
360
410
450
500
380
430
490
530
580
480
550
610
660
730
670
860
920
1010
670
890
960
1050
670
890
1130
1400
890
1130
1420
1130
1420
1420
Zll
lbs.
520
650
780
910
1040
570
710
860
1000
1140
740
920
1110
1290
1480
770
1130
1480
1720
1970
1130
1560
2070
2670
1130
1560
2070
2670
1130
1560
2070
2670
1560
2070
2670
2070
2670
2670
Z
lbs.
280
320
360
410
450
290
340
380
420
470
350
400
450
490
540
450
500
560
610
660
640
770
840
920
640
810
880
950
640
850
1080
1270
850
1080
1350
1080
1350
1350
Zll
lbs.
510
640
770
900
1030
560
700
840
980
1120
720
910
1090
1270
1450
770
1120
1450
1690
1930
1120
1550
2050
2640
1120
1550
2050
2640
1120
1550
2050
2640
1550
2050
2640
2050
2640
2640
Z
lbs.
270
320
360
400
450
280
330
370
420
460
340
390
440
480
530
430
490
540
590
650
630
760
820
890
630
790
860
930
630
840
1070
1230
840
1070
1330
1070
1330
1330
Zll
lbs.
470
590
710
820
940
510
640
770
890
1020
650
810
980
1140
1300
720
1060
1290
1510
1720
1060
1460
1940
2490
1060
1460
1940
2490
1060
1460
1940
2490
1460
1940
2490
1940
2490
2490
Z
lbs.
240
290
320
370
400
250
300
330
380
410
300
340
380
420
460
370
420
460
510
560
580
640
700
750
580
660
730
780
580
760
960
1030
760
980
1220
980
1220
1220
Zll
lbs.
460
580
690
810
930
500
630
750
880
1000
640
800
960
1120
1280
720
1050
1260
1480
1690
1050
1450
1920
2450
1050
1450
1920
2470
1050
1450
1920
2470
1450
1920
2470
1920
2470
2470
Z
lbs.
240
280
320
360
400
250
290
330
370
410
290
330
370
410
450
360
410
450
500
540
560
620
680
730
570
640
710
760
570
750
930
1000
750
970
1200
970
1200
1200
G=0.35
Northern Species
1/4
Zll
lbs.
730
910
1090
1270
1460
810
1020
1220
1420
1630
930
1370
1640
1910
2190
930
1370
1900
2530
2980
1370
1900
2530
3260
1370
1900
2530
3260
1370
1900
2530
3260
1900
2530
3260
2530
3260
3260
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
1-1/2
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
7/8
1
1
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
ts
in.
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
Bolt Diameter
tm
in.
G=0.67
Red Oak
Side Member
Thickness
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
for sawn lumber or SCL main member with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
Table 12B
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Main Member
BOLTS
94
Zll
lbs.
450
560
680
790
900
490
610
730
850
980
620
770
930
1080
1240
710
1020
1220
1430
1630
1030
1420
1890
2360
1030
1420
1890
2420
1030
1420
1890
2420
1420
1890
2420
1890
2420
2420
Z
lbs.
230
270
310
350
390
240
280
320
360
400
280
320
360
400
440
350
400
440
470
530
540
600
640
710
560
620
660
740
560
740
870
960
740
930
1180
930
1180
1180
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi and dowel bearing
strength, Fe, of 87,000 psi for ASTM A36 steel.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-1/2
2-1/2
3-1/8
5-1/8
6-3/4
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
Zll
Zs
lbs. lbs.
660 400
940 560
1270 660
1520 720
1740 770
940 560
1270 660
1680 720
2150 770
940 560
1270 660
1680 720
2150 770
Zm Z
Zll
Zs
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
610 370
850 520
1020 590
1190 630
1360 680
470 360 550 460 620 500 690 540 750 580 610 370
880 520
1200 590
1440 630
1640 680
640 500 850 660 1020 720 1100 770 880 520
1200 590
1590 630
2050 680
640 500 880 520
850 660 1200 590
1090 720 1590 630
1350 770 2050 680
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.36
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Woods
Zm Z
Zll
Zs Zm Z
Zll
Zs Zm Z
Zll
Zs Zm Z
Zll
Zs Zm Z
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
370 310 580 340 330 270 550 320 310 250 540 320 300 240 490 280 240 190
430 340 780 470 390 300 730 420 360 270 710 410 350 270 610 330 290 210
500 380 940 520 450 330 870 460 410 300 850 450 400 290 740 360 330 230
550 410 1090 550 500 360 1020 500 450 320 1000 490 440 310 860 390 370 250
610 440 1250 600 550 390 1160 540 500 350 1140 530 490 340 980 420 410 270
430 330 580 340 390 310 550 320 360 290 540 320 340 280 490 280 280 230
500 410 830 470 450 370 790 420 410 330 780 410 400 320 710 330 330 260
570 460 1130 520 510 410 1060 460 460 360 1040 450 450 350 890 360 370 280
630 490 1320 550 560 430 1230 500 510 390 1210 490 500 380 1040 390 410 310
690 530 1510 600 620 470 1410 540 560 420 1380 530 550 410 1190 420 450 330
590 460 830 470 560 430 790 420 530 410 780 410 520 400 710 330 460 330
790 590 1140 520 740 520 1100 460 670 460 1080 450 660 450 990 360 530 360
920 630 1520 550 810 550 1460 500 740 500 1440 490 720 490 1330 390 590 390
990 680 1930 600 890 600 1800 540 810 540 1760 530 780 530 1520 420 640 420
590 460 830 470 560 430 790 420 530 410 780 410 520 400 710 330 460 330
790 590 1140 520 740 520 1100 460 700 460 1080 450 690 450 990 360 620 360
1010 630 1520 550 950 550 1460 500 900 500 1440 490 890 490 1330 390 750 390
1270 680 1930 600 1140 600 1800 540 1030 540 1760 530 1000 530 1520 420 810 420
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength , Fyb, of 45,000 psi.
ts
in.
Main
Member
tm
in.
G=0.55
Southern Pine
for structural glued laminated timber main member with sawn lumber side member of identical specific gravity
Side
Member
Thickness
BOLTS: Reference Lateral Design Values, Z, for Single Shear (two member) Connections1,2
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
BOLTS
Bolt Diameter
Table 12C
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12D
for structural glued laminated timber main member with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plate
1/4
3-1/8
1/4
1/4
5-1/8
1/4
6-3/4
1/4
8-1/2
1/4
8-3/4
1/4
10-1/2
1/4
10-3/4
1/4
12-1/4
1/4
14-1/4
1/4
Zll
lbs.
830
1050
1270
1480
1690
830
1210
1540
1790
2050
1210
1670
2220
2860
1210
1670
2220
2860
1670
2220
2860
2220
2860
2220
2860
2860
Z
lbs.
410
470
530
590
640
490
550
620
680
740
710
940
1020
1100
710
940
1210
1420
940
1210
1500
1210
1500
1210
1500
1500
Zll
lbs.
780
980
1180
1370
1570
800
1160
1420
1660
1900
1160
1610
2140
2750
1160
1610
2140
2750
1610
2140
2750
2140
2750
2140
2750
2750
Z
lbs.
380
430
490
530
580
440
500
560
610
670
670
840
900
990
670
890
1130
1270
890
1130
1420
1130
1420
1130
1420
1420
Zll
lbs.
740
920
1110
1290
1480
770
1110
1340
1560
1780
1130
1560
2070
2670
1130
1560
2070
2670
1560
2070
2670
2070
2670
2070
2670
2670
G=0.36
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Woods
Z
lbs.
540
610
670
740
790
760
1000
1140
1210
760
1000
1280
1590
1000
1280
1590
1280
1590
-
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
1/4
Zll
lbs.
860
1260
1610
1880
2150
1260
1740
2320
2980
1260
1740
2320
2980
1740
2320
2980
2320
2980
-
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
2-1/2
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
7/8
1
7/8
1
7/8
1
1
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
ts
in.
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
Bolt Diameter
tm
in.
G=0.55
Southern Pine
Side Member
Thickness
Main Member
BOLTS
96
Z
lbs.
350
400
450
490
540
410
460
510
560
610
640
760
830
900
640
850
1060
1150
850
1080
1350
1080
1350
1080
1350
1350
Zll
lbs.
720
910
1090
1270
1450
770
1090
1310
1530
1750
1120
1550
2050
2640
1120
1550
2050
2640
1550
2050
2640
2050
2640
2050
2640
2640
Z
lbs.
340
390
440
480
530
400
450
500
550
600
630
740
810
880
630
840
1030
1120
840
1070
1330
1070
1330
1070
1330
1330
Zll
lbs.
640
800
960
1120
1280
720
960
1150
1340
1530
1050
1450
1920
2390
1050
1450
1920
2470
1450
1920
2470
1920
2470
1920
2470
2470
Z
lbs.
290
330
370
410
450
330
380
420
470
510
550
610
670
720
570
750
850
910
750
970
1150
970
1200
970
1200
1200
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi and dowel
bearing strength, Fe, of 87,000 psi for ASTM A36 steel.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
1-1/2
1-3/4
6.0
and
greater
2-1/2
3-1/2
Zll
lbs.
770
1070
1450
1890
2410
830
1160
1530
1970
2480
830
1290
1840
2290
2800
830
1290
1860
2540
3310
Z
lbs.
480
660
890
960
1020
510
680
900
1120
1190
590
800
1000
1240
1520
590
880
1190
1410
1670
Zll
lbs.
680
970
1330
1750
2250
740
1030
1390
1800
2290
790
1230
1630
2050
2530
790
1230
1770
2410
2970
Z
lbs.
340
420
460
500
540
360
490
540
580
630
410
540
710
830
900
470
620
780
960
1190
Zll
lbs.
590
850
1190
1540
1760
630
900
1220
1610
2060
730
1060
1380
1770
2210
730
1140
1640
2070
2520
Z
lbs.
410
580
660
720
770
430
600
770
840
890
520
670
850
1080
1280
540
810
980
1190
1420
Zll
lbs.
650
930
1270
1690
2100
700
980
1330
1730
2210
770
1180
1540
1940
2410
770
1200
1720
2320
2800
Z
lbs.
340
410
450
490
530
350
480
530
570
610
400
530
700
810
880
470
610
770
950
1180
Zll
lbs.
550
810
1130
1360
1560
580
840
1160
1540
1820
700
980
1290
1660
2080
700
1090
1540
1910
2340
Z
lbs.
380
530
590
630
680
400
550
680
740
790
470
610
800
1020
1130
510
730
900
1100
1330
Zll
lbs.
640
920
1260
1680
2060
690
970
1310
1720
2200
760
1170
1520
1920
2390
760
1190
1720
2290
2770
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
Bolt Diameter
ts
in.
G=0.67
Red Oak
Side Member
tm
in.
Z
lbs.
380
520
560
600
650
390
550
660
700
750
460
610
780
1000
1080
500
720
880
1070
1300
Zll
lbs.
620
890
1230
1640
1930
670
940
1270
1680
2150
750
1120
1460
1860
2310
750
1170
1680
2200
2660
Z
lbs.
360
470
520
550
600
370
530
600
640
700
440
570
750
920
1000
490
670
830
1020
1260
1-1/2
1-3/4
6.0
and
greater
2-1/2
3-1/2
Zll
lbs.
590
860
1200
1580
1800
640
910
1230
1630
2090
730
1070
1400
1790
2230
730
1140
1650
2100
2550
Z
lbs.
310
350
370
410
440
320
400
430
470
510
360
480
620
680
730
430
550
680
870
1020
Zll
lbs.
540
800
1120
1330
1520
580
830
1140
1520
1770
690
960
1270
1640
2060
690
1080
1510
1880
2310
Z
lbs.
290
330
360
390
420
310
380
420
460
490
340
470
600
660
700
410
530
670
850
980
G=0.35
Northern Species
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
Bolt Diameter
ts
in.
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Side Member
tm
in.
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
Embedment
Depth in
Concrete
Thickness
Zll
lbs.
530
780
1100
1280
1460
560
810
1120
1490
1710
680
940
1240
1600
2030
690
1070
1470
1840
2260
Z
lbs.
290
320
350
370
410
310
370
410
430
470
340
460
580
610
680
400
520
660
820
950
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength,
Fyb, of 45,000 psi.
3. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are based on dowel bearing strength, Fe, of 7,500 psi for concrete with minimum fc'=2,500 psi.
4. Six inch anchor embedment assumed.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Embedment
Depth in
Concrete
Thickness
BOLTS
Table 12E
97
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12F
for sawn lumber or SCL with all members of identical specific gravity
Side
Member
Bolt
Diameter
Thickness
Main
Member
BOLTS
98
tm
in.
ts
in.
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/2 1-1/2
1-3/4 1-3/4
2-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2
3-1/2 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/4 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/2
3-1/2
1-1/2
7-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.67
Red Oak
Zll
lbs.
1410
1760
2110
2460
2810
1640
2050
2460
2870
3280
1530
2150
2890
3780
4690
1530
2150
2890
3780
4820
1660
2310
3060
3940
4960
1660
2590
3730
5080
6560
2150
2890
3780
4820
2310
3060
3940
4960
2590
3730
5080
6630
2150
2890
3780
4820
2590
3730
5080
6630
2150
2890
3780
4820
2590
3730
5080
6630
Zs
lbs.
960
1310
1690
1920
2040
1030
1370
1810
2240
2380
960
1310
1770
1920
2040
960
1310
1770
1920
2040
1030
1370
1810
2240
2380
1180
1770
2380
2820
3340
1310
1770
1920
2040
1370
1810
2240
2380
1770
2380
2820
3340
1310
1770
1920
2040
1770
2380
2820
3340
1310
1770
1920
2040
1770
2380
2820
3340
Zm
lbs.
730
810
890
960
1020
850
940
1040
1120
1190
1120
1340
1480
1600
1700
1120
1510
1980
2240
2380
1180
1630
2070
2240
2380
1180
1770
2070
2240
2380
1510
1980
2520
3120
1630
2110
2640
3240
1770
2480
3290
3570
1510
1980
2520
3120
1770
2480
3290
3740
1510
1980
2520
3120
1770
2480
3290
4190
Zll
lbs.
1150
1440
1730
2020
2310
1350
1680
2020
2350
2690
1320
1870
2550
3360
3840
1320
1870
2550
3360
4310
1430
1990
2670
3470
4400
1500
2340
3380
4600
5380
1870
2550
3360
4310
1990
2670
3470
4400
2340
3380
4600
5740
1870
2550
3360
4310
2340
3380
4600
5740
1870
2550
3360
4310
2340
3380
4600
5740
Zs
lbs.
800
1130
1330
1440
1530
850
1160
1550
1680
1790
800
1130
1330
1440
1530
800
1130
1330
1440
1530
850
1160
1550
1680
1790
1040
1560
1910
2330
2780
1130
1330
1440
1530
1160
1550
1680
1790
1560
1910
2330
2780
1130
1330
1440
1530
1560
1910
2330
2780
1130
1330
1440
1530
1560
1910
2330
2780
Zm
lbs.
550
610
660
720
770
640
710
770
840
890
910
1020
1110
1200
1280
940
1290
1550
1680
1790
1030
1380
1550
1680
1790
1040
1420
1550
1680
1790
1290
1690
2170
2680
1380
1790
2260
2680
1560
2180
2530
2680
1290
1690
2170
2700
1560
2180
2650
2810
1290
1690
2170
2700
1560
2180
2890
3680
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
Zll
lbs.
1050
1310
1580
1840
2100
1230
1530
1840
2140
2450
1230
1760
2400
3060
3500
1230
1760
2400
3180
4090
1330
1860
2510
3270
4170
1430
2240
3220
4290
4900
1760
2400
3180
4090
1860
2510
3270
4170
2240
3220
4390
5330
1760
2400
3180
4090
2240
3220
4390
5330
1760
2400
3180
4090
2240
3220
4390
5330
Zs
lbs.
730
1040
1170
1260
1350
770
1070
1370
1470
1580
730
1040
1170
1260
1350
730
1040
1170
1260
1350
770
1070
1370
1470
1580
970
1410
1750
2130
2580
1040
1170
1260
1350
1070
1370
1470
1580
1410
1750
2130
2580
1040
1170
1260
1350
1410
1750
2130
2580
1040
1170
1260
1350
1410
1750
2130
2580
Zm
lbs.
470
530
590
630
680
550
610
680
740
790
790
880
980
1050
1130
860
1190
1370
1470
1580
940
1230
1370
1470
1580
970
1230
1370
1470
1580
1190
1580
2030
2360
1270
1660
2100
2360
1460
2050
2210
2360
1190
1580
2030
2480
1460
2050
2310
2480
1190
1580
2030
2530
1460
2050
2720
3380
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
Zll
lbs.
1030
1290
1550
1800
2060
1200
1500
1800
2110
2410
1210
1740
2380
3010
3440
1210
1740
2380
3150
4050
1310
1840
2480
3240
4120
1420
2220
3190
4210
4810
1740
2380
3150
4050
1840
2480
3240
4120
2220
3190
4350
5250
1740
2380
3150
4050
2220
3190
4350
5250
1740
2380
3150
4050
2220
3190
4350
5250
Zs
lbs.
720
1030
1130
1210
1290
750
1060
1310
1410
1510
720
1030
1130
1210
1290
720
1030
1130
1210
1290
750
1060
1310
1410
1510
960
1390
1700
2070
2520
1030
1130
1210
1290
1060
1310
1410
1510
1390
1700
2070
2520
1030
1130
1210
1290
1390
1700
2070
2520
1030
1130
1210
1290
1390
1700
2070
2520
Zm
lbs.
460
520
560
600
650
530
600
660
700
750
760
860
940
1010
1080
850
1170
1310
1410
1510
920
1200
1310
1410
1510
960
1200
1310
1410
1510
1170
1550
1990
2260
1250
1630
2060
2260
1450
1970
2110
2260
1170
1550
1990
2370
1450
2020
2210
2370
1170
1550
1990
2480
1450
2020
2670
3230
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
Zll
lbs.
970
1210
1450
1690
1930
1130
1410
1690
1970
2250
1160
1660
2280
2820
3220
1160
1660
2280
3030
3860
1250
1760
2370
3110
3970
1370
2150
3090
3940
4510
1660
2280
3030
3860
1760
2370
3110
3970
2150
3090
4130
4990
1660
2280
3030
3860
2150
3090
4130
4990
1660
2280
3030
3860
2150
3090
4130
4990
Zs
lbs.
680
940
1040
1100
1200
710
1000
1210
1290
1400
680
940
1040
1100
1200
680
940
1040
1100
1200
710
1000
1210
1290
1400
920
1290
1610
1960
2410
940
1040
1100
1200
1000
1210
1290
1400
1290
1610
1960
2410
940
1040
1100
1200
1290
1610
1960
2410
940
1040
1100
1200
1290
1610
1960
2410
Zm
lbs.
420
470
520
550
600
490
550
600
640
700
700
780
860
920
1000
810
1090
1210
1290
1400
870
1090
1210
1290
1400
920
1090
1210
1290
1400
1110
1480
1900
2100
1180
1550
1930
2100
1390
1810
1930
2100
1110
1480
1900
2200
1390
1900
2020
2200
1110
1480
1900
2390
1390
1940
2560
3000
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of
45,000 psi.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
for sawn lumber or SCL with all members of identical specific gravity
Side
Member
Bolt
Diameter
tm
in.
ts
in.
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1-1/2 1-1/2
1-3/4 1-3/4
2-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2
3-1/2 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/4 1-3/4
3-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/2
3-1/2
1-1/2
7-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
Zll
lbs.
900
1130
1350
1580
1800
1050
1310
1580
1840
2100
1100
1590
2190
2630
3000
1100
1590
2190
2920
3600
1180
1670
2270
2980
3820
1330
2070
2980
3680
4200
1590
2190
2920
3600
1670
2270
2980
3820
2070
2980
3900
4730
1590
2190
2920
3600
2070
2980
3900
4730
1590
2190
2920
3600
2070
2980
3900
4730
Zs
lbs.
650
840
920
1000
1080
670
950
1080
1160
1260
650
840
920
1000
1080
650
840
920
1000
1080
670
950
1080
1160
1260
880
1190
1490
1840
2280
840
920
1000
1080
950
1080
1160
1260
1190
1490
1840
2280
840
920
1000
1080
1190
1490
1840
2280
840
920
1000
1080
1190
1490
1840
2280
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Zm
lbs.
380
420
460
500
540
450
490
540
580
630
640
700
770
830
900
760
980
1080
1160
1260
820
980
1080
1160
1260
880
980
1080
1160
1260
1050
1400
1750
1890
1110
1460
1750
1890
1320
1610
1750
1890
1050
1400
1800
1980
1320
1690
1830
1980
1050
1400
1800
2270
1320
1850
2450
2700
Zll
lbs.
880
1100
1320
1540
1760
1030
1290
1540
1800
2060
1080
1570
2160
2570
2940
1080
1570
2160
2880
3530
1160
1650
2240
2950
3770
1310
2050
2950
3600
4110
1570
2160
2880
3530
1650
2240
2950
3770
2050
2950
3840
4660
1570
2160
2880
3530
2050
2950
3840
4660
1570
2160
2880
3530
2050
2950
3840
4660
Zs
lbs.
640
830
900
970
1050
660
940
1050
1130
1230
640
830
900
970
1050
640
830
900
970
1050
660
940
1050
1130
1230
870
1170
1460
1810
2240
830
900
970
1050
940
1050
1130
1230
1170
1460
1810
2240
830
900
970
1050
1170
1460
1810
2240
830
900
970
1050
1170
1460
1810
2240
Zm
lbs.
370
410
450
490
530
430
480
530
570
610
610
690
750
810
880
740
960
1050
1130
1230
800
960
1050
1130
1230
860
960
1050
1130
1230
1040
1380
1700
1840
1100
1440
1700
1840
1310
1580
1700
1840
1040
1380
1780
1930
1310
1650
1780
1930
1040
1380
1780
2240
1310
1820
2420
2630
G=0.37
Redwood (open grain)
Zll
lbs.
780
970
1170
1360
1560
910
1130
1360
1590
1820
990
1450
1950
2270
2590
990
1450
2010
2690
3110
1060
1510
2070
2740
3520
1230
1930
2720
3180
3630
1450
2010
2690
3110
1510
2070
2740
3520
1930
2770
3480
4240
1450
2010
2690
3110
1930
2770
3480
4240
1450
2010
2690
3110
1930
2770
3480
4240
Zs
lbs.
580
690
740
810
870
590
810
870
950
1020
580
690
740
810
870
580
690
740
810
870
590
810
870
950
1020
800
1030
1290
1640
2030
690
740
810
870
810
870
950
1020
1030
1290
1640
2030
690
740
810
870
1030
1290
1640
2030
690
740
810
870
1030
1290
1640
2030
Zm
lbs.
310
350
370
410
440
360
400
430
470
510
510
580
620
680
730
670
810
870
950
1020
720
810
870
950
1020
720
810
870
950
1020
940
1250
1420
1520
990
1300
1420
1520
1210
1300
1420
1520
940
1250
1490
1600
1210
1360
1490
1600
940
1250
1630
2040
1210
1670
2030
2180
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
Zll
lbs.
760
950
1140
1330
1520
890
1110
1330
1550
1770
980
1430
1900
2210
2530
980
1430
1990
2660
3040
1040
1490
2040
2700
3480
1220
1900
2660
3100
3540
1430
1990
2660
3040
1490
2040
2700
3480
1900
2740
3410
4170
1430
1990
2660
3040
1900
2740
3410
4170
1430
1990
2660
3040
1900
2740
3410
4170
Zs
lbs.
560
660
720
790
840
580
770
840
920
980
560
660
720
790
840
560
660
720
790
840
580
770
840
920
980
780
1000
1270
1610
1960
660
720
790
840
770
840
920
980
1000
1270
1610
1960
660
720
790
840
1000
1270
1610
1960
660
720
790
840
1000
1270
1610
1960
Zm
lbs.
290
330
360
390
420
340
380
420
460
490
490
550
600
660
700
660
770
840
920
980
680
770
840
920
980
680
770
840
920
980
920
1230
1380
1470
970
1260
1380
1470
1150
1260
1380
1470
920
1230
1440
1540
1180
1320
1440
1540
920
1230
1600
2010
1180
1650
1970
2100
G=0.35
Northern Species
Zll
lbs.
730
910
1100
1280
1460
850
1070
1280
1490
1710
950
1390
1830
2130
2440
950
1390
1940
2560
2930
1010
1450
1990
2640
3410
1200
1870
2560
2990
3410
1390
1940
2560
2930
1450
1990
2640
3410
1870
2660
3320
4050
1390
1940
2560
2930
1870
2660
3320
4050
1390
1940
2560
2930
1870
2660
3320
4050
Zs
lbs.
550
640
700
740
810
570
740
810
860
950
550
640
700
740
810
550
640
700
740
810
570
740
810
860
950
760
970
1240
1550
1890
640
700
740
810
740
810
860
950
970
1240
1550
1890
640
700
740
810
970
1240
1550
1890
640
700
740
810
970
1240
1550
1890
Zm
lbs.
290
320
350
370
410
330
370
410
430
470
480
530
580
610
680
640
740
810
860
950
670
740
810
860
950
670
740
810
860
950
900
1210
1290
1420
940
1220
1290
1420
1120
1220
1290
1420
900
1210
1350
1490
1160
1280
1350
1490
900
1210
1550
1970
1160
1620
1840
2030
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of
45,000 psi.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Main
Member
Thickness
BOLTS
Table 12F
(Cont.)
99
12
1-3/4
1/4
2-1/2
1/4
3-1/2
1/4
5-1/4
1/4
5-1/2
1/4
7-1/2
1/4
9-1/2
1/4
11-1/2 1/4
13-1/2 1/4
Z
lbs.
730
810
890
960
1020
850
940
1040
1120
1190
1210
1340
1480
1600
1700
1240
1720
2070
2240
2380
1720
2290
2930
3570
1720
2290
2930
3640
1720
2290
2930
3640
2290
2930
3640
2930
3640
3640
Zll
lbs.
1150
1440
1730
2020
2310
1350
1680
2020
2350
2690
1720
2400
2880
3360
3840
1720
2510
3480
4630
5380
2510
3480
4630
5960
2510
3480
4630
5960
2510
3480
4630
5960
3480
4630
5960
4630
5960
5960
Z
lbs.
550
610
660
720
770
640
710
770
840
890
910
1020
1110
1200
1280
1100
1420
1550
1680
1790
1510
2000
2530
2680
1510
2000
2570
2810
1510
2000
2570
3180
2000
2570
3180
2570
3180
3180
Zll
lbs.
1050
1310
1580
1840
2100
1230
1530
1840
2140
2450
1650
2190
2630
3060
3500
1650
2410
3340
4290
4900
2410
3340
4440
5720
2410
3340
4440
5720
2410
3340
4440
5720
3340
4440
5720
4440
5720
5720
Z
lbs.
470
530
590
630
680
550
610
680
740
790
790
880
980
1050
1130
1030
1230
1370
1470
1580
1420
1890
2210
2360
1420
1890
2310
2480
1420
1890
2410
3000
1890
2410
3000
2410
3000
3000
Zll
lbs.
1030
1290
1550
1800
2060
1200
1500
1800
2110
2410
1640
2150
2580
3010
3440
1640
2390
3320
4210
4810
2390
3320
4410
5670
2390
3320
4410
5670
2390
3320
4410
5670
3320
4410
5670
4410
5670
5670
Z
lbs.
460
520
560
600
650
530
600
660
700
750
760
860
940
1010
1080
1010
1200
1310
1410
1510
1400
1850
2110
2260
1400
1850
2210
2370
1400
1850
2360
2940
1850
2360
2940
2360
2940
2940
Zll
lbs.
970
1210
1450
1690
1930
1130
1410
1690
1970
2250
1590
2010
2410
2820
3220
1590
2330
3220
3940
4510
2330
3220
4280
5510
2330
3220
4280
5510
2330
3220
4280
5510
3220
4280
5510
4280
5510
5510
Z
lbs.
420
470
520
550
600
490
550
600
640
700
700
780
860
920
1000
970
1090
1210
1290
1400
1340
1780
1930
2100
1340
1780
2020
2200
1340
1780
2260
2840
1780
2260
2840
2260
2840
2840
Zll
lbs.
900
1130
1350
1580
1800
1050
1310
1580
1840
2100
1500
1880
2250
2630
3000
1540
2260
3120
3680
4200
2260
3120
4150
5330
2260
3120
4150
5330
2260
3120
4150
5330
3120
4150
5330
4150
5330
5330
Z
lbs.
380
420
460
500
540
450
490
540
580
630
640
700
770
830
900
890
980
1080
1160
1260
1280
1610
1750
1890
1280
1690
1830
1980
1280
1690
2160
2700
1690
2160
2700
2160
2700
2700
Zll
lbs.
880
1100
1320
1540
1760
1030
1290
1540
1800
2060
1470
1840
2200
2570
2940
1530
2230
3080
3600
4110
2230
3090
4110
5280
2230
3090
4110
5280
2230
3090
4110
5280
3090
4110
5280
4110
5280
5280
Z
lbs.
370
410
450
490
530
430
480
530
570
610
610
690
750
810
880
860
960
1050
1130
1230
1270
1580
1700
1840
1270
1650
1780
1930
1270
1670
2130
2630
1670
2130
2660
2130
2660
2660
Zll
lbs.
780
970
1170
1360
1560
910
1130
1360
1590
1820
1300
1620
1950
2270
2590
1450
2110
2720
3180
3630
2110
2920
3880
4990
2110
2920
3880
4990
2110
2920
3880
4990
2920
3880
4990
3880
4990
4990
Z
lbs.
310
350
370
410
440
360
400
430
470
510
510
580
620
680
730
720
810
870
950
1020
1170
1300
1420
1520
1170
1360
1490
1600
1170
1530
1960
2180
1530
1960
2440
1960
2440
2440
Zll
lbs.
760
950
1140
1330
1520
890
1110
1330
1550
1770
1270
1580
1900
2210
2530
1430
2090
2660
3100
3540
2090
2890
3840
4930
2090
2890
3840
4930
2090
2890
3840
4930
2890
3840
4930
3840
4930
4930
Z
lbs.
290
330
360
390
420
340
380
420
460
490
490
550
600
660
700
680
770
840
920
980
1140
1260
1380
1470
1140
1320
1440
1540
1140
1500
1930
2100
1500
1930
2400
1930
2400
2400
G=0.35
Northern Species
1/4
Zll
lbs.
1410
1760
2110
2460
2810
1640
2050
2460
2870
3280
1870
2740
3520
4100
4690
1870
2740
3800
5060
6520
2740
3800
5060
6520
2740
3800
5060
6520
2740
3800
5060
6520
3800
5060
6520
5060
6520
6520
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
1-1/2
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
7/8
1
1
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
ts
in.
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
Bolt Diameter
tm
in.
G=0.67
Red Oak
Side Member
Thickness
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
for sawn lumber or SCL main member with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel side plates
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
Table 12G
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Main Member
BOLTS
100
Zll
lbs.
730
910
1100
1280
1460
850
1070
1280
1490
1710
1220
1520
1830
2130
2440
1410
2060
2560
2990
3410
2060
2840
3770
4850
2060
2840
3770
4850
2060
2840
3770
4850
2840
3770
4850
3770
4850
4850
Z
lbs.
290
320
350
370
410
330
370
410
430
470
480
530
580
610
680
670
740
810
860
950
1120
1220
1290
1420
1120
1280
1350
1490
1120
1480
1840
2030
1480
1870
2350
1870
2350
2350
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi and dowel bearing
strength, Fe, of 87,000 psi for ASTM A36 steel.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
101
for structural glued laminated timber main member with sawn lumber side members
of identical specific gravity
BOLTS
Table 12H
Side
Member
Bolt
Diameter
tm
in.
ts
in.
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
2-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2
3-1/8 1-1/2
1-1/2
5-1/8 1-1/2
6-3/4 1-1/2
G=0.55
Southern Pine
Zll
lbs.
1320
1870
2550
3360
4310
1870
2550
3360
4310
1870
2550
3360
4310
Zs
lbs.
800
1130
1330
1440
1530
1130
1330
1440
1530
1130
1330
1440
1530
Zm
lbs.
940
1220
1330
1440
1530
1290
1690
2170
2550
1290
1690
2170
2700
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.50
Douglas FirLarch
Zll
lbs.
1230
1760
2400
3060
3500
1230
1760
2400
3180
4090
1760
2400
3180
4090
1760
2400
3180
4090
Zs
lbs.
730
1040
1170
1260
1350
730
1040
1170
1260
1350
1040
1170
1260
1350
1040
1170
1260
1350
Zm
lbs.
790
880
980
1050
1130
860
1090
1220
1310
1410
1190
1580
2030
2310
1190
1580
2030
2530
Zll
lbs.
1160
1660
2280
2820
3220
1160
1660
2280
3030
3860
1660
2280
3030
3860
1660
2280
3030
3860
Zs
lbs.
680
940
1040
1100
1200
680
940
1040
1100
1200
940
1040
1100
1200
940
1040
1100
1200
Zm
lbs.
700
780
860
920
1000
810
980
1080
1150
1250
1110
1480
1880
2050
1110
1480
1900
2390
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
Zll
lbs.
1100
1590
2190
2630
3000
1100
1590
2190
2920
3600
1590
2190
2920
3600
1590
2190
2920
3600
Zs
lbs.
650
840
920
1000
1080
650
840
920
1000
1080
840
920
1000
1080
840
920
1000
1080
Zm
lbs.
640
700
770
830
900
760
880
960
1040
1130
1050
1400
1700
1850
1050
1400
1800
2270
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.36
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Woods
Zll
lbs.
1080
1570
2160
2570
2940
1080
1570
2160
2880
3530
1570
2160
2880
3530
1570
2160
2880
3530
Zll
lbs.
980
1430
1900
2210
2530
980
1430
1990
2660
3040
1430
1990
2660
3040
1430
1990
2660
3040
Zs
lbs.
640
830
900
970
1050
640
830
900
970
1050
830
900
970
1050
830
900
970
1050
Zm
lbs.
610
690
750
810
880
740
860
940
1010
1090
1040
1380
1660
1790
1040
1380
1780
2240
Zs
lbs.
560
660
720
790
840
560
660
720
790
840
660
720
790
840
660
720
790
840
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Zm
lbs.
490
550
600
660
700
610
680
750
820
880
920
1230
1350
1440
920
1230
1600
1890
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Main
Member
Thickness
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12I
for structural glued laminated timber main member with 1/4" ASTM A 36 steel
side plates
1/4
3-1/8
1/4
1/4
5-1/8
1/4
6-3/4
1/4
8-1/2
1/4
8-3/4
1/4
10-1/2
1/4
10-3/4
1/4
12-1/4
1/4
14-1/4
1/4
Zll
lbs.
1650
2190
2630
3060
3500
1650
2410
3280
3830
4380
2410
3340
4440
5720
2410
3340
4440
5720
3340
4440
5720
4440
5720
4440
5720
5720
Z
lbs.
790
880
980
1050
1130
980
1090
1220
1310
1410
1420
1890
2150
2310
1420
1890
2410
3000
1890
2410
3000
2410
3000
2410
3000
3000
Zll
lbs.
1590
2010
2410
2820
3220
1590
2330
3020
3520
4020
2330
3220
4280
5510
2330
3220
4280
5510
3220
4280
5510
4280
5510
4280
5510
5510
Z
lbs.
700
780
860
920
1000
880
980
1080
1150
1250
1340
1770
1880
2050
1340
1780
2260
2700
1780
2260
2840
2260
2840
2260
2840
2840
Zll
lbs.
1500
1880
2250
2630
3000
1540
2260
2810
3280
3750
2260
3120
4150
5330
2260
3120
4150
5330
3120
4150
5330
4150
5330
4150
5330
5330
G=0.36
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Woods
Z
lbs.
1100
1220
1330
1440
1530
1510
2000
2410
2550
1510
2000
2570
3180
2000
2570
3180
2570
3180
-
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
1/4
Zll
lbs.
1720
2510
3460
4040
4610
2510
3480
4630
5960
2510
3480
4630
5960
3480
4630
5960
4630
5960
-
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
2-1/2
D
in.
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
3/4
7/8
1
7/8
1
7/8
1
7/8
1
1
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
ts
in.
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
Bolt Diameter
tm
in.
G=0.55
Southern Pine
Side Member
Thickness
Main Member
BOLTS
102
Z
lbs.
640
700
770
830
900
800
880
960
1040
1130
1280
1580
1700
1850
1280
1690
2160
2430
1690
2160
2700
2160
2700
2160
2700
2700
Zll
lbs.
1470
1840
2200
2570
2940
1530
2230
2750
3210
3670
2230
3090
4110
5280
2230
3090
4110
5280
3090
4110
5280
4110
5280
4110
5280
5280
Z
lbs.
610
690
750
810
880
770
860
940
1010
1090
1270
1540
1660
1790
1270
1670
2130
2360
1670
2130
2660
2130
2660
2130
2660
2660
Zll
lbs.
1270
1580
1900
2210
2530
1430
1980
2370
2770
3160
2090
2890
3840
4930
2090
2890
3840
4930
2890
3840
4930
3840
4930
3840
4930
4930
Z
lbs.
490
550
600
660
700
610
680
750
820
880
1120
1230
1350
1440
1140
1500
1770
1890
1500
1930
2400
1930
2400
1930
2400
2400
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, for bolted connections shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for full-body diameter bolts (see Appendix Table L1) with bolt bending yield strength, Fyb, of 45,000 psi and dowel
bearing strength, Fe, of 87,000 psi for ASTM A36 steel.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
103
BOLTS
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
12
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of
lag screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D)
Lag Screw
Diameter
Table 12J
Side Member
Thickness
LAG SCREWS
104
ts
in.
1/2
in.
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.67
Red Oak
G=0.50
Douglas Fir-Larch
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
lbs.
150
170
180
160
190
190
180
210
210
180
230
230
180
230
230
180
230
230
360
460
700
950
1240
1550
180
230
230
360
460
740
1030
1320
1630
180
230
230
360
460
740
1110
1550
1940
180
230
230
360
460
740
1110
1550
2020
lbs.
110
130
130
120
140
130
140
150
140
140
170
160
140
170
170
140
170
170
260
310
410
550
720
800
140
170
170
260
320
440
580
740
910
140
170
170
260
320
500
680
830
980
140
170
170
260
320
500
740
990
1140
lbs.
110
130
130
130
140
140
140
160
160
140
170
170
140
170
170
140
170
170
260
320
500
660
830
1010
140
170
170
260
320
500
720
890
1070
140
170
170
260
320
500
740
1000
1270
140
170
170
260
320
500
740
1000
1270
lbs.
110
120
120
120
130
120
130
140
130
140
160
160
140
160
160
140
160
160
240
280
370
490
630
780
140
160
160
240
290
400
520
650
790
140
160
160
240
290
450
610
740
860
140
160
160
240
290
450
650
860
1010
lbs.
130
150
160
140
160
170
150
180
180
160
210
210
160
210
210
160
210
210
320
410
600
830
1080
1360
160
210
210
320
410
660
890
1150
1420
160
210
210
320
410
670
1010
1370
1660
160
210
210
320
410
670
1010
1400
1830
lbs.
90
110
110
100
110
110
110
120
120
120
140
130
120
150
150
120
150
150
220
250
340
470
560
600
120
150
150
230
270
360
480
630
700
120
150
150
230
290
430
550
690
830
120
150
150
230
290
440
650
800
930
lbs.
100
120
110
110
120
120
120
130
130
120
150
150
120
150
150
120
150
150
230
290
420
560
710
870
120
150
150
230
290
440
600
750
910
120
150
150
230
290
440
650
880
1080
120
150
150
230
290
440
650
880
1120
lbs.
90
100
100
100
110
100
110
120
110
120
130
120
120
140
140
120
140
140
200
230
310
410
540
600
120
140
140
210
250
320
430
550
670
120
140
140
210
250
390
490
600
720
120
140
140
210
250
390
560
710
810
lbs.
120
150
150
130
150
160
140
170
170
150
190
200
150
200
200
150
200
200
310
390
560
770
1020
1290
150
200
200
310
390
610
830
1070
1340
150
200
200
310
390
640
960
1280
1550
150
200
200
310
390
640
960
1340
1740
lbs.
90
100
100
90
110
100
100
110
110
120
130
120
120
140
140
120
140
140
200
220
310
440
490
530
120
140
140
210
240
330
450
570
610
120
140
140
210
270
390
500
630
770
120
140
140
210
270
420
600
720
850
lbs.
90
110
110
100
110
110
110
120
120
120
140
140
120
140
140
120
140
140
210
270
380
510
660
810
120
140
140
210
270
420
550
700
850
120
140
140
210
270
420
610
830
990
120
140
140
210
270
420
610
830
1060
lbs.
80
100
90
90
100
100
100
100
100
110
120
110
110
130
130
110
130
130
180
200
280
380
490
530
110
130
130
190
220
290
390
510
610
110
130
130
190
240
350
450
550
660
110
130
130
190
240
360
520
640
740
lbs.
120
140
150
130
150
160
140
160
170
150
190
190
150
200
200
150
200
200
310
390
550
760
1010
1280
150
200
200
310
390
600
820
1060
1320
150
200
200
310
390
630
950
1260
1520
150
200
200
310
390
630
950
1320
1730
lbs.
90
100
90
90
100
100
100
110
110
110
120
120
110
140
130
110
140
140
190
220
310
430
470
500
110
140
140
210
240
320
440
550
590
110
140
140
210
260
380
490
620
750
110
140
140
210
260
410
580
700
830
lbs.
90
110
110
100
110
110
110
120
120
110
140
140
110
140
140
110
140
140
210
260
380
510
650
790
110
140
140
210
260
410
540
680
830
110
140
140
210
260
410
600
810
970
110
140
140
210
260
410
600
810
1040
lbs.
80
90
90
90
100
90
90
100
100
110
120
110
110
130
120
110
130
130
180
200
270
370
470
500
110
130
130
190
220
290
380
490
590
110
130
130
190
230
340
430
530
640
110
130
130
190
230
360
510
620
720
lbs.
110
140
140
120
150
150
130
160
160
150
180
180
150
190
190
150
190
190
300
370
530
730
970
1230
150
190
190
300
380
570
780
1010
1270
150
190
190
300
380
610
920
1190
1450
150
190
190
300
380
610
920
1280
1670
lbs.
80
100
90
90
100
100
90
100
100
110
120
110
110
130
120
110
140
140
180
210
290
400
430
470
110
140
140
200
220
300
420
500
550
110
140
140
200
250
360
460
580
720
110
140
140
200
250
390
550
660
790
lbs.
90
100
100
90
110
110
100
110
110
110
130
130
110
140
140
110
140
140
200
250
360
480
610
760
110
140
140
200
250
390
510
650
790
110
140
140
200
250
390
580
770
920
110
140
140
200
250
390
580
780
1000
lbs.
80
90
90
80
90
90
90
100
90
100
110
100
100
120
120
100
130
120
160
190
260
360
430
470
100
130
120
180
200
270
360
470
550
100
130
120
180
220
320
410
500
620
100
130
120
180
220
340
490
570
680
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for reduced body diameter lag screws (see Appendix Table L2) inserted in side grain with screw axis perpendicular to
wood fibers; screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D; screw bending yield strengths, Fyb,of 70,000 psi for D = 1/4", 60,000 psi for D = 5/16", and
45,000 psi for D 3/8".
3. Where the lag screw penetration, p, is less than 8D but not less than 4D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/8D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. The length of lag screw penetration, p, not including the length of the tapered tip, E (see Appendix Table L2), of the lag screw into the main member shall not be
less than 4D. See 12.1.4.6 for minimum length of penetration, pmin.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
105
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of
lag screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D)
Lag Screw
Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
LAG SCREWS: Reference Lateral Design Values (Z) for Single Shear
(two member) Connections1,2,3,4
D
in.
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
5/8
3/4
1-1/4
1-1/2
1-3/4
2-1/2
3-1/2
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood (open grain)
G=0.35
Northern Species
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
Zll
Zs
Zm
lbs.
110
130
140
120
140
140
130
150
150
140
170
170
140
180
190
140
180
190
290
350
500
700
930
1180
140
180
190
290
360
540
740
970
1210
140
180
190
290
360
590
890
1130
1380
140
180
190
290
360
590
890
1240
1610
lbs.
80
90
80
80
90
90
90
100
100
100
110
100
110
120
120
110
130
130
170
190
280
360
390
420
110
130
130
180
210
290
400
450
490
110
130
130
190
240
330
430
550
680
110
130
130
190
240
380
500
610
740
lbs.
80
100
100
90
100
100
100
110
110
110
130
120
110
130
130
110
130
130
190
240
340
450
580
720
110
130
130
190
240
360
480
610
750
110
130
130
190
240
380
550
730
870
110
130
130
190
240
380
550
750
950
lbs.
70
80
80
80
90
80
80
90
90
90
100
100
100
110
110
100
120
120
150
180
240
330
390
420
100
120
120
160
190
250
340
440
490
100
120
120
170
210
290
380
470
580
100
120
120
170
210
320
440
530
630
lbs.
110
130
130
110
140
140
120
150
150
140
170
170
140
180
180
140
180
180
280
350
490
690
910
1160
140
180
180
280
360
530
730
950
1200
140
180
180
280
360
580
880
1110
1360
140
180
180
280
360
580
880
1220
1600
lbs.
80
90
80
80
90
90
80
100
90
100
110
100
100
120
110
100
130
130
160
190
270
350
380
410
100
130
130
180
200
280
390
440
480
100
130
130
190
240
320
420
540
670
100
130
130
190
240
370
490
600
720
lbs.
80
90
90
90
100
100
90
110
110
100
120
120
100
130
130
100
130
130
190
240
330
440
570
710
100
130
130
190
240
360
470
600
740
100
130
130
190
240
370
540
710
850
100
130
130
190
240
370
540
740
940
lbs.
70
80
80
70
90
80
80
90
90
90
100
90
100
110
100
100
120
110
150
170
240
330
380
410
100
120
110
160
180
250
340
440
480
100
120
110
170
210
290
370
460
570
100
120
110
170
210
320
430
520
620
lbs.
100
120
120
110
130
130
110
130
140
130
150
150
130
170
170
130
170
170
260
310
450
630
850
1080
130
170
170
270
340
480
670
880
1110
130
170
170
270
340
550
800
1010
1240
130
170
170
270
340
550
830
1150
1480
lbs.
70
80
60
70
80
80
80
90
90
90
90
90
100
100
100
100
110
110
140
170
250
290
320
340
100
120
120
160
180
250
330
370
400
100
120
120
180
220
290
380
490
570
100
120
120
180
220
340
430
530
650
lbs.
70
90
90
80
90
90
80
100
100
100
110
110
100
120
120
100
120
120
180
210
300
400
520
640
100
120
120
180
220
320
420
540
670
100
120
120
180
220
340
500
640
760
100
120
120
180
220
340
500
680
860
lbs.
60
80
60
70
80
70
70
80
80
80
90
80
90
100
90
90
110
100
130
150
210
290
320
340
90
110
100
140
160
220
300
370
400
90
110
100
150
190
250
320
420
510
90
110
100
150
190
290
370
460
550
lbs.
100
120
120
100
130
130
110
130
130
130
150
150
130
170
170
130
170
170
260
310
440
620
840
1070
130
170
170
260
340
480
660
870
1090
130
170
170
260
340
540
780
990
1220
130
170
170
260
340
540
820
1140
1450
lbs.
70
80
60
70
80
70
70
90
80
80
90
90
90
100
100
90
110
110
140
160
240
280
310
330
90
120
120
150
170
250
320
360
380
90
120
120
170
210
280
370
480
550
90
120
120
170
220
330
420
520
630
lbs.
70
90
80
80
90
90
80
90
90
90
110
110
90
120
120
90
120
120
170
210
290
390
510
630
90
120
120
170
220
310
420
530
650
90
120
120
170
220
340
490
620
750
90
120
120
170
220
340
490
670
850
lbs.
60
70
60
60
80
70
70
80
70
80
80
80
90
90
90
90
100
100
130
150
210
280
310
330
90
110
100
140
150
210
300
360
380
90
110
100
150
190
240
320
410
500
90
110
100
150
190
280
370
450
540
lbs.
90
120
120
100
120
120
110
130
130
130
150
150
130
160
170
130
160
170
250
300
430
610
820
1050
130
160
170
260
330
460
640
850
1070
130
160
170
260
330
530
760
970
1190
130
160
170
260
330
530
800
1110
1410
lbs.
70
80
60
70
80
70
70
80
80
80
90
90
90
100
90
90
110
100
140
160
240
270
290
320
90
110
110
140
170
240
310
330
370
90
110
110
170
200
270
360
470
530
90
110
110
170
210
320
410
500
620
lbs.
70
80
80
70
90
90
80
90
90
90
100
100
90
110
110
90
110
110
170
200
280
380
490
620
90
110
110
170
210
300
410
520
640
90
110
110
170
210
330
480
600
730
90
110
110
170
210
330
480
650
830
lbs.
60
70
60
60
70
70
70
80
70
70
80
80
80
90
80
80
100
90
120
140
200
270
290
320
80
100
100
130
150
210
290
330
370
80
100
100
150
180
240
310
390
490
80
100
100
150
180
280
360
430
520
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for reduced body diameter lag screws (see Appendix Table L2) inserted in side grain with screw axis perpendicular to
wood fibers; screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D; screw bending yield strengths, Fyb,of 70,000 psi for D = 1/4", 60,000 psi for D = 5/16", and
45,000 psi for D 3/8".
3. Where the lag screw penetration, p, is less than 8D but not less than 4D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/8D or lateral design values shall
be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. The length of lag screw penetration, p, not including the length of the tapered tip, E (see Appendix Table L2), of the lag screw into the main member shall not be
less than 4D. See 12.1.4.6 for minimum length of penetration, pmin.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUINCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
ts
in.
1/2
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
LAG SCREWS
Table 12J
(Cont.)
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
G=0.35
Northern Species
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
in.
0.075
1/4
(14 gage) 5/16
3/8
0.105
1/4
(12 gage) 5/16
3/8
0.120
1/4
(11 gage) 5/16
3/8
0.134
1/4
(10 gage) 5/16
3/8
0.179
1/4
(7 gage) 5/16
3/8
0.239
1/4
(3 gage) 5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1/4
1/4
5/16
3/8
7/16
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
for sawn lumber or SCL with ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel side plate (for ts<1/4") or
ASTM A 36 steel side plate (for ts=1/4")
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of lag
screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
Lag Screw
Diameter
Table 12K
Side Member
Thickness
LAG SCREWS
106
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
Zll
lbs.
170
220
220
180
230
230
190
230
240
200
240
240
220
260
270
240
300
310
420
510
770
1110
1510
1940
240
310
320
480
580
850
1200
1600
2040
lbs.
130
160
160
140
170
160
150
170
170
150
180
170
170
190
190
180
220
220
290
340
490
670
880
1100
180
220
220
320
390
530
730
930
1150
lbs.
160
200
200
170
210
210
180
210
220
180
220
220
210
240
250
220
280
280
390
470
710
1020
1390
1780
220
280
290
440
540
780
1100
1470
1870
lbs.
120
140
140
130
150
140
130
150
150
140
160
150
150
170
170
160
190
190
260
300
430
590
780
960
160
200
190
280
340
470
640
820
1000
lbs.
150
190
200
160
200
200
170
210
210
180
210
220
200
230
240
210
270
270
380
460
680
980
1330
1710
210
270
280
420
520
750
1060
1410
1800
lbs.
110
130
130
120
140
140
120
140
140
130
150
140
150
160
160
150
180
180
240
290
400
560
730
910
150
180
180
270
320
440
600
770
950
lbs.
150
190
190
160
200
200
170
200
210
170
210
210
200
230
240
210
260
270
370
450
680
970
1320
1700
210
270
270
420
510
740
1050
1400
1780
lbs.
110
130
130
120
140
130
120
140
140
130
140
140
140
160
160
150
180
180
240
280
400
550
710
890
150
180
180
260
320
440
590
750
930
lbs.
150
190
190
160
190
200
160
200
200
170
200
210
190
230
230
200
260
260
360
440
660
950
1280
1650
200
260
270
410
500
720
1020
1360
1730
lbs.
100
130
120
110
130
130
120
140
130
120
140
140
140
150
150
140
170
170
230
270
380
530
690
860
140
170
170
250
310
420
570
720
900
lbs.
140
180
180
150
190
190
160
190
200
160
200
200
190
220
220
190
250
250
350
430
640
920
1250
1600
200
250
260
390
480
700
990
1320
1680
lbs.
100
120
120
110
130
120
110
130
130
120
130
130
130
150
140
140
160
160
220
260
370
500
650
820
140
170
160
240
290
400
540
690
850
lbs.
140
180
180
150
190
190
160
190
190
160
200
200
190
220
220
190
250
250
350
420
630
910
1230
1590
190
250
250
390
480
690
980
1310
1660
lbs.
100
120
120
110
120
120
110
130
120
110
130
130
130
150
140
130
160
160
220
260
360
500
650
810
130
160
160
230
290
400
530
680
840
lbs.
130
170
170
140
180
180
150
180
180
150
190
190
180
210
210
180
230
240
330
400
600
860
1170
1500
180
230
240
370
460
660
930
1240
1570
lbs.
90
110
110
100
110
110
100
120
110
110
120
120
120
130
130
120
150
140
200
240
330
450
590
740
120
150
150
220
270
370
490
630
770
lbs.
130
170
170
140
170
180
150
180
180
150
180
190
170
200
210
180
230
230
330
400
590
850
1160
1480
180
230
240
360
450
650
920
1220
1550
lbs.
90
110
100
100
110
110
100
120
110
100
120
120
120
130
130
120
150
140
200
230
330
450
590
730
120
150
140
210
260
360
480
620
760
lbs.
130
160
170
140
170
170
140
180
180
150
180
180
170
200
200
180
230
230
320
390
580
840
1140
1460
180
230
230
360
440
640
900
1200
1530
lbs.
90
100
100
90
110
110
100
110
110
100
120
110
120
130
130
120
140
140
190
230
320
440
570
710
120
140
140
210
260
350
470
600
740
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for reduced body diameter lag screws (see Appendix Table L2) inserted in side grain with screw axis perpendicular to
wood fibers; screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 8D; dowel bearing strengths, Fe, of 61,850 psi for ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel and 87,000 psi
for ASTM A36 steel and screw bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 70,000 psi for D = 1/4", 60,000 psi for D = 5/16", and 45,000 psi for D 3/8".
3. Where the lag screw penetration, p, is less than 8D but not less than 4D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/8D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. The length of lag screw penetration, p, not including the length of the tapered tip, E (see Appendix Table L2), of the lag screw into the main member shall not be
less than 4D. See 12.1.4.6 for minimum length of penetration, pmin.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
107
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
1-3/4
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
1-1/2
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
1-1/4
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
lbs.
88
96
107
121
130
156
168
94
104
120
136
146
173
184
94
104
120
142
153
192
203
94
104
120
142
153
193
213
94
104
120
142
153
193
213
94
104
120
142
153
193
213
94
104
120
142
153
193
213
lbs.
67
74
82
94
101
123
133
76
83
92
103
111
133
142
79
87
101
114
122
144
154
79
87
101
118
128
161
178
79
87
101
118
128
161
178
79
87
101
118
128
161
178
79
87
101
118
128
161
178
lbs.
59
65
73
83
90
110
120
66
72
80
91
97
117
126
72
80
88
99
107
126
135
72
80
92
108
117
147
157
72
80
92
108
117
147
163
72
80
92
108
117
147
163
72
80
92
108
117
147
163
lbs.
57
63
71
81
87
107
117
64
70
77
88
94
114
123
71
77
85
96
103
122
131
71
78
90
106
114
143
152
71
78
90
106
114
144
159
71
78
90
106
114
144
159
71
78
90
106
114
144
159
lbs.
53
59
66
76
82
100
110
59
64
72
81
88
106
115
65
71
78
88
95
113
122
67
74
85
100
108
131
139
67
74
85
100
108
137
151
67
74
85
100
108
137
151
67
74
85
100
108
137
151
lbs.
49
54
61
70
75
93
102
53
58
65
74
80
97
106
58
64
71
80
86
103
111
63
69
80
94
101
118
126
63
69
80
94
101
128
141
63
69
80
94
101
128
141
63
69
80
94
101
128
141
lbs.
47
52
59
68
73
91
99
52
56
63
72
78
95
103
57
62
69
78
83
100
108
61
68
78
90
97
114
122
61
68
78
92
99
125
138
61
68
78
92
99
125
138
61
68
78
92
99
125
138
lbs.
41
45
51
59
64
79
87
44
48
54
62
67
82
89
47
52
58
66
71
86
93
55
60
67
75
81
96
102
55
60
70
82
88
108
115
55
60
70
82
88
111
123
55
60
70
82
88
111
123
lbs.
40
44
50
58
63
78
86
43
47
53
61
65
80
87
46
50
56
64
69
84
91
54
59
65
73
78
93
100
54
59
68
80
87
105
111
54
59
68
80
87
109
120
54
59
68
80
87
109
120
lbs.
38
42
48
56
60
75
83
41
45
51
58
63
77
84
44
48
54
61
66
80
87
51
56
62
70
75
89
95
52
57
66
78
84
100
106
52
57
66
78
84
106
117
52
57
66
78
84
106
117
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for rolled thread wood screws (see Appendix Table L3) inserted in side grain with screw axis perpendicular to wood fibers;
screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; and screw bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" <
D 0.177", 80,000 psi for 0.177" < D 0.236", and 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the wood screw penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
3/4
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
5/8
D
in.
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
1/2
Wood Screw
Number
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of
wood screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
Wood Screw
Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
WOOD SCREWS
Table 12L
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
0.239
(3 gage)
G=0.35
Northern Species
0.179
(7 gage)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
0.134
(10 gage)
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
0.120
(11 gage)
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
0.105
(12 gage)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
0.075
(14 gage)
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
0.060
(16 gage)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch(N)
0.048
(18 gage)
D
in.
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
0.138
0.151
0.164
0.177
0.190
0.216
0.242
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
ts
in.
0.036
(20 gage)
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
for sawn lumber or SCL with ASTM 653, Grade 33 steel side plate
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of
wood screw penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
G=0.67
Red Oak
Wood Screw
Diameter
Table 12M
Side Member
Thickness
WOOD SCREWS
108
6
7
8
6
7
8
6
7
8
9
10
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
lbs.
89
99
113
90
100
114
92
101
116
136
146
95
105
119
139
150
186
204
104
114
129
148
160
196
213
110
120
135
154
166
202
219
116
126
141
160
173
209
226
126
139
160
184
198
234
251
126
139
160
188
204
256
283
lbs.
76
84
97
77
85
98
79
87
100
116
125
82
90
103
119
128
159
175
90
99
111
128
138
168
183
95
104
117
133
144
174
189
100
110
122
139
149
180
195
107
118
136
160
172
203
217
107
118
136
160
173
218
241
lbs.
70
78
89
71
79
90
73
81
92
107
116
76
84
95
110
119
147
162
84
92
103
119
128
156
170
89
97
109
124
133
162
175
93
102
114
129
139
167
181
99
109
126
148
159
189
202
99
109
126
148
159
201
222
lbs.
69
76
87
70
77
89
72
79
90
105
114
75
82
93
108
117
145
158
82
90
102
116
125
153
167
87
95
107
121
131
159
172
92
100
112
127
136
164
177
97
107
123
145
156
186
198
97
107
123
145
156
197
217
lbs.
66
72
83
67
74
84
68
75
86
100
108
71
78
89
103
111
138
151
79
86
97
111
120
146
159
83
91
102
116
125
152
164
88
96
107
121
130
157
169
92
102
117
138
149
178
190
92
102
117
138
149
187
207
lbs.
62
68
78
63
69
79
64
71
81
94
102
67
74
84
97
105
130
142
74
81
92
105
113
138
150
79
86
96
110
118
143
155
83
91
101
114
123
148
160
86
95
110
129
140
168
179
86
95
110
129
140
176
194
lbs.
60
67
77
61
68
78
63
70
79
93
100
66
72
82
95
103
127
139
73
80
90
103
111
135
147
77
84
94
107
116
140
152
81
89
99
112
121
145
157
84
93
108
127
137
165
176
84
93
108
127
137
172
190
lbs.
54
60
69
55
61
70
57
63
71
83
90
59
65
74
86
92
114
125
66
72
81
93
100
122
132
70
76
85
97
104
126
137
73
80
89
101
109
131
141
76
84
96
113
122
149
159
76
84
96
113
122
154
170
lbs.
53
59
67
54
60
69
56
61
70
82
88
58
64
73
84
91
112
123
65
71
80
91
98
120
130
68
75
84
95
103
124
134
72
79
88
100
107
129
139
74
82
95
111
120
146
156
74
82
95
111
120
151
167
lbs.
52
57
66
53
58
67
54
60
68
79
86
57
62
71
82
88
109
120
63
69
77
89
96
116
126
67
73
82
93
100
121
131
70
77
86
97
104
126
135
72
80
92
108
117
143
152
72
80
92
108
117
147
162
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for rolled thread wood screws (see Appendix L) inserted in side grain with screw axis perpendicular to wood fibers; screw
penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; dowel bearing strength, Fe, of 61,850 psi for ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel and screw bending yield strengths,
Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" < D 0.177", 80,000 psi for 0.177"< D 0.236", 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the wood screw penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
109
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
Sinker Nail
Box Nail
lbs.
73
94
107
121
127
135
154
183
200
206
216
229
234
73
94
107
121
127
135
154
184
213
222
243
268
274
73
94
107
121
127
135
154
184
213
222
243
268
276
73
94
107
121
127
135
154
184
213
222
243
268
276
94
107
121
135
154
184
213
222
243
268
276
lbs.
61
79
89
101
104
108
121
138
153
157
166
178
182
61
79
89
101
106
113
128
154
178
183
192
202
207
61
79
89
101
106
113
128
154
178
185
203
224
230
61
79
89
101
106
113
128
154
178
185
203
224
230
79
89
101
113
128
154
178
185
203
224
230
lbs.
55
72
80
87
90
94
105
121
134
138
147
158
162
55
72
81
93
97
103
118
141
155
159
167
177
181
55
72
81
93
97
103
118
141
163
170
186
200
204
55
72
81
93
97
103
118
141
163
170
186
205
211
72
81
93
103
118
141
163
170
186
205
211
lbs.
54
71
77
84
87
91
102
117
130
134
143
154
158
54
71
80
91
95
101
115
137
150
154
162
171
175
54
71
80
91
95
101
115
138
159
166
182
193
197
54
71
80
91
95
101
115
138
159
166
182
201
206
71
80
91
101
115
138
159
166
182
201
206
lbs.
51
65
71
78
80
84
94
108
121
125
133
144
147
51
67
76
86
90
96
109
125
138
142
149
159
162
51
67
76
86
90
96
109
131
151
157
169
177
181
51
67
76
86
90
96
109
131
151
157
172
190
196
67
76
86
96
109
131
151
157
172
190
196
lbs.
48
58
64
70
73
76
85
99
111
114
122
132
136
48
63
71
80
84
89
99
113
125
128
135
144
148
48
63
71
80
84
89
102
122
141
145
152
160
163
48
63
71
80
84
89
102
122
141
147
161
178
181
63
71
80
89
102
122
141
147
161
178
183
lbs.
47
57
62
68
70
74
83
96
107
111
119
129
132
47
61
69
79
82
86
96
109
121
124
131
140
143
47
61
69
79
82
88
100
120
136
140
147
155
158
47
61
69
79
82
88
100
120
138
144
158
172
175
61
69
79
88
100
120
138
144
158
174
179
lbs.
39
47
52
57
60
63
70
82
92
96
103
112
115
42
55
60
66
68
71
80
91
102
105
111
120
123
42
55
62
70
73
78
89
103
113
116
123
130
133
42
55
62
70
73
78
89
106
123
128
135
143
146
55
62
70
78
89
106
123
128
140
155
159
lbs.
38
46
50
56
58
61
69
80
90
93
101
110
113
41
54
59
64
66
69
77
89
99
102
109
117
120
41
54
60
69
72
76
87
100
110
113
119
127
129
41
54
60
69
72
76
87
104
121
126
131
138
141
54
60
69
76
87
104
121
126
137
151
154
lbs.
36
44
48
54
56
58
66
77
87
90
97
106
109
40
51
56
61
63
66
74
85
95
98
104
112
115
40
52
59
67
70
74
84
95
105
108
114
121
124
40
52
59
67
70
74
84
101
117
120
125
132
135
52
59
67
74
84
101
117
122
133
144
147
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for common, box, or sinker steel wire nails (see Appendix Table L4) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood fibers;
nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; and nail bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" < D 0.177",
80,000 psi for 0.177" < D 0.236", and 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the nail or spike penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values shall be
calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. Nail length is insufficient to provide 10D penetration. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be adjusted per footnote 3.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
D
Pennyweight
in.
0.099
6d 7d
0.113 6d 8d 8d
0.120
10d
0.128
10d
0.131 8d
0.135
16d 12d
0.148 10d 20d 16d
0.162 16d 40d
0.177
20d
0.192 20d
30d
0.207 30d
40d
0.225 40d
0.244 50d
60d
1
0.099
6d 7d
4
0.113 6d
8d 8d
0.120
10d
0.128
10d
0.131 8d
0.135
16d 12d
0.148 10d 20d 16d
0.162 16d 40d
0.177
20d
0.192 20d
30d
0.207 30d
40d
0.225 40d
0.244 50d
60d
1-1/4 0.099
6d 4 7d 4
4
4
8d 8d
0.113 6d
0.120
10d
0.128
10d
0.131 8d 4
0.135
16d 12d
0.148 10d 20d 16d
0.162 16d 40d
0.177
20d
0.192 20d
30d
0.207 30d
40d
0.225 40d
0.244 50d
60d
1-1/2 0.099
7d 4
4
4
0.113
8d 8d
0.120
10d
0.128
10d
0.131 8d 4
0.135
16d 12d
0.148 10d 20d 16d
0.162 16d 40d
0.177
20d
0.192 20d
30d
0.207 30d
40d
0.225 40d
0.244 50d
60d
1-3/4 0.113
8d 4
4
0.120
10d
4
0.128
10d
0.135
16d 12d
0.148 10d4 20d 16d
0.162 16d 40d
0.177
20d
0.192 20d
30d
0.207 30d
40d
0.225 40d
0.244 50d
60d
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
3/4
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity (tabulated lateral design values
are calculated based on an assumed length of nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
Nail Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
Table 12N
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
G=0.67
Red Oak
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
ts
Sinker Nail
for sawn lumber or SCL with ASTM 653, Grade 33 steel side plate
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of nail
penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
Box Nail
Nail Diameter
Table 12P
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
110
lbs.
69
89
100
114
120
127
145
70
90
101
115
120
128
145
174
201
209
229
72
92
103
117
122
129
147
175
202
210
229
253
260
75
95
106
120
125
132
150
178
204
212
231
254
261
84
104
115
129
134
141
159
187
213
220
238
260
268
lbs.
59
76
86
97
102
108
123
60
77
87
98
103
109
124
148
171
178
195
62
79
88
100
104
111
126
150
172
179
195
215
221
65
82
91
103
107
113
129
152
175
182
198
217
223
73
90
100
111
116
122
137
161
183
189
205
223
230
lbs.
54
70
79
90
94
100
114
55
71
80
91
95
101
115
137
158
164
179
57
73
82
92
97
102
116
138
159
165
180
199
204
60
76
85
95
99
105
119
141
162
168
183
201
206
68
84
93
103
107
113
127
149
169
175
190
207
212
lbs.
53
69
77
88
92
98
111
54
70
78
89
93
99
112
134
155
161
176
56
72
80
91
95
100
114
135
156
162
177
195
200
59
75
83
93
97
103
117
138
158
165
179
197
202
67
82
91
101
105
111
125
146
166
172
186
203
208
lbs.
51
66
74
84
88
93
106
52
67
75
85
89
94
107
128
147
153
167
54
68
76
86
90
96
109
129
149
154
168
185
191
56
71
79
89
93
98
111
132
151
157
171
187
193
64
79
87
97
101
106
119
140
159
164
177
193
199
lbs.
48
62
69
79
82
87
100
49
63
70
80
83
88
101
120
138
144
157
51
64
72
81
85
90
102
121
140
145
158
174
179
53
67
75
84
88
93
105
124
142
148
161
176
181
60
74
82
91
95
100
113
132
149
155
167
182
187
lbs.
47
60
68
77
81
86
98
48
61
69
78
82
87
99
118
136
141
154
50
63
71
80
83
88
100
119
137
142
155
171
176
52
66
73
82
86
91
103
122
139
145
157
173
178
59
73
80
90
93
98
110
129
147
152
164
179
183
lbs.
42
54
61
69
72
77
87
43
55
62
70
73
78
88
105
122
126
138
45
57
63
72
75
79
90
107
123
128
139
153
157
47
59
66
74
77
82
92
109
125
130
141
155
159
53
66
73
81
84
88
99
116
132
137
147
161
165
lbs.
41
53
60
68
71
75
86
42
54
61
69
72
76
87
104
119
124
136
44
56
62
70
73
78
88
105
121
125
137
150
155
46
58
65
73
76
80
91
107
123
128
139
152
156
53
65
71
79
82
87
98
114
130
134
145
158
162
lbs.
40
52
58
66
69
73
83
41
53
59
67
70
74
84
101
116
121
132
43
54
61
68
71
76
86
102
117
122
133
146
150
45
57
63
71
74
78
88
104
120
124
135
148
152
51
63
69
77
80
84
95
111
126
131
141
153
158
in.
0.036
(20 gage)
0.048
(18 gage)
0.060
(16 gage)
0.075
(14 gage)
0.105
(12 gage)
in.
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
Pennyweight
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for common, box, or sinker steel wire nails (see Appendix Table L4) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood
fibers; nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; dowel bearing strength, Fe, of 61,850 psi for ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel and nail bending yield
strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" < D 0.177", 80,000 psi for 0.177" < D 0.236", 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the nail or spike penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
111
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
Sinker Nail
Box Nail
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
0.239
(3 gage)
lbs.
90
110
121
134
140
147
165
193
218
226
244
265
272
95
116
127
140
146
153
172
199
224
232
249
270
277
97
126
142
161
168
175
195
224
249
256
272
292
299
97
126
142
161
169
180
205
245
284
295
310
328
336
lbs.
78
95
105
116
121
127
143
166
188
195
210
228
234
82
100
110
122
126
132
148
172
194
200
215
233
239
82
107
121
137
144
152
170
194
215
222
236
252
258
82
107
121
137
144
153
174
209
241
251
270
285
291
lbs.
72
89
97
108
112
118
133
154
174
181
194
211
217
76
93
102
113
117
123
138
160
180
186
199
216
221
76
99
111
126
132
141
158
180
200
206
219
234
240
76
99
111
126
132
141
160
192
222
231
251
265
271
lbs.
71
87
96
106
110
116
130
152
171
177
191
207
213
74
92
100
111
115
121
135
157
176
182
196
212
217
74
97
109
124
130
138
155
177
197
203
215
230
235
74
97
109
124
130
138
157
188
218
227
246
260
266
lbs.
68
83
91
101
105
110
124
145
163
169
182
198
203
71
88
96
106
110
115
129
150
169
174
187
202
207
71
92
104
118
123
131
148
169
188
194
205
220
225
71
92
104
118
123
131
149
179
207
216
236
249
254
lbs.
64
79
86
96
99
104
117
137
154
159
172
186
191
66
83
91
100
104
109
122
142
159
164
176
191
195
66
86
97
111
116
123
140
160
178
183
194
207
212
66
86
97
111
116
123
140
168
195
202
222
235
240
lbs.
63
77
85
94
97
102
115
134
151
156
168
183
187
65
81
89
98
102
107
120
139
156
161
173
187
192
65
84
95
108
114
121
137
157
174
179
190
203
208
65
84
95
108
114
121
137
165
191
198
217
231
236
lbs.
57
70
76
85
88
92
104
121
136
141
151
164
169
58
73
80
89
92
96
108
125
141
145
156
168
173
58
76
85
97
102
108
123
142
157
162
172
184
188
58
76
85
97
102
108
123
147
170
177
194
209
213
lbs.
56
68
75
83
86
91
102
119
134
138
149
161
166
56
72
79
87
90
95
106
123
138
143
153
165
170
56
74
83
94
99
105
121
140
155
159
169
180
185
56
74
83
94
99
105
121
145
167
174
191
205
210
lbs.
53
66
73
81
84
88
99
115
130
135
145
157
161
54
69
76
85
88
92
104
120
135
139
149
161
165
54
70
79
90
94
100
117
136
151
155
164
176
180
54
70
79
90
94
100
117
140
162
169
185
200
204
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for common, box, or sinker steel wire nails (see Appendix Table L4) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood
fibers; nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; dowel bearing strength, Fe, of 61,850 psi for ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel and nail bending yield
strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" < D 0.177", 80,000 psi for 0.177" < D 0.236", 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the nail or spike penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values
shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
0.179
(7 gage)
Pennyweight
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
30d
40d
40d
50d
60d
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
0.134
(10 gage)
D
in.
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.207
0.225
0.244
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
0.120
(11 gage)
for sawn lumber or SCL with ASTM 653, Grade 33 steel side plate
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of nail
penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
Nail Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
Table 12P
(Cont.)
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12Q
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
1-1/4
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
1-1/8
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
23/32
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
19/32
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
15/32
Pennyweight
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
6d 7d
4
6d
8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
G=0.67
Red Oak
7/16
Sinker Nail
D
in.
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.099 5
5
0.113
0.1205
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.1285
0.1315
0.1355
0.1485
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
Box Nail
Nail Diameter
ts
in.
3/8
for sawn lumber or SCL with wood structural panel side members with an effective G=0.50
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of nail
penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D)
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
112
lbs.
47
60
67
75
78
83
94
50
62
69
77
80
85
96
114
51
64
70
78
82
86
97
115
58
70
77
85
88
93
104
121
137
142
62
78
85
93
96
101
113
130
145
150
62
81
92
104
109
116
132
154
169
174
104
109
116
132
158
181
186
132
158
183
191
lbs.
45
56
62
70
73
78
88
47
58
65
72
75
80
90
106
48
60
66
74
77
81
91
108
55
66
73
80
83
87
98
114
128
133
58
74
80
88
91
95
106
122
137
141
58
75
85
97
101
108
123
146
160
164
97
101
108
123
147
170
176
123
147
170
177
lbs.
43
54
60
68
71
75
85
45
56
63
70
73
77
87
102
47
58
64
71
74
78
88
104
53
64
70
78
80
84
95
110
124
128
55
72
78
85
88
92
103
118
132
136
55
72
81
93
97
103
118
141
155
159
93
97
103
118
141
163
170
118
141
163
170
lbs.
43
54
60
67
70
74
84
45
56
62
69
72
76
86
101
46
57
63
71
73
77
87
103
53
64
70
77
80
84
94
109
123
127
55
71
77
85
87
91
102
117
131
135
55
71
81
92
96
102
116
139
154
158
92
96
102
116
139
161
168
116
139
161
168
lbs.
42
52
58
65
68
72
82
44
55
60
68
70
74
84
99
45
56
62
69
72
76
85
100
51
62
68
75
78
82
92
107
120
124
53
69
76
83
86
89
100
115
128
132
53
69
78
89
93
99
113
135
151
155
89
93
99
113
135
157
163
113
135
157
163
lbs.
40
51
56
63
66
70
79
43
53
59
66
68
72
81
96
44
54
60
67
70
73
83
97
50
61
66
73
76
79
89
103
116
120
51
67
73
80
83
87
97
111
124
128
51
67
76
86
90
96
109
131
146
150
86
90
96
109
131
151
157
109
131
151
157
lbs.
40
50
56
63
65
69
78
42
52
58
65
67
71
80
95
44
54
59
66
69
72
82
96
50
60
66
72
75
79
88
102
115
119
51
66
73
80
82
86
96
110
123
127
51
66
75
85
89
94
108
129
145
149
85
89
94
108
129
149
155
108
129
149
155
lbs.
38
47
52
59
61
65
73
40
49
55
61
63
67
76
89
41
51
56
62
65
68
77
90
47
57
62
68
71
74
83
96
108
112
47
62
69
75
78
81
91
104
116
120
47
62
69
79
83
88
100
120
137
141
79
83
88
100
120
139
145
100
120
139
145
lbs.
37
47
52
58
61
64
72
40
49
54
60
63
66
75
88
41
50
55
62
64
67
76
89
46
56
61
68
70
73
82
95
107
111
47
61
68
75
77
81
90
103
115
118
47
61
69
78
82
87
99
119
136
140
78
82
87
99
119
137
143
99
119
137
143
lbs.
37
46
51
57
60
63
71
39
48
53
59
62
65
73
86
40
49
54
61
63
66
75
88
46
55
60
67
69
72
81
94
105
109
46
60
67
74
76
79
89
102
113
116
46
60
67
77
80
85
97
116
134
138
77
80
85
97
116
135
140
97
116
135
140
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for common, box, or sinker steel wire nails (see Appendix Table L4) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood fibers; nail
penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D and nail bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000 psi for 0.142" < D 0.177", 80,000 psi
for 0.177" < D 0.236", and 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the nail or spike penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design values shall be
calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. Nail length is insufficient to provide 10D penetration. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be adjusted per footnote 3.
5. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be permitted to apply for greater side member thickness when adjusted per footnote 3.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
113
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir(S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
Sinker Nail
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
1-1/4
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
1-1/8
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
23/32
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
19/32
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
15/32
Pennyweight
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
6d 7d
6d 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
6d 7d
6d 4 8d 8d
10d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
10d
8d
16d 12d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
10d 20d 16d
16d 40d
20d
20d
30d
G=0.67
Red Oak
7/16
Box Nail
D
in.
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.099
0.113
0.120
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.099 5
5
0.113
0.1205
0.128
0.131
0.135
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.128 5
0.1315
0.1355
0.1485
0.162
0.177
0.192
0.148
0.162
0.177
0.192
lbs.
41
52
58
66
69
73
84
42
53
59
67
70
74
84
100
43
54
60
68
70
75
85
101
47
58
64
71
74
78
88
103
118
123
52
63
69
76
79
83
93
108
122
127
56
73
82
91
93
97
109
124
137
141
93
98
104
117
132
146
150
118
141
155
159
lbs.
39
49
55
62
65
69
79
40
50
56
63
66
70
80
95
41
51
57
64
67
71
80
95
45
55
61
68
70
74
84
98
112
116
50
60
66
73
75
79
89
103
116
120
53
68
77
87
89
93
104
118
131
135
88
92
98
111
127
139
143
111
134
148
152
lbs.
37
48
53
60
63
67
76
39
49
54
61
64
68
77
92
40
50
55
62
65
68
78
92
44
54
59
66
68
72
81
95
108
112
48
58
64
71
73
77
86
100
113
117
51
66
75
85
87
91
101
115
128
131
85
89
94
108
123
136
139
108
129
144
148
lbs.
37
47
53
60
63
66
76
38
48
54
61
64
67
76
91
39
49
55
62
64
68
77
91
43
53
59
65
68
71
81
94
108
112
48
58
64
70
73
76
86
99
112
116
50
66
74
84
87
90
101
115
127
131
84
88
94
107
123
135
138
107
128
143
147
lbs.
36
46
52
59
61
65
74
38
48
53
60
62
66
75
89
39
48
54
60
63
66
75
89
43
52
58
64
67
70
79
93
105
109
47
57
62
69
71
75
84
98
110
114
49
64
72
82
85
89
99
113
125
128
82
86
91
104
120
132
136
104
125
141
144
lbs.
35
45
50
57
59
63
72
37
46
51
58
60
64
73
86
38
47
52
59
61
65
73
87
41
51
56
62
65
68
77
90
102
106
46
56
61
67
70
73
82
95
107
111
48
62
70
80
83
87
97
110
122
125
80
83
88
101
118
129
133
101
121
138
141
lbs.
35
45
50
56
59
62
71
36
46
51
57
60
63
72
85
37
47
52
58
61
64
72
86
41
50
56
62
64
68
76
89
101
105
46
55
60
67
69
72
81
94
106
110
47
61
69
79
82
86
96
109
121
124
79
82
88
100
117
128
132
100
120
136
140
lbs.
33
42
47
53
56
59
67
35
43
48
54
57
60
68
81
35
44
49
55
57
61
69
81
39
48
53
59
61
64
72
85
96
100
44
53
58
63
66
69
77
90
101
104
44
58
65
74
77
82
91
104
115
118
74
77
82
94
111
122
126
94
112
130
134
lbs.
33
42
47
53
55
58
66
34
43
48
54
56
59
67
80
35
44
49
55
57
60
68
80
39
48
52
58
61
64
72
84
95
99
43
52
57
63
65
68
77
89
100
103
44
57
64
73
77
81
91
103
114
117
73
77
81
93
110
121
125
93
111
129
133
lbs.
32
41
46
52
54
57
65
34
42
47
53
55
58
66
78
35
43
48
54
56
59
67
79
38
47
52
57
60
63
71
83
94
97
43
52
56
62
64
67
76
87
98
102
43
56
63
72
75
80
90
102
112
116
72
75
80
91
109
120
123
91
109
126
131
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for common, box, or sinker steel wire nails (see Appendix Table L4) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular
to wood fibers; nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D and nail bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 100,000 psi for 0.099" D 0.142", 90,000
psi for 0.142" < D 0.177", 80,000 psi for 0.177" < D 0.236", and 70,000 psi for 0.236" < D 0.273".
3. Where the nail or spike penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral design
values shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. Nail length is insufficient to provide 10D penetration. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be adjusted per footnote 3.
5. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be permitted to apply for greater side member thickness when adjusted per footnote 3.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
ts
in.
3/8
Nail Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
Table 12R
12
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
Table 12S
POST FRAME RING SHANK NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values, Z, for
Single Shear (two member) Connections1,2,3
for sawn lumber or SCL with both members of identical specific gravity
(tabulated lateral design values are calculated based on an assumed length of
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir (S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
Nail Length
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
3 1/2
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
2 1/2
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
1 3/4
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
1 1/2
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
1 1/4
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
3/4
D
L
in.
in.
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
3-8
0.177
3.5 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
3-8
0.177
3.5 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
3-8
0.177
3.5 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
3-8
0.177
3.5 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
3-8
0.177
3.5 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3, 3.5
0.135
3 - 4.5
0.148
4
4
0.177 3 , 3.5 ,4 - 8
4
3.5 , 4 - 8
0.200
4-8
0.207
3.54
0.135
4
0.148 3.5 , 4, 4.5
4
0.177 4 , 4.5, 5, 6, 8
4
0.200 4 , 4.5, 5, 6, 8
4
4
0.207 4 , 4.5 , 5, 6, 8
4.54
0.148
54, 6, 8
0.177
54, 6, 8
0.200
0.207
54, 6, 8
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
1/2
Nail Diameter
Side Member
Thickness
NAILS
114
lbs.
114
127
173
188
193
138
156
204
218
223
138
156
227
250
259
138
156
227
250
259
138
156
227
250
259
138
156
227
250
259
138
156
227
250
259
156
227
250
259
lbs.
89
100
139
151
156
106
118
157
168
173
115
130
181
193
197
115
130
189
208
216
115
130
189
208
216
115
130
189
208
216
115
130
189
208
216
130
189
208
216
lbs.
80
89
125
137
142
93
103
139
149
153
106
119
158
168
172
106
119
173
191
195
106
119
173
191
198
106
119
173
191
198
106
119
173
191
198
119
173
191
198
lbs.
78
87
122
134
138
90
100
134
145
149
103
116
153
163
166
103
116
170
184
188
103
116
170
187
194
103
116
170
187
194
103
116
170
187
194
116
170
187
194
lbs.
73
81
115
126
131
83
92
125
135
139
97
107
141
151
154
98
110
160
169
172
98
110
161
177
184
98
110
161
177
184
98
110
161
177
184
110
161
177
184
lbs.
67
75
107
118
122
75
84
115
124
128
87
96
128
137
140
92
103
143
152
155
92
103
150
166
172
92
103
150
166
172
92
103
150
166
172
103
150
166
172
lbs.
65
73
105
115
119
73
81
112
121
125
84
93
124
133
136
90
101
139
147
150
90
101
147
162
167
90
101
147
162
168
90
101
147
162
168
101
147
162
168
lbs.
57
64
93
102
106
62
70
97
105
109
70
78
105
113
116
80
88
116
123
126
80
90
128
136
139
80
90
131
144
149
80
90
131
144
149
90
131
144
149
lbs.
56
63
91
100
102
61
68
94
103
106
68
76
102
110
113
77
86
112
120
123
78
88
124
132
134
78
88
128
141
147
78
88
128
141
147
88
128
141
147
lbs.
54
61
88
95
96
58
65
91
99
103
65
73
98
106
109
74
82
107
115
118
76
85
118
126
128
76
85
125
137
140
76
85
125
137
142
85
125
137
142
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for post frame ring shank nails (see Appendix Table L5) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood fibers;
nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; and nail bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 130,000 psi for 0.120"< D 0.142", 115,000 psi for 0.142"< D
0.192", and 100,000 psi for 0.192"< D 0.207".
3. Where the post-frame ring shank nail penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral
design values shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
4. Nail length is insufficient to provide 10D penetration. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be adjusted per footnote 3.
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115
POST FRAME RING SHANK NAILS: Reference Lateral Design Values, Z, for
Single Shear (two member) Connections1,2,3
for sawn lumber or SCL with ASTM A653, Grade 33 steel side plates
NAILS
Table 12T
G=0.37
Redwood
(open grain)
G=0.36
Eastern Softwoods
Spruce-Pine-Fir (S)
Western Cedars
Western Woods
G=0.35
Northern Species
0.239
(3 gage)
G=0.42
Spruce-Pine-Fir
0.179
(7 gage)
G=0.43
Hem-Fir
0.134
(10 gage)
G=0.46
Douglas Fir(S)
Hem-Fir(N)
0.120
(11 gage)
G=0.49
Douglas Fir-Larch
(N)
0.105
(12 gage)
L
in.
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
3, 3.5
3 - 4.5
3-8
3.5 - 8
4-8
lbs.
130
142
171
177
178
131
147
213
235
237
132
148
214
235
244
134
150
216
237
246
142
159
223
244
252
147
164
228
249
257
152
169
234
254
262
172
191
256
276
283
184
207
293
312
319
lbs.
111
125
171
177
178
111
125
182
200
207
113
126
183
201
208
115
129
185
203
210
122
137
192
209
216
127
141
197
214
221
132
147
202
219
225
149
166
222
238
245
156
176
255
271
277
lbs.
102
115
167
177
178
103
116
168
184
191
104
117
169
185
192
106
119
171
187
194
113
127
178
194
200
118
131
182
198
204
122
136
187
203
209
139
154
206
221
227
144
162
236
252
258
lbs.
100
113
164
177
178
101
113
164
181
187
102
115
165
182
188
104
117
167
183
190
111
124
174
190
196
115
129
179
194
200
120
134
184
199
205
136
151
202
217
223
141
159
232
248
253
lbs.
95
107
156
172
178
96
108
156
172
178
97
109
157
173
179
100
112
160
175
181
106
119
166
181
187
110
123
171
185
191
115
128
175
190
196
131
145
193
208
213
134
151
220
237
242
lbs.
89
101
146
161
167
90
101
147
162
168
92
103
148
163
168
94
105
150
164
170
100
112
157
171
176
104
116
161
175
180
108
120
165
179
185
123
137
183
196
201
126
142
207
224
229
lbs.
88
99
143
158
164
88
99
144
158
164
90
101
145
159
165
92
103
147
161
167
98
110
154
167
173
102
114
158
171
177
106
118
162
176
181
121
134
179
192
197
124
139
203
220
224
lbs.
78
88
128
141
146
79
89
129
142
147
81
90
130
143
148
83
93
132
145
150
88
99
138
150
155
92
103
142
154
159
96
107
146
158
163
105
121
162
174
178
106
124
179
199
203
lbs.
77
87
126
139
144
78
87
127
139
144
79
89
128
140
145
81
91
130
142
147
87
97
136
148
153
90
101
140
152
156
93
105
144
156
160
102
118
159
171
175
102
120
174
195
199
lbs.
75
84
122
135
140
76
85
123
135
140
77
86
124
136
141
79
88
126
138
143
83
94
132
144
148
86
98
136
147
152
88
102
140
151
156
98
113
153
166
170
98
114
165
189
194
1. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Tabulated lateral design values, Z, are for post frame ring shank nails (see Appendix Table L5) inserted in side grain with nail axis perpendicular to wood fibers;
nail penetration, p, into the main member equal to 10D; and nail bending yield strengths, Fyb, of 130,000 psi for 0.120"< D 0.142" 115,000 psi for 0.142"< D
0.192", and 100,000 psi for 0.192"< D 0.207".
3. Where the post-frame ring shank nail penetration, p, is less than 10D but not less than 6D, tabulated lateral design values, Z, shall be multiplied by p/10D or lateral
design values shall be calculated using the provisions of 12.3 for the reduced penetration.
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DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
0.075
(14 gage)
G=0.5
Douglas Fir-Larch
0.060
(16 gage)
G=0.55
Mixed Maple
Southern Pine
0.048
(18 gage)
D
in.
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
0.135
0.148
0.177
0.200
0.207
G=0.67
Red Oak
ts
in.
0.036
(20 gage)
Nail Length
Side Member
Thickness
Nail Diameter
12
116
DOWEL-TYPE FASTENERS
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117
13.1 General
118
119
125
Table 13A
Table 13.2A
Table 13.2B
Table 13.2.3
Table 13.2.4
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13
118
13.1 General
13.1.1 Scope
Figure 13C
13.1.2 Terminology
A connector unit shall be defined as one of the following:
(a) One split ring with its bolt or lag screw in single shear (see Figure 13A).
(b) Two shear plates used back to back in the contact faces of a wood-to-wood connection with
their bolt or lag screw in single shear (see Figures 13B and 13C).
(c) One shear plate with its bolt or lag screw in single shear used in conjunction with a steel strap
or shape in a wood-to-metal connection (see
Figures 13B and 13C).
Figure 13A
Figure 13B
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
shall be designed to produce daps and grooves conforming accurately to the dimensions and shape of the
particular split ring or shear plate connectors used.
13.1.4.2 Where lag screws are used in place of
bolts, the hole for the unthreaded shank shall be the
same diameter as the shank. The diameter of the hole
for the threaded portion of the lag screw shall be approximately 70% of the shank diameter, or as specified
in 12.1.4.2.
13.1.4.3 In installation of split ring or shear plate
connectors and bolts or lag screws, a nut shall be placed
on each bolt, and washers, not smaller than the size
specified in Appendix K, shall be placed between the
outside wood member and the bolt or lag screw head
and between the outside wood member and nut. Where
an outside member of a shear plate connection is a steel
strap or shape, the washer is not required, except where
a longer bolt or lag screw is used, in which case, the
washer prevents the metal plate or shape from bearing
on the threaded portion of the bolt or lag screw.
13.1.4.4 Reference design values for split ring and
shear plate connectors are based on the assumption that
the faces of the members are brought into contact when
the connector units are installed, and allow for seasonal
variations after the wood has reached the moisture content normal to the conditions of service. Where split
ring or shear plate connectors are installed in wood
which is not seasoned to the moisture content normal to
the conditions of service, the connections shall be tightened by turning down the nuts periodically until moisture equilibrium is reached.
Species Group
A
B
C
D
Specific Gravity, G
G 0.60
0.49 G < 0.60
0.42 G < 0.49
G < 0.42
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119
13
1/2
2-1/2
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AMERICAN
AMERICANWOOD
WOODCOUNCIL
COUNCIL
Number of faces
of member with
connectors on
same bolt
in.
1"
minimum
1-1/2" or
thicker
1-1/2"
minimum
2" or
thicker
1"
minimum
1-1/2"
1-5/8" or
thicker
1-1/2"
minimum
2"
2-1/2"
3" or
thicker
Net
thickness
of member
3520
4250
5000
5260
4110
4950
5830
6140
5160
5260
3510
4090
6020
6140
2730
2100
2730
3160
2430
3160
3540
4160
4380
2940
4280
4380
2920
2290
1760
2290
3050
3600
3790
2540
3710
3790
2520
1960
1510
1960
1. Tabulated lateral design values (P,Q) for split ring connector units shall be multiplied to all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
3/4
in.
in.
Bolt
diameter
Split
ring
diameter
3440
4050
4270
2980
4180
4270
2840
2280
1750
2280
2960
3480
3660
2450
3590
3660
2440
1940
1500
1940
2460
2890
3050
2040
2990
3050
2040
1620
1250
1620
2120
2500
2630
1760
2580
2630
1760
1390
1070
1390
Tabulated design values1 apply to ONE split ring and bolt in single shear.
116
120
SPLIT
SPLITRING
RINGAND
ANDSHEAR
SHEARPLATE
PLATECONNECTORS
CONNECTORS
3/4
2-5/8
7/8
or
2
Number of faces
of member with
connectors on
same bolt
12
2080
2730
2860
3750
4360
2910
3240
3690
4140
4320
3190*
3330*
4370
5090*
3390
3790
4310
4830*
5030*
2700
3080
3450
3600
2420
3640
3130
2270
2380
1730
2330
2660
2980
3110
2090
3140
2700
1960
2060
1500
2010
2420
2220
2670
3110*
1-1/2"
minimum
1-1/2"
minimum
2"
2-1/2" or
thicker
1-1/2"
minimum
1-3/4" or
thicker
1-3/4"
minimum
2"
2-1/2"
3"
3-1/2" or
thicker
in.
Net
thickness
of member
SPLIT
AND
SHEAR
PLATE CONNECTORS
SPLIT RING
ANDRING
SHEAR
PLATE
CONNECTORS
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AMERICAN
AMERICAN WOOD
WOOD COUNCIL
COUNCIL
2640
3000
3360
3500
2360
3540
3040
2220
2320
1690
2170
2260
2550
2880
3000
2020
3040
2620
1910
1990
1450
1860
1880
2140
2400
2510
1680
2530
2170
1580
1650
1210
1550
1630
1850
2060
2160
1410
2200
1860
1370
1440
1040
1330
1. Tabulated lateral design values (P,Q) for shear plate connector units shall be multiplied to all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1).
2. Allowable design values for shear plate connector units shall not exceed the following:
(a) 2-5/8" shear plate ............................... 2900 pounds
(b) 4" shear plate with 3/4" bolt ............... 4400 pounds
(c) 4" shear plate with 7/8" bolt ............... 6000 pounds
The design values in Footnote 2 shall be permitted to be increased in accordance with the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Manual of Steel Construction, 9th edition, Section A5.2 Wind and
Seismic Stresses, except when design loads have already been reduced by load combination factors (see 11.2.3).
3. Loads followed by an asterisk (*) exceed those permitted by Footnote 2, but are needed for determination of design values for other angles of load to grain. Footnote 2 limitations apply in all cases.
in.
in.
3/4
Bolt
diameter
Shear
plate
diameter
Tabulated design values1,2,3 apply to ONE shear plate and bolt in single shear.
13
122
Species Group
A
B
C
D
(13.2-1)
P sin2 Q cos2
Penetration Depth Factors, Cd, for Split Ring and Shear Plate Connectors Used
with Lag Screws
Side
Member
2-1/2" Split Ring
4" Split Ring
4" Shear Plate
PQ
where:
Table 13.2.3
Cst
1.18
1.11
1.05
1.00
Wood
or
Metal
Wood
Metal
Penetration
Minimum for
Cd = 1.0
Minimum for
Cd = 0.75
Minimum for
Cd = 1.0
Minimum for
Cd = 0.75
Minimum for
Cd = 1.0
Penetration
Depth
Factor, Cd
10
11
1.0
3-1/2
4-1/2
0.75
1.0
3-1/2
4-1/2
0.75
3-1/2
4-1/2
1.0
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Figure 13D
Figure 13E
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
123
13
124
Figure 13F
(13.2-2)
PQ90
Figure 13G
QQ90
(13.2-4)
(13.2-3)
PQ
P sin2 Q cos2
Figure 13
(13.2-5)
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
125
Figure 13K
Figure 13J
13.3.1.3 Connector axis is a line joining the centers of any two adjacent connectors located in the same
face of a member (see Figure 13L).
13.3.1.4 Spacing is the distance between centers
of split ring or shear plate connectors measured along
their connector axis (see Figure 13J).
Figure 13L
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
13
126
13.3.2.1 Connectors Loaded Parallel or Perpendicular to Grain. For split ring and shear plate connectors
loaded parallel or perpendicular to grain, minimum values for edge distance, end distance, and spacing are
provided in Table 13.3 with their associated geometry
factors, C.
Where the actual value is greater than or equal to
the minimum value, but less than the minimum value
for C= 1.0, the geometry factor, C, shall be determined by linear interpolation.
13.3.2.2. Connectors Loaded at an Angle to Grain.
For split rings and shear plate connectors where the
angle between the direction of load and the direction of
grain, , is other than 0 or 90, separate geometry factors for edge distance and end distance shall be determined for the parallel and perpendicular to grain components of the resistance.
For split ring and shear plate connectors loaded at
an angle to grain, , other than 0 or 90, the minimum
spacing for C= 1.0 shall be determined in accordance
with Equation 13.3-1.
SA SB
S sin SB2 cos2
2
A
(13.3-1)
where:
S = minimum spacing along connector axis
SA = factor from Table 13.3.2.2
SB = factor from Table 13.3.2.2
= angle of connector axis to the grain
Table 13.3.2.2
Connector
2-1/2" split ring
or 2-5/8" shear
plate
SB
in.
3.50
3.75
3.88
4.13
4.25
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
S S
S2 sin2 S2 cos2
(13.3-2)
where:
127
EE
(13.3-3)
E2 sin2 E2 cos 2
where:
C = 1.00
5.50
2.75
C = 0.70
3.30
1.50
C = 1.00
5.50
2.75
C = 0.83
4.25
1.50
C = 1.00
7.00
3.75
C = 0.70
4.20
2.50
C = 1.00
7.00
3.75
C = 0.83
5.40
2.50
(b.3) Unloaded Edge Distance. The minimum unloaded edge distance parallel to the
axis of cut for C = 1.0, shall be determined
in accordance with Equation 13.3-4.
The minimum unloaded edge distance
parallel to the axis of cut for C = 0.63
shall be determined in accordance with
Equation 13.3-4.
Where the actual unloaded edge distance parallel to the axis of cut is greater
than the minimum unloaded edge distance
for C = 0.63, but less than the minimum
unloaded edge distance for C = 1.0, the
geometry factor, C, shall be determined by
linear interpolation.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
13
128
UU
(13.3-4)
U sin U cos
2
EU
E2 sin2 U2 cos 2
(13.3-5)
where:
where:
U = minimum unloaded edge distance parallel to
axis of cut
UII = factor from Table 13.3.3.1-3
C = 1.00
C = 0.63
5.50
3.25
2.75
2.50
U
in.
1.75
1.50
2.75
2.50
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
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Spacing
End
Distance
Edge
Distance
1.0
5-1/2"
1.0
4"
1.0
6-3/4"
1.0
3-1/2"
1.0
0.88
2-3/4"
0.63
2-1/2"
0.63
3-1/2"
0.5
3-1/2"
1.0
Loaded Edge
C for Split
Rings
C for Shear
Plates
Spacing
perpendicular to
grain
Spacing parallel
to grain
Compression
Member
Tension
Member
1-3/4"
1-1/2"
Unloaded Edge
Minimum for
C = 1.0
Minimum
Value
Parallel to
grain loading
1.0
1.0
0.70
0.83
0.5
3-1/2"
1.0
3-1/2"
0.63
2-3/4"
0.63
1.0
4-1/4"
1.0
3-1/2"
1.0
5-1/2"
1.0
5-1/2"
2-3/4"
1-1/2"
2-3/4"
1.0
1-3/4"
Minimum for
C = 1.0
0.88
1-1/2"
Minimum
Value
Perpendicular to
grain loading
Table 13.3
1.0
5"
0.5
5"
0.63
3-1/4"
0.63
3-1/2"
0.93
2-1/2"
Minimum
Value
1.0
5"
1.0
9"
1.0
5-1/2"
1.0
7"
1.0
2-3/4"
Minimum for
C = 1.0
Parallel to
grain loading
0.5
5"
1.0
5"
0.63
3-1/2"
0.63
3-1/2"
0.83
0.70
2-1/2"
0.93
2-1/2"
Minimum
Value
1.0
6"
1.0
5"
1.0
7"
1.0
7"
1.0
1.0
3-3/4"
1.0
2-3/4"
Minimum for
C = 1.0
Perpendicular to
grain loading
13
130
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131
TIMBER RIVETS
14.1 General
132
132
134
Table 14.2.3
Table 14.3.2
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14
132
TIMBER RIVETS
14.1 General
14.1.1 Scope
Chapter 14 applies to the engineering design of timber rivet connections with steel side plates on Douglas
Fir-Larch or Southern Pine structural glued laminated
timber complying with Chapter 5 and loaded in single
shear. Design of timber rivet connections in crosslaminated timber is beyond the scope of these provisions.
Pw = reference wood capacity design values parallel to grain (Tables 14.2.1A through 14.2.1F)
using wood member thickness for the member dimension in Tables 14.2.1A through
14.2.1F for connections with steel plates on
opposite sides; and twice the wood member
thickness for the member dimension in Tables 14.2.1A through 14.2.1F for connections
having only one plate, lbs.
(14.2-1)
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
where:
p = depth of penetration of rivet in wood member
(see Appendix M), in.
= rivet length plate thickness 1/8"
nR = number of rows of rivets parallel to direction
of load
nC = number of rivets per row
Reference design values, P, for timber rivet connections parallel to grain shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1) to obtain adjusted design values, P'.
(14.2-2)
Qw = qW p0.8 C
(14.2-3)
Reference design values, Q, for timber rivet connections perpendicular to grain shall be multiplied by
all applicable adjustment factors (see Table 11.3.1) to
obtain adjusted design values, Q'.
Cst
1.00
0.90
0.80
PQ
P sin2 Q cos2
(14.2-4)
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
TIMBER RIVETS
where:
133
14
134
TIMBER RIVETS
Minimum spacing of rivets shall be 1/2" perpendicular to grain, sq, and 1" parallel to grain, sp. The
maximum distance perpendicular to grain between
outermost rows of rivets shall be 12".
Table 14.3.2
Number of
rivet rows,
nR
1, 2
3 to 8
9, 10
11, 12
13, 14
15, 16
17 and greater
Note: End and edge distance requirements are shown in Figure 14A.
Figure 14A
2
3
3-1/8
4
4-3/4
5-1/2
6-1/4
Loaded edge
eq
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 14.2.1A
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2050
3010
4040
5110
5900
6670
7310
7670
8520
9030
2680
3930
5280
6690
7720
8730
9560
10030
11150
11800
2930
4300
5780
7320
8440
9540
10450
10970
12190
12910
2930
4300
5780
7320
8440
9540
10450
10970
12190
12910
4900
6460
8010
9480
10930
12100
13540
14960
16250
17770
5160
6610
8190
9700
11160
12680
14160
15610
17020
18410
4810
6170
7650
9060
10420
11850
13230
14590
15910
17210
4740
6080
7530
8920
10270
11670
13040
14370
15670
16950
7650
9700
11770
13970
15880
17760
19400
21380
23290
24950
5980
7610
9290
10940
12550
14170
15720
17330
18770
20310
5550
7080
8640
10190
11690
13210
14650
16160
17510
18950
5460
6970
8510
10030
11520
13010
14430
15920
17250
18670
10770
13530
16320
18840
21390
23980
26380
28260
30440
32300
7250
9050
10890
12740
14550
16240
17980
19650
21450
23000
6740
8420
10150
11880
13580
15150
16790
18350
20040
21490
6630
8290
10000
11700
13370
14930
16540
18080
19750
21180
17050
20840
24770
28230
32020
35010
38610
41670
44500
46880
10860
13390
15870
18230
20600
23100
25460
27680
29780
32260
10110
12490
14820
17040
19260
21610
23820
25910
27890
30210
9950
12300
14600
16790
18980
21300
23480
25540
27490
29790
14
16
18
20
19760
23870
27950
31990
35660
39780
43090
46310
50050
52590
12470
15110
18080
20580
23140
25410
27940
30320
33140
35900
11610
14100
16890
19250
21640
23780
26170
28410
31050
33650
11440
13890
16640
18970
21330
23450
25800
28010
30620
33190
22660
27020
31450
35760
40080
44480
48640
52870
56120
59800
15150
17890
21120
23780
26550
29610
32450
35100
38370
41570
14120
16700
19740
22240
24850
27730
30410
32900
35980
38990
13900
16450
19460
21930
24500
27340
29980
32450
35480
38460
25690
30530
35710
40130
44830
49570
54720
59350
63840
66880
19410
22090
25640
28450
31500
35000
38220
42230
46160
50030
18080
20630
23980
26630
29500
32800
35830
39610
43310
46950
17810
20330
23630
26250
29090
32340
35340
39060
42720
46310
28990
34460
40300
45290
50590
55940
61750
66970
70970
74300
24260
26280
29870
32570
36850
40730
44250
48910
51900
56260
22630
24570
27960
30510
34540
38200
41520
45910
48740
52860
22290
24210
27560
30080
34060
37670
40960
45290
48090
52150
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate, member
dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
TIMBER RIVETS
8.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
135
14
136
TIMBER RIVETS
Table 14.2.1B
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
8.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2320
3420
4580
5810
6700
7570
8290
8710
9680
10250
3040
4470
5990
7590
8760
9900
10850
11390
12660
13400
3320
4890
6560
8310
9580
10830
11860
12460
13840
14660
3320
4890
6560
8310
9580
10830
11860
12460
13840
14660
5650
7450
9230
10920
12600
13940
15600
17250
18720
20480
5360
7660
9910
12000
14010
16080
18080
20040
21950
23810
5000
7150
9250
11210
13090
15020
16900
18730
20520
22270
4930
7050
9110
11040
12890
14800
16650
18450
20220
21940
8790
11150
13530
16060
18250
20420
22310
24580
26770
28680
6740
9560
12180
14680
17090
19480
21770
24140
26250
28500
6260
8900
11340
13680
15930
18170
20310
22520
24500
26610
6160
8760
11170
13480
15690
17900
20000
22190
24140
26220
12270
15420
18600
21480
24380
27340
30070
32220
34700
36820
8600
11970
15050
18020
20880
23530
26240
28830
31620
34010
8000
11150
14040
16810
19500
21980
24520
26950
29560
31810
7880
10990
13830
16560
19210
21660
24170
26560
29140
31360
19800
24200
28760
32780
37180
40650
44840
48400
51680
54450
14870
20450
25320
29760
34120
38650
42890
46900
50680
55090
13850
19090
23660
27840
31930
36180
40180
43940
47500
51650
13640
18800
23310
27440
31480
35670
39610
43330
46850
50940
14
16
18
20
23200
28020
32810
37550
41870
46700
50590
54360
58750
61740
18310
24740
30910
36020
41080
45570
50480
55080
60450
65720
17060
23110
28900
33710
38470
42700
47320
51650
56710
61680
16810
22770
28490
33230
37930
42110
46670
50940
55940
60840
26100
31130
36230
41200
46180
51250
56040
60910
64660
68900
23450
30870
38070
43870
49700
55990
61810
67230
73800
80250
21870
28850
35620
41080
46570
52490
57980
63090
69290
75360
21540
28430
35110
40510
45920
51770
57190
62240
68350
74350
29360
34900
40810
45860
51230
56650
62540
67820
72960
76440
32100
40740
49400
56110
63030
70740
77820
86450
94910
99970
29940
38090
46240
52570
59100
66360
73030
81170
89150
96980
29490
37540
45590
51840
58280
65450
72040
80080
87960
95690
33180
39430
46120
51830
57890
64020
70670
76650
81220
85030
42850
51580
60320
67790
75720
83740
92440
100250
106230
111210
39990
48440
57570
64320
73900
82550
90400
100510
107180
116640
39400
47750
56770
63430
72900
81440
89190
99190
105780
115120
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate, member
dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 14.2.1C
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
8.5
12.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2340
3440
4620
5850
6750
7630
8360
8770
9750
10320
2710
3980
5350
6770
7810
8830
9670
10160
11290
11950
3070
4510
6060
7670
8850
10010
10960
11510
12790
13540
3400
5000
6710
8490
9800
11080
12130
12740
14160
14990
3540
5210
6990
8860
10220
11550
12650
13290
14760
15630
4
5610
7390
9160
10840
12500
13830
15480
17110
18580
20320
6490
8550
10600
12550
14480
16020
17920
19810
21510
23530
7350
9690
12000
13920
15730
17590
19360
21050
22670
24220
7730
9490
11400
13150
14810
16520
18140
19680
21160
22580
7610
9300
11140
12840
14440
16090
17650
19140
20570
21940
6
8750
11100
13460
15980
18160
20310
22190
24450
26630
28530
10130
12850
15590
18500
21020
23510
25690
28310
30160
32140
10580
12400
14390
16320
18150
19970
21660
23410
24900
26510
9830
11460
13250
15020
16700
18360
19910
21520
22900
24380
9540
11100
12840
14540
16160
17770
19270
20840
22170
23600
8
12310
15470
18660
21550
24460
27420
30170
32320
34810
36940
14260
17910
20390
22880
25280
27430
29640
31700
33950
35770
13060
14710
16700
18720
20680
22430
24250
25950
27810
29310
11980
13490
15310
17170
18980
20600
22280
23850
25570
26970
11590
13040
14810
16620
18370
19940
21580
23100
24770
26130
14
22600
27290
31970
36580
40780
45490
49280
52960
57230
60140
26170
29190
32670
35470
38400
40900
43810
46460
49750
52920
21990
23720
26610
28960
31420
33520
35960
38200
40960
43640
20110
21740
24430
26610
28900
30870
33150
35240
37820
40310
19440
21030
23650
25780
28010
29920
32150
34180
36690
39120
16
25910
30900
35960
40900
45840
50870
55620
60450
64170
68380
30000
34220
37760
40500
43540
47070
50240
53110
56870
60500
26530
27810
30780
33100
35660
38630
41310
43740
46920
49990
24260
25500
28270
30440
32840
35610
38110
40390
43350
46220
23450
24670
27370
29490
31830
34530
36970
39190
42080
44880
18
29380
34920
40830
45890
51260
56690
62580
67870
73010
76480
34020
40420
45400
47980
51130
55050
58540
63200
67670
72000
33760
34060
37040
39250
41930
45240
48200
52130
55920
59580
30870
31230
34030
36110
38630
41730
44500
48170
51710
55140
29840
30230
32960
35000
37450
40470
43180
46760
50210
53560
20
33160
39400
46080
51790
57850
63970
70620
76590
81160
84960
38390
45620
52330
54310
59140
63330
67000
72360
75240
80080
41900
40180
42750
44510
48600
52180
55320
59860
62350
66480
38340
36880
39320
41000
44830
48190
51140
55390
57750
61620
37060
35700
38100
39750
43490
46760
49650
53800
56110
59880
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate,
member dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
TIMBER RIVETS
10.5
137
14
138
TIMBER RIVETS
Table 14.2.1D
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
8.5
10.5
12.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2660
3910
5240
6640
7660
8660
9480
9960
11070
11720
3070
4520
6070
7690
8870
10030
10980
11530
12810
13560
3480
5120
6880
8710
10050
11360
12440
13070
14520
15370
3860
5670
7610
9640
11130
12580
13770
14460
16070
17020
4020
5920
7940
10060
11600
13120
14370
15080
16760
17750
6460
8520
10560
12490
14410
15950
17840
19720
21410
23420
7480
9860
12220
14460
16690
18460
20660
22830
24790
27110
8230
11170
13850
16390
18910
20920
23410
25860
27900
29860
7930
10740
13360
15700
17870
20050
22110
24060
25920
27710
7800
10500
13040
15300
17390
19490
21480
23370
25170
26900
10050
12750
15480
18370
20870
23350
25510
28110
30610
32800
11640
14770
17920
21260
24160
27030
29530
32550
35440
37970
11610
14980
18020
20820
23430
25960
28300
30710
32770
34970
10760
13810
16580
19140
21540
23860
26020
28240
30140
32170
10440
13370
16050
18530
20850
23110
25200
27350
29200
31170
14040
17640
21270
24560
27880
31260
34390
36850
39680
42110
16250
20420
24630
28440
32280
36200
39820
42660
45940
48750
14990
18590
21920
25060
28020
30640
33320
35810
38510
40700
13740
17050
20110
23010
25740
28170
30660
32970
35470
37520
13290
16490
19460
22270
24930
27290
29700
31950
34380
36380
22640
27670
32890
37490
42520
46490
51270
55340
59090
62260
26210
32040
38080
43400
49230
53820
59360
64070
68420
72080
25440
30870
35710
40030
44230
48610
52600
56250
59620
63690
23280
28310
32800
36830
40740
44820
48540
51950
55110
58920
22500
27390
31770
35680
39490
43460
47090
50420
53500
57220
14
26530
32040
37530
42940
47880
53400
57850
62170
67180
70600
30720
37100
43450
49720
55430
61830
66980
71980
77780
81740
31030
36920
43060
47840
52570
56590
61110
65240
70230
75060
28400
33880
39590
44050
48470
52230
56460
60330
65010
69530
27450
32790
38350
42690
47000
50680
54800
58580
63140
67550
16
29850
35600
41430
47120
52810
58610
64080
69650
73940
78790
34560
41220
47970
54550
61150
67860
74190
80640
85600
91220
39170
45610
52490
57640
62910
68770
74030
78780
84840
90690
36090
41870
48290
53110
58060
63540
68470
72930
78610
84110
34890
40540
46780
51500
56320
61670
66480
70850
76390
81760
18
33580
39900
46670
52450
58580
64790
71520
77560
83440
87410
38880
46200
54030
60720
67820
75010
82800
89800
96600
101200
44060
52360
61230
68810
76860
85000
92320
100360
108100
114690
48770
54800
62110
67340
72990
79580
85450
92990
100260
107290
47430
53060
60200
65300
70830
77270
83000
90360
97460
104330
20
37950
45090
52740
59270
66200
73210
80820
87650
92880
97230
43930
52210
61060
68620
76650
84760
93570
101480
107530
112570
49790
59170
69190
77760
86860
96060
106040
115000
121860
127580
55110
65490
76590
81680
90530
98220
104980
114320
119710
128200
57470
66920
74320
79260
87900
95420
102030
111160
116450
124740
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate,
member dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 14.2.1E
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
8.5
10.5
14.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2440
3590
4820
6100
7040
7960
8720
9160
10170
10770
2710
3980
5350
6770
7810
8830
9670
10160
11280
11950
3020
4440
5960
7550
8720
9850
10790
11330
12590
13330
3320
4890
6560
8310
9580
10830
11870
12460
13840
14660
3580
5270
7070
8950
10330
11680
12790
13430
14920
15800
5850
7710
9560
11310
13050
14440
16160
17860
19390
21210
6490
8550
10600
12550
14480
16020
17920
19810
21510
23520
7240
9540
11830
14000
16150
17870
19990
22100
23990
26240
7960
10490
13010
15390
17760
19650
21990
24300
26360
28020
8580
11020
13590
15930
18090
20230
22170
23950
25580
27070
9130
11580
14050
16680
18950
21200
23160
25530
27790
29780
10130
12840
15590
18500
21020
23510
25690
28310
30830
33030
11300
14330
17390
20630
23450
26230
28660
31580
33750
35340
12420
15760
19120
22350
24250
25950
27400
28890
30040
31320
13390
16940
19540
21540
23150
24620
25890
27220
28250
29430
12850
16150
19480
22490
25530
28630
31490
33740
36330
38560
14250
17910
21600
24940
28320
31750
34920
37420
40300
42760
15900
19980
24100
27830
31420
32850
34370
35730
37340
38490
17490
21970
25230
26580
27850
28920
30150
31290
32670
33670
18850
22830
23990
25060
26150
27120
28250
29310
30610
31550
20350
24870
29560
33700
38220
41780
46090
49740
53120
55960
22570
27580
32790
37370
42390
46340
51110
55170
58910
62060
25180
30770
36580
40570
41760
43470
45050
46510
47850
49850
27690
33840
35100
35480
36450
37940
39340
40660
41880
43680
29840
33640
32900
33200
34110
35530
36870
38120
39300
41020
14
23590
28490
33370
38180
42570
47480
51440
55280
59740
62770
26160
31600
37000
42350
47210
52660
57050
61310
66250
69620
29190
35250
41280
44460
45450
46330
47920
49400
51650
53850
32090
38760
38780
38780
39640
40440
41890
43240
45280
47270
34590
37040
36290
36280
37110
37890
39280
40580
42530
44440
16
27040
32250
37540
42690
47850
53100
58050
63100
66990
71380
29990
35770
41630
47340
53060
58890
64390
69980
74290
79160
33460
39900
46440
49980
50740
52530
54190
55710
58300
60830
36790
43880
44070
43560
44260
45890
47420
48840
51190
53490
39650
42730
41210
40760
41450
43020
44500
45870
48120
50330
18
30670
36450
42620
47900
53510
59170
65320
70840
76210
79830
34010
40420
47270
53120
59340
65620
72440
78560
84510
88540
37940
45090
52740
58370
58770
60650
62370
65540
68630
71650
41720
49590
52180
50870
51300
53030
54640
57520
60340
63100
44970
51500
48800
47610
48060
49740
51310
54070
56770
59420
20
34610
41130
48100
54060
60380
66770
73710
79940
84710
88680
38380
45610
53350
59950
66970
74060
81750
88660
93950
98360
42820
50890
59510
65230
67160
68990
70660
74330
75640
79050
47090
55960
59340
56880
58690
60430
62020
65380
66660
69790
50750
59860
55490
53260
55040
56740
58300
61530
62800
65810
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate,
member dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
TIMBER RIVETS
12.5
139
14
140
TIMBER RIVETS
Table 14.2.1F
Reference Wood Capacity Design Values Parallel to Grain, Pw, for Timber Rivets
6.75
8.5
10.5
12.5
14.5
and
greater
Rivets
per
row
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
sq = 1"
Pw (lbs.)
2
2770
4080
5470
6930
8000
9040
9900
10390
11550
12230
3070
4520
6070
7690
8870
10020
10980
11530
12810
13560
3430
5040
6770
8570
9890
11180
12250
12860
14290
15130
3770
5550
7440
9430
10880
12300
13470
14140
15710
16640
4060
5980
8020
10160
11720
13250
14520
15240
16940
17930
6740
8890
11020
13040
15040
16640
18630
20590
22350
24450
7480
9860
12220
14460
16680
18460
20660
22830
24790
27110
8340
11000
13630
16130
18610
20590
23040
25470
27650
30250
8940
12090
14990
17740
20470
22640
25340
28010
30410
33260
8940
12730
16160
19120
21820
24280
26450
28390
30160
31770
10490
13310
16160
19170
21780
24370
26630
29340
31950
34230
11640
14760
17920
21260
24160
27030
29530
32540
35440
37970
12980
16470
19990
23720
26950
30150
32940
36300
39530
42360
14280
18110
21980
26080
29450
31480
33270
35150
36640
38300
15370
19520
23590
25880
27800
29620
31250
32980
34370
35920
14650
18410
22200
25640
29110
32630
35900
38460
41420
43960
16250
20420
24630
28440
32280
36190
39810
42660
45940
48750
18130
22780
27470
31720
36010
40380
43530
45490
47750
49450
19930
25050
30210
32640
34550
36220
38080
39800
41810
43320
21480
26990
28890
30610
32370
33930
35680
37310
39220
40670
23630
28880
34330
39130
44380
48520
53520
57770
61680
64990
26210
32030
38080
43400
49220
53820
59360
64070
68410
72070
29240
35740
42480
48420
54910
60040
65690
68370
70840
74240
32150
39300
46710
49720
52030
54910
57570
60030
62310
65400
34650
42350
44900
46550
48760
51520
54070
56430
58630
61590
14
27690
33440
39170
44820
49970
55740
60390
64890
70130
73690
30710
37090
43440
49710
55420
61820
66970
71970
77770
81730
34260
41380
48460
55460
61830
68970
74710
78030
82200
86230
37680
45500
53290
58300
60770
62900
65900
68660
72460
76150
40610
49040
53060
54610
56990
59070
61960
64630
68270
71820
16
31160
37160
43250
49180
55130
61180
66890
72710
77180
82240
34560
41210
47960
54550
61140
67850
74180
80630
85600
91210
38550
45980
53510
60850
68210
75690
82760
89950
95490
101750
42390
50560
58840
66910
71680
75440
78860
81990
86620
91130
45690
54490
63410
64800
67280
70900
74220
77250
81700
86040
18
35050
41650
48710
54740
61150
67620
74650
80960
87090
91240
38870
46190
54020
60710
67820
75000
82790
89790
96590
101190
43360
51530
60270
67730
75660
83670
92360
100170
107750
112880
47680
56670
66270
74480
83190
92000
97350
103470
109420
115220
51390
61080
71430
80270
83550
87820
91690
97570
103290
108880
20
39610
47070
55050
61860
69100
76420
84360
91490
96950
101490
43930
52200
61050
68610
76640
84750
93560
101460
107520
112560
49000
58240
68110
76540
85500
94550
104370
113190
119950
125570
53890
64040
74890
84170
94020
103970
114770
124470
129590
136640
58080
69020
80720
90710
101330
107340
111670
119050
122520
129320
Note: Member dimension is identified as b in Figure 14A for connections with steel side plates on opposite sides. For connections having only one plate,
member dimension is twice the thickness of the wood member. Linear interpolation for intermediate values shall be permitted.
Copyright American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
1-1/2
2
776
768
821
874
959
1048
1173
1237
1318
1420
1548
1711
1924
2042
2182
2350
2553
2524
2497
1136
1124
1202
1280
1404
1534
1717
1811
1929
2078
2265
2504
2817
2989
3193
3439
3737
3695
3655
4
809
806
870
923
1007
1082
1184
1277
1397
1486
1597
1690
1802
1937
2102
2223
2365
2432
2506
1097
1093
1180
1251
1366
1467
1606
1731
1894
2016
2166
2292
2444
2627
2850
3014
3207
3298
3398
Number of rows
6
8
927
1089
910
1056
963
1098
1013
1147
1094
1228
1163
1297
1256
1391
1345
1467
1460
1563
1536
1663
1628
1786
1741
1882
1878
1997
1963
2099
2063
2218
2313
2178
2313
2422
2407
2548
2514
2692
1221
1414
1199
1371
1268
1426
1334
1490
1442
1595
1532
1685
1654
1806
1772
1905
1923
2030
2023
2159
2145
2319
2293
2444
2473
2593
2586
2725
2717
2880
2869
3004
3047
3146
3171
3309
3311
3496
10
1255
1202
1232
1284
1371
1436
1525
1624
1752
1850
1970
2062
2170
2298
2449
2541
2644
2762
2897
1630
1561
1601
1668
1780
1865
1980
2110
2275
2403
2559
2678
2818
2984
3181
3300
3434
3588
3762
( n c -1) Sq
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.8
C
5.76
3.19
2.36
2.00
1.77
1.61
1.47
1.36
1.28
1.20
1.10
1.02
0.96
0.92
0.89
0.85
0.81
ep
( n c -1) Sq
3.2
3.6
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
C
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.72
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.59
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.53
0.51
TIMBER RIVETS
Rivets
per
row
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
141
14
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142
TIMBER RIVETS
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143
SPECIAL
LOADING
CONDITIONS
144
144
146
15
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144
Table 15.1.1
Kind of Floor
2" plank
4" nail laminated
6" nail laminated
Concrete, structurally designed
Table 15.1.2
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Figure 15A
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
145
15
146
tance between lateral supports that provide restraint perpendicular to the wide faces of the
individual members.
(b) 2/d2 shall not exceed 50, where 2 is the distance between lateral supports that provide restraint in a direction parallel to the wide faces
of the individual members.
(c) 3/d1 shall not exceed 40, where 3 is the distance between the center of the spacer block
and the centroid of the group of split ring or
shear plate connectors in an end block.
15.2.3.3 The column stability factor shall be calculated as follows:
1 FcE Fc*
CP
2c
1 FcE Fc*
F F*
cE c
2c
c
(15.2-1)
where:
Fc* = reference compression design value parallel
to grain multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except CP (see 2.3)
FcE =
0.822 K x Emin
/ d
beam and column stability, Emin', for the weakest lamination shall apply.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
*
1 FcE Fc
CP K f
2c
2
1 FcE Fc* F F*
cE c
2c
c
Figure 15B
147
(15.3-1)
where:
Fc* = reference compression design value parallel
to grain multiplied by all applicable modification factors except CP (see 2.3)
FcE =
0.822 Emin
/ d
Where only one longitudinal row of nails is required, adjacent nails shall be staggered (see Figure
15C). Where three or more longitudinal rows of nails
are used, nails in adjacent rows shall be staggered.
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15
148
Figure 15C
15.3.4.2 Figure 15D provides an example of a bolting schedule which meets the preceding connection
requirements.
Figure 15D
D = bolt diameter
d = depth (face width) of individual lamination
tmin = thickness of thinnest lamination
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
149
and
F
1
(f
/
F
)
b1
c
cE1
c
and
2
(15.4-2)
1.0
(b) Members subjected to a combination of bending and compression from an eccentric axial
load about one or both principal axes, shall be
proportioned so that:
2
F
Fb1 1 (fc / FcE1 )
c
(15.4-3)
1.0
and
f
FcE2
f (6e1 / d1 )
c
FbE
1.0
(15.4-4)
where:
fc < FcE1 =
and
fc < FcE2 =
0.822 Emin
e1
0.822 Emin
e2
/ d2
Effective column lengths, e1 and e2, shall be determined in accordance with 3.7.1.2. FcE1 and FcE2 shall
be determined in accordance with 3.7. FbE shall be determined in accordance with 3.3.3.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
f (6e / d )
fc (6e2 / d2 ) 1 0.234(fc / FcE2 ) 0.234 c 1 1
FbE
f (6e / d )
Fb2 1 (fc / FcE2 ) c 1 1
FbE
RB
(15.4-1)
f f (6e1 / d1 )
FbE
1.0
2
f
f
(6e
/
d
)
b1
c
1
1
Fb2 1 (fc / FcE2 )
FbE
f fc (6e1 / d1 )
fc
b1
FcE2
FbE
15
150
Figure 15E
3P a
(15.4-5)
where:
P = actual load on bracket, lbs.
Ps = assumed horizontal side load placed at
center of height of column, lbs.
a = horizontal distance from load on bracket to
center of column, in.
= total length of column, in.
P
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151
FIRE DESIGN
OF WOOD
MEMBERS
16.1 General
152
152
154
16
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152
16.1 General
Chapter 16 establishes general fire design provisions that apply to all wood structural members and
connections covered under this Specification, unless
otherwise noted. Each wood member or connection
shall be of sufficient size and capacity to carry the applied loads without exceeding the design provisions
1.2
eff 0.187n
t
(16.2-1)
where:
Table 16.2.1A
Required Fire
Endurance
(hr.)
1-Hour
1-Hour
2-Hour
Effective Char
Depth,
achar
(in.)
1.8
2.5
3.2
Effective
Char Rate,
eff
(in./hr.)
1.8
1.67
1.58
0.813
(16.2-2)
1.23
on 1-hour exposure
h
t gi lam
n
where:
tgi = time for char front to reach glued interface (hr.)
hlam = lamination thickness (in.)
and
nlam
t
t gi
For cross-laminated timber manufactured with laminations of equal thickness and assuming a nominal
char rate,n, of 1.5 in./hr., the effective char depths for
each exposed surface are shown in Table 16.2.1B.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table 16.2.1B
Required
Fire
Endurance
(hr.)
153
3/4
7/8
1-Hour
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1-Hour
3.4
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2-Hour
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.6
3.6
16
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154
Design Stress to
Member Strength
Factor
Size Factor 2
Volume Factor 2
Beam Stability
Factor 3
Column Stability
Factor 3
ASD
Bending Strength
Fb
2.85
CF
CV
Cfu
CL
FbE
2.03
Tensile Strength
Ft
2.85
CF
Compressive Strength
Fc
2.58
CF
CP
FcE
2.03
1. See 4.3, 5.3, 8.3, and 10.3 for applicability of adjustment factors for specific products.
2. Factor shall be based on initial cross-section dimensions.
3. Factor shall be based on reduced cross-section dimensions.
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155
APPENDIX
A Construction and Design Practices
156
B Load Duration (ASD Only)
158
C Temperature Effects
160
D Lateral Stability of Beams
161
E Local Stresses in Fastener Groups
162
F Design for Creep and Critical Deflection
Applications 167
G Effective Column Length
169
H Lateral Stability of Columns
170
I Yield Limit Equations for Connections
171
J Solution of Hankinson Formula
174
K Typical Dimensions for Split Ring and
Shear Plate Connectors
177
L Typical Dimensions for Dowel-Type
Fasteners and Washers
178
M Manufacturing Tolerances for Rivets and
Steel Side Plates for Timber Rivet
Connections
182
N Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) 183
Table F1 Coefficients of Variation in Modulus of
Elasticity (COVE) for Lumber and
Structural Glued Laminated Timber.................. 167
Table G1 Buckling Length Coefficients, Ke ........................ 169
Table I1 Fastener Bending Yield Strengths, Fyb ............... 173
Tables L1 to L6 Typical Dimensions for Dowel-Type
Fasteners and Washers.............................. 178
Table N1 Format Conversion Factor, KF (LRFD Only)..... 184
Table N2 Resistance Factor, (LRFD Only)...................... 184
Table N3 Time Effect Factor, (LRFD Only).................... 184
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156
APPENDIX
Appendix A
L = truss span, ft
Lumber shall be so handled and covered as to prevent marring and moisture absorption from snow or
rain.
A.2 Foundations
A.2.1 Foundations shall be adequate to support the
building or structure and any required loads, without
excessive or unequal settlement or uplift.
A.2.2 Good construction practices generally eliminate decay or termite damage. Such practices are designed to prevent conditions which would be conducive
to decay and insect attack. The building site shall be
graded to provide drainage away from the structure. All
roots and scraps of lumber shall be removed from the
immediate vicinity of the building before backfilling.
Consideration shall be given in design to the possible effect of cross-grain dimensional changes which may
occur in lumber fabricated or erected in a green condition (i.e., provisions shall be made in the design so that if
dimensional changes caused by seasoning to moisture
equilibrium occur, the structure will move as a whole,
and the differential movement of similar parts and members meeting at connections will be a minimum).
A.4 Drainage
In exterior structures, the design shall be such as to
minimize pockets in which moisture can accumulate, or
adequate caps, drainage, and drips shall be provided.
A.5 Camber
Adequate camber in trusses to give proper appearance and to counteract any deflection from loading
should be provided. For timber connector construction,
such camber shall be permitted to be estimated from the
formula:
K1L3 K2L2
H
where:
= camber at center of truss, in.
A.6 Erection
A.6.1 Provision shall be made to prevent the overstressing of members or connections during erection.
A.6.2 Bolted connections shall be snugly tightened,
but not to the extent of crushing wood under washers.
A.6.3 Adequate bracing shall be provided until
permanent bracing and/or diaphragms are installed.
A.7 Inspection
(A-1)
A.8 Maintenance
There shall be competent inspection and tightening
of bolts in connections of trusses and structural frames.
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A
APPENDIX
157
158
APPENDIX
Appendix B
CD
1.15
1.25
1.6
2.0
Load Duration
Load Duration
Factor, CD
0.9
1.0
1.15
1.25
1.6
2.0
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(CD)
(0.9)
(1.0)
(1.6)
(1.15)
(1.6)
(1.6)
(1.6)
x (Design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
x (design value)
combination factors specified by the applicable building code or standard should be included in the above
equations, as specified in B.2(a).
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A
APPENDIX
159
160
APPENDIX
Appendix C
C.1
C.3
When wood structural members are heated to temperatures up to 150F for extended periods of time, adjustment of the reference design values in this Specification may be necessary (see 2.3.3 and 11.3.4). See
Reference 53 for additional information concerning the
effect of temperature on wood strength.
C.2
In some regions, structural members are periodically exposed to fairly elevated temperatures. However,
the normal accompanying relative humidity generally is
very low and, as a result, wood moisture contents also
are low. The immediate effect of the periodic exposure
to the elevated temperatures is less pronounced because
of this dryness. Also, independently of temperature
changes, wood strength properties generally increase
with a decrease in moisture content. In recognition of
these offsetting factors, it is traditional practice to use
the reference design values from this Specification for
ordinary temperature fluctuations and occasional shortterm heating to temperatures up to 150F.
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Appendix D
161
D.4
Slenderness ratios and related equations for adjusting reference bending design values for lateral buckling
in 3.3.3 are based on theoretical analyses and beam verification tests.
Reference modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Emin, in Equation D-3 is based on the following equation:
D.2
where:
RB
with
e
2
D.3
For beams with rectangular cross section where RB
does not exceed 50, adjusted bending design values are
obtained by the equation (where CL CV):
2
1 FbE Fb*
1 FbE Fb*
F F*
*
bE b (D-2)
Fb Fb
1.9
1.9
0.95
where:
FbE =
1.20 Emin
RB2
(D-1)
as specified in 3.3.3.
(D-3)
(D-4)
D.5
For products with less E variability than visually
graded sawn lumber, higher critical buckling design
values (FbE) may be calculated. For a product having a
lower coefficient of variation in modulus of elasticity,
use of Equations D-3 and D-4 will provide a 1.66 factor
of safety at the 5% lower exclusion value.
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APPENDIX
D.1
162
APPENDIX
Appendix E
E.1 General
Where a fastener group is composed of closely
spaced fasteners loaded parallel to grain, the capacity of
the fastener group may be limited by wood failure at
the net section or tear-out around the fasteners caused
by local stresses. One method to evaluate member
strength for local stresses around fastener groups is outlined in the following procedures.
E.1.1 Reference design values for timber rivet connections in Chapter 14 account for local stress effects
and do not require further modification by procedures
outlined in this Appendix.
E.1.2 The capacity of connections with closely
spaced, large diameter bolts has been shown to be limited by the capacity of the wood surrounding the connection. Connections with groups of smaller diameter fasteners, such as typical nailed connections in wood-frame
construction, may not be limited by wood capacity.
The adjusted tension capacity is calculated in accordance with provisions of 3.1.2 and 3.8.1 as follows:
(E.2-1)
where:
ZNT = adjusted tension capacity of net section area
Ft = adjusted tension design value parallel to
grain
Anet = net section area per 3.1.2
F A
ZRTi ni v critical
2
F t
ZRTi v niscritical 2 shear lines
2
(E.3-2)
nF
i v ts critical
where:
scritical = minimum spacing in row i taken as the lesser
of the end distance or the spacing between
fasteners in row i
t = thickness of member
ZRT ZRTi
(E.3-3)
i1
ZNT Ft Anet
(E.3-1)
where:
ZRTi = adjusted row tear out capacity of row i
where:
ZRT = adjusted row tear out capacity of multiple
rows
nrow = number of rows
E.3.2 In Equation E.3-1, it is assumed that the induced shear stress varies from a maximum value of fv =
Fv to a minimum value of fv = 0 along each shear line
between fasteners in a row and that the change in shear
stress/strain is linear along each shear line. The resulting triangular stress distribution on each shear line between fasteners in a row establishes an apparent shear
stress equal to half of the adjusted design shear stress,
Fv/2, as shown in Equation E.3-1. This assumption is
combined with the critical area concept for evaluating
stresses in fastener groups and provides good agreement with results from tests of bolted connections.
E3.3 Use of the minimum shear area of any fastener in a row for calculation of row tear-out capacity is
based on the assumption that the smallest shear area
between fasteners in a row will limit the capacity of the
row of fasteners. Limited verification of this approach
is provided from tests of bolted connections.
where:
ZGT = adjusted group tear-out capacity
ZRT-1 = adjusted row tear-out capacity of row 1 of
fasteners bounding the critical group area
ZRT-n = adjusted row tear-out capacity of row n of
fasteners bounding the critical group area
Agroup-net = critical group net section area between row 1
and row n
of critical group area should be checked for group tearout in combination with row tear-out to determine the
adjusted capacity of the critical section.
Side Member:
A36 steel plates on each side
Side plate thickness, ts: 0.25 in.
Connection Details:
Bolt diameter, D: 1 inch
Bolt hole diameter, Dh: 1.0625 in.
Adjusted ASD bolt design value, Z||: 4380 lbs (see Table 12I. For this trial design, the group action factor, Cg,
is taken as 1.0).
Spacing between rows: srow = 2.5D
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A
APPENDIX
Z Z
ZGT RT 1 RT n FtA groupnet
2
2
163
164
APPENDIX
ZNT Ft t w nrowDh
ZNT
=
=
ZRTi nF
i v ts critical
ZRT-1
ZRT-2
ZRT-3
nrow
=
=
=
Z Z
ZGT RT 1 RT 3 Ftt nrow 1 srow Dh
2
2
ZGT = (7,163 lbs)/2 + (7,163 lbs)/2 +
(1,250 psi) (3.125'')[(3 1)(2.5'' 1.0625'')]
= 18,393 lbs
In this sample calculation, the adjusted ASD connection capacity is limited to 18,393 pounds by group tearout, ZGT.
ZRTi nF
i v ts critical
ZRT1 = 3(150 psi)(1.5")(2") = 1,350 lbs
In this sample calculation, the adjusted ASD connection capacity is limited to 1,350 pounds by row tearout, ZRT.
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165
F A
ZRTi ni v critical
2
ZRT1 = [(2 connectors)(175 psi)/2](21.735 in.2)
= 3,804 lbs
where:
Acritical = 21.735 in.2 (See Figures E4 and E5)
In this sample calculation, the adjusted ASD connection capacity is limited to 2,728 pounds by net section area tension capacity, ZNT
Figure E4
Connection Details:
Split ring diameter, D: 2.5 in. (see Appendix K for connector dimensions)
Adjusted ASD split ring design value, P: 2,730 lbs (see
Table 13.2A. For this trial design, the group action factor, Cg, is taken as 1.0).
ZNT Ft Anet
ZNT= Ft [A2x4 Abolt-hole Asplit ring projected area]
ZNT = (825 psi)[5.25 in.2 1.5" (0.5625") 1.1 in.2]
= 2,728 lbs
Figure E3
(Abolt hole)
= [(5.5")(2.92") + ()(2.92")2/8]
(/4)[(2.92")2 (2.92" 0.18" 0.18")2]
(/4)(0.5625")2
= 17.61 in.2
Acriticial = Aedge plane + Abottom plane net
= 21.735 in.2
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APPENDIX
166
APPENDIX
Figure E5
(Abolt hole)
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Appendix F
167
F.1.1 Reference modulus of elasticity design values, E, in this Specification are intended for the calculation of immediate deformation under load. Under sustained loading, wood members exhibit additional time
dependent deformation (creep) which usually develops
at a slow but persistent rate over long periods of time.
Creep rates are greater for members drying under load
or exposed to varying temperature and relative humidity conditions than for members in a stable environment
and at constant moisture content.
F.1.2 In certain bending applications, it may be
necessary to limit deflection under long-term loading to
specified levels. This can be done by applying an increase factor to the deflection due to long-term load.
Total deflection is thus calculated as the immediate deflection due to the long-term component of the design
load times the appropriate increase factor, plus the deflection due to the short-term or normal component of
the design load.
E0.16
E 1 1.0 COVE
(F-1)
E0.05
E 1 1.645 COVE
(F-2)
Table F1
Coefficients of Variation in
Modulus of Elasticity (COVE) for
Lumber and Structural Glued
Laminated Timber
COVE
0.25
0.15
0.11
0.10
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APPENDIX
F.1 Creep
168
APPENDIX
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169
G.2
The effective column length is dependent on the
values of end fixity and lateral translation (deflection)
associated with the ends of columns and points of lateral support between the ends of column. It is recommended that the effective length of columns be determined in accordance with good engineering practice.
Lower values of effective length will be associated with
more end fixity and less lateral translation while higher
values will be associated with less end fixity and more
lateral translation.
Table G1
G.4
Where the bending stiffness of the frame itself provides support against buckling, the buckling length coefficient, Ke, for an unbraced length of column, , is
dependent upon the amount of bending stiffness provided by the other in-plane members entering the connection at each end of the unbraced segment. If the
combined stiffness from these members is sufficiently
small relative to that of the unbraced column segments,
Ke could exceed the values given in Table G1.
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APPENDIX
G.1
170
APPENDIX
Appendix H
H.1
H.3
The equation for adjusted compression design value, Fc', in this Specification is for columns having rectangular cross sections. It may be used for other column
shapes by substituting r 12 for d in the equations,
where r is the applicable radius of gyration of the column cross section.
H.2
For solid columns of rectangular cross section
where the slenderness ratio, e/d, does not exceed 50,
adjusted compression design values parallel to grain are
obtained by the equation:
H.4
The 0.822 factor in Equation H-2 represents the Euler buckling coefficient for rectangular columns calculated as 2/12. Modulus of elasticity for beam and column stability, Emin, in Equation H-2 represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending
modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety (see
Appendix D.4).
H.5
2
1 FcE Fc*
1 FcE Fc*
FcE Fc* (H-1)
*
Fc Fc
2c
2c
c
where:
FcE =
0.822 Emin
/ d
(H-2)
H.6
For products with less E variability than visually
graded sawn lumber, higher critical buckling design
values may be calculated. For a product having a lower
coefficient of variation (COVE), use of Equation H-2
will provide a 1.66 factor of safety at the 5% lower exclusion value.
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Appendix
171
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APPENDIX
.1 Yield Modes
172
APPENDIX
Figure 1
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.5 Threaded Fasteners
Table 1
Fastener Type
Fyb (psi)
Bolt, lag screw (with D 3/8"), drift pin (SAE J429 Grade 1 - Fy = 36,000 psi
and Fu = 60,000 psi)
Common, box, or sinker nail, spike, lag screw, wood
screw (low to medium carbon steel)
0.099" D 0.142"
0.142" < D 0.177"
0.177" < D 0.236"
0.236" < D 0.273"
0.273" < D 0.344"
0.344" < D 0.375"
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
45,000
Hardened steel nail (medium carbon steel) including post-frame ring shank nails
0.120" D 0.142"
0.142" < D 0.192"
0.192" < D 0.207"
130,000
115,000
100,000
45,000
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APPENDIX
The reduced moment resistance in the threaded portion of dowel-type fasteners can be accounted for by
use of root diameter, Dr, in calculation of reference lateral design values. Use of diameter, D, is permitted
when the threaded portion of the fastener is sufficiently
far away from the connection shear plane(s). For example, diameter, D, may be used when the length of thread
bearing in the main member of a two member connection does not exceed 1/4 of the total bearing length in
the main member (member holding the threads). For a
connection with three or more members, diameter, D,
may be used when the length of thread bearing in the
outermost member does not exceed 1/4 of the total
bearing length in the outermost member (member holding the threads).
Reference lateral design values for reduced body
diameter lag screw and rolled thread wood screw con-
173
174
APPENDIX
Appendix J
J.1
When members are loaded in bearing at an angle to
grain between 0 and 90, or when split ring or shear
plate connectors, bolts, or lag screws are loaded at an
angle to grain between 0 and 90, design values at an
angle to grain shall be determined using the Hankinson
formula.
J.2
The Hankinson formula is for the condition where
the loaded surface is perpendicular to the direction of
the applied load.
Fe
Fe Fe
Fe sin Fe cos2
2
(J-2)
where:
J.3
When the resultant force is not perpendicular to the
surface under consideration, the angle is the angle
between the direction of grain and the direction of the
force component which is perpendicular to the surface.
J.4
The bearing surface for a split ring or shear plate
connector, bolt or lag screw is assumed perpendicular
to the applied lateral load.
J.5
The bearing strength of wood depends upon the direction of grain with respect to the direction of the applied load. Wood is stronger in compression parallel to
grain than in compression perpendicular to grain. The
variation in strength at various angles to grain between
0 and 90 shall be determined by the Hankinson formula as follows:
Fc*Fc
F sin Fc cos
*
c
(J-1)
where:
Z Z
Z sin2 Z cos 2
(J-3)
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PQ
P sin2 Q cos2
(J-4)
where:
P = adjusted lateral design value parallel to grain
for a single split ring connector unit or shear
plate connector unit
Q = adjusted lateral design value perpendicular
to grain for a single split ring connector unit
or shear plate connector unit
N = adjusted lateral design value at an angle to
grain for a single split ring connector unit or
shear plate connector unit
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APPENDIX
175
176
APPENDIX
Figure J2
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Appendix K
177
4"
2.500"
0.163"
0.750"
4.000"
0.193"
1.000"
2.56"
0.18"
0.375"
9/16"
4.08"
0.21"
0.50"
13/16"
2-1/8"
3"
1-3/8"
3/32"
2"
5/32"
2"
1/8"
3"
3/16"
1.10 in.2
2.24 in.2
APPENDIX
SPLIT RINGS1
Split Ring
Inside diameter at center when closed
Thickness of metal at center
Depth of metal (width of ring)
Groove
Inside diameter
Width
Depth
Bolt hole diameter in timber members
Washers, standard
Round, cast or malleable iron, diameter
Round, wrought iron (minimum)
Diameter
Thickness
Square plate
Length of side
Thickness
Projected area: portion of one split ring within
member
SHEAR PLATES
Shear plate1
Material
Plate diameter
Bolt hole diameter
Plate thickness
Plate depth
Bolt hole diameter in timber members and metal side plates2
Washers, standard
Round, cast or malleable iron, diameter
Round, wrought iron (minimum)
Diameter
Thickness
Square plate
Length of side
Thickness
Projected area: portion of one shear plate within member
2-5/8"
Pressed
steel
2.62"
0.81"
0.172"
0.42"
13/16"
2-5/8"
Malleable
cast iron
2.62"
0.81"
0.172"
0.42"
13/16"
4"
Malleable
cast iron
4.02"
0.81"
0.20"
0.62"
13/16"
4"
Malleable
cast iron
4.02"
0.93"
0.20"
0.62"
15/16"
3"
3"
3"
3-1/2"
2"
5/32"
2"
5/32"
2"
5/32"
2-1/4"
11/64"
3"
1/4"
1.18 in.2
3"
1/4"
1.00 in.2
3"
1/4"
2.58 in.2
3"
1/4"
2.58 in.2
1. ASTM D 5933.
2. Steel straps or shapes used as metal side plates shall be designed in accordance with accepted metal practices (see 11.2.3).
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178
APPENDIX
Appendix L
Table L1
Full-Body
Body Diameter
L 6 in.
1/4"
0.189"
7/16"
11/64"
3/4"
5/16"
0.245"
1/2"
7/32"
7/8"
3/8"
0.298"
9/16"
1/4"
1"
Diameter, D
1/2"
5/8"
0.406"
0.514"
3/4"
15/16"
11/32"
27/64"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
L > 6 in.
1"
1-1/8"
1-1/4"
1-1/2"
Dr
F
H
T
1-3/4"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
0.627"
1-1/8"
1/2"
1-3/4"
0.739"
1-5/16"
37/64"
2"
0.847"
1-1/2"
43/64"
2-1/4"
2"
2-1/4"
2-1/2"
1. Tolerances are specified in ANSI/ASME B18.2.1. Full-body diameter bolt is shown. Root diameter based on UNC thread series (see ANSI/ASME B1.1).
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Table L2
H = height of head
Reduced
Body Diameter
Full-Body
Diameter
Diameter, D
1/4"
5/16"
3/8"
7/16"
1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
1-1/8"
1-1/4"
Dr
0.173"
0.227"
0.265"
0.328"
0.371"
0.471"
0.579"
0.683"
0.780"
0.887"
1.012"
E
5/32"
3/16"
7/32"
9/32"
5/16"
13/32"
1/2"
19/32"
11/16"
25/32"
7/8"
H
11/64"
7/32"
1/4"
19/64"
11/32"
27/64"
1/2"
37/64"
43/64"
3/4"
27/32"
F
7/16"
1/2"
9/16"
5/8"
3/4"
15/16"
1-1/8"
1-5/16"
1-1/2"
1-11/16"
1-7/8"
N
10
9
7
7
6
5
4-1/2
4
3-1/2
3-1/4
3-1/4
S
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1"
T
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
T-E
19/32"
9/16"
17/32"
15/32"
7/16"
S
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1/4"
1-1/2"
T
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
1-1/4"
T-E
1-3/32"
1-1/16"
1-1/32"
31/32"
15/16"
S
1/2"
1/2"
1/2"
1/2"
1/2"
1/2"
2"
T
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
T-E
1-11/32"
1-5/16"
1-9/32"
1-7/32"
1-3/16"
1-3/32"
S
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
3/4"
2-1/2"
T
1-3/4"
1-3/4"
1-3/4"
1-3/4"
1-3/4"
1-3/4"
T-E
1-19/32"
1-9/16"
1-17/32"
1-15/32"
1-7/16"
1-11/32"
S
1"
1"
1"
1"
1"
1"
1"
1"
1"
3
T
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
T-E
1-27/32"
1-13/16"
1-25/32"
1-23/32"
1-11/16"
1-19/32"
1-1/2"
1-13/32"
1-5/16"
S
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
1-1/2"
4"
T
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
T-E
2-11/32"
2-5/16"
2-9/32"
2-7/32"
2-3/16"
2-3/32"
2"
1-29/32"
1-13/16"
1-23/32"
1-5/8"
S
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
2"
5"
T
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
T-E
2-7/32"
2-1/8"
2-27/32"
2-13/16"
2-25/32"
2-23/32"
2-11/16"
2-19/32"
2-1/2"
2-13/32"
2-5/16"
S
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
2-1/2"
6"
T
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
T-E
3-11/32"
3-5/16"
3-9/32"
3-7/32"
3-3/16"
3-3/32"
3"
2-29/32"
2-13/16"
2-23/32"
2-5/8"
S
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
7"
T
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
T-E
3-27/32"
3-13/16"
3-25/32"
3-23/32"
3-11/16"
3-19/32"
3-1/2"
3-13/32"
3-5/16"
3-7/32"
3-1/8"
S
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
3-1/2"
8"
T
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
T-E
4-11/32"
4-5/16"
4-9/32"
4-7/32"
4-3/16"
4-3/32"
4"
3-29/32"
3-13/16"
3-23/32"
3-5/8"
S
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
4"
9"
T
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
T-E
4-27/32"
4-13/16"
4-25/32"
4-23/32"
4-11/16"
4-19/32"
4-1/2"
4-13/32"
4-5/16"
4-7/32"
4-1/8"
S
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
4-1/2"
10"
T
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
5-1/2"
T-E
5-11/32"
5-5/16"
5-9/32"
5-7/32"
5-3/16"
5-3/32"
5"
4-29/32"
4-13/16"
4-23/32"
4-5/8"
S
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
5"
11"
T
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
T-E
5-27/32"
5-13/16"
5-25/32"
5-23/32"
5-11/16"
5-19/32"
5-1/2"
5-13/32"
5-5/16"
5-7/32"
5-1/8"
S
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
12"
T
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
6"
T-E
5-27/32"
5-13/16"
5-25/32"
5-23/32"
5-11/16"
5-19/32"
5-1/2"
5-13/32"
5-5/16"
5-7/32"
5-1/8"
1. Tolerances are specified in ANSI/ASME B18.2.1. Full-body diameter and reduced body diameter lag screws are shown. For reduced body diameter lag screws,
the unthreaded body diameter may be reduced to approximately the root diameter, Dr.
2. Minimum thread length (T) for lag screw lengths (L) is 6" or 1/2 the lag screw length plus 0.5", whichever is less. Thread lengths may exceed these minimums
up to the full lag screw length (L).
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
A
APPENDIX
D = diameter
Dr = root diameter
S = unthreaded body length
Length,
L
179
180
APPENDIX
Table L3
Cut Thread2
D = diameter
Dr = root diameter
L = wood screw length
T = thread length
Rolled Thread3
Wood Screw Number
6
0.138"
0.113"
D
D r4
7
0.151"
0.122"
8
0.164"
0.131"
9
0.177"
0.142"
10
0.19"
0.152"
12
0.216"
0.171"
14
0.242"
0.196"
16
0.268"
0.209"
18
0.294"
0.232"
20
0.32"
0.255"
24
0.372"
0.298"
Table L4
D = diameter
L = length
H = head diameter
Common or Box
Type
Common
Box
Sinker
L
D
H
L
D
H
L
D
H
6d
2"
0.113"
0.266"
2"
0.099"
0.266"
1-7/8"
0.092"
0.234"
Sinker
7d
2-1/4"
0.113"
0.266"
2-1/4"
0.099"
0.266"
2-1/8"
0.099"
0.250"
8d
2-1/2"
0.131"
0.281"
2-1/2"
0.113"
0.297"
2-3/8"
0.113"
0.266"
10d
3"
0.148"
0.312"
3"
0.128"
0.312"
2-7/8"
0.12"
0.281"
Pennyweight
12d
16d
20d
3-1/4" 3-1/2"
4"
0.148" 0.162" 0.192"
0.312" 0.344" 0.406"
3-1/4" 3-1/2"
4"
0.128" 0.135" 0.148"
0.312" 0.344" 0.375"
3-1/8" 3-1/4" 3-3/4"
0.135" 0.148" 0.177"
0.312" 0.344" 0.375"
30d
4-1/2"
0.207"
0.438"
4-1/2"
0.148"
0.375"
4-1/4"
0.192"
0.406"
40d
5"
0.225"
0.469"
5"
0.162"
0.406"
4-3/4"
0.207"
0.438"
50d
5-1/2"
0.244"
0.5"
60d
6"
0.263"
0.531"
5-3/4"
0.244"
0.5"
1. Tolerances are specified in ASTM F1667. Typical shape of common, box, and sinker steel wire nails shown. See ASTM F 1667 for other nail types.
2. It is permitted to assume the length of the tapered tip is 2D.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Table L5
T1
TL
P=
diameter
length
head diameter
minimum length of threaded shank
crest diameter
D + 0.005 in. < T1 < D + 0.010 in.
pitch or spacing of threads
0.05 in. < P < 0.077 in.
TL
Root Diameter2, Dr
0.135"
3", 3.5"
3", 3.5", 4"
4.5"
3", 3.5", 4"
4.5", 5", 6", 8"
3.5", 4"
4.5", 5", 6", 8"
4"
4.5", 5", 6", 8"
2.25"
2.25"
3"
2.25"
3"
2.25"
3"
2.25"
3"
5/16"
0.128"
5/16"
0.140"
3/8"
0.169"
15/32"
0.193"
15/32"
0.199"
0.148"
0.177"
0.200"
0.207"
A = inside diameter
B = outside diameter
C = thickness
Nominal
Washer Size
3/8"
1/2"
5/8"
3/4"
7/8"
1"
A
Inside Diameter
Basic
0.438"
0.562"
0.688"
0.812"
0.938"
1.062"
B
Outside Diameter
Basic
1.000"
1.375"
1.750"
2.000"
2.250"
2.500"
C
Thickness
Basic
0.083"
0.109"
0.134"
0.148"
0.165"
0.165"
1. Tolerances are provided in ANSI/ASME B18.22.1. For other standard cut washers, see ANSI/ASME B18.22.1.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
APPENDIX
D =
L =
H =
TL =
T1 =
L
D
181
182
APPENDIX
Appendix M
Rivet Dimensions
Notes:
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
Appendix N
183
N.1.1 Application
7.3, 8.3, 9.3, and 10.3 for sawn lumber, structural glued
laminated timber, poles and piles, prefabricated wood Ijoists, structural composite lumber, panel products, and
cross-laminated timber, respectively, to determine the
adjusted LRFD design value.
Reference member design values in this Specification shall be adjusted in accordance with 4.3, 5.3, 6.3,
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
APPENDIX
N.1 General
184
APPENDIX
Property
Fb
Ft
Fv, Frt Fs
Fc,
Fc
Emin
(all design values)
All Connections
KF
2.54
2.70
2.88
2.40
1.67
1.76
3.32
All Connections
Property
Fb
Ft
Fv, Frt, Fs
Fc, Fc
Emin
(all design values)
Symbol
b
t
v
c
s
z
Value
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.90
0.85
0.65
Load Combination2
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W)
1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E
0.6
0.7 when L is from storage
0.8 when L is from occupancy
1.25 when L is from impact1
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1. Time effect factors, , greater than 1.0 shall not apply to connections or to structural members pressuretreated with water-borne preservatives (see Reference 30) or fire retardant chemicals.
2 Load combinations and load factors consistent with ASCE 7-10 are listed for ease of reference. Nominal
loads shall be in accordance with N.1.2. D = dead load; L = live load; Lr = roof live load; S = snow load; R =
rain load; W = wind load; and E = earthquake load.
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REFERENCES
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
185
186
REFERENCES
1. ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014.
2. ACI 530/530.1-13 Building Code Requirements
and Specification for Masonry Structures and
Companion Commentaries, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013.
3. AISI 1035 Standard Steels, American Iron and
Steel Institute, Washington, DC, 1985.
4. ANSI Standard A190.1-2012, Structural Glued
Laminated Timber, APA-The Engineered Wood
Association, Tacoma, WA 2012.
5. ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10, Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2010.
6. ANSI/ASME Standard B1.1-2003, Unified Inch
Screw Threads UN and UNR Thread Form, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York,
NY, 2003.
7. ANSI/ASME Standard B18.2.1-2012, Square, Hex,
Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex,
Heavy Hex, Hex Flange, Lobed Head, and Lag
Screws (Inch Series), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 2012.
8. ANSI/ASME Standard B18.6.1-1981 (Reaffirmed
1997), Wood Screws (Inch Series), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY,
1982.
9. ANSI/TPI 1-2007 National Design Standard for
Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction,
Truss Plate Institute, 2007.
10. ASTM Standard A 36-08, Standard Specification
for Carbon Structural Steel, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008.
11. ASTM Standard A 47-99 (2009), Standard Specification for Ferritic Malleable Iron Castings, ASTM,
West Conshohocken, PA, 2009.
12. ASTM A 153-09, Standard Specification for Zinc
Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware,
ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2009.
13. ASTM A 370-11, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products,
ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
26. ASTM Standard D 5933-96 (2013), Standard Specification for 2-5/8 in. and 4 in. Diameter Metal
Shear Plates for Use in Wood Construction, ASTM,
West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
39. Specification for Structural Joints Using HighStrength Bolts, Research Council on Structural
Connections, Chicago, IL, 2009.
40. Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
(ANSI/AISC 360-10), American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC), Chicago, IL, 2010.
41. North American Standard for Cold-Formed Steel
Framing, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI),
Washington, DC, 2007.
42. Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber, National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA), Surrey,
BC, Canada, 2014.
43. Standard Grading Rules for Northeastern Lumber,
Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association
(NELMA), Cumberland Center, ME, 2013.
44. Standard Grading Rules, Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau (NSLB), Cumberland Center, ME,
2007.
45. Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber,
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB), Pensacola, FL, 2014.
46. Standard Grading Rules for West Coast Lumber,
West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB),
Portland, OR, 2004.
47. Standard Specifications for Grades of California
Redwood Lumber, Redwood Inspection Service
(RIS), Novato, CA, 2000.
48. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Washington,
DC, 2002.
49. Western Lumber Grading Rules, Western Wood
Products Association (WWPA), Portland, OR,
2011.
50. Design Manual for TECO Timber Connectors Construction, TECO/Lumberlok, Colliers, WV, 1973.
51. Technical Report 12 General Dowel Equations for
Calculating Lateral Connection Values, American
Wood Council (AWC), Washington, DC, 2014.
52. Timber Construction Manual, American Institute of
Timber Construction (AITC), John Wiley & Sons,
2012.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
R
REFERENCES
187
188
REFERENCES
53. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, Forest
Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010.
54. ASTM Standard D 2915-10, Practice for Sampling
and Data Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood
Based Products, ASTM West Conshohocken, PA,
2010.
55. ASTM Standard D 5457-12, Standard Specification
for Computing the Reference Resistance of WoodBased Materials and Structural Connections for
Load and Resistance Factor Design, ASTM, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2012.
56. ANSI/AWC SDPWS-2015, Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic, American Wood
Council, Leesburg, VA, 2014.
57. ANSI/APA PRG 320-2011, Standard for Performance-Rated Cross-Laminated Timber, APA-The
Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, WA,
2011.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
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ISBN 978-1-940383-05-7
781940
383057
ISBN 978-1-940383-05-7
781940
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