Building Code Requirements and Specification For Masonry Structures

Building Code Requirements
and
Specification for
Masonry Structures
Containing
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)
Specification for Masonry Structures

(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)
and Companion Commentaries
Developed by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC)
Advancing the knowledge of masonry
American Concrete Institute Structural Engineering Institute

The Masonry Society
P.O. Box 9094 of the
3970 Broadway, Suite 201-D
Farmington Hills, MI 48333 American Society of Civil Engineers
Boulder, Co 80304
www.concrete.org 1801 Alexander Bell Drive
www.masonrysociety.org
Reston, VA 20191
www.seinstitute.org
ABSTRACT
&YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW ERH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW GSRXEMRW X[S WXERHEVHW ERH XLIMV GSQQIRXEVMIW
&YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW 817 %'- %7') ERH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW 817 %'- %7') 8LIWI WXERHEVHW EVI TVSHYGIH XLVSYKL XLI NSMRX IJJSVXW SJ
8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] 817 XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI %'- ERH XLI 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI SJ XLI
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 7)-%7') XLVSYKL XLI 1EWSRV] 7XERHEVHW .SMRX 'SQQMXXII 17.' 8LI 'SHI
GSZIVWXLIHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]WXVYGXYVIW[LMPIXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRMWGSRGIVRIH[MXLQMRMQYQGSRWXVYGXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEWSRV]MRWXVYGXYVIW7SQISJXLIXSTMGWGSZIVIHMRXLI'SHIEVIHIJMRMXMSRWGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWUYEPMX]
EWWYVERGI QEXIVMEPW TPEGIQIRX SJ IQFIHHIH MXIQW EREP]WMW ERH HIWMKR WXVIRKXL ERH WIVZMGIEFMPMX] JPI\YVEP ERH E\MEP
PSEHW WLIEV HIXEMPW ERH HIZIPSTQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX [EPPW GSPYQRW TMPEWXIVW FIEQW ERH PMRXIPW WIMWQMG HIWMKR
VIUYMVIQIRXW KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] ZIRIIVW ERH EYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIH GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]%R IQTMVMGEP HIWMKR QIXLSHERHE
TVIWGVMTXMZI QIXLSH ETTPMGEFPI XS FYMPHMRKW QIIXMRK WTIGMJMG PSGEXMSR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR GVMXIVME EVI EPWS MRGPYHIH 8LI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRGSZIVWWYFNIGXWWYGLEWUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEXIVMEPWXLITPEGMRKFSRHMRKERHERGLSVMRKSJ
QEWSRV]ERHXLITPEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRMWQIERXXSFIQSHMJMIHERHVIJIVIRGIHMRXLI
4VSNIGX1ERYEP8LI'SHIMW[VMXXIREWEPIKEPHSGYQIRXERHXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSREWEQEWXIVWTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIHF]XLI'SHI
8LI GSQQIRXEVMIW TVIWIRX FEGOKVSYRH HIXEMPW GSQQMXXII GSRWMHIVEXMSRW ERH VIWIEVGL HEXE YWIH XS HIZIPST XLI 'SHI ERH
7TIGMJMGEXMSR8LI'SQQIRXEVMIWEVIRSXQERHEXSV]ERHEVIJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSJXLIYWIVSRP]
8LI1EWSRV]7XERHEVHW.SMRX'SQQMXXII[LMGLMWWTSRWSVIHF]8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]XLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIERH
XLI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK-RWXMXYXISJXLI%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVWMWVIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIWIWXERHEVHWERHWXVMZIWXS
EZSMH EQFMKYMXMIW SQMWWMSRW ERH IVVSVW MR XLIWI HSGYQIRXW -R WTMXI SJ XLIWI IJJSVXW XLI YWIVW SJ XLIWI HSGYQIRXW
SGGEWMSREPP]JMRHMRJSVQEXMSRSVVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXQE]FIWYFNIGXXSQSVIXLERSRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSVQE]FIMRGSQTPIXISV
MRGSVVIGX9WIVW[LSLEZIWYKKIWXMSRWJSVXLIMQTVSZIQIRXSJXLIWIHSGYQIRXWEVIVIUYIWXIHXSGSRXEGX817
8LIWIHSGYQIRXWEVIMRXIRHIHJSVXLIYWISJMRHMZMHYEPW[LSEVIGSQTIXIRXXSIZEPYEXIXLIWMKRMJMGERGIERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJ
MXW GSRXIRX ERH VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW ERH [LS [MPP EGGITX VIWTSRWMFMPMX] JSV XLI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI QEXIVMEP MX GSRXEMRW
-RHMZMHYEPW[LSYWIXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMRER][E]EWWYQIEPPVMWOERHEGGITXXSXEPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRERHYWISJ
XLMWMRJSVQEXMSR
%PPMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHwEWMWx[MXLSYX[EVVERX]SJER]OMRHIMXLIVI\TVIWWSVMQTPMIHMRGPYHMRKFYX
RSXPMQMXIHXSXLIMQTPMIH[EVVERXMIWSJQIVGLERXEFMPMX]JMXRIWWJSVETEVXMGYPEVTYVTSWISVRSRMRJVMRKIQIRX
8LIWTSRWSVMRKSVKERMÊXMSRW817%'-ERH7)-%7')ERHXLIMVQIQFIVWHMWGPEMQPMEFMPMX]JSVHEQEKIWSJER]OMRH
MRGPYHMRK ER] WTIGMEP MRHMVIGX MRGMHIRXEP SV GSRWIUYIRXMEP HEQEKIW MRGPYHMRK [MXLSYX PMQMXEXMSR PSWX VIZIRYIW SV PSWX
TVSJMXW[LMGLQE]VIWYPXJVSQXLIYWISJXLMWTYFPMGEXMSR
-X MW XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJ XLI YWIV SJ XLMW HSGYQIRX XS IWXEFPMWL LIEPXL ERH WEJIX] TVEGXMGIW ETTVSTVMEXI XS XLI WTIGMJMG
GMVGYQWXERGIWMRZSPZIH[MXLMXWYWI8LIWTSRWSVMRKSVKERMÊXMSRWHSRSXQEOIER]VITVIWIRXEXMSRW[MXLVIKEVHXSLIEPXL
ERHWEJIX]MWWYIWERHXLIYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRX8LIYWIVQYWXHIXIVQMRIXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJEPPVIKYPEXSV]PMQMXEXMSRWFIJSVI
ETTP]MRK XLI HSGYQIRX ERH QYWX GSQTP] [MXL EPP ETTPMGEFPI PE[W ERH VIKYPEXMSRW MRGPYHMRK FYX RSX PMQMXIH XS 9RMXIH
7XEXIW3GGYTEXMSREP7EJIX]ERH,IEPXL%HQMRMWXVEXMSR37,% LIEPXLERHWEJIX]WXERHEVHW
'34=6-+,8 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV '3 %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1- 7XVYGXYVEP
)RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI SJ XLI %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 6IWXSR :% -RGPYHIW IVVEXE XLVSYKL .YP] ;EXGL
LXXT[[[QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK17.')VVEXELXQJSVTSWWMFPIEHHMXMSREPIVVEXE
%00 6-+,87 6)7)6:)( 8LMW QEXIVMEP QE] RSX FI VITVSHYGIH SV GSTMIH MR [LSPI SV TEVX MR ER] TVMRXIH QIGLERMGEP
IPIGXVSRMGJMPQSVSXLIVHMWXVMFYXMSRERHWXSVEKIQIHME[MXLSYXXLI[VMXXIRGSRWIRXSJ817
%HSTXIH EW WXERHEVHW SJ XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 1EVGL XLI 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI SJ XLI
%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW*IFVYEV]ERH8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]1EVGL XSWYTIVWIHIXLI
IHMXMSRMREGGSVHERGI[MXLIEGLSVKERMÊXMSRWWXERHEVHMÊXMSRTVSGIHYVIW8LIWIWXERHEVHW[IVISVMKMREPP]EHSTXIHF]XLI
%QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI MR 2SZIQFIV XLI %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW MR %YKYWX ERH 8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]MR.YP]
-7&2
-7&2
4VSHYGIHMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWSJ%QIVMGE
About the MSJC and its Sponsors
Masonry Standards Joint Committee
8LI1EWSRV]7XERHEVHW.SMRX'SQQMXXII17.' MWEWMXWREQIWYKKIWXWENSMRXGSQQMXXIIWTSRWSVIHF]8LI

1EWSRV]7SGMIX]817 XLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI%'- ERHXLI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK-RWXMXYXISJXLI
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 7)-%7') -XW QMWWMSR MW XS HIZIPST ERH QEMRXEMR HIWMKR ERH
GSRWXVYGXMSR WXERHEVHW JSV QEWSRV] JSV VIJIVIRGI F] SV MRGSVTSVEXMSR MRXS QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW VIKYPEXMRK
QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR -R TVEGXMGI XLI 17.' MW VIWTSRWMFPI JSV XLI QEMRXIRERGI SJ XLI Building Code
Requirements for Masonry Structures817%'-%7') Specification for Masonry Structures817
%'- %7') ERH XLIMV GSQTERMSR Commentaries 'SQQMXXII QIQFIVWLMT MW STIR XS EPP UYEPMJMIH
MRHMZMHYEPW [MXLMR XLI GSRWXVEMRXW SJ FEPERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW FEPPSXMRK WGLIHYPIW ERH TEVXMGYPEV RIIHW JSV
XIGLRMGEPI\TIVXMWI'SQQMXXIIQIIXMRKWEVISTIRXSXLITYFPMG
'SQQMXXII%GXMZMXMIWMRGPYHI
)ZEPYEXIERHFEPPSXTVSTSWIHGLERKIWXSI\MWXMRKWXERHEVHWSJXLIGSQQMXXII
(IZIPSTERHFEPPSXRI[WXERHEVHWJSVQEWSRV]
6IWSPZI2IKEXMZIZSXIWJVSQFEPPSXMXIQW
4VSZMHIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSJI\MWXMRKWXERHEVHWSJXLI'SQQMXXII
-HIRXMJ]EVIEWSJRIIHIHVIWIEVGL
7TSRWSVIHYGEXMSREPWIQMREVWERHW]QTSWME
1SRMXSVMRXIVREXMSREPWXERHEVHW
%HHMXMSREPHIXEMPWSJXLI'SQQMXXIIMXW[SVOERHMXWQIIXMRKWGLIHYPIEVITSWXIHEX [[[QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK
ERHGERFISFXEMRIHJVSQ8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]%VSWXIVSJXLI'SQQMXXII1IQFIVWHYVMRKXLI6IZMWMSR
']GPIMWWLS[RSRXLIJSPPS[MRKTEKI
Advancing the knowledge of masonry
8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] 817 [EW JSYRHIH MR EW E RSXJSVTVSJMX TVSJIWWMSREP XIGLRMGEP ERH IHYGEXMSREP
EWWSGMEXMSR HIHMGEXIH XS XLI EHZERGIQIRX SJ ORS[PIHKI SR QEWSRV] 8SHE] 817 MW ER MRXIVREXMSREP KEXLIVMRK SJ
TISTPIMRXIVIWXIHMRXLIEVXERHWGMIRGISJQEWSRV]ERHMXWQIQFIVWMRGPYHIHIWMKRIRKMRIIVWEVGLMXIGXWFYMPHIVW
VIWIEVGLIVWIHYGEXSVWFYMPHMRKSJJMGMEPWQEXIVMEPWYTTPMIVWQERYJEGXYVIVWERHSXLIVW[LS[ERXXSGSRXVMFYXIXSERH
FIRIJMXJVSQXLIKPSFEPTSSPSJORS[PIHKISRQEWSRV]
817KEXLIVWERHHMWWIQMREXIWXIGLRMGEPMRJSVQEXMSRXLVSYKLMXWGSQQMXXIIWTYFPMGEXMSRWGSHIWERHWXERHEVHW
RI[WPIXXIV VIJIVIIH NSYVREP IHYGEXMSREP TVSKVEQW [SVOWLSTW WGLSPEVWLMTW HMWEWXIV MRZIWXMKEXMSR XIEQ ERH
GSRJIVIRGIW8LI[SVOSJ817MWGSRHYGXIHF]MRHMZMHYEP817QIQFIVWERHXLVSYKLXLIZSPYRXIIVGSQQMXXIIW
GSQTSWIHSJFSXLQIQFIVWERHRSRQIQFIVW8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]WIVZIWEWXLIPIEH7SGMIX]JSVXLIWYTTSVX
SJXLI17.'ERHEWWYGLQIIXMRKWSJXLIGSQQMXXIIEVILIPHEX817QIIXMRKWERHEGXMZMXMIWSJXLI'SQQMXXII
EVIQEREKIHF]817
*SV QSVI MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX 817 GSRXEGX 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &VSEH[E] 7YMXI ( &SYPHIV '3
97% 4LSRI *E\ )QEMP MRJS$QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK ;IFWMXI
[[[QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK
The AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE
%'-[EWJSYRHIHMREWERSRTVSJMXQIQFIVWLMTSVKERMÊXMSRHIHMGEXIHXSTYFPMGWIVZMGIERHVITVIWIRXMRK
XLIYWIVMRXIVIWXMRXLIJMIPHSJGSRGVIXI%'-KEXLIVWERHHMWXVMFYXIWMRJSVQEXMSRSRXLIMQTVSZIQIRXSJHIWMKR
GSRWXVYGXMSRERHQEMRXIRERGISJGSRGVIXITVSHYGXWERHWXVYGXYVIW8LI[SVOSJ%'-MWGSRHYGXIHF]MRHMZMHYEP
%'-QIQFIVWERHXLVSYKLZSPYRXIIVGSQQMXXIIWGSQTSWIHSJFSXLQIQFIVWERHRSRQIQFIVW
8LIGSQQMXXIIWEW[IPPEW%'-EWE[LSPISTIVEXIYRHIVEGSRWIRWYWJSVQEX[LMGLEWWYVIWEPPTEVXMGMTERXWXLI
VMKLX XS LEZI XLIMV ZMI[W GSRWMHIVIH 'SQQMXXII EGXMZMXMIW MRGPYHI XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ FYMPHMRK GSHIW
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEREP]WMWSJVIWIEVGLERHHIZIPSTQIRXVIWYPXWTVIWIRXEXMSRSJGSRWXVYGXMSRERH
VITEMVXIGLRMUYIWERHIHYGEXMSR
-RHMZMHYEPWMRXIVIWXIHMRXLIEGXMZMXMIWSJ%'-EVIIRGSYVEKIHXSFIGSQIQIQFIVW8LIVIEVIRSIHYGEXMSREPSV
IQTPS]QIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW %'-vW QIQFIVWLMT MW GSQTSWIH SJ IRKMRIIVW EVGLMXIGXW WGMIRXMWXW GSRXVEGXSVW
IHYGEXSVW ERH VITVIWIRXEXMZIW JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ GSQTERMIW ERH SVKERMÊXMSRW 1IQFIVW EVI IRGSYVEKIH XS
TEVXMGMTEXIMRGSQQMXXIIEGXMZMXMIWXLEXVIPEXIXSXLIMVWTIGMJMGEVIEWSJMRXIVIWX
*SV QSVI MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX %'- GSRXEGX XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 'SYRXV] 'PYF (VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-97%4LSRI*E\;IFWMXI[[[GSRGVIXISVK
8LI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK-RWXMXYXI7)- MWETPYWQIQFIVSVKERMÊXMSR[MXLMRXLI%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ

'MZMP )RKMRIIVW %7') 7)- MW SVKERMÎH MRXS JSYV (MZMWMSRW 8LI &YWMRIWW ERH 4VSJIWWMSREP %GXMZMXMIW
(MZMWMSR &4%( TVSQSXIW RIIHIH GLERKI MR FYWMRIWW ERH TVSJIWWMSREP HIZIPSTQIRX MWWYIW YRMUYI XS XLI
WXVYGXYVEPIRKMRIIVMRKTVSJIWWMSR8LI'SHIWERH7XERHEVHW%GXMZMXMIW(MZMWMSR'7%( HIZIPSTWERHQEMRXEMRW
PIEHMRK HIWMKR WXERHEVHW XLEX EVI YWIH [SVPH[MHI 8LI 0SGEP %GXMZMXMIW (MZMWMSR 0%( TVSZMHIW XIGLRMGEP
IHYGEXMSREPERH TVSJIWWMSREP TVSKVEQWYTTSVX XSXLI PSGEP WXVYGXYVEP XIGLRMGEPKVSYTW [MXLMR%7')vW WIGXMSRW
ERHFVERGLIW8LI8IGLRMGEP%GXMZMXMIW(MZMWMSR8%( EHZERGIWXLITVSJIWWMSR[MXLXLIHIHMGEXIH[SVOSJMXW
TPYW XIGLRMGEP GSQQMXXIIW XLEX TVSHYGI XIGLRMGEP TETIVW ERH TYFPMGEXMSRW ERH TVSHYGI XLI Journal of
Structural Engineers, XLI Journal of Bridge Engineers ERH XLI Practice Periodical on Structural Design and
Construction
8LVSYKLMXW JSYVHMZMWMSRW7)-EHZERGIWXLITVSJIWWMSRMRQER][E]WMRGPYHMRKHIZIPSTMRK WXERHEVHWWYGLEW

%7')IRGSYVEKMRKHMWGYWWMSREFSYXPMGIRWYVIMWWYIWIRVMGLMRKPSGEP7XVYGXYVEP 8IGLRMGEP +VSYTTVSKVEQW
PIEHMRK GSSVHMREXMSR IJJSVXW [MXL SXLIV WXERHEVHW SVKERMÊXMSRW GSRHYGXMRK ER ERRYEP 7XVYGXYVIW 'SRKVIWW
SJJIVMRK GYXXMRK IHKI TVIWIRXEXMSRW SJJIVMRK WTIGMEPX] GSRJIVIRGIW SR XSTMGW SJ MRXIVIWX XS XLI 7XVYGXYVEP
)RKMRIIVMRKGSQQYRMX]GSSVHMREXMRKIJJSVXW[MXLSXLIVWXVYGXYVEPIRKMRIIVMRKSVKERMÊXMSRWVIWTSRHMRKXSXLI
GSQQYRMX]vWRIIHJSVLIPTMRGVMWMWERHTVSZMHMRKPS[GSWXWIQMREVWERH[IFMREVWXSXLI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK
GSQQYRMX]
*SV QSVI MRJSVQEXMSR EFSYX 7)- GSRXEGX XLI 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI %PI\ERHIV &IPP (VMZI
6IWXSR:%4LSRI)QEMPNVSWWFIVK$EWGISVK;IFWMXI[[[WIMRWXMXYXISVK
Masonry Standards Joint Committee
(MERI&8LVSST'LEMV
(EZMH-1G0IER:MGI'LEMV
+IVEPH%RHVI[(EPV]QTPI7IGVIXEV]
Voting Members on Masonry Committee1
(ERMIP4%FVEQW 7/+LSWL (EZMH-1G0IER .IRRMJIV)8ERRIV

.IRRMJIV6&IER4STILR ,6,EQMPXSR--- (EVVIPP;1G1MPPMER .SLR+8E[VIWI]
6MGLEVH1&IRRIXX &IRGLQEVO,IRV],EVVMW .SLR11IPERHIV .EWSR.8LSQTWSR
(EZMH8&MKKW 6'VEMK,IRHIVWSR 6E]QSRH8LSQEW 1EVKEVIX08LSQWSR
.+VIKK&SVGLIPX 6SREPH.,YRWMGOIV 1MPPIV (MERI&8LVSST
6SFIVX2'LMXXIRHIR /IMXL-X^PIV :MPEW1YNYQHEV 'LEVPIW.8YGOIV
.SLR'LV]WPIV 6SGLIPPI'.EJJI .IVV]14EMRXIV 7GSXX;;EPOS[MG^
'LYO[YQE+)O[YIQI )VMG2.SLRWSR 8LSQEW14IXVIWLSGO 8IVVIRGI%;IMKIP
7YWER1*VI] 6EWLSH6.SLRWSR 1E\04SVXIV %6LIXX;LMXPSGO
)H[EVH0*VI]IVQYXL 6MGLEVH)/PMRKRIV %VXYVS)VRIWX7GLYPX^ (ERMIP>IGLQIMWXIV
8LSQEW%+ERKIP ;1EVO1G+MRPI] /YVXMW/7MKKEVH
Voting Members of Subcommittees Only2
&VYGI&EVRIW .EQIW%*EVR] )H[MR8,YWXSR 1MGLEIP'1SXE

3PIRI0&MKIPS[ .EQIW*IEKMR 1EXXLI[(.EGOWSR .EQIW41[ERKM
6YWWIPP,&VS[R 7SRR].EQIW*MXI .SLR..EGSF (EZMH04MIVWSR
.EQIW0IVS]'EPH[IPP *IVRERHS*SRWIGE =EWWIV/SVER] 4EYP+7GSXX
%RKIPS'SHYXS (EZMH'+EWXKIF .EQIW10E*EZI .SLR.7QMXL
+ISVKI)'VS[--- (EZMH+MPPMGO ;EPXIV0EWOE ;MPPMEQ%;SSH
8IVV]1'YVXMW )HKEV*+PSGO.V 2MGLSPEW80SSQMW (EZMH&;SSHLEQ
1ENIH%(EFHSYF (IRRMW;+VEFIV 4IXIV.0SYKLRI] 6MGO=IPXSR
1ERYIP%(ME^ &VMER.+VERX 7YRYT7EQ1EXLI[ 8MER]M=M
7XIZI1(MPP (EZMH'LVMW,MRIW %PM11IQEVM
1SLEQIH)P+E[EH] %YKYWXS*,SPQFIVK *VEROPMR01SSR
Subcommittee Corresponding (C) and Consulting (CN) Members 3
7IVKMS1%PGSGIV' .SLR;(MIFSPH' 1IVZ]R./S[EPWO]'2 1IP3PPIV'

.EQIW)%QVLIMR' .EQIW(ERMIP(SPER' (EZMH+/YVXERMGL' %HVMER;4EKI'2
6SREPH)&EVRIXX' 6MGLEVH*MPPSVEQS' .EQIW0EM' ;MPPMEQ(4EPQIV.V'
'LVMWXMRI&IEPP' ,ERW6YHSPJ+ER^'2 %RHVIW0ITEKI' +YMPLIVQI%VMW4EVWIOMER
*VERO.&IVK' .ERSW+IVKIP]' 7LIPPI]0MWWIP' '
(IER&VS[R' &VIRHE,EVVMW' 8MQSXL]7XERPI]1EPPMW 1MGLEIP.6SFMRWSR'
.MQ&V]NE' 'LEVPIW%PER,E]RIW' ' 2MKIP+7LVMZI'2
.SLR1&YJJSVH' 8MQSXL]7,IWW' .SLR1EPSRI]' 'LVMWXSTLIV7MIXS'
1EVMS.'EXERM'2 .SWLYE8,I[IW' .SLR,1EXXL]W' +EV]67XYVKISR'
'LEVPIW&'PEVO.V' .EWSR1-RKLEQ'2 7GSXX)1E\[IPP' 'LVMWXMRI%7YFEWMG'
4EYP'YVXMW' .SLR/EVMSXMW'2 (SREPH+1G1MGER' -X^LEO8ITTIV'
.EQMI0(EZMW' &MPP/NSVPMIR' )LWER1MREMI' 8LSQEW'=SYRK'
1EMR'SQQMXXII1IQFIVWHYVMRKXLI6IZMWMSR']GPI8LI]TEVXMGMTEXIHMR'SQQMXXIIEGXMZMXMIWZSXIHSR1EMR
'SQQMXXIIFEPPSXWERHTEVXMGMTEXIHMR7YFGSQQMXXIIEGXMZMXMIWMRGPYHMRKZSXMRKERHGSVVIWTSRHIRGI
7YFGSQQMXXII 1IQFIVW HYVMRK XLI 6IZMWMSR ']GPI 8LI] TEVXMGMTEXIH MR 'SQQMXXII EGXMZMXMIW ZSXIH SR
7YFGSQQMXXIIFEPPSXWERH[IVIEFPIXSGSQQIRXSR1EMR'SQQMXXIIFEPPSXW
'SVVIWTSRHMRK ERH 'SRWYPXMRK 1IQFIVW HYVMRK XLI 6IZMWMSR ']GPI 8LI] GSYPH TEVXMGMTEXI MR 7YFGSQQMXXII
EGXMZMXMIWFYXHMHRSXLEZIZSXMRKTVMZMPIKIW
7YFGSQQMXXII'LEMVHYVMRKXLI6IZMWMSR']GPI
(IGIEWIH
Additional Recognitions and Credits
-REHHMXMSRXSXLI1EWSRV]7XERHEVHW.SMRX'SQQMXXIIERYQFIVSJMRHMZMHYEPWEWWMWXIHMRXLIHIZIPSTQIRXVIZMI[ERH
PE]SYXSJXLITVSZMWMSRW8LIMVGSRXVMFYXMSRWEVIKVIEXP]ETTVIGMEXIH
TMS Technical Activities Committee
.+VIKK&SVGLIPX'LEMV (EZMH-1G0IER'LEMV
4IXIV&EFEMER 6EWLSH6.SLRWSR .SLR,1EXXL]W %6LIXX;LMXPSGO

6SFIVX,EYOSLP 7YRYT1EXLI[ .EWSR.8LSQTWSR
(YVMRKXLI6IZMI[SJXLI7XERHEVHW
(YVMRKXLI6IZMI[SJ6IWTSRWIWXS4YFPMG'SQQIRXWERH*MREP%TTVSZEP
ACI Technical Activities Committee Review Group
7IVKMS%PGSGIV 1MGLEIP/VIKIV /IZMR1EG(SREPH ,ERM2EWWMJ
ASCE Codes and Standards Committee
.EQIW,%RWTEGL'LEMV
2IMP1,E[OMRW:MGI'LEMV
+ISVKI;&SQEV +E]PI7.SLRWSR 1MGLEIP;7EPQSR ;EVVIR/;VE]

(EZMH.)EXSR &SRRMI)1ERPI] ,S[EVH48LSQEW
(EZMH,IMR 1E\04SVXIV (SREPH+;MXXQIV
Staff Liaisons
/LEPIH2ELPE[M%'- .EQIW%6SWWFIVK7)-SJ%7') 4LMPPMT.7EQFPERIX817
Balloting Assistance
/EXL]/IPPIV%HQMRMWXVEXMZI%WWMWXERX 7YWER7GLIYVIV'SQQMXXII0MEMWSR
;(41EREWWEWSJJMGI 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
Cover Design
8LSQEW)WGSFEV(IWMKR(MVIGXSV1EWSRV]-RWXMXYXISJ%QIVMGE
Final Editing & Proofing
0YMW(SQMRKYI^4VSHYGXMSR1EREKIV 7YWER7GLIYVIV'SQQMXXII0MEMWSR
1EWSRV]-RWXMXYXISJ%QIVMGEW 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
Indexing
'LVMWXIR7R]HEP4YFPMGEXMSRW1EREKIV8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
Editorial Assistance during Initial Development
+E],SJXIMK6IXMVIH*SVQIVP][MXLXLI-RXIVREXMSREP1EWSRV]-RWXMXYXI
(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS AND KEYWORDS, pg. C-vii
CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY, pg. C-1

{7GSTI'
1MRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXW'
+SZIVRMRKFYMPHMRKGSHI'
(IWMKRTVSGIHYVIW'
7-MRJSVQEXMSR'
{'SRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHGEPGYPEXMSRW'
{%TTVSZEPSJWTIGMEPW]WXIQWSJHIWMKRSVGSRWXVYGXMSR'
{7XERHEVHWGMXIHMRXLMW'SHI'
{2SXEXMSR'
{(IJMRMXMSRW'
{0SEHMRK'
+IRIVEP'
0SEHTVSZMWMSRW'
0EXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGI'
0SEHXVERWJIVEXLSVM^SRXEPGSRRIGXMSRW'
3XLIVIJJIGXW'
0EXIVEPPSEHHMWXVMFYXMSR'
{1EXIVMEPTVSTIVXMIW'
+IRIVEP'
)PEWXMGQSHYPM'
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR'
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRJSVGPE]QEWSRV]'
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJWLVMROEKI'
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJGVIIT'
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP'
{7IGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW'
7XVIWWGSQTYXEXMSRW'
7XMJJRIWW'
6EHMYWSJK]VEXMSR'
-RXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW'
&IEVMRKEVIE'
)JJIGXMZIGSQTVIWWMZI[MHXLTIVFEV'
'SRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW'
{'SRRIGXMSRXSWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIW'
{1EWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH'
C-ii TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
{'SVFIPW'
0SEHFIEVMRKGSVFIPW'
2SRPSEHFIEVMRKGSVFIPW'
{&IEQW'
+IRIVEPFIEQHIWMKR'
(IITFIEQW'
{'SPYQRW'
+IRIVEPGSPYQRHIWMKR'
0MKLXP]PSEHIHGSPYQRW'
{4MPEWXIVW'
{(IXEMPWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW'
)QFIHQIRX'
7MÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
4VSXIGXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW'
7XERHEVHLSSOW'
1MRMQYQFIRHHMEQIXIVJSVVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW'
{%RGLSV&SPXW'
4PEGIQIRX'
4VSNIGXIHEVIEJSVE\MEPXIRWMSR'
4VSNIGXIHEVIEJSVWLIEV'
)JJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLJSVLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXW'
)JJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLSJFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXW'
1MRMQYQTIVQMWWMFPIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXL'
%RGLSVFSPXIHKIHMWXERGI'
{7IMWQMGHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXW'
7GSTI'
+IRIVEPEREP]WMW'
)PIQIRXGPEWWMJMGEXMSR'
7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]VIUYMVIQIRXW'
{5YEPMX]%WWYVERGITVSKVEQ'
0IZIP%5YEPMX]%WWYVERGI'
0IZIP&5YEPMX]%WWYVERGI'
0IZIP'5YEPMX]%WWYVERGI'
4VSGIHYVIW'
5YEPMJMGEXMSRW'
%GGITXERGIVIPEXMZIXSWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW'
{'SRWXVYGXMSR'
+VSYXMRKQMRMQYQWTEGIW'
)QFIHHIHGSRHYMXWTMTIWERHWPIIZIW'
CHAPTER 2 — ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-77

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
0SEHGSQFMREXMSRW'
(IWMKRWXVIRKXL'
%RGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX'
1YPXM[]XLI[EPPW'
&IEVMRKWXVIWW'
(IZIPSTQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX'
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-iii
{9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
7GSTI'
7XVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERHJPI\YVI'
%\MEPXIRWMSR '
7LIEV'
{6IMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
7GSTI'
(IWMKREWWYQTXMSRW'
7XIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX{%PPS[EFPIWXVIWWIW'
%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERHJPI\YVI'
%\MEPXIRWMSRERHJPI\YVEPXIRWMSR'
7LIEV'
CHAPTER 3 —STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-105

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL'
(IWMKRWXVIRKXL'
7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW'
(IJSVQEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW'
%RGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX'
2SQMREPFIEVMRKWXVIRKXL'
1EXIVMEPTVSTIVXMIW'
{9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]'

7GSTI'
*PI\YVEPERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]QIQFIVW'
%\MEPXIRWMSR '
2SQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXL'
{6IMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
7GSTI'
(IWMKREWWYQTXMSRW'
6IMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWERHHIXEMPW'
(IWMKRSJFIEQWTMIVWERHGSPYQRW'
;EPPHIWMKRJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW'
;EPPHIWMKRJSVMRTPERIPSEHW'
CHAPTER 4 — PRESTRESSED MASONRY, pg. C-133

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
{(IWMKRQIXLSHW'
+IRIVEP'
%JXIVXVERWJIV'
{4IVQMWWMFPIWXVIWWIWMRTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW'
.EGOMRKJSVGI'
-QQIHMEXIP]EJXIVXVERWJIV'
4SWXXIRWMSRIHQEWSRV]QIQFIVW'
)JJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW'
C-iv TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
{%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERHJPI\YVI'
+IRIVEP'
7IVZMGIPSEHVIUYMVIQIRXW'
7XVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW'
{%\MEPXIRWMSR'
{7LIEV'
{(IJPIGXMSR'
{4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVWERHIRHFPSGOW'
'
'
'
&IEVMRKWXVIWWIW'
{4VSXIGXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHEGGIWWSVMIW'
{(IZIPSTQIRXSJFSRHIHXIRHSRW'
CHAPTER 5 — EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-143

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
0MQMXEXMSRW'
{,IMKLX'
{0EXIVEPWXEFMPMX]'
7LIEV[EPPW'
6SSJW'
{'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWVIUYMVIQIRXW'
'EPGYPEXMSRW'
%PPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIW'
{0EXIVEPWYTTSVX'
1E\MQYQl/tERHh/t'
'ERXMPIZIV[EPPW'
7YTTSVXIPIQIRXW'
{8LMGORIWWSJQEWSRV]'
+IRIVEP'
1MRMQYQXLMGORIWW'
*SYRHEXMSR[EPPW'
4EVETIX[EPPW'
{&SRH'
+IRIVEP'
&SRHMRK[MXLQEWSRV]LIEHIVW'
&SRHMRK[MXL[EPPXMIWSVNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
2EXYVEPSVGEWXWXSRI'
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-v
{%RGLSVEKI'
+IRIVEP'
-RXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW'
*PSSVERHVSSJERGLSVEKI'
;EPPWEHNSMRMRKWXVYGXYVEPJVEQMRK'
{1MWGIPPERISYWVIUYMVIQIRXW'
'LEWIWERHVIGIWWIW'
0MRXIPW'
7YTTSVXSR[SSH'
CHAPTER 6 — VENEER, pg. C-157

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
(IWMKRSJERGLSVIHZIRIIV'
(IWMKRSJEHLIVIHZIRIIV'
(MQIRWMSRWXSRI'
%YXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]ZIRIIV'
+IRIVEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXW'
{%RGLSVIH:IRIIV'
%PXIVREXMZIHIWMKRSJERGLSVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV'
4VIWGVMTXMZIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVERGLSVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV'
{%HLIVIH:IRIIV'
%PXIVREXMZIHIWMKRSJEHLIVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV'
4VIWGVMTXMZIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVEHLIVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV'
CHAPTER 7 — GLASS UNIT MASONRY, pg. C-169

{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
+IRIVEPHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXW'
9RMXW'
{4ERIP7MÎ'
)\XIVMSVWXERHEVHYRMXTERIPW'
)\XIVMSVXLMRYRMXTERIPW'
-RXIVMSVTERIPW'
'YVZIHTERIPW'
{7YTTSVX'
+IRIVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
:IVXMGEP'
0EXIVEP'
{)\TERWMSRNSMRXW'
{&EWIWYVJEGIXVIEXQIRX'
{1SVXEV'
{6IMRJSVGIQIRX'
C-vi TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CHAPTER 8 — STRENGTH DESIGN OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC) MASONRY, pg. C-175
{+IRIVEP'
7GSTI'
6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL'
(IWMKRWXVIRKXL'
7XVIRKXLSJNSMRXW'
7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW'
(IJSVQEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW'
%RGLSVFSPXW'
1EXIVMEPTVSTIVXMIW'
2SQMREPFIEVMRKWVIRKXL'
'SVFIPW'
{9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]'

7GSTI'
*PI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVW'
2SQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVW'
%\MEPXIRWMSR '
2SQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVW'
*PI\YVEPGVEGOMRK'
{6IMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]'
7GSTI'
(IWMKREWWYQTXMSRW'
6IMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWERHHIXEMPW'
(IWMKRSJFIEQWTMIVWERHGSPYQRW'
;EPPHIWMKRJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW'
;EPPHIWMKRJSVMRTPERIPSEHW'
APPENDIX B — DESIGN OF MASONRY INFILL, pg. C-193

&{+IRIVEP'
& 7GSTI'
& 6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL'
& (IWMKRWXVIRKXL'
& 7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW'
& 0MQMXEXMSRW'
&{2SR4EVXMGMTEXMRK-RJMPPW'
& -RTPERIMWSPEXMSRNSMRXWJSVRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPW'
& (IWMKRSJJSVRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW'
&{4EVXMGMTEXMRK-RJMPPW'
& +IRIVEP'
& -RTPERIGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPW'
& 3YXSJTPERIGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPW'
& (IWMKRSJJSVTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWJSVMRTPERIPSEHW'
& (IWMKRSJJVEQIIPIQIRXW[MXLTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWJSVMRTPERIPSEHW'
CONVERSION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS, pg. C-201
REFERENCE FOR THE CODE COMMENTARY, pg. 213

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-vii

(TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11)
SYNOPSIS
8LMW 'SHI GSZIVW XLI HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW -X MW [VMXXIR MR
WYGLJSVQXLEXMXQE]FIEHSTXIHF]VIJIVIRGIMREPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI
%QSRK XLI WYFNIGXW GSZIVIH EVI HIJMRMXMSRW GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
QEXIVMEPW TPEGIQIRX SJ IQFIHHIH MXIQW EREP]WMW ERH HIWMKR WXVIRKXL ERH
WIVZMGIEFMPMX] JPI\YVEP ERH E\MEP PSEHW WLIEV HIXEMPW ERH HIZIPSTQIRX SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX [EPPW GSPYQRW TMPEWXIVW FIEQW ERH PMRXIPW WIMWQMG HIWMKR
VIUYMVIQIRXWKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ERHZIRIIVW%RIQTMVMGEPHIWMKRQIXLSHETTPMGEFPI
XSFYMPHMRKWQIIXMRKWTIGMJMGPSGEXMSRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRGVMXIVMEEVIEPWSMRGPYHIH
8LI UYEPMX] MRWTIGXMSR XIWXMRK ERH TPEGIQIRX SJ QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR GSRWXVYGXMSR EVI
GSZIVIH F] VIJIVIRGI XS 817 %'- %7') 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIWERHSXLIVWXERHEVHW
Keywords %%' QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR ERGLSVW JEWXIRIVW ERGLSVEKI

WXVYGXYVEP EYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]FIEQWFYMPHMRKGSHIWGIQIRXWGPE]
FVMGO GPE] XMPI GSPYQRW GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL GSRGVIXI FPSGO GSRGVIXI FVMGO
GSRWXVYGXMSRHIXEMPMRKIQTMVMGEPHIWMKRJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLKPEWWYRMXWKVSYXKVSYXMRK
NSMRXWPSEHWJSVGIW QEWSRV]QEWSRV]GIQIRXWQEWSRV]PSEHFIEVMRK[EPPWQEWSRV]
QSVXEVWQEWSRV][EPPWQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]QSVXEVWTMPEWXIVWTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP WIMWQMG VIUYMVIQIRXW WLIEV
WXVIRKXLWTIGMJMGEXMSRWWTPMGMRKWXVIWWIWWXVIRKXLHIWMKRWXVYGXYVEPEREP]WMWWXVYGXYVEP
HIWMKRXMIWYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIVW[EPPW
C-viii TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
8LMWTEKIMWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY C-1
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY
1.1 — Scope 1.1 — Scope

8LMW 'SHI GSZIVW XLI WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR ERH
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWERHWIVZIWEWETEVXSJXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI 7MRGI XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
QEWSRV]MRXLMW'SHIEVIMRXIVVIPEXIHXLMW'SHIQE]RIIH
XS WYTIVWIHI [LIR XLIVI EVI GSRJPMGXW SR QEWSRV] HIWMKR
ERHGSRWXVYGXMSR[MXL XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISV
[MXLHSGYQIRXWVIJIVIRGIHF]XLMW'SHI8LIHIWMKRIVQYWX
VIWSPZIXLIGSRJPMGXJSVIEGLWTIGMJMGGEWI
1.1.1 Minimum requirements 1.1.1 Minimum requirements

8LMW 'SHI TVSZMHIW QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI 8LMWGSHIKSZIVRWWXVYGXYVEPHIWMKRSJFSXLWXVYGXYVEP
WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW ERH RSRWXVYGXYVEP QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW )\EQTPIW SJ RSR
GSRWMWXMRKSJQEWSRV]YRMXWFIHHIHMRQSVXEV WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW EVI QEWSRV] ZIRIIV KPEWW YRMX
QEWSRV] ERH QEWSRV] TEVXMXMSRW 7XVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
EWTIGXW SJ RSRWXVYGXYVEP QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW MRGPYHI FYX
EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS KVEZMX] ERH PEXIVEP WYTTSVX ERH PSEH
XVERWJIVXSWYTTSVXMRKIPIQIRXW
1.1.2 Governing building code 1.1.2 Governing building code

8LMW 'SHI WYTTPIQIRXW XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI ERH WLEPP KSZIVR MR QEXXIVW TIVXEMRMRK XS WXVYGXYVEP
HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW I\GITX
[LIVI XLMW 'SHI MW MR GSRJPMGX [MXL VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI -R EVIEW [MXLSYX E PIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI XLMW 'SHI HIJMRIW XLI QMRMQYQ
EGGITXEFPIWXERHEVHWSJHIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGI
1.1.3 Design procedures 1.1.3 Design procedures

1EWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW ERH XLIMV GSQTSRIRX QIQFIVW (IWMKR TVSGIHYVIW MR 'LETXIV EVI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW QIXLSHWMR[LMGLXLIWXVIWWIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQWIVZMGIPSEHW
'LETXIVERHSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK QYWXRSXI\GIIHTIVQMWWMFPIWIVZMGIPSEHWXVIWWIW(IWMKR
TVSGIHYVIW MR 'LETXIVW ERH EVI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR
E %PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]'LETXIV
QIXLSHW MR [LMGL MRXIVREP JSVGIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ
F 7XVIRKXL(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]'LETXIV ETTPMGEXMSR SJ JEGXSVIH PSEHW QYWX RSX I\GIIH HIWMKR
WXVIRKXLRSQMREPQIQFIVWXVIRKXLVIHYGIHF]EWXVIRKXL
G 4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]'LETXIV
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
H )QTMVMGEP(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]'LETXIV
*SV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR PMRIEV IPEWXMG QEXIVMEPW
I :IRIIV'LETXIV JSPPS[MRK,SSOIvW0E[EVIEWWYQIHXLEXMWHIJSVQEXMSRW
WXVEMRW EVI PMRIEVP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS XLI PSEHW WXVIWWIW
J +PEWW9RMX1EWSRV]'LETXIV
%PP QEXIVMEPW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI LSQSKIRISYW ERH
K 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR SJ %YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI MWSXVSTMG ERH WIGXMSRW XLEX EVI TPERI FIJSVI FIRHMRK
%%' 1EWSRV]'LETXIV VIQEMR TPERI EJXIV FIRHMRK 8LIWI EWWYQTXMSRW EVI
EHIUYEXI [MXLMR XLI PS[ VERKI SJ [SVOMRK WXVIWWIW YRHIV
L 1EWSRV]-RJMPP%TTIRHM\& GSRWMHIVEXMSR 8LI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW EVI JVEGXMSRW SJ XLI
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL VIWYPXMRK MR GSRWIVZEXMZI
JEGXSVWSJWEJIX]
7IVZMGIPSEHMWXLIPSEHXLEXMWEWWYQIHF]XLIPIKEPP]
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHIXSEGXYEPP]SGGYV[LIRXLIWXVYGXYVI
C-2 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
MW MR WIVZMGI 8LI WXVIWWIW EPPS[IH YRHIV XLI EGXMSR SJ
WIVZMGIPSEHWEVIPMQMXIHXSZEPYIW[MXLMRXLIIPEWXMGVERKI
SJXLIQEXIVMEPW
*SV WXVIRKXL HIWMKR QIXLSHW MRXIVREP JSVGIW EVMWMRK
JVSQETTPMGEXMSRSJGSQFMREXMSRWSJJEGXSVIHPSEHWEVIXLI
FEWMWJSVHIWMKR7YGLPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWEVI WTIGMJMIHMR
XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI 2SQMREP QIQFIV
WXVIRKXLWEVIX]TMGEPP]GSQTYXIHYWMRKQMRMQYQWTIGMJMIH
QEXIVMEP WXVIRKXLW 1EXIVMEPW EVI EWWYQIH XS FI
LSQSKIRSYW MWSXVSTMG ERH I\LMFMX RSRPMRIEV FILEZMSV
9RHIVPSEHWXLEXI\GIIHWIVZMGIPIZIPWRSRPMRIEVQEXIVMEP
FILEZMSVGVEGOMRKERHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWPMTMRZEPMHEXIXLI
EWWYQTXMSR VIKEVHMRK XLI PMRIEVMX] SJ XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR
VIPEXMSR JSV QEWSRV] KVSYX ERH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP -J
RSRPMRIEVFILEZMSVMWQSHIPIHLS[IZIVRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
GERFIEGGYVEXIP]TVIHMGXIH7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSVW
EVI EWWMKRIH ZEPYIW FEWIH SR PMQMXMRK XLI TVSFEFMPMX] SJ
JEMPYVIXSEREGGITXEFP]WQEPPZEPYI[MXLWSQIEHNYWXQIRX
FEWIHSRNYHKQIRXERHI\TIVMIRGI
)QTMVMGEPHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWSJ'LETXIVEVITIVQMXXIH
MR GIVXEMR MRWXERGIW )PIQIRXW RSX [SVOMRK MRXIKVEPP] [MXL
XLI WXVYGXYVI WYGL EW TEVXMXMSR SV TERIP [EPPW SV ER]
IPIQIRXRSXSVRSXTIVQERIRXP] EFWSVFMRKSVXVERWQMXXMRK
JSVGIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLI FILEZMSV SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI YRHIV
PSEHWQE]FIHIWMKRIHIQTMVMGEPP]%QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPP
[SYPH FI ER MRXIKVEP WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX [LMPI WSQI [EPP
TEVXMXMSRW FIGEYWI SJ XLIMV QIXLSH SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR SV
EXXEGLQIRX [SYPH RSX )QTMVMGEP HIWMKR MW TIVQMXXIH JSV
FYMPHMRKWSJPMQMXIHLIMKLXERHPS[WIMWQMGVMWO
1EWSRV]WXVYGXYVIWQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSLEZIIRLERGIH
WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] EW TEVX SJ E GSQTVILIRWMZI HIWMKR
EKEMRWX TVSKVIWWMZI GSPPETWI HYI XS EGGMHIRX QMWYWI
WEFSXEKI SV SXLIV GEYWIW +IRIVEP HIWMKR KYMHERGI
EHHVIWWMRK XLMW MWWYI MW EZEMPEFPI MR 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR
SJ %7') 7YKKIWXMSRW JVSQ XLEX 'SQQIRXEV] SJ
WTIGMJMG ETTPMGEXMSR XS QER] QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW MRGPYHI
FYX EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ TPER PE]SYX XS
MRGSVTSVEXI VIXYVRW SR [EPPW FSXL MRXIVMSV ERH I\XIVMSV
YWISJPSEHFIEVMRKMRXIVMSVTEVXMXMSRWEHIUYEXIGSRXMRYMX]
SJ[EPPWXMIWERHNSMRXVMKMHMX]TVSZMHMRK[EPPWGETEFPISJ
FIEQ EGXMSR HYGXMPI HIXEMPMRK ERH XLI YWI SJ
GSQTEVXQIRXEPMÎHGSRWXVYGXMSR
1.1.4 SI information 1.1.4 SI information
7- ZEPYIW WLS[R MR TEVIRXLIWIW EVI RSX TEVX SJ XLMW
'SHI8LIIUYEXMSRWMRXLMWHSGYQIRXEVIJSVYWI[MXLXLI
WTIGMJMIHMRGLTSYRHYRMXWSRP]8LIIUYMZEPIRXIUYEXMSRW
JSVYWI[MXL7-YRMXWEVITVSZMHIHMR'SRZIVWMSRSJ9RMXW
SR4EKI'
CODE COMMENTARY
1.2 — Contract documents and calculations 1.2 — Contract documents and calculations
1.2.1 4VSNIGX HVE[MRKW ERH TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW 1.2.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW JSV TVITEVEXMSR SJ TVSNIGX
JSV QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW WLEPP MHIRXMJ] XLI MRHMZMHYEP HVE[MRKWTVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRWERHMWWYERGISJTIVQMXWEVIMR
VIWTSRWMFPIJSVXLIMVTVITEVEXMSR KIRIVEPGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLSWISJQSWXPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHIWERHEVIMRXIRHIHEWWYTTPIQIRXWXSXLSWIGSHIW
8LMW 'SHI MW RSX MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI E TEVX SJ XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW8LIGSRXVEGXSVWLSYPHRSXFIVIUYMVIH
XLVSYKL GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS EWWYQI VIWTSRWMFMPMX]
VIKEVHMRK HIWMKR 'SHI VIUYMVIQIRXW YRPIWW XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSRIRXMX]MWEGXMRKMREHIWMKRFYMPHGETEGMX]%
'SQQIRXEV]SR817%'-%7')JSPPS[WXLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR
1.2.2 7LS[ EPP 'SHIVIUYMVIH HVE[MRK MXIQW SR 1.2.2 8LMW 'SHI PMWXW WSQI SJ XLI QSVI MQTSVXERX
XLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKWMRGPYHMRK MXIQW SJMRJSVQEXMSR XLEX QYWXFIMRGPYHIHMR XLITVSNIGX
HVE[MRKW SV TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW 8LMW MW RSX ER EPP
E 2EQI ERH HEXI SJ MWWYI SJ GSHI ERH WYTTPIQIRX XS
MRGPYWMZIPMWXERHEHHMXMSREPMXIQWQE]FIVIUYMVIHF]XLI
[LMGLXLIHIWMKRGSRJSVQW
FYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP
F 0SEHWYWIHMRXLIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]
1EWSRV]HSIWRSXEP[E]WFILEZIMRXLIWEQIQERRIV
G 7TIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EX WXEXIH EW MXW WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW SV EHNEGIRX GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI
EKIW SV WXEKIW SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV [LMGL QEWSRV] MW HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW ERH XLI
HIWMKRIH I\GITX [LIVIWTIGMJMGEPP] I\IQTXIHF] 'SHI JSVGIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLIMV VIWXVEMRX 8LI X]TI SJ
TVSZMWMSRW GSRRIGXMSRGLSWIRWLSYPHXVERWJIVSRP]XLIPSEHWTPERRIH
;LMPI WSQI GSRRIGXMSRW XVERWJIV PSEHW TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS
H 7MÎERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW XLI[EPP SXLIV HIZMGIW XVERWJIVPSEHW [MXLMR XLI TPERISJ
I (IXEMPW SJ ERGLSVEKI SJ QEWSRV] XS WXVYGXYVEP XLI [EPP *MKYVI '' WLS[W VITVIWIRXEXMZI [EPP
QIQFIVW JVEQIW ERH SXLIV GSRWXVYGXMSR MRGPYHMRK ERGLSVEKIHIXEMPWXLEXEPPS[QSZIQIRX[MXLMRXLITPERISJ
XLIX]TIWMÎERHPSGEXMSRSJGSRRIGXSVW XLI [EPP ;LMPI PSEH XVERWJIV YWYEPP] MRZSPZIW QEWSRV]
EXXEGLIHXSWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXWWYGLEWFIEQWSVGSPYQRW
J (IXEMPW SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MRGPYHMRK XLI WMÎ KVEHI XLI GSRRIGXMSR SJ RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW WYGL EW HSSV
X]TIERHPSGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH[MRHS[JVEQIWWLSYPHEPWSFIEHHVIWWIH
K 6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWXSFI[IPHIHERH[IPHMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW 'SRRIGXSVWEVISJEZEVMIX]SJWMÎWWLETIWERHYWIW
L 4VSZMWMSR JSV HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ -RSVHIVXSTIVJSVQTVSTIVP]XLI]WLSYPHFIMHIRXMJMIHSR
IPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GVIIT WLVMROEKI XIQTIVEXYVI XLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
ERHQSMWXYVI
M 7MÎ ERH TIVQMXXIH PSGEXMSR SJ GSRHYMXW TMTIW ERH
WPIIZIW
1.2.3 8LI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLEPP FI GSRWMWXIRX 1.2.3 8LI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW QYWX EGGYVEXIP]
[MXLHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRW VIJPIGX HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW *SV I\EQTPI NSMRX ERH
STIRMRK PSGEXMSRW EWWYQIH MR XLI HIWMKR WLSYPH FI
GSSVHMREXIH[MXLPSGEXMSRWWLS[RSRXLIHVE[MRKW
:IVMJMGEXMSR XLEX QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRJSVQW XS
XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW MW VIUYMVIH F] XLMW 'SHI %
TVSKVEQ SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QYWX FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWXSWEXMWJ]XLMW'SHIVIUYMVIQIRX
1.2.4 'SRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW WLEPP WTIGMJ] XLI
QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR
SVWLEPPMRGPYHIERMXIQMÎHUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
XLEXIUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
C-4 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
(SZIXEMP7PSX
*PI\MFPI(SZIXEMP
%RGLSV
4PER 7IGXMSR
E ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS'SRGVIXI&IEQW
(SZIXEMP7PSX
*PI\MFPI(SZIXEMP
%RGLSV
4PER 7IGXMSR
F ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS'SRGVIXI'SPYQRW
%RGLSV6SH;IPHIH
XS'SPYQR
*PI\MFPI%RGLSV
4PER 7IGXMSR
G ;EPP%RGLSVEKIXS7XIIP'SPYQR
%RGLSV6SH;IPHIH
XS&IEQ;IF
*PI\MFPI%RGLSV
4PER 7IGXMSR
Figure CC-1.2-1 — Wall anchorage details
CODE COMMENTARY
1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or 1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or
construction construction
7TSRWSVW SJ ER] W]WXIQ SJ HIWMKR SV GSRWXVYGXMSR 2I[QIXLSHWSJHIWMKRRI[QEXIVMEPWERHRI[YWIW
[MXLMRXLIWGSTISJXLMW'SHIXLIEHIUYEG]SJ[LMGLLEW SJQEXIVMEPWQYWXYRHIVKSETIVMSHSJHIZIPSTQIRXFIJSVI
FIIR WLS[R F] WYGGIWWJYP YWI SV F] EREP]WMW SV XIWX FYX FIMRKWTIGMJMGEPP]GSZIVIHMREGSHI,IRGIZEPMHW]WXIQW
XLEX HSIWRSX GSRJSVQ XS SV MW RSX GSZIVIH F] XLMW 'SHI SVGSQTSRIRXWQMKLXFII\GPYHIHJVSQYWIF]MQTPMGEXMSR
WLEPP LEZI XLI VMKLX XS TVIWIRX XLI HEXE SR [LMGL XLIMV MJ QIERW [IVI RSX EZEMPEFPI XS SFXEMR EGGITXERGI 8LMW
HIWMKRMWFEWIHXSEFSEVHSJI\EQMRIVWETTSMRXIHF]XLI WIGXMSR TIVQMXW TVSTSRIRXW XS WYFQMX HEXE WYFWXERXMEXMRK
FYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP8LIFSEVHWLEPPFIGSQTSWIHSJPMGIRWIH XLIEHIUYEG]SJXLIMVW]WXIQSVGSQTSRIRXXSE&SEVHSJ
HIWMKR TVSJIWWMSREPW ERH WLEPP LEZI EYXLSVMX] XS )\EQMRIVW7YGLEFSEVHWLSYPHFIGVIEXIHERHREQIHMR
MRZIWXMKEXIXLIWYFQMXXIHHEXEVIUYMVIXIWXWERHJSVQYPEXI EGGSVHERGI [MXL PSGEP PE[W ERH WLSYPH FI LIEHIH F] E
VYPIW KSZIVRMRK HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ WYGL W]WXIQW VIKMWXIVIH IRKMRIIV &SEVH QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI HMVIGXP]
XSQIIXXLIMRXIRXSJXLMW'SHI8LIVYPIW[LIRETTVSZIH EWWSGMEXIH[MXLERHGSQTIXIRXMRXLIJMIPHWSJWXVYGXYVEP
ERH TVSQYPKEXIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK SJJMGMEP WLEPP FI SJ XLI HIWMKRSVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]
WEQIJSVGIERHIJJIGXEWXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHI
*SVWTIGMEPW]WXIQWGSRWMHIVIHYRHIVXLMWWIGXMSRWTIGMJMG
XIWXW PSEH JEGXSVW HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW ERH SXLIV TIVXMRIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI WIX F] XLI FSEVH SJ I\EQMRIVW ERH
WLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRXIRXSJXLI'SHI
CODE COMMENTARY
1.4 — Standards cited in this Code 1.4 — Standards cited in this Code
7XERHEVHW SJ XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI XLI 8LIWI WXERHEVHW EVI VIJIVIRGIH MR XLMW 'SHI 7TIGMJMG
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW %781 HEXIW EVI PMWXIH LIVI WMRGI GLERKIW XS XLI WXERHEVH QE]
-RXIVREXMSREP XLI %QIVMGER ;IPHMRK 7SGMIX] ERH 8LI VIWYPXMRGLERKIWSJTVSTIVXMIWSVTVSGIHYVIW
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]GMXIHMRXLMW'SHIEVIPMWXIHFIPS[[MXL
'SRXEGXMRJSVQEXMSRJSVXLIWISVKERMÊXMSRWMWKMZIR
XLIMV WIVMEP HIWMKREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK ]IEV SJ EHSTXMSR SV
FIPS[
VIZMWMSRERHEVIHIGPEVIHXSFITEVXSJXLMW'SHIEWMJJYPP]
WIXJSVXLMRXLMWHSGYQIRX %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
817%'-%7'){7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW
[[[EGMMRXSVK
%7') { 1MRMQYQ (IWMKR 0SEHW JSV &YMPHMRKW ERH
3XLIV7XVYGXYVIW %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW
%PI\ERHIV&IPP(VMZI
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
6IWXSR:%
7XIIP 7XVERH 9RGSEXIH 7IZIR;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH
[[[EWGISVK
'SRGVIXI
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %781-RXIVREXMSREP
9RGSEXIH 7XVIWW6IPMIZIH 7XIIP ;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH &EVV,EVFSV(VMZI
'SRGVIXI ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
[[[EWXQSVK
%781 %%1 { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
9RGSEXIH ,MKL7XVIRKXL 7XIIP &EVW JSV 4VIWXVIWWMRK %QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]
'SRGVIXI 2;0I.IYRI6SEH
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 7XVYGXYVEP 1MEQM*PSVMHE
'PE]0SEH&IEVMRK;EPP8MPI [[[E[WSVK
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 0MRIEV 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]817
(V]MRK7LVMROEKISJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW &VSEH[E]7YMXI(
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV +VSYX JSV &SYPHIV'3
1EWSRV] [[[QEWSRV]WSGMIX]SVK
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
&SRH 7XVIRKXL SJ 'IVEQMG 8MPI XS 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX
4EWXI
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 7TPMXXMRK
8IRWMPI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]9RMXW
%781 ' { 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 4VIGEWX
%YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%' ;EPP
'SRWXVYGXMSR9RMXW
%781 ''1 { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7PYQT*PS[SJ7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK'SRGVIXI
%781 ) { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV =SYRKW
1SHYPYW8ERKIRX1SHYPYWERH'LSVH1SHYPYW
%781 ) { 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7XVIRKXL SJ %RGLSVW MR 'SRGVIXI ERH 1EWSRV]
)PIQIRXW
%;7 ( { 7XVYGXYVEP ;IPHMRK 'SHI { 6IMRJSVGMRK
7XIIP
C-6 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.5 — Notation 1.5 — Notation

Ab ! GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX MR
2SXEXMSRWYWIHMRXLMW'SHIEVIWYQQEVMÎHLIVI
QQ
8LI XLMGORIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP tinf MW XLI WTIGMJMIH
Abr ! FIEVMRKEVIEMRQQ
XLMGORIWWSJXLIMRJMPP8LIRIXXLMGORIWWSJXLIMRJMPPtnetinf
Ag ! KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ MW XLI QMRMQYQ XSXEP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIE8LIWIZEPYIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
An ! RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ
Anv ! RIXWLIEVEVIEMRQQ
Aps = EVIESJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPMR QQ
Apt ! TVSNIGXIH XIRWMSR EVIE SR QEWSRV] WYVJEGI SJ E
VMKLXGMVGYPEVGSRIMRQQ
Apv ! TVSNIGXIHWLIEVEVIESRQEWSRV]WYVJEGISJSRI tnet inf = t1 + t2
LEPJSJEVMKLXGMVGYPEVGSRIMRQQ
As ! EVIE SJ RSRTVIWXVIWWIH PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ t1 t2
Asc ! EVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIH[MXLMRXLIPETRIEV tinf
IEGL IRH SJ XLI PETTIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW ERH
XVERWZIVWIXSXLIQMRQQ
:IVXMGEP'VSWW7IGXMSR8LVSYKL -RJMPP
Ast ! XSXEPEVIESJPEXIVEPP]XMIHPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRK
WXIIPMRQQ
Figure CC-1.5-1 — Thickness and net thickness of an
Av ! GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJ WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMR infill
QQ
A1 ! PSEHIHEVIEMRQQ
A2 ! WYTTSVXMRKFIEVMRKEVIEMRQQ
a ! HITXLSJERIUYMZEPIRXGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWFPSGO
EXRSQMREPWXVIRKXLMRQQ
Ba ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPXPF2
Bab ! EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SR ER ERGLSV FSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2
Ban ! RSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXPF2
Banb ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2
Banp ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYXPF2
Bans ! RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2
Bap ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYXPF2
Bas ! EPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX
[LIRKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2
Bv ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPXPF2
Bvb ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2
CODE COMMENTARY
Bvc ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR

KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKPF2
Bvn ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXPF2
Bvnb ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXPF2
Bvnc ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKPF2
Bvnpry ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTV]SYXPF2
Bvns ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2
Bvpry ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTV]SYXPF2
Bvs ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR
KSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRKPF2
b ! [MHXLSJWIGXMSRMRQQ
ba ! XSXEP ETTPMIH HIWMKR E\MEP JSVGI SR ER ERGLSV
FSPXPF2
baf ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPJSVGIMRERERGLSVFSPXPF2
bv ! XSXEP ETTPMIH HIWMKR WLIEV JSVGI SR ER ERGLSV
FSPXPF2
bvf ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIMRERERGLSVFSPXPF2
bw ! [MHXLSJ[EPPFIEQMRQQ
Cd ! HIJPIGXMSREQTPMJMGEXMSRJEGXSV
c ! HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMRXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MWMRQQ
D ! HIEHPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
d ! HMWXERGI JVSQ I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV XS
GIRXVSMHSJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
db ! RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV ERGLSV
FSPXMRQQ
dv ! EGXYEP HITXL SJ E QIQFIV MR HMVIGXMSR SJ WLIEV
GSRWMHIVIHMRQQ
E ! PSEH IJJIGXW SJ IEVXLUYEOI SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
EAAC ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ %%' QEWSRV] MR
GSQTVIWWMSRTWM14E
Ebb ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ FSYRHMRK FIEQW TWM
14E
Ebc ! QSHYPYW SJIPEWXMGMX] SJ FSYRHMRK GSPYQRW TWM
14E
C-8 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Em ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ QEWSRV] MR

GSQTVIWWMSRTWM14E
Eps ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPTWM14E
Es ! QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJWXIIPTWM14E
Ev ! QSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]WLIEVQSHYPYW SJQEWSRV]
TWM14E
e ! IGGIRXVMGMX]SJE\MEPPSEHMRQQ
eb ! TVSNIGXIH PIK I\XIRWMSR SJ FIRXFEV ERGLSV
QIEWYVIHJVSQMRWMHIIHKISJERGLSVEXFIRHXS
JEVXLIWXTSMRXSJERGLSVMRXLITPERISJXLILSSO
MRQQ
eu ! IGGIRXVMGMX]SJPufMRQQ
F ! PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI SJ PMUYMHW SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
Fa ! EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW EZEMPEFPI XS VIWMWX
E\MEPPSEHSRP]TWM14E
Fb ! EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW EZEMPEFPI XS VIWMWX
JPI\YVISRP]TWM14E
Fs ! EPPS[EFPI XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E
Fv ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVWXVIWWTWM14E
Fvm ! EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV]
TWM14E
Fvs ! EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E
fa ! GEPGYPEXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]HYIXS
E\MEPPSEHSRP]TWM14E
fb ! GEPGYPEXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]HYIXS
JPI\YVISRP]TWM14E
f AAC ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ %%'
QEWSRV]TWM14E
f 'g ! WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXTWM14E
f'm ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] TWM
14E
f 'mi ! WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EX
XLIXMQISJTVIWXVIWWXVERWJIVTWM14E
fps ! WXVIWWMRTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSREXRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
TWM14E
fpu ! WTIGMJMIHXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
TWM14E
fpy ! WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
TWM14E
fr ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVITWM14E
CODE COMMENTARY
frAAC ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJ%%'TWM14E

fs ! GEPGYPEXIH XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTWM14E
fse ! IJJIGXMZI WXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR EJXIV EPP
TVIWXVIWWPSWWIWLEZISGGYVVIHTWM14E
ft AAC ! WTPMXXMRKXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL SJ%%'EWHIXIVQMRIH
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'TWM14E
fv ! GEPGYPEXIHWLIEVWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]TWM14E
fy ! WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ WXIIP JSV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSVWTWM14E
H ! PEXIVEP TVIWWYVI SJ WSMP SV VIPEXIH MRXIVREP
QSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
h ! IJJIGXMZILIMKLXSJGSPYQR[EPPSVTMPEWXIVMRQQ
hinf ! ZIVXMGEPHMQIRWMSRSJMRJMPPMRQQ
hw ! LIMKLX SJ IRXMVI [EPP SV SJ XLI WIKQIRX SJ [EPP
GSRWMHIVIHMRQQ
Ibb ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ FSYRHMRK FIEQ JSV
FIRHMRKMRXLITPERISJXLIMRJMPPMRQQ
Ibc ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ FSYRHMRK GSPYQR JSV
FIRHMRKMRXLITPERISJXLIMRJMPPMRQQ
Icr ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ GVEGOIH GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJEQIQFIVMRQQ
Ieff ! IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEMRQQ
Ig ! QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME SJ KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
SJEQIQFIVMRQQ
In ! QSQIRXSJMRIVXMESJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJE
QIQFIVMRQQ
j ! VEXMS SJ HMWXERGI FIX[IIR GIRXVSMH SJ JPI\YVEP
GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGIW ERH GIRXVSMH SJ XIRWMPI
JSVGIWXSHITXLd
K ! (MQIRWMSR YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTQIRXMRQQ
KAAC ! (MQIRWMSR YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTQIRXJSV%%'QEWSRV]MRQQ
kc ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJGVIITSJQEWSRV]TIVTWM14E
ke ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJMVVIZIVWMFPIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJ
GPE]QEWSRV]
km ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJWLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
kt ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSRSJQEWSRV]TIV
HIKVII*ELVIRLIMXHIKVII'IPWMYW
L ! PMZIPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
C-10 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
l ! GPIEVWTERFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWMRQQ
lb ! IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL SJ LIEHIH SV FIRX
ERGLSVFSPXWMRQQ
lbe ! ERGLSVFSPXIHKIHMWXERGIMRQQ
ld ! HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SV PET PIRKXL SJ WXVEMKLX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
le ! IUYMZEPIRX IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL TVSZMHIH F]
WXERHEVH LSSOW QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI WXEVX SJ XLI
LSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG] MRQQ
leff ! IJJIGXMZIWTERPIRKXLJSVEHIITFIEQMRQQ
linf ! TPERPIRKXLSJMRJMPPMRQQ
lp ! GPIEV WTER SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWIH QIQFIV MR XLI
HMVIGXMSRSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMRQQ
lw ! PIRKXL SJ IRXMVI [EPP SV SJ XLI WIKQIRX SJ [EPP
GSRWMHIVIHMRHMVIGXMSRSJWLIEVJSVGIMRQQ
M ! QE\MQYQ QSQIRX EX XLI WIGXMSR YRHIV
GSRWMHIVEXMSRMRPF2QQ
Ma ! QE\MQYQ QSQIRX MR QIQFIV HYI XS XLI
ETTPMIH PSEHMRK JSV [LMGL HIJPIGXMSR MW
GSQTYXIHMRPF2QQ
Mc ! JEGXSVIH QSQIRX QEKRMJMIH JSV XLI IJJIGXW SJ
QIQFIVGYVZEXYVIMRPF2QQ
Mcr ! RSQMREPGVEGOMRKQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMRPF2QQ
Mn ! RSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMRPF2QQ
Mser ! WIVZMGI QSQIRX EX QMHLIMKLX SJ E QIQFIV
MRGPYHMRK4HIPXEIJJIGXWMRPF2QQ
Mu ! JEGXSVIHQSQIRXMRPF2QQ
n ! QSHYPEVVEXMSEs/Em
Nu ! JEGXSVIHGSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIEGXMRKRSVQEPXSWLIEV
WYVJEGI XLEX MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLI Vu PSEHMRK
GSQFMREXMSRGEWIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRPF2
Nv ! GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI EGXMRK RSVQEP XS WLIEV
WYVJEGIPF2
P ! E\MEPPSEHPF2
Pa ! EPPS[EFPI E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MR E
VIMRJSVGIHQIQFIVPF2
Pe ! )YPIVFYGOPMRKPSEHPF2
Pn ! RSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPF2
Pps ! TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR JSVGI EX XMQI ERH PSGEXMSR
VIPIZERXJSVHIWMKRPF2
Pu ! JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH, PF2
Puf ! JEGXSVIHPSEHJVSQXVMFYXEV]JPSSVSVVSSJEVIEW
PF2
CODE COMMENTARY
Puw ! JEGXSVIH [IMKLX SJ [EPP EVIE XVMFYXEV] XS [EPP

WIGXMSRYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSRPF2
Q ! JMVWX QSQIRX EFSYX XLI RIYXVEP E\MW SJ ER EVIE
FIX[IIRXLII\XVIQIJMFIVERHXLITPERIEX[LMGL
XLIWLIEVWXVIWWMWFIMRKGEPGYPEXIHMRQQ
QE = XLI IJJIGX SJ LSVM^SRXEP WIMWQMG IEVXLUYEOI
MRHYGIH JSVGIW
qn inf ! RSQMREP SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ MRJMPP
TIVYRMXEVIETWJ4E
R ! VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRGSIJJMGMIRX
r ! VEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRMRQQ
Sn ! WIGXMSR QSHYPYW SJ XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
SJEQIQFIVMRQQ
s ! WTEGMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQQ
sl ! XSXEP PMRIEVHV]MRK WLVMROEKISJ GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
YRMXWHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
T ! JSVGIW ERH QSQIRXW GEYWIH F] VIWXVEMRX SJ
XIQTIVEXYVI WLVMROEKI ERH GVIIT WXVEMRW SV
HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXW
t ! RSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIVMRQQ
tinf ! WTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJMRJMPPMRQQ
tnet inf ! RIXXLMGORIWWSJMRJMPPMRQQ
t sp = WTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJQIQFIVMRQQ
v ! WLIEVWXVIWWTWM14E
V ! WLIEVJSVGIPF2
VnAAC! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]%%'QEWSRV]
PF2
Vn ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLPF2
Vn inf ! RSQMREP LSVM^SRXEP MRTPERI WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ
MRJMPPPF2
Vnm ! RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]QEWSRV]PF2
Vns ! RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXPF2
Vu ! JEGXSVIHWLIEVJSVGIPF2
W ! [MRHPSEHSVVIPEXIHMRXIVREPQSQIRXWERHJSVGIW
WS ! HMQIRWMSRSJXLIWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWXVMTHIJMRIHMR
7IGXMSRERHWLS[RMR*MKYVI
WT ! HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI XVMFYXEV] PIRKXL SJ [EPP
HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR ERH WLS[R MR *MKYVI

w inf ! [MHXLSJIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXMRQQ
C-12 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
wstrut ! LSVM^SRXEP TVSNIGXMSR SJ XLI [MHXL SJ XLI

HMEKSREPWXVYXMRQQ
wu ! SYXSJTPERIJEGXSVIHYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPSEH
PFMR2QQ
z ! MRXIVREP PIZIV EVQ FIX[IIR GSQTVIWWMZI ERH
XIRWMPIJSVGIWMREHIITFIEQMRQQ
arch ! LSVM^SRXEPEVGLMRKTEVEQIXIVJSVMRJMPPPF2
! JSVJYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]SVJSVSXLIV
XLERJYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]
arch ! ZIVXMGEPEVGLMRKTEVEQIXIVJSVMRJMPPPF2
b ! VEXMS SJ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX GYX SJJ XS XSXEP
EVIESJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXEWIGXMSR
! VIMRJSVGIQIRXWMÎJEGXSV
! GEPGYPEXIHWXSV]HVMJXMRQQ
a ! EPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJXMRQQ
! QSQIRXQEKRMJMGEXMSRJEGXSV
ne ! HMWTPEGIQIRXWGSQTYXIHYWMRKGSHITVIWGVMFIH
WIMWQMG JSVGIW ERH EWWYQMRK IPEWXMG FILEZMSV
MRQQ
s ! LSVM^SRXEPHIJPIGXMSREXQMHLIMKLXYRHIVEPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWHIWMKRPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWMRQQ
u ! HIJPIGXMSRHYIXSJEGXSVIHPSEHWMRQQ
cs ! HV]MRKWLVMROEKISJ%%'
mu ! QE\MQYQYWEFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMRSJQEWSRV]
! PETWTPMGIGSRJMRIQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXJEGXSV
strut ! ERKPI SJ MRJMPP HMEKSREP [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI
LSVM^SRXEPHIKVIIW
strut ! GLEVEGXIVMWXMG WXMJJRIWW TEVEQIXIV JSV MRJMPP MR
QQ
AAC ! GSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRSJ%%'
! VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
max !QE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
! WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
CODE COMMENTARY
1.6 — Definitions 1.6 — Definitions

Anchor{1IXEPVSH[MVISVWXVETXLEXWIGYVIWQEWSRV] *SV GSRWMWXIRX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 'SHI XIVQW EVI
XSMXWWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVX HIJMRIH XLEX LEZI TEVXMGYPEV QIERMRKW MR XLMW 'SHI 8LI
HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR EVI JSV YWI MR ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 'SHI
Anchor pullout{%RGLSVJEMPYVIHIJMRIHF]XLIERGLSV
SRP] ERH HS RSX EP[E]W GSVVIWTSRH XS SVHMREV] YWEKI
WPMHMRKSYXSJXLIQEXIVMEPMR[LMGLMXMWIQFIHHIH[MXLSYX
+PSWWEVMIW SJ QEWSRV] XIVQMRSPSK] EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
FVIEOMRK SYX E WYFWXERXMEP TSVXMSR SJ XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
WIZIVEP WSYVGIW [MXLMR XLI MRHYWXV] ?&-%
QEXIVMEP
2'1% ERH-1- A
Area, gross cross-sectional { 8LI EVIE HIPMRIEXIH
8LI TIVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW JSV YRMXW EVI KMZIR MR XLI
F] XLI SYXXSSYX HMQIRWMSRW SJ QEWSRV] MR XLI TPERI
ETTVSTVMEXI QEXIVMEPW WXERHEVHW 4IVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW JSV
YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
NSMRXW ERH QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR EVI KMZIR MR XLI
Area, net cross-sectional{8LIEVIESJQEWSRV]YRMXW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] YWIH XS
KVSYXERHQSVXEVGVSWWIHF]XLITPERIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR MHIRXMJ]XLIWMÎSJEQEWSRV]YRMX8LIXLMGORIWWSV[MHXL
FEWIHSRSYXXSSYXHMQIRWMSRW MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH PIRKXL 2SQMREP
HMQIRWMSRWEVIRSVQEPP]KMZIRMR[LSPIRYQFIVWRIEVIWX
XS XLI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 7TIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW EVI
QSWXSJXIRYWIHJSVHIWMKRGEPGYPEXMSRW
8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI
TVSNIGXWMXI[LIRIZIVQEWSRV]XEWOWVIUYMVMRKGSRXMRYSYW
MRWTIGXMSR EVI MR TVSKVIWW (YVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVMRK
TIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSR XLI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW SRP]
VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI TVSNIGX WMXI MRXIVQMXXIRXP] ERH MW
VIUYMVIH XS SFWIVZI GSQTPIXIH [SVO 8LI JVIUYIRG] SJ
TIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIJMRIH F] XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV EW TEVX SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TPER
ERHWLSYPHFIGSRWMWXIRX [MXLXLIGSQTPI\MX]ERH WMÎSJ
XLITVSNIGX
Area, net shear { 8LI RIX EVIE SJ XLI [IF SJ E WLIEV Area, net shear { 8LIRIX WLIEV EVIEJSV ETEVXMEPP]
IPIQIRX KVSYXIHJPERKIHWLIEV[EPPMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
Autoclaved aerated concrete { 0S[HIRWMX] Direction of Applied
GIQIRXMXMSYW TVSHYGX SJ GEPGMYQ WMPMGEXI L]HVEXIW [LSWI Shear Force
QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) masonry {
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI YRMXW QERYJEGXYVIH [MXLSYX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WIXSRE QSVXEVPIZIPMRKFIHFSRHIH[MXL
XLMRFIHQSVXEVTPEGIH[MXLSV[MXLSYXKVSYXERHTPEGIH
[MXLSV[MXLSYXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Backing{;EPPSVWYVJEGIXS[LMGLZIRIIVMWEXXEGLIH
Net Shear Area
Bed joint { 8LI LSVM^SRXEP PE]IV SJ QSVXEV SR [LMGL E
QEWSRV]YRMXMWPEMH
Figure CC-1.6-1 — Net shear area
Bond beam { % LSVM^SRXEP SV WPSTIH IPIQIRX XLEX MW Bond beam z 8LMW VIMRJSVGIH QIQFIV MW YWYEPP]
JYPP] KVSYXIH LEW PSRKMXYHMREP FEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH MW GSRWXVYGXIH LSVM^SRXEPP] FYX QE] FI WPSTIH XS QEXGL ER
GSRWXVYGXIH[MXLMREQEWSRV][EPP EHNEGIRXVSSJJSVI\EQTPI
C-14 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Bonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XLEX MW

IRGETWYPEXIHF]TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXMREGSVVYKEXIHHYGXXLEXMW
FSRHIHXSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV]XLVSYKLKVSYXMRK
Bounding frame { 8LI GSPYQRW ERH YTTIV ERH PS[IV
FIEQW SV WPEFW XLEX WYVVSYRH QEWSRV] MRJMPP ERH TVSZMHI
WXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVX
Building official { 8LI SJJMGIV SV SXLIV HIWMKREXIH
EYXLSVMX] GLEVKIH [MXL XLI EHQMRMWXVEXMSR ERH
IRJSVGIQIRXSJXLMW'SHISVXLIFYMPHMRKSJJMGMEPWHYP]
EYXLSVMÎHVITVIWIRXEXMZI
Cavity wall{%QEWSRV][EPPGSRWMWXMRKSJX[SSVQSVI
[]XLIW EX PIEWX X[S SJ [LMGL EVI WITEVEXIH F] E
GSRXMRYSYW EMV WTEGI EMV WTEGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW QE]
GSRXEMR MRWYPEXMSR ERH WITEVEXIH []XLIW QYWX FI
GSRRIGXIHF][EPPXMIW
Collar joint { :IVXMGEP PSRKMXYHMREP WTEGI FIX[IIR
[]XLIWSJQEWSRV]SVFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIERHFEGO
YT GSRWXVYGXMSR [LMGL MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI JMPPIH [MXL
QSVXEVSVKVSYX
Column { %R MWSPEXIH ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV [LSWI
LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSR QIEWYVIH EX VMKLX ERKPIW XS MXW
XLMGORIWWHSIWRSXI\GIIHXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWWERH[LSWI
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWW
Composite action { 8VERWJIV SJ WXVIWW FIX[IIR
GSQTSRIRXWSJEQIQFIVHIWMKRIHWSXLEXMRVIWMWXMRKPSEHW
XLIGSQFMRIHGSQTSRIRXWEGXXSKIXLIVEWEWMRKPIQIQFIV
Composite masonry { 1YPXM[]XLI QEWSRV] QIQFIVW
[MXL[]XLIWFSRHIHXSTVSHYGIGSQTSWMXIEGXMSR
Compressive strength of masonry{1E\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGIVIWMWXIHTIVYRMXSJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJQEWSRV]
HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWXMRK QEWSRV] TVMWQW SV E JYRGXMSR SJ
MRHMZMHYEP QEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV ERH KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ817%'-%7')
Connector { % QIGLERMGEP HIZMGIJSV WIGYVMRK X[S SV
QSVI TMIGIW TEVXW SV QIQFIVW XSKIXLIV MRGPYHMRK
ERGLSVW[EPPXMIWERHJEWXIRIVW
Contract documents { (SGYQIRXW IWXEFPMWLMRK XLI
VIUYMVIH [SVO ERH MRGPYHMRK MR TEVXMGYPEV XLI TVSNIGX
HVE[MRKWERHTVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
Corbel { % TVSNIGXMSR SJ WYGGIWWMZI GSYVWIW JVSQ XLI
JEGISJQEWSRV]
Cover, grout — XLMGORIWWSJKVSYXWYVVSYRHMRKXLISYXIV
WYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Cover, masonry — XLMGORIWW SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV
ERH KVSYX WYVVSYRHMRK XLI SYXIV WYVJEGI SJ IQFIHHIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Cover, mortar — XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV WYVVSYRHMRK XLI
SYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
CODE COMMENTARY
Deep beam { % FIEQ XLEX LEW ER IJJIGXMZI WTERXS
HITXL VEXMS leff/dv PIWW XLER JSV E GSRXMRYSYW WTER ERH
PIWWXLERJSVEWMQTPIWTER
Depth { 8LIHMQIRWMSR SJ E QIQFIV QIEWYVIH MR XLI
TPERISJEGVSWWWIGXMSRTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
Design story drift{8LIHMJJIVIRGISJHIJPIGXMSRWEXXLI
XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ XLI WXSV] YRHIV GSRWMHIVEXMSR
GEPGYPEXIHF]QYPXMTP]MRKXLIHIJPIGXMSRWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ
ER IPEWXMG EREP]WMW F] XLI ETTVSTVMEXI HIJPIGXMSR
EQTPMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVCdJVSQ%7')
Design strength {8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERIPIQIRX
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTVSTVMEXIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV
Diaphragm { % VSSJ SV JPSSV W]WXIQ HIWMKRIH XS
XVERWQMXPEXIVEPJSVGIWXSWLIEV[EPPWSVSXLIVPEXIVEPJSVGI
VIWMWXMRKIPIQIRXW
Dimension, nominal { 8LI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSR TPYW ER
EPPS[ERGIJSVXLINSMRXW[MXL[LMGLXLIYRMXWEVIXSFIPEMH
2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXEXIH MR [LSPI RYQFIVW
8LMGORIWWMWKMZIRJMVWXJSPPS[IHF]LIMKLXERHXLIRPIRKXL
Dimensions, specified { (MQIRWMSRW WTIGMJMIH JSV XLI
QERYJEGXYVISVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJEYRMXNSMRXSVIPIQIRX
Effective height { 'PIEV LIMKLX SJ E FVEGIH QIQFIV
FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW ERH YWIH JSV GEPGYPEXMRK XLI
WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMS SJ E QIQFIV )JJIGXMZI LIMKLX JSV
YRFVEGIHQIQFIVWWLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIH
Effective prestress — 7XVIWWVIQEMRMRKMRTVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRWEJXIVEPPPSWWIWLEZISGGYVVIH
Foundation pier — %RMWSPEXIHZIVXMGEPJSYRHEXMSRQIQFIV
[LSWI LSVM^SRXEP HMQIRWMSR QIEWYVIH EX VMKLX ERKPIW XS MXW
XLMGORIWW HSIW RSX I\GIIH XMQIW MXW XLMGORIWW ERH [LSWI
LIMKLXMWIUYEPXSSVPIWWXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWW
Glass unit masonry{1EWSRV]GSQTSWIHSJKPEWWYRMXW
FSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Grout{ %TPEWXMGQM\XYVISJGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV [MXL SV [MXLSYX EHQM\XYVIW
MRMXMEPP] TVSHYGIH XS TSYVMRK GSRWMWXIRG] [MXLSYX
WIKVIKEXMSRSJXLIGSRWXMXYIRXWHYVMRKTPEGIQIRX 8LI
LEVHIRIHIUYMZEPIRXSJWYGLQM\XYVIW
Grout, Welf-consolidating { % LMKLP] JPYMH ERH WXEFPI
KVSYX X]TMGEPP] [MXL EHQM\XYVIW XLEX VIQEMRW
LSQSKIRISYW [LIR TPEGIH ERH HSIW RSX VIUYMVI
TYHHPMRKSVZMFVEXMSRJSVGSRWSPMHEXMSR
Head joint { :IVXMGEP QSVXEV NSMRX TPEGIH FIX[IIR
QEWSRV] YRMXW [MXLMR XLI []XLI EX XLI XMQI XLI QEWSRV]
YRMXWEVIPEMH
Header (bonder){%QEWSRV]YRMXXLEXGSRRIGXWX[SSV
QSVIEHNEGIRX[]XLIWSJQEWSRV]
Infill z 1EWSRV] GSRWXVYGXIH [MXLMR XLI TPERI SJ ERH
FSYRHIHF]EWXVYGXYVEPJVEQI
C-16 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Infill, non-participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH WS XLEX MR

TPERI PSEHW EVI RSX MQTEVXIH XS MX JVSQ XLI FSYRHMRK
JVEQI
Infill, participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX MRTPERI
PSEHWMQTEVXIHXSMXF]XLIFSYRHMRKJVEQI
Inspection, continuous{8LI-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vWJYPP
XMQI SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO F] FIMRK TVIWIRX MR XLI EVIE
[LIVIXLI[SVOMWFIMRKTIVJSVQIH
Inspection, periodic { 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG]vW TEVX
XMQI SV MRXIVQMXXIRX SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO HYVMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSRF]FIMRKTVIWIRXMRXLI EVIE[LIVIXLI[SVO
LEW FIIR SV MW FIMRK TIVJSVQIH ERH SFWIVZEXMSR YTSR
GSQTPIXMSRSJXLI[SVO
Laterally restrained prestressing tendon — 4VIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSR XLEX MW RSX JVII XS QSZI PEXIVEPP] [MXLMR XLI GVSWW
WIGXMSRSJXLIQIQFIV
Laterally unrestrained prestressing tendon {
4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XLEX MW JVII XS QSZI PEXIVEPP] [MXLMR
XLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIQIQFIV
Licensed design professional { %R MRHMZMHYEP [LS MW Licensed design professional z *SV GSRZIRMIRGI XLI
PMGIRWIH XS TVEGXMGI HIWMKR EW HIJMRIH F] XLI WXEXYXSV] 'SQQIRXEV] YWIW XLI XIVQ wHIWMKRIVx [LIR VIJIVVMRK XS
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLITVSJIWWMSREPPMGIRWMRKPE[WSJXLIWXEXISV XLIPMGIRWIHHIWMKRTVSJIWWMSREP
NYVMWHMGXMSRMR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXMWXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHERH[LS
MW MR VIWTSRWMFPI GLEVKI SJ XLI HIWMKR MR SXLIV HSGYQIRXW
EPWSVIJIVVIHXSEWregistered design professional
Load, dead{(IEH[IMKLXWYTTSVXIHF]EQIQFIVEW
HIJMRIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI
Load, live{0MZIPSEHWTIGMJMIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
Load, service { 0SEH WTIGMJMIH F] XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
Longitudinal reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH
TEVEPPIPXSXLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIV
Masonry breakout { %RGLSV JEMPYVI HIJMRIH F] XLI
WITEVEXMSRSJEZSPYQISJQEWSRV]ETTVS\MQEXIP]GSRMGEP
MRWLETIJVSQXLIQIQFIV
Masonry unit, hollow {%QEWSRV]YRMX[MXLRIXGVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PIWW XLER TIVGIRX SJ MXW KVSWW GVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRER]TPERITEVEPPIPXSXLI
WYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
Masonry unit, solid { % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ TIVGIRX SV QSVI SJ MXW KVSWW GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE [LIR QIEWYVIH MR IZIV] TPERI TEVEPPIP XS
XLIWYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
Modulus of elasticity{6EXMSSJRSVQEPWXVIWWXSGSVVIW
TSRHMRK WXVEMR JSV XIRWMPI SV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FIPS[
TVSTSVXMSREPPMQMXSJQEXIVMEP
Modulus of rigidity{6EXMSSJYRMXWLIEVWXVIWWXSYRMX
WLIEV WXVEMR JSV YRMX WLIEV WXVIWW FIPS[ XLI TVSTSVXMSREP
PMQMXSJXLIQEXIVMEP
CODE COMMENTARY
Nominal strength{8LIWXVIRKXLSJERIPIQIRXSVGVSWW
WIGXMSRGEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWERH
EWWYQTXMSRW SJ XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR QIXLSHW SJ XLIWI
TVSZMWMSRWFIJSVIETTPMGEXMSRSJWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW
Pier { %R MWSPEXIH ZIVXMGEP QIQFIV [LSWI LSVM^SRXEP
HMQIRWMSRQIEWYVIHEXVMKLXERKPIWXSMXWXLMGORIWWMWRSX
PIWWXLERXMQIWMXWXLMGORIWWRSVKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWMXW
XLMGORIWWERH[LSWILIMKLXMWPIWWXLERXMQIWMXWPIRKXL
Post-tensioning — 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL E
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW XIRWMSRIH EJXIV XLI QEWSRV] LEW
FIIRTPEGIH
Prestressed masonry — 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL MRXIVREP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWLEZIFIIRMRXVSHYGIHF]TVIWXVIWWIH
XIRHSRW XS GSYRXIVEGX TSXIRXMEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW VIWYPXMRK
JVSQETTPMIHPSEHW
Prestressing grout — % GIQIRXMXMSYW QM\XYVI YWIH XS
IRGETWYPEXIFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Prestressing tendon{7XIIPIPIQIRXWWYGLEW[MVIFEV
SVWXVERHYWIHXSMQTEVXTVIWXVIWWXSQEWSRV]
Pretensioning { 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL E
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW XIRWMSRIH FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ
WXVIWWMRXSXLIQEWSRV]
Prism { %R EWWIQFPEKI SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW ERH QSVXEV
[MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX YWIH EW E XIWX WTIGMQIR JSV
HIXIVQMRMRKTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQEWSRV]
Project drawings { 8LI HVE[MRKW XLEX EPSRK [MXL XLI
TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW GSQTPIXI XLI HIWGVMTXMZI MRJSVQEXMSR
JSVGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI[SVOVIUYMVIHF]XLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
Project specifications { 8LI [VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW XLEX
WTIGMJ]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVETVSNIGXMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
WIVZMGI TEVEQIXIVW ERH SXLIV WTIGMJMG GVMXIVME IWXEFPMWLIH
F]XLIS[RIVSVXLIS[RIVvWEKIRX
Quality assurance{8LIEHQMRMWXVEXMZIERHTVSGIHYVEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XS
EWWYVIXLEXGSRWXVYGXIHQEWSRV]MWMRGSQTPMERGI[MXLXLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
Reinforcement{2SRTVIWXVIWWIHWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Required strength { 8LI WXVIRKXL RIIHIH XS VIWMWX
JEGXSVIHPSEHW
Running bond{8LITPEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWWSXLEX Running bond 8LMW'SHIGSRGIVRWMXWIPJSRP][MXLXLI
LIEHNSMRXW MR WYGGIWWMZIGSYVWIWEVI LSVM^SRXEPP] SJJWIX EX WXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXSJXLIQEWSRV]FSRHTEXXIVR8LIVIJSVIXLI
PIEWXSRIUYEVXIVXLIYRMXPIRKXL SRP]HMWXMRGXMSRQEHIF]XLMW'SHIMWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]PEMH
MR VYRRMRK FSRH ERH QEWSRV] XLEX MW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK
Shear wall {%[EPPFIEVMRKSVRSRFIEVMRKHIWMKRIHXS
FSRH*SVTYVTSWIWSJXLMW'SHIEVGLMXIGXYVEPFSRHTEXXIVRW
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW EGXMRK MR XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP
XLEXHSRSXWEXMWJ]XLI'SHIHIJMRMXMSRSJVYRRMRKFSRHEVI
WSQIXMQIWVIJIVVIHXSEWEZIVXMGEPHMETLVEKQ
GPEWWMJMIHEWRSXVYRRMRKFSRH
Shear wall, detailed plain (unreinforced) AAC masonry
{%R%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEP
JSVGIW[LMPIRIKPIGXMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXEPXLSYKL
TVSZMHIH[MXLQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRW
C-18 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Shear wall, detailed plain (unreinforced) masonry { %

QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX EPXLSYKL TVSZMHIH
[MXLQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRW
Shear wall, intermediate reinforced masonry{%QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW[LMPIGSRWMHIVMRK
WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XS WEXMWJ] WTIGMJMG QMRMQYQ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, intermediate reinforced prestressed masonry
{ % TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERH XS WEXMWJ] WTIGMJMG QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH
GSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) AAC
masonry { %R %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) masonry{%
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW[LMPI
RIKPIGXMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary plain (unreinforced) prestressed
masonry{%TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXS
VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI RIKPIGXMRK WXVIWWIW MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMJTVIWIRX
Shear wall, ordinary reinforced AAC masonry { %R
%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWX PEXIVEPJSVGIW
[LMPIGSRWMHIVMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWEXMWJ]MRK
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, ordinary reinforced masonry{%QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WEXMWJ]MRK
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, special reinforced masonry { % QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP JSVGIW [LMPI
GSRWMHIVMRKWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXSWEXMWJ]WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Shear wall, special reinforced prestressed masonry{%
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPP HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PEXIVEP
JSVGIW [LMPI GSRWMHIVMRK WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XS
WEXMWJ]WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
Slump flow { 8LI GMVGYPEV WTVIEH SJ TPEWXMG WIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX[LMGLMWIZEPYEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
%781''1
Special boundary elements { -R[EPPW XLEXEVI HIWMKRIH Special boundary elements z 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
XSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHIRHVIKMSRWXLEXEVIWXVIRKXLIRIHF] PSRKMXYHMREP ERH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZI RSX FIIR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH EVI HIXEMPIH XS QIIX WTIGMJMG IWXEFPMWLIH MR KIRIVEP ERH QYWX FI ZIVMJMIH F] XIWXMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHQE]SVQE]RSXFIXLMGOIVXLERXLI[EPP 6IWIEVGLMRXLMWEVIEMWSRKSMRK
CODE COMMENTARY
Specified compressive strength of AAC masonry, f 'AAC {

1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEWJSVGITIVYRMX
SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE VIUYMVIH SJ XLI %%' QEWSRV]
YWIH MR GSRWXVYGXMSR F] XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW ERH YTSR
[LMGL XLI TVSNIGX HIWMKR MW FEWIH ;LIRIZIV XLI UYERXMX]
f AAC MW YRHIVXLI VEHMGEP WMKR XLI WUYEVI VSSX SJ RYQIVMGEP
ZEPYISRP]MWMRXIRHIHERHXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM14E
Specified compressive strength of masonry, f 'm {
1MRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEWJSVGITIVYRMX
SJRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEVIUYMVIHSJXLIQEWSRV]YWIHMR
GSRWXVYGXMSRF]XLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHYTSR[LMGLXLI
TVSNIGXHIWMKRMWFEWIH;LIRIZIVXLIUYERXMX]f m MWYRHIV
XLIVEHMGEPWMKRXLIWUYEVIVSSXSJRYQIVMGEPZEPYISRP]MW
MRXIRHIHERHXLIVIWYPXLEWYRMXWSJTWM14E
Stirrup { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX YWIH XS VIWMWX WLIEV MR E
JPI\YVEPQIQFIV
Stone masonry{1EWSRV]GSQTSWIHSJJMIPHUYEVVMIH
SVGEWXWXSRIYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, ashlar { 7XSRI QEWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ
VIGXERKYPEV YRMXW LEZMRK WE[IH HVIWWIH SV WUYEVIH FIH
WYVJEGIWERHFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, rubble { 7XSRI QEWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ
MVVIKYPEVWLETIHYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Strength-reduction factor, { 8LI JEGXSV F] [LMGL XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLMWQYPXMTPMIHXSSFXEMRXLIHIWMKRWXVIRKXL
Tendon anchorage — -RTSWXXIRWMSRMRKEHIZMGIYWIHXS
ERGLSVXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRXSXLIQEWSRV]SVGSRGVIXI
QIQFIV MR TVIXIRWMSRMRK E HIZMGI YWIH XS ERGLSV XLI
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR HYVMRK LEVHIRMRK SJ QEWSRV] QSVXEV
KVSYXTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXSVGSRGVIXI
Tendon coupler { %HIZMGI JSV GSRRIGXMRK X[SXIRHSR
IRHWXLIVIF]XVERWJIVVMRKXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIJVSQIRH
XSIRH
Tendon jacking force — 8IQTSVEV] JSVGI I\IVXIH F] E
HIZMGIXLEXMRXVSHYGIWXIRWMSRMRXSTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Thin-bed mortar — 1SVXEVJSVYWIMRGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ%%'
YRMXQEWSRV][LSWINSMRXWEVIMRQQ SVPIWW
Tie, lateral{0SSTSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVSV[MVIIRGPSWMRK
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
Tie, wall { 1IXEP GSRRIGXSV XLEX GSRRIGXW []XLIW SJ
QEWSRV][EPPWXSKIXLIV
Transfer{%GXSJETTP]MRKXSXLIQEWSRV]QIQFIVXLI
JSVGIMRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
Transverse reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIPSRKMXYHMREPE\MWSJXLIQIQFIV
Unbonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
XLEXMWRSXFSRHIHXSQEWSRV]
C-20 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Unreinforced (plain) masonry { 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL XLI

XIRWMPIVIWMWXERGISJQEWSRV]MWXEOIRMRXSGSRWMHIVEXMSRERH
XLIVIWMWXERGISJXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPMJTVIWIRXMWRIKPIGXIH
Veneer, adhered — 1EWSRV] ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHF]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLEHLIWMSR
Veneer, anchored — 1EWSRV] ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHPEXIVEPP]F]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLERGLSVWERH
WYTTSVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] F] XLI JSYRHEXMSR SV SXLIV
WXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
Veneer, masonry{%QEWSRV][]XLIXLEXTVSZMHIWXLI
I\XIVMSVJMRMWLSJE[EPPW]WXIQERHXVERWJIVWSYXSJTPERI
PSEH HMVIGXP]XSEFEGOMRKFYXMWRSX GSRWMHIVIHXSEHHz
WXVIRKXLSVWXMJJRIWWXSXLI[EPPW]WXIQ
Visual stability index (VSI) — %R MRHI\ HIJMRIH MR
%781 ''1 XLEX UYEPMXEXMZIP] MRHMGEXIW XLI
WXEFMPMX]SJWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
Wall { % ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRX [MXL E LSVM^SRXEP PIRKXL XS
XLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIVXLERYWIHXSIRGPSWIWTEGI
Wall, load-bearing { ;EPP WYTTSVXMRK ZIVXMGEP PSEHW
KVIEXIVXLERPFPMRIEPJX2Q MREHHMXMSRXSMXWS[R
[IMKLX
Wall, masonry bonded hollow — % QYPXM[]XLI [EPP
FYMPX[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXWEVVERKIHXSTVSZMHIEREMVWTEGI
FIX[IIRXLI[]XLIWERH[MXLXLI[]XLIWFSRHIHXSKIXLIV
[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXW
Width { 8LI HMQIRWMSR SJ E QIQFIV QIEWYVIH MR XLI
TPERISJEGVSWWWIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
Wythe{)EGLGSRXMRYSYWZIVXMGEPWIGXMSRSJE[EPPSRI
QEWSRV]YRMXMRXLMGORIWW
1.7 — Loading 1.7 — Loading

8LITVSZMWMSRWIWXEFPMWLHIWMKRPSEHVIUYMVIQIRXW-J
XLIHIWMKRPSEHWWTIGMJMIHF]XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHI HMJJIV JVSQ XLSWI SJ %7') XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHIKSZIVRW8LIHIWMKRIVQE]HIGMHIXSYWIXLI
QSVIWXVMRKIRXVIUYMVIQIRXW
1.7.1 General 1.7.1 General
1EWSRV]WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXETTPMGEFPIPSEHW
% GSRXMRYSYW PSEH TEXL SV TEXLW [MXL EHIUYEXI WXVIRKXL
ERHWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSXVERWJIVJSVGIWJVSQXLI
TSMRXSJETTPMGEXMSRXSXLIJMREPTSMRXSJVIWMWXERGI
1.7.2 Load provisions 1.7.2 Load provisions
(IWMKR PSEHW WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISJ[LMGLXLMW'SHIJSVQWETEVX[MXL
WYGL PMZI PSEH VIHYGXMSRW EW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI-RXLIEFWIRGISJHIWMKRPSEHWMRXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI XLI PSEH TVSZMWMSRW SJ
%7')WLEPPFIYWIHI\GITXEWRSXIHMRXLMW'SHI
CODE COMMENTARY
1.7.3 Lateral load resistance 1.7.3 Lateral load resistance

&YMPHMRKW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL E WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ 0EXIVEP PSEH VIWMWXERGI QYWX FI TVSZMHIH F] E FVEGIH
HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX [MRH ERH IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW ERH XS WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ 4EVXMXMSRW MRJMPP TERIPW ERH WMQMPEV
EGGSQQSHEXIXLIIJJIGXSJXLIVIWYPXMRKHIJSVQEXMSRW IPIQIRXW QE] RSX FI E TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMJMWSPEXIH,S[IZIV[LIRXLI]VIWMWXPEXIVEPJSVGIW
HYIXSXLIMVVMKMHMX]XLI]WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIHMREREP]WMW
1.7.4 Load transfer at horizontal connections 1.7.4 Load transfer at horizontal connections
1.7.4.1 ;EPPW GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW WLEPP FI 1EWSRV] [EPPW TMPEWXIVW ERH GSPYQRW QE] FI
HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX PSEHW QSQIRXW ERH WLIEVW ETTPMIH EX GSRRIGXIHXSLSVM^SRXEPIPIQIRXWSJXLIWXVYGXYVIERHQE]
MRXIVWIGXMSRW[MXLLSVM^SRXEPQIQFIVW VIP] SR XLI PEXXIV JSV PEXIVEP WYTTSVX ERH WXEFMPMX] 8LI
QIGLERMWQ XLVSYKL [LMGL XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK JSVGIW EVI
1.7.4.2 )JJIGXSJPEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRERHXVERWPEXMSR
XVERWQMXXIH QE] MRZSPZI FSRH QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI
SJQIQFIVWTVSZMHMRKPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
JVMGXMSR FIEVMRK SV E GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ 8LI HIWMKRIV
1.7.4.3 (IZMGIW YWIH JSV XVERWJIVVMRK PEXIVEP QYWXEWWYVIXLEXVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIX]TISJGSRRIGXMSRXLI
WYTTSVX JVSQ QIQFIVW XLEX MRXIVWIGX [EPPW GSPYQRW SV MRXIVEGXMRKJSVGIWEVIWEJIP]VIWMWXIH
TMPEWXIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLIJSVGIWMRZSPZIH
-RJPI\MFPIJVEQIGSRWXVYGXMSRXLIVIPEXMZIQSZIQIRX
HVMJX FIX[IIR JPSSVW QE] KIRIVEXI JSVGIW [MXLMR XLI
QIQFIVW ERH XLI GSRRIGXMSRW 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLI
IJJIGXWSJXLIWIQSZIQIRXWXSFIGSRWMHIVIHMRHIWMKR
1.7.5 Other effects 1.7.5 Other effects
'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLEPP FIKMZIRXS IJJIGXW SJJSVGIWERH 7IVZMGIPSEHWEVIRSXXLIWSPIWSYVGISJWXVIWWIW8LI
HIJSVQEXMSRW HYI XS TVIWXVIWWMRK ZMFVEXMSRW MQTEGX WXVYGXYVI QYWX EPWS VIWMWX JSVGIW JVSQ XLI WSYVGIW PMWXIH
WLVMROEKII\TERWMSRXIQTIVEXYVIGLERKIWGVIITYRIUYEP 8LI REXYVI ERH I\XIRX SJ WSQI SJ XLIWI JSVGIW QE] FI
WIXXPIQIRXSJWYTTSVXWERHHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX KVIEXP] MRJPYIRGIH F] XLI GLSMGI SJ QEXIVMEPW WXVYGXYVEP
GSRRIGXMSRWERHKISQIXVMGGSRJMKYVEXMSR
1.7.6 Lateral load distribution 1.7.6 Lateral load distribution
0EXIVEP PSEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP 8LI HIWMKR EWWYQTXMSRW JSV QEWSRV] FYMPHMRKW MRGPYHI
W]WXIQ MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL QIQFIV WXMJJRIWWIW ERH WLEPP XLIYWISJEPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ8LIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJ
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSR PEXIVEP PSEHW XS XLI QIQFIVW SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
W]WXIQMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIVMKMHMXMIWSJXLIWXVYGXYVEPW]WXIQ
1.7.6.1 *PERKIWSJMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPWHIWMKRIHMR
ERHSJXLILSVM^SRXEPHMETLVEKQW8LIQIXLSHSJGSRRIGXMSR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR WLEPP FI MRGPYHIH MR
EX MRXIVWIGXMRK [EPPW ERH FIX[IIR [EPPW ERH JPSSV ERH VSSJ
WXMJJRIWWHIXIVQMREXMSR
HMETLVEKQWHIXIVQMRIWMJXLI[EPPTEVXMGMTEXIWMRXLIPEXIVEP
1.7.6.2 (MWXVMFYXMSR SJ PSEH WLEPP FI GSRWMWXIRX JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ0EXIVEPPSEHWJVSQ [MRHERHWIMWQMG
[MXLXLIJSVGIWVIWMWXIHF]JSYRHEXMSRW JSVGIWEVIRSVQEPP]GSRWMHIVIHXSEGXMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
TVMRGMTEPE\IWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI0EXIVEPPSEHWQE]GEYWIJSVGIW
1.7.6.3 (MWXVMFYXMSR SJ PSEH WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI MR[EPPWFSXLTIVTIRHMGYPEVERHTEVEPPIPXSXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLI
IJJIGX SJ LSVM^SRXEP XSVWMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI HYI XS PSEH,SVM^SRXEPXSVWMSRGERFIHIZIPSTIHHYIXSIGGIRXVMGMX]
IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ [MRH SV WIMWQMG PSEHW VIWYPXMRK JVSQ XLI SJXLIETTPMIHPSEH[MXLVIWTIGXXSXLIGIRXIVSJVMKMHMX]
RSRYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEWW
8LI EREP]WMW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH HMWXVMFYXMSR WLSYPH FI MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL EGGITXIH IRKMRIIVMRK TVSGIHYVIW 8LI
EREP]WMWWLSYPHVEXMSREPP]GSRWMHIVXLIIJJIGXWSJSTIRMRKWMR
WLIEV [EPPW ERH [LIXLIV XLI QEWSRV] EFSZI XLI STIRMRKW
EPPS[W XLIQ XS EGX EW GSYTPIH WLIEV [EPPW 7II *MKYVI ''
8LIMRXIVEGXMSRSJGSYTPIHWLIEV[EPPWMWGSQTPI\ERH
JYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSRQE]FISFXEMRIHJVSQ6IJIVIRGI
'SQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLSYPH
GSRWMHIV WLIEVMRK ERH JPI\YVEP HIJSVQEXMSRW % KYMHI JSV
WSPMHWLIEV[EPPWXLEXMW[MXLRSSTIRMRKW MWKMZIRMR*MKYVI
''*SVRSRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWLIEV[EPPWXLIYWISJ
IUYMZEPIRXWSPMHXLMGORIWWSJ[EPPMRGSQTYXMRK[IFWXMJJRIWW
MWEGGITXEFPI
C-22 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
)PIZEXMSRSJ'SYTPIH7LIEV;EPP )PIZEXMSRS J2SRGSYTPIH 7LIEV;EPP
Figure CC-1.7-1 — Coupled and noncoupled shear walls
h
d h
hd h/d hd "
E 7L IEV7XMJJR IWW F &S XL7LIEV7XMJJRIWW G &IR HMRK7XMJJRIWW

4VIH SQMREXIW ERH &IR HMRK7XMJJRIWW 4VIH SQMREXIW
EVI-QTSVXER X
Figure CC-1.7-2 — Shear wall stiffness
CODE COMMENTARY
1.8 — Material properties 1.8 — Material properties

9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX XLI JSPPS[MRK 4VSTIVIZEPYEXMSRSJXLIFYMPHMRKQEXIVMEPQSZIQIRX
QSHYPM ERH GSIJJMGMIRXW WLEPP FI YWIH MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI JVSQ EPP WSYVGIW MW ER MQTSVXERX IPIQIRX SJ QEWSRV]
IJJIGXW SJ IPEWXMGMX] XIQTIVEXYVI QSMWXYVI I\TERWMSR HIWMKR 'PE] QEWSRV] ERH GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]QE] FILEZI
WLVMROEKIERHGVIIT UYMXI HMJJIVIRXP] YRHIV RSVQEP PSEHMRK ERH [IEXLIV
GSRHMXMSRW 8LI GSQQMXXII LEW I\XIRWMZIP] WXYHMIH
EZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGLMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLIWI
QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW ,S[IZIV XLI 'SQQMXXII VIGSKRMÎW
XLIRIIHJSVJYVXLIVVIWIEVGLSRXLMWWYFNIGX8LIHIWMKRIV
MW IRGSYVEKIH XS VIZMI[ MRHYWXV] WXERHEVHW JSV JYVXLIV
HIWMKRMRJSVQEXMSRERHQSZIQIRXNSMRXPSGEXMSRW1EXIVMEP
TVSTIVXMIW GER FI HIXIVQMRIH F] ETTVSTVMEXI XIWXW SJ XLI
QEXIVMEPWXSFIYWIH
CODE COMMENTARY
1.8.2 Elastic moduli 1.8.2 Elastic moduli

1.8.2.1 Steel reinforcement — 1SHYPYW SJ 1SHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] JSV GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
IPEWXMGMX]SJWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIXEOIREW LEW XVEHMXMSREPP] FIIR XEOIR EW f 'm MR TVIZMSYW
QEWSRV]GSHIW6IWIEVGL LEWMRHMGEXIHLS[IZIVXLEX
Es !TWM14E
XLIVI MW E PEVKI ZEVMEXMSR MR XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ IPEWXMG
1.8.2.2 Clay and concrete masonry QSHYPYWZIVWYWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]ERHXLEX
1.8.2.2.1 8LI HIWMKR SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI PS[IVZEPYIWQE]FIQSVIX]TMGEP,S[IZIVHMJJIVIRGIWMR
QEWSRV] WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI JSPPS[MRK QSHYPYW SJ TVSGIHYVIWFIX[IIRSRIVIWIEVGLMRZIWXMKEXMSRERHERSXLIV
IPEWXMGMX]ZEPYIW QE] EGGSYRX JSV QYGL SJ XLI MRHMGEXIH ZEVMEXMSR
*YVXLIVQSVIXLIX]TISJIPEWXMGQSHYPMFIMRKVITSVXIHJSV
Em!f 'mJSVGPE]QEWSRV] I\EQTPI WIGERX QSHYPYW XERKIRX QSHYPYW SV GLSVH
Em!f 'mJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV] QSHYPYW MWRSX EP[E]W MHIRXMJMIH 8LIGSQQMXXII HIGMHIH
XLI QSWX ETTVSTVMEXI IPEWXMG QSHYPYW JSV EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW
SVXLIGLSVHQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XEOIRFIX[IIRERH HIWMKRTYVTSWIWMWXLIWPSTISJXLIWXVIWWWXVEMRGYVZIFIPS[
SJXLIQE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJIEGLTVMWQ
E WXVIWW ZEPYI SJ f m 8LI ZEPYI SJ f m [EW
HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVMWQ XIWX SVMKMREPP]GLSWIRFIGEYWIMX[EWXLIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZI
QIXLSH%VXMGPI&SJ817%'-%7')
WXVIWWTVMSVXSXLI'SHI8LIGSQQMXXIIHMHRSXWIIXLI
ERH%781)
RIIHXSGLERKIXLIQSHYPYW[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIMREPPS[EFPI
1.8.2.2.2 1SHYPYW SJ VMKMHMX] SJ GPE] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW XS f m MR XLI 'SHI FIGEYWI
QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW TVIZMSYW GSHI IHMXMSRW EPWS EPPS[IH XLI EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW XS FI MRGVIEWIH F] SRIXLMVH JSV PSEH
Ev!Em
GSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK [MRH SV WIMWQMG PSEHW ERH XLI
1.8.2.3 AAC masonry EPPS[EFPIQSQIRXGETEGMX]YWMRKEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKRMW
RSX WMKRMJMGERXP] EJJIGXIH F] XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI QEWSRV]
1.8.2.3.1 1SHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ %%'
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX](EXEEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIWXVIWWWXVEMR
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW
GYVZIQE]FI UYIWXMSREFPIHYIXSXLIWIEXMRKIJJIGXSJ XLI
EAAC!f 'AAC WTIGMQIR HYVMRK XLI MRMXMEPPSEHMRKTLEWI MJ QIEWYVIQIRXW
EVI QEHI SR XLI XIWXMRK QEGLMRI TPEXIRW 8LI GSQQMXXII
1.8.2.3.2 1SHYPYW SJ VMKMHMX] SJ %%'
XLIVIJSVIHIGMHIHXLEXXLIQSWXETTVSTVMEXIIPEWXMGQSHYPYW
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIXEOIREW
JSV HIWMKR TYVTSWIW MW XLI GLSVH QSHYPYW JVSQ E WXVIWW
Ev!EAAC ZEPYI SJ XS TIVGIRX SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV] WII *MKYVI'' 8LI XIVQW GLSVH QSHYPYW
1.8.2.4 Grout{1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJKVSYX ERHWIGERXQSHYPYWLEZIFIIRYWIHMRXIVGLERKIEFP]MRXLI
WLEPPFIXEOIREWf 'g.
TEWX 8LI GLSVH QSHYPYW EW YWIH LIVI MW HIJMRIH EW XLI
WPSTI SJ E PMRI MRXIVWIGXMRK XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR GYVZI EX X[S
TSMRXWRIMXLIVSJ[LMGLMWXLISVMKMRSJXLIGYVZI
*SVGPE]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIIPEWXMGQSHYPYW MW
HIXIVQMRIH EW EJYRGXMSR SJQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
YWMRK XLI VIPEXMSRW HIZIPSTIH JVSQ ER I\XIRWMZI WYVZI]SJ
QSHYPYWHEXEF];SPHI8MRWEIIXEPERHVIWYPXWSJEXIWX
TVSKVEQF]'SPZMPPIIXEP'SHIZEPYIWJSVEmEVILMKLIV
XLER MRHMGEXIH F] E FIWX JMX SJ HEXE VIPEXMRK Em XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLSJ QEWSRV] 8LILMKLIV 'SHI ZEPYIW
EVI FEWIH SR XLI JEGX XLEX EGXYEP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
WMKRMJMGERXP]I\GIIHWXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV]f m TEVXMGYPEVP]JSVGPE]QEWSRV]
&] YWMRK XLI 'SHI ZEPYIW XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ IEGL
[]XLI XS GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR MW QSVI EGGYVEXIP] EGGSYRXIH
JSV MR HIWMKR GEPGYPEXMSRW XLER [SYPH FI XLI GEWI MJ XLI
IPEWXMG QSHYPYW SJ IEGL TEVX SJ E GSQTSWMXI [EPP [IVI
FEWIHSRSRIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
C-24 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIR KXL
\ 'SQTVIWWMZI
7XVIR KXL
7XVIWW
Em
7XVEMR
\ 'SQTVIWWMZI
7XVEMR 7XVIR KXL
7XVEMR
Figure CC-1.8-1 — Chord modulus of elasticity
8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJEYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXI
%%' QEWSRV]HITIRHWEPQSWXIRXMVIP]SRXLIQSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI %%' QEXIVMEP MXWIPJ 8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT
FIX[IIR QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] ERH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW
KMZIRMR6IJIVIRGIWERH
8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJEKVSYXIHEWWIQFPEKISJ
GPE]SVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]GERYWYEPP]FIXEOIREWEJEGXSV
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
VIKEVHPIWWSJXLII\XIRXSJKVSYXMRKFIGEYWIXLIQSHYPYW
SJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIKVSYXMWYWYEPP]GPSWIXSXLEXSJXLIGPE]
SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ,S[IZIV KVSYX MW YWYEPP] QYGL
WXMJJIVXLERXLI%%'QEXIVMEP;LMPIMXMWTIVQMWWMFPIERH
GSRWIVZEXMZI XS GSQTYXI XLI QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ E
KVSYXIH EWWIQFPEKI SJ %%' QEWSRV] EWWYQMRK XLEX XLI
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIKVSYXMWXLIWEQIEWXLEXSJXLI
%%'QEXIVMEPMXMWEPWS TSWWMFPIXSVIGSKRMÎXLIKVIEXIV
QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI KVSYX F] XVERWJSVQMRK XLI
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ KVSYX MRXS ER IUYMZEPIRX GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE SJ %%' YWMRK XLI QSHYPEV VEXMS FIX[IIR
XLIX[SQEXIVMEPW
&IGEYWIXLIMRIPEWXMGWXVIWWWXVEMRFILEZMSVSJKVSYXMW
KIRIVEPP] WMQMPEV XS XLEX SJ GPE] SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRX VIWMWXERGI [LIXLIV FEWIH SR
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW SV WXVIRKXL HIWMKR YWYEPP] RIKPIGX
TSWWMFPI HMJJIVIRGIW MR WXVIRKXL FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH XLI
WYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV] *SVXLIWEQIVIEWSRW RSXIHEFSZI
XLI WXVIWWWXVEMR FILEZMSV SJ KVSYX YWYEPP] HMJJIVW
GSRWMHIVEFP]JVSQ XLEXSJXLIWYVVSYRHMRK %%' QEXIVMEP
-X MW TSWWMFPI XLEX XLIWI HMJJIVIRGIW MR WXVIWWWXVEMR
FILEZMSV GSYPH EPWS FI GSRWMHIVIH MR GSQTYXMRK IPIQIRX
VIWMWXERGIW6IWIEVGLMWSRKSMRKXSVIWSPZIXLMWMWWYI
8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRXLIQSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]ERHXLI
QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] LEW LMWXSVMGEPP] FIIR KMZIR EWEm .
2SI\TIVMQIRXEPIZMHIRGII\MWXWXSWYTTSVXXLMWVIPEXMSRWLMT
CODE COMMENTARY
1.8.3 Coefficients of thermal expansion 1.8.3 Coefficients of thermal expansion

1.8.3.1 Clay masonry 8IQTIVEXYVI GLERKIW GEYWI QEXIVMEP I\TERWMSR ERH
kt!\MRMR*\QQQQ' GSRXVEGXMSR 8LMW QEXIVMEP QSZIQIRX MW XLISVIXMGEPP]
VIZIVWMFPI 8LIWI XLIVQEP I\TERWMSR GSIJJMGMIRXW EVI
1.8.3.2 Concrete masonry
WPMKLXP] LMKLIV XLER QIER ZEPYIW JSV XLI
kt!\MRMR*\QQQQ'
EWWIQFPEKI
1.8.3.3 AAC masonry
8LIVQEP I\TERWMSR JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ZEVMIW [MXL
kt!\MRMR*\QQQQ'
EKKVIKEXIX]TI
8LIVQEP I\TERWMSR GSIJJMGMIRXW EVI KMZIR JSV %%'
QEWSRV]MR6IJIVIRGI
1.8.4 Coefficient of moisture expansion for clay masonry 1.8.4 Coefficient of moisture expansion for clay masonry
ke!\MRMR\QQQQ *MVIHGPE]TVSHYGXWI\TERHYTSRGSRXEGX[MXLQSMWXYVI
ERH XLI QEXIVMEP HSIW RSX VIXYVR XS MXW SVMKMREP WMÎ YTSR
HV]MRK8LMWMWEPSRKXIVQI\TERWMSREWGPE]TEVXMGPIW
VIEGX [MXL EXQSWTLIVMG QSMWXYVI 'SRXMRYIH QSMWXYVI
I\TERWMSRSJ GPE]QEWSRV]YRMXW LEWFIIRVITSVXIH JSV¡
]IEVW 1SMWXYVI I\TERWMSRMW RSXE HIWMKRGSRWMHIVEXMSR
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
1.8.5 Coefficients of shrinkage 1.8.5 Coefficients of shrinkage
1.8.5.1 Concrete masonry 1.8.5.1 Concrete masonry { 'SRGVIXI QEWSRV]
km!sl MWEGIQIRXFEWIHQEXIVMEPXLEXWLVMROWHYIXSQSMWXYVIPSWW
ERH GEVFSREXMSR 8LI XSXEP PMRIEV HV]MRK WLVMROEKI MW
HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' 8LI
QE\MQYQ WLVMROEKI EPPS[IH F] %781 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW JSV I\EQTPI %781 ' SXLIV
XLER GEPGMYQ WMPMGEXI YRMXW MW *YVXLIV HIWMKR
KYMHERGIJSVIWXMQEXMRKXLIWLVMROEKIHYIXSQSMWXYVI PSWW
ERH GEVFSREXMSR MW EZEMPEFPI 8LI WLVMROEKI SJ
GPE]QEWSRV]MWRIKPMKMFPI
1.8.5.2 AAC masonry 1.8.5.2 AAC masonry{%XXMQISJTVSHYGXMSR

km! cs %%' QEWSRV] X]TMGEPP] LEW E QSMWXYVI GSRXIRX SJ EFSYX
8LEXZEPYIX]TMGEPP]HIGVIEWIWXS SVPIWW[MXLMR
[LIVI cs MW HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL X[S XS XLVII QSRXLW VIKEVHPIWW SJ EQFMIRX VIPEXMZI
%781' LYQMHMX]8LMWTVSGIWWGERXEOITPEGIHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
SV TVMSV XS HIPMZIV] %781 ' IZEPYEXIW %%'
QEXIVMEP GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW EX QSMWXYVI GSRXIRXW FIX[IIR
ERH E VERKI XLEX X]TMJMIW %%' MR WIVZMGI 8LI
WLVMROEKIGSIJJMGMIRXSJXLMWWIGXMSRVIJPIGXWXLIGLERKIMR
WXVEMR PMOIP] XS FI IRGSYRXIVIH [MXLMR XLI I\XVIQIW SJ
QSMWXYVIGSRXIRXX]TMGEPP]IRGSYRXIVIHMRWIVZMGI
1.8.6 Coefficients of creep 1.8.6 Coefficients of creep

1.8.6.1 Clay masonry ;LIR GSRXMRYSYWP] WXVIWWIH XLIWI QEXIVMEPW KVEHYEPP]
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E HIJSVQMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWXVIWWETTPMGEXMSR8LMWQSZIQIRX
MW VIJIVVIH XS EW GVIIT ERH MW PSEH ERH XMQI
1.8.6.2 Concrete masonry
HITIRHIRX8LIZEPYIWKMZIREVIQE\MQYQZEPYIW
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E
1.8.6.3 AAC masonry
kc!\TIVTWM\TIV14E
C-26 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.8.7 Prestressing steel 1.8.7 Prestressing steel

1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXW*SV 8LI QEXIVMEP ERH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW RSX WTIGMJMGEPP] PMWXIH MR %781 WXIIPW QE] ZEV] [MXL IEGL QERYJEGXYVIV 1SWX WMKRMJMGERX
%%1 %%1 SV %%1 XIRWMPI JSV HIWMKR EVI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRvW GVSWW WIGXMSR
WXVIRKXLERHVIPE\EXMSRPSWWIWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXW QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLERHWXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR
TVSTIVXMIW :EPYIW JSV XLIWI TVSTIVXMIW JSV ZEVMSYW
QERYJEGXYVIVWv [MVI WXVERH ERH FEV W]WXIQW EVI KMZIR
IPWI[LIVI8LIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
MWSJXIRXEOIRIUYEPXSOWM14E JSVHIWMKR
FYX GER ZEV] ERH WLSYPH FI ZIVMJMIH F] XLI QERYJEGXYVIV
7XVIWWWXVEMR GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW ERH WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR TVSTIVXMIW
SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW QYWX FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XIWX FIGEYWI
XLIWI TVSTIVXMIW QE] ZEV] FIX[IIR HMJJIVIRX WXIIP JSVQW
FEV [MVI SV WXVERH ERH X]TIW QMPH LMKL WXVIRKXL SV
WXEMRPIWW
1.9 — Section properties 1.9 — Section properties
1.9.1 Stress computations 1.9.1 Stress computations
1.9.1.1 1IQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK 1MRMQYQRIXWIGXMSRMWSJXIRHMJJMGYPXXSIWXEFPMWLMR
WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ RIX GVSWW LSPPS[YRMXQEWSRV]8LIHIWMKRIVQE]GLSSWIXSYWIXLI
WIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIVYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR7IGXMSR QMRMQYQ XLMGORIWW SJ XLI JEGI WLIPPW SJ XLI YRMXW EW XLI
TVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIFEWIHSRWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW QMRMQYQ RIX WIGXMSR8LIQMRMQYQRIXWIGXMSRQE]RSX
FIXLIWEQIMRXLIZIVXMGEPERHLSVM^SRXEPHMVIGXMSRW
1.9.1.2 -R QIQFIVW HIWMKRIH JSV GSQTSWMXI
EGXMSRWXVIWWIWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRKWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW *SV QEWSRV] SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWW
FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ XVERWJSVQIH RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP WIGXMSREP EVIE MR FSXL HMVIGXMSRW QE] GSRWIVZEXMZIP] FI
EVIE SJ XLI GSQTSWMXI QIQFIV 8LI XVERWJSVQIH EVIE FEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWW
GSRGITX JSV IPEWXMG EREP]WMW MR [LMGL EVIEW SJ HMWWMQMPEV
7SPMHGPE] QEWSRV]YRMXWEVI TIVQMXXIHXSLEZIGSVMRK
QEXIVMEPW EVI XVERWJSVQIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL VIPEXMZI
YT XS E QE\MQYQ SJ TIVGIRX SJ XLIMV KVSWW GVSWW
IPEWXMGQSHYPMVEXMSWWLEPPETTP]
WIGXMSREP EVIE *SV WYGL YRMXW XLI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
QE] FI XEOIR EW IUYEP XS XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
I\GITX EW TVSZMHIH MR 7IGXMSR G JSV QEWSRV]
LIEHIVW7IZIVEPGSRHMXMSRWSJRIXEVIEEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI
''
7MRGI XLI IPEWXMG TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR
QIQFIVW HIWMKRIH JSV GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR HMJJIV IUYEP
WXVEMRW TVSHYGI HMJJIVIRX PIZIPW SJ WXVIWWIW MR XLI
GSQTSRIRXW 8S GSQTYXI XLIWI WXVIWWIW E GSRZIRMIRX
XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI E\MW SJ VIWMWXERGI
MW GSRWMHIVIH 8LI VIWYPXMRK WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR IEGL
JMFIVEVIVIPEXIHXSXLIEGXYEPWXVIWWIWF]XLIVEXMSE / Ex
FIX[IIR XLI QSHYPM SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ XLI QSWX HIJSVQEFPI
QEXIVMEP MR XLI QIQFIV ERH SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW MR XLI JMFIV
GSRWMHIVIH8LYWXSSFXEMRXLIXVERWJSVQIHWIGXMSRJMFIVW
SJXLIEGXYEPWIGXMSREVIGSRGITXYEPP][MHIRIHF]XLIVEXMS
Ex /E 7XVIWWIWGSQTYXIHFEWIHSRXLIWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW
SJ XLI XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR [MXL VIWTIGX XS XLI E\MW SJ
VIWMWXERGI GSRWMHIVIH EVI XLIR QYPXMTPMIH F] Ex /E XS
SFXEMREGXYEPWXVIWWIW
COMMENTARY
&VMGO1SVIXLER 7SPMH ,SPPS[9RMX*YPP1SVXEV&IHHMRK

2IX%VIE)UYEPW+VSWW%VIE 6IUYMVIW%PMKRQIRXSJ'VSWW[IFW
,SPPS[9RMX*EGI7LIPP1SVXEV&IHHMRK
Figure CC-1.9-1 — Net cross-sectional areas
CODE COMMENTARY
1.9.2 Stiffness 1.9.2 Stiffness

'SQTYXEXMSRSJWXMJJRIWWFEWIHSRYRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRMW 7XMJJRIWW MW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI I\XIRX SJ GVEGOMRK 8LI
TIVQMWWMFPI9WISJXLIEZIVEKIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI 'SHI IUYEXMSRW JSV HIWMKR MR 7IGXMSR LS[IZIV EVI
QIQFIVGSRWMHIVIHMRWXMJJRIWWGSQTYXEXMSRWMWTIVQMXXIH FEWIHSRXLIQIQFIVvWYRGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXME%PWS
WMRGI XLI I\XIRX SJ XIRWMSR GVEGOMRK MR WLIEV [EPPW MW RSX
ORS[R MR EHZERGI XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W XLI HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ
WXMJJRIWW XS FI FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QSVI EGGYVEXIIWXMQEXIW QE] VIWYPX MJ
WXMJJRIWWETTVS\MQEXMSRWEVIFEWIHSRXLIGVEGOIHWIGXMSR
8LIWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIWSJQEWSRV]QIQFIVWQE]ZEV]
JVSQ TSMRX XS TSMRX *SV I\EQTPI MR E WMRKPI[]XLI
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] [EPP QEHI SJ LSPPS[ YRKVSYXIH YRMXW
XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE ZEVMIW XLVSYKL XLI YRMX LIMKLX
%PWSXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEXIVMEPZEVMIWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJ
XLI [EPP SV YRMX *SV WXMJJRIWW GSQTYXEXMSRW ER EZIVEKI
ZEPYI SJ XLI ETTVSTVMEXI WIGXMSR TVSTIVX] GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIE SV QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME MW GSRWMHIVIH EHIUYEXI JSV
HIWMKR 8LI EZIVEKI RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI
QIQFIV [SYPH MR XYVR FI FEWIH SR EZIVEKI RIX GVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIEZEPYIWSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXWERHXLIQSVXEV
NSMRXWGSQTSWMRKXLIQIQFIV
1.9.3 Radius of gyration 1.9.3 Radius of gyration
6EHMYW SJ K]VEXMSR WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK EZIVEKI 8LIVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSRMW XLI WUYEVI VSSXSJXLIVEXMS
RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIVGSRWMHIVIH SJ FIRHMRK QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME XS GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
7MRGIWXMJJRIWWMWFEWIHSRXLIEZIVEKIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJ XLI QIQFIV GSRWMHIVIHXLMWWEQI EVIE WLSYPHFI
YWIHMRXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJVEHMYWSJK]VEXMSR
C-28 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.9.4 Intersecting walls 1.9.4 Intersecting walls

1.9.4.1 ;EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRWWLEPPQIIXSRISJXLI 'SRRIGXMSRW SJ [IFW XS JPERKIW SJ [EPPW QE] FI
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW EGGSQTPMWLIHF]VYRRMRKFSRHQIXEPGSRRIGXSVWSVFSRH
FIEQW %GLMIZMRK WXVIWW XVERWJIV EX E 8 MRXIVWIGXMSR [MXL
E (IWMKRWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
VYRRMRKFSRHSRP]MWHMJJMGYPX%VYRRMRKFSRHGSRRIGXMSR
F 8VERWJIVSJWLIEVFIX[IIR[EPPWWLEPPFITVIZIRXIH WLSYPH FI EW WLS[R MR *MKYVI '' [MXL E w8x
KISQIXV]SZIVXLIMVMRXIVWIGXMSR
1.9.4.2 Design of wall intersection
1.9.4.2.1 1EWSRV]WLEPPFIMRVYRRMRKFSRH 8LIEPXIVREXIQIXLSHYWMRKQIXEPWXVETGSRRIGXSVWMW
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''&SRHFIEQWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
1.9.4.2.2 *PERKIW WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH '' EVI XLI XLMVH QIERW SJ GSRRIGXMRK [IFW XS
IJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKETTPMIHPSEHW JPERKIW
1.9.4.2.3 8LI[MHXLSJJPERKIGSRWMHIVIH ;LIR XLI JPERKIW EVI GSRRIGXIH EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR
IJJIGXMZISR IEGL WMHISJXLI [IF WLEPPFIXLI WQEPPIV XLI]EVIVIUYMVIHXSFIMRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKR
SJ XLI EGXYEP JPERKI SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI [IF [EPP SV
XLIJSPPS[MRK 8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIJPERKIJSVGSQTVIWWMSRERH
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR MW FEWIH SR
E QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI RSQMREP JPERKI XLMGORIWW JSV WLIEVPEK IJJIGXW ERH MW E XVEHMXMSREP VIUYMVIQIRX 8LI
YRVIMRJSVGIH ERH VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [LIR XLI IJJIGXMZI [MHXL SJ XLI JPERKI JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR
JPERKIMWMRGSQTVIWWMSR JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR MW FEWIH SR XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH
F QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI RSQMREP JPERKI XLMGORIWW JSV EREP]XMGEP[SVOSJ,IERH4VMIWXPI]8LI]WLS[IHXLEX
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][LIRXLIJPERKI MWMR JPI\YVEP XLI WLIEVPEK IJJIGXW EVI WMKRMJMGERX JSV YRGVEGOIH [EPPW
XIRWMSR FYXFIGSQIPIWWWIZIVIEJXIVGVEGOMRK,IERH4VMIWXPI]
TVSTSWIH XLEX XLI IJJIGXMZI [MHXL SJ XLI JPERKI FI
G QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI JPSSVXSJPSSV [EPP LIMKLX JSV HIXIVQMRIHEW
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [LIR XLI JPERKI MW MR JPI\YVEP
XIRWMSR lf l f h
8LI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL WLEPP RSX I\XIRH TEWX E l ef h l f l f h
QSZIQIRXNSMRX h l f h
1.9.4.2.4 (IWMKR JSV WLIEV MRGPYHMRK XLI
XVERWJIV SJ WLIEV EX MRXIVJEGIW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI [LIVIlefMWXLIIJJIGXMZIJPERKI[MHXLlfMWXLI[MHXLSJXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR SV 7IGXMSR SV JPERKI ERH h MW LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP 8LIWI IUYEXMSRW GER
7IGXMSRW ERH SV 7IGXMSRW ERH VIWYPXMRIJJIGXMZIJPERKI[MHXLWKVIEXIVXLERXMQIWXLI
SV7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSRERH LIMKLXSJXLI[EPP,S[IZIVEPMQMXSJXLIIJJIGXMZIJPERKI
[MHXLSJXMQIWXLI[EPPLIMKLXSV¢SJXLI[EPPLIMKLX
1.9.4.2.5 8LI GSRRIGXMSR SJ MRXIVWIGXMRK SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI [IF MW TVSZMHIH MR XLI GSHI 8LMW
[EPPWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW PMQMX[EWGLSWIRWMRGIXLIXIWXMRK F],IERH4VMIWXPI]
E %X PIEWX JMJX] TIVGIRX SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW EX XLI [EWPMQMXIHXSEJPERKI[MHXLSJXMQIWXLI[EPPLIMKLX
MRXIVJEGIWLEPPMRXIVPSGO (IWMKRIVW EVI GEYXMSRIH XLEX PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
NYWX SYXWMHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL WTIGMJMIH F] XLI
F ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] WXIIP GSRRIGXSVW KVSYXIH GSHIGEREJJIGXXLIHYGXMPMX]ERHFILEZMSVSJXLI[EPP%R]
MRXSXLI[EPPERHQIIXMRKXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW TEVXMGMTEXMSRF]XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRVIWMWXMRKXLIPSEHGER
1MRMQYQ WMÎ MR \ MR \ MR PIEHXSSXLIVQSVIFVMXXPIJEMPYVIQSHIWWYGLEWWLIEVSV
QQ\QQ\QQ MRGPYHMRKMR GVYWLMRKSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSRXSI
QQ PSRKHIKVIIFIRHEXIEGLIRHXS
JSVQE9SV>WLETI
1E\MQYQWTEGMRKMRQQ
G -RXIVWIGXMRKVIMRJSVGIHFSRHFIEQWWLEPPFITVSZMHIH
EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ MR QQ SR
GIRXIV8LIEVIESJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRIEGLFSRHFIEQ
WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER MR TIV JX QQQ
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKSJXLIFSRHFIEQW
MR JIIX QIXIVW 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH
SRIEGLWMHISJXLIMRXIVWIGXMSR
COMMENTARY
7LIEV;EPP 7LIEV;EPP
*PERKI
3V
Figure CC-1.9-2 — Running bond lap at intersection
1IXEP7XVET'SRRIGXSV
MR8LMGOQQ
1MRMQYQ(MQIRWMSRW
+VSYXIH'IPPW
1IXEP7XVETWEX
JXQ SG:IVX
+VSYXIH'IPPW
7LIEV;EPP
*PERKI
7IGXMSREP)PIZEXMSR
Figure CC-1.9-3 — Metal straps and grouting at wall intersections
CODE COMMENTARY
1.9.5 Bearing area 1.9.5 Bearing area

8LIFIEVMRKEVIEAbrJSVGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSX ;LIRXLIWYTTSVXMRKQEWSRV]EVIEA2MWPEVKIVSREPP
I\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK WMHIW XLER XLI PSEHIH EVIE A1 XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W
HMWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWSZIVEFIEVMRKEVIEAbr,
E A1 A2 / A1 PEVKIVXLER A1 8LIEVIEA2MWHIXIVQMRIHEWMPPYWXVEXIHMR
*MKYVI '' 8LMW MW TIVQMWWMFPI FIGEYWI XLI
F A GSRJMRIQIRX SJ XLI FIEVMRKEVIE F] WYVVSYRHMRK QEWSRV]
MRGVIEWIW XLI FIEVMRK GETEGMX] SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRHIV XLI
8LI EVIE A MW XLI EVIE SJ XLI PS[IV FEWI SJ XLI GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW;LIRXLIIHKISJXLIPSEHIHEVIEA1
PEVKIWX JVYWXYQ SJ E VMKLX T]VEQMH SV GSRI XLEX LEW XLI GSMRGMHIW[MXLXLIJEGISVIHKISJXLIQEWSRV]XLIEVIEA2
PSEHIH EVIE A EW MXW YTTIV FEWI WPSTIW EX HIKVIIW MWIUYEPXSXLIPSEHIHEVIEA1
JVSQ XLI LSVM^SRXEP ERH MW [LSPP] GSRXEMRIH [MXLMR XLI
WYTTSVX*SV[EPPWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHEVIEAWLEPP
XIVQMREXIEXLIEHNSMRXW
C-30 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
1E\MQYQ&SRH&IEQ7TEGMRK
MRQQ SR'IRXIV
6IMRJSVGIQIRXMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL'SHI7IGXMSRG
)MXLIVSTIRGIPPFSRHFIEQ
YRMXWSVWSPMHFSXXSQPMRXIPYRMXW
QE]FIYWIH
Figure CC-1.9-4 — Bond beam at wall intersection
(IKVIIW
0SEHIH%VIEA1
% % A2 MW1IEWYVIHSRXLMW4PERI
8LMW4IVMQIXIVSJ%VIE
A2 MW+ISQIXVMGEPP]
WMQMPEVXSERH
'SRGIRXVMG[MXLXLI
0SEHIH%VIEA1
4PER 7IGXMSR%%
Figure CC-1.9-5 — Bearing areas

CODE COMMENTARY
1.9.6 Effective compressive width per bar 1.9.6 Effective compressive width per bar
1.9.6.1 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 8LIIJJIGXMZI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMZIEVIEJSVIEGL
ERHLEZMRKFSRHFIEQWWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLERMR VIMRJSVGMRK FEV QYWX FI IWXEFPMWLIH *MKYVI ''
QQ GIRXIVXSGIRXIV ERH JSV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK HITMGXW XLI PMQMXW JSV XLI GSRHMXMSRW WXEXIH 0MQMXIH
FSRHXLI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSREVIEYWIHXSGEPGYPEXI VIWIEVGLMWEZEMPEFPISRXLMWWYFNIGX
IPIQIRXGETEGMX]WLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIPIEWXSJ
8LI PMQMXIH EFMPMX] SJ LIEH NSMRXW XS XVERWJIV WXVIWW
E 'IRXIVXSGIRXIVFEVWTEGMRK [LIRQEWSRV]MWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHMWVIGSKRMÎHF]
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVFSRHFIEQW3TIRIRHQEWSRV]YRMXW
F 7M\QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREP[EPPXLMGORIWW
XLEX EVI JYPP] KVSYXIH EVI EWWYQIH XS XVERWJIV WXVIWW EW
G MRQQ MRHMGEXIHMR7IGXMSRH EWJSVVYRRMRKFSRH
1.9.6.2 *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 8LIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVFEVWTEGMRKQE\MQYQMWEPMQMX
ERH LEZMRK FSRH FIEQW WTEGIH QSVI XLER MR XS OIIT JVSQ SZIVPETTMRK EVIEW SJ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW
QQ GIRXIVXSGIRXIVXLI[MHXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR 8LIMRQQ QE\MQYQ MW ER IQTMVMGEP GLSMGI
EVIE YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI IPIQIRX GETEGMX] WLEPP RSX I\GIIH SJXLIGSQQMXXII
XLIPIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMX
0IRKXLSJ9RMX
*SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLFSRHFIEQWWTEGIH
PIWW XLER SV IUYEP XS MR QQ ERH VYRRMRK FSRH
QEWSRV] bIUYEPWXLIPIWWIVSJ
b!s
b!t
b!MRQQ
*SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLFSRHFIEQWWTEGIH
KVIEXIVXLERMRQQ bIUYEPWXLIPIWWIVSJ
b!s
b!PIRKXLSJYRMX
Figure CC-1.9-6 — Width of compression area

C-32 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.9.7 Concentrated loads 1.9.7 Concentrated loads

1.9.7.1 'SRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSXFIHMWXVMFYXIH 6IJIVIRGI VITSVXW XLI VIWYPXW SJ XIWXW SJ E [MHI
SZIVEPIRKXLKVIEXIVXLERXLIQMRMQYQSJXLIJSPPS[MRK ZEVMIX] SJ WTIGMQIRW YRHIV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW MRGPYHMRK
%%' QEWSRV] GSRGVIXI FPSGO QEWSRV] ERH GPE] FVMGO
E 8LIPIRKXLSJFIEVMRKEVIETPYWXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIH
QEWSRV] WTIGMQIRW 6IJIVIRGI WYKKIWXW XLEX E
F] GSRWMHIVMRK XLIGSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH XS FI HMWTIVWIH
GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH GER FI HMWXVMFYXIH EX E WPSTI
EPSRK E ZIVXMGEP LSVM^SRXEP PMRI 8LI HMWTIVWMSR
XIVQMREXMRKEXLEPJXLI[EPPLIMKLX[LIVIXLI[EPPLIMKLX
WLEPP XIVQMREXI EX LEPJ XLI [EPP LIMKLX E QSZIQIRX
MW JVSQ XLI TSMRX SJ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI PSEH XS XLI
NSMRX XLI IRH SJ XLI [EPP SV ER STIRMRK [LMGLIZIV
JSYRHEXMSR 8IWXW SR XLI PSEH HMWTIVWMSR XLVSYKL E FSRH
TVSZMHIWXLIWQEPPIWXPIRKXL
FIEQ SR XST SJ LSPPS[ QEWSRV] VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI
F 8LIGIRXIVXSGIRXIVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW VIWYPXIHMRERERKPIJVSQXLILSVM^SRXEPSJJSVE
GSYVWI'19FSRHFIEQJSVEGSYVWI'19FSRH
1.9.7.2 *SV [EPPW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH FIEQ ERH JSV E GSYVWI GPE] FSRH FIEQ SV
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWWLEPPRSXFIHMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWLIEHNSMRXW ETTVS\MQEXIP]EWPSTI*SVWMQTPMGMX]MRHIWMKRE
;LIVIGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEGXMRKSRWYGL[EPPWEVIETTPMIHXS WPSTI MW YWIH JSV EPP GEWIW SJ PSEH HMWTIVWMSR SJ E
E FSRH FIEQ XLI GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH
HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI FSRH FIEQ FYX WLEPP RSX FI
HMWXVMFYXIHEGVSWWLIEHNSMRXWFIPS[XLIFSRHFIEQW 'SHI TVSZMWMSRW EVI MPPYWXVEXIH MR *MKYVI ''
*MKYVI ''E MPPYWXVEXIW XLI HMWTIVWMSR SJ E
GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH XLVSYKL E FSRH FIEQ % LSPPS[ [EPP
[SYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVFIEVMRKYRHIVXLIFSRHFIEQYWMRK
XLI IJJIGXMZI PIRKXL *MKYVI ''F MPPYWXVEXIW XLI
HMWTIVWMSRSJEGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHMRXLI[EPP8LIIJJIGXMZI
PIRKXL[SYPHFIYWIHJSVGLIGOMRKXLI[EPPYRHIVXLIE\MEP
JSVGI%[EPPQE]LEZIXSFIGLIGOIHEXWIZIVEPPSGEXMSRW
WYGLEWYRHIVEFSRHFIEQERHEXQMHLIMKLX
COMMENTARY
'LIGOFIEVMRKSR
&IEVMRK4PEXI 0SEH LSPPS[[EPP 0SEH &IEVMRK4PEXI
&SRH&IEQ &SRH&IEQ
0SEHMW
HMWTIVWIH
EXE
WPSTI
6YRRMRKFSRH 0SEHHMWTIVWMSR 2SXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH

XIVQMREXIWEXLIEH
NSMRXWJSVQEWSRV]RSX
PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
E (MWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHXLVSYKLFSRHFIEQ
0SEH 0SEH 0SEH

)JJIGXMZI )JJIGXMZI
)JJIGXMZI0IRKXL
0IRKXL 0IRKXL
0SEH 0SEH

)JJIGXMZI )JJIGXMZI
0IRKXL 0IRKXL
F (MWXVMFYXMSRSJGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHMR[EPP
Figure CC-1.9-7. Distribution of concentrated loads

C-34 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.10 — Connection to structural frames 1.10 —Connection to structural frames

1EWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP RSX FI GSRRIGXIH XS WXVYGXYVEP )\XIVMSVQEWSRV][EPPWGSRRIGXIHXSWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIW
JVEQIW YRPIWW XLI GSRRIGXMSRW ERH [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH XS EVIYWIHTVMQEVMP]EWRSRFIEVMRKGYVXEMR[EPPW6IKEVHPIWW
VIWMWX HIWMKR MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK JSVGIW ERH XS EGGSQQSHEXI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ YWIH JSV WYTTSVX XLIVI EVI
GEPGYPEXIHHIJPIGXMSRW HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXWFIX[IIRXLIWXVYGXYVIERHXLI[EPP
8LIWIHMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW QE] SGGYVWITEVEXIP] SV MR
GSQFMREXMSRERHQE]FIHYIXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
8IQTIVEXYVI MRGVIEWI SV HIGVIEWI SJ IMXLIV XLI
WXVYGXYVEPJVEQISVXLIQEWSRV][EPP
1SMWXYVI ERH JVII^MRK I\TERWMSR SJ FVMGO SV
WLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIFPSGO[EPPW
)PEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK SJ GSPYQRW JVSQ E\MEP PSEHW
WLVMROEKISVGVIIT
(IJPIGXMSRSJWYTTSVXMRKFIEQW
7MHIW[E]MRQYPXMTPIWXSV]FYMPHMRKW
*SYRHEXMSRQSZIQIRX
7MRGI XLI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] MW PS[ XLIWI
HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW QYWX FI EGGSQQSHEXIH F]
WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI FIX[IIR XLI JVEQI ERH QEWSRV] ERH
JPI\MFPISVWPMTX]TIGSRRIGXMSRW
7XVYGXYVEP JVEQIW ERH FVEGMRK WLSYPH RSX FI MRJMPPIH
[MXL QEWSRV] XS MRGVIEWI VIWMWXERGI XS MRTPERI PEXIVEP
JSVGIW [MXLSYX GSRWMHIVMRK XLI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRXW
PMWXIHEFSZI
;SSH WXIIP SV GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW QE] FI WYVVSYRHIH
F]QEWSRV]WIVZMRKEWEHIGSVEXMZIIPIQIRX1EWSRV][EPPW
QE]FIWYFNIGXXSJSVGIWEWEVIWYPXSJXLIMVMRXIVEGXMSR[MXL
SXLIVWXVYGXYVEPGSQTSRIRXW7MRGI XLIQEWSRV]IPIQIRXMW
SJXIRQYGLWXMJJIVXLIPSEH[MPPFIGEVVMIHTVMQEVMP]F]XLI
QEWSRV] 8LIWI JSVGIW MJ XVERWQMXXIH XS XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
QEWSRV] WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ XLI
QEWSRV] %PXIVREXIP] XLIVI WLSYPH FI WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI
FIX[IIR XLI JVEQI ERH QEWSRV] *PI\MFPI XMIW WLSYPH FI
YWIHXSEPPS[JSVXLIHIJSVQEXMSRW
&IEQW SV XVYWWIW WYTTSVXMRK QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI
IWWIRXMEPP] IQFIHHIH ERH XLIMV HIJPIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI
PMQMXIHXSXLIEPPS[EFPIHIJPIGXMSRWJSVXLIQEWSRV]FIMRK
WYTTSVXIH7II7IGXMSRJSVVIUYMVIQIRXW
CODE COMMENTARY
1.11 — Masonry not laid in running bond 1.11 — Masonry not laid in running bond
*SV QEWSRV]RSX PEMH MRVYRRMRKFSRH XLI QMRMQYQ 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH
EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI EVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''8LIEQSYRXSJLSVM^SRXEP
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIKVSWWZIVXMGEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIH MR QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK
[EPPYWMRKWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX FSRHMWETVIWGVMTXMZIEQSYRXXSTVSZMHIGSRXMRYMX]EGVSWW
WLEPP FI TPEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ MR XLI LIEH NSMRXW &IGEYWI PEXIVEP PSEHW EVI VIZIVWMFPI
QQ SRGIRXIVMRLSVM^SRXEPQSVXEVNSMRXWSVMRFSRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH IMXLIV FI GIRXIVIH MR XLI IPIQIRX
FIEQW XLMGORIWW F] TPEGIQIRX MR XLI GIRXIV SJ E FSRH FIEQ SV
WLSYPHFIW]QQIXVMGEPP]PSGEXIHF]TPEGMRKQYPXMTPIFEVW
MR E FSRH FIEQ SV F] YWMRK NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI
QSVXEV FIHEPSRKIEGL JEGIWLIPP 8LMW VIMRJSVGIQIRXGER
FIEPWSYWIHXSVIWMWXPSEH
%PXLSYKLGSRXMRYMX]EGVSWWLIEHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]RSX
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH MW E GSRGIVR JSV %%' QEWSRV] EW
[IPPEWQEWSRV]SJGPE]SVGSRGVIXIXLIYWISJLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS IRLERGI GSRXMRYMX] MR %%' QEWSRV] MW
KIRIVEPP]TVEGXMGEPSRP]F]XLIYWISJFSRHFIEQW
8]TMGEP6YRRMRK&SRH 8]TMGEP6YRRMRK&SRH
&VMGO9RMXW 'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
9RMX 9RMX0IRKXL
9RMX0IRKXL 3ZIVPET
9RMX
1EWSRV]MWGSRWMHIVIHXSFIPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH 3ZIVPET
[LIRYRMXWSZIVPETEQMRMQYQSJ SJXLIYRMXPIRKXL
Figure CC-1.11-1 — Running bond masonry

C-36 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.12 — Corbels 1.12 — Corbels

1.12.1 Load-bearing corbels 8LITVSZMWMSRJSVGSVFIPPMRKYTXSSRILEPJSJXLI[EPP
0SEHFIEVMRKGSVFIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI SV []XLI XLMGORIWW MW XLISVIXMGEPP] ZEPMH SRP] MJ XLI
[MXL'LETXIV SV STTSWMXI WMHI SJ XLI [EPP VIQEMRW MR MXW WEQI TPERI 8LI
EHHMXMSR SJ XLI MR QQ MRXVYWMSR MRXS XLI TPERI
1.12.2 Non-load-bearing corbels
VIGSKRMÎW XLI MQTVEGXMGEPMX]SJOIITMRKXLI FEGOWYVJEGI
2SRPSEHFIEVMRK GSVFIPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR
TPERI7II*MKYVI''ERH''JSVQE\MQYQ
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIV SV SVHIXEMPIHEWJSPPS[W
TIVQMWWMFPIYRMXTVSNIGXMSR
E 7SPMHQEWSRV]YRMXWSVLSPPS[YRMXWJMPPIH[MXLQSVXEV
SVKVSYXWLEPPFIYWIH
F 8LIQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRFI]SRHXLIJEGISJXLI[EPP
WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
SRILEPJ XLI [EPP XLMGORIWW JSV QYPXM[]XLI [EPPW
FSRHIH F] QSVXEV SV KVSYX ERH [EPP XMIW SV
QEWSRV]LIEHIVWSV
SRILEPJ XLI []XLI XLMGORIWW JSV WMRKPI []XLI
[EPPWQEWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPPWQYPXM[]XLI
[EPPW[MXLSTIRGSPPEVNSMRXWERHZIRIIV[EPPW
G 8LIQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMXWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
SRILEPJXLIRSQMREPYRMXLIMKLX
SRIXLMVH XLI RSQMREP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI YRMX SV
[]XLI
H 8LI FEGO WYVJEGI SJ XLI GSVFIPPIH WIGXMSR WLEPP
VIQEMR[MXLMRMRQQ SJTPERI
COMMENTARY
d
0MQMXEXMSRWSR'SVFIPPMRK
Pc t
p h
p d
;LIVI
Pc ! %PPS[EFPIXSXEPLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSRSJGSVFIPPMRK
h
p ! %PPS[EFPITVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMX
p
t ! RSQMREP[EPPXLMGORIWW
d ! RSQMREPYRMXXLMGORIWWWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWTPYWXLI

XLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX
h ! RSQMREPYRMXLIMKLXWTIGMJMIHLIMKLXTPYWXLIXLMGORIWWSJ

SRIQSVXEVNSMRX
2SXI2IMXLIVXMIWRSVLIEHIVWWLS[R
t Pc
Figure CC-1.12-1 — Limits on corbelling in solid walls
a MRQQ
0MQMXEXMSRWSR'SVFIPPMRK
PC d
p h
p d
;LIVI
PC !%PPS[EFPIXSXEPLSVM^SRXEPTVSNIGXMSRSJGSVFIPPMRK
p !%PPS[EFPITVSNIGXMSRSJSRIYRMX
h
d !2SQMREPYRMXXLMGORIWWWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWTPYW
XLIXLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX
h !2SQMREPYRMXLIMKLXWTIGMJMIHLIMKLXTPYWXLI
p XLMGORIWWSJSRIQSVXEVNSMRX
a !%MVWTEGIXLMGORIWW
PC
a d
8MIWWLS[RJSVMPPYWXVEXMSRSRP]
Figure CC-1.12-2 – Limits on corbelling in walls with air space

C-38 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.13 — Beams 1.13 — Beams

(IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR(IWMKRSJFIEQWWLEPPEPWS
QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR 7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
(IWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEWSRV]FIEQWWLEPPETTP]XS
QEWSRV]PMRXIPW
1.13.1 General beam design 1.13.1 General beam design
1.13.1.1 Span length — 7TERPIRKXLWLEPPFIMR 1.13.1.1 Span length
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
1.13.1.1.1 7TER PIRKXLSJFIEQW RSXFYMPX
MRXIKVEPP] [MXL WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI GPIEV WTER
TPYW HITXL SJ FIEQ FYX RIIH RSX I\GIIH XLI HMWXERGI
FIX[IIRGIRXIVWSJWYTTSVXW
1.13.1.1.2 *SV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QSQIRXW
MR FIEQW XLEX EVI GSRXMRYSYW SZIV WYTTSVXW WTER PIRKXL
WLEPPFIXEOIREWXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRGIRXIVWSJWYTTSVXW
1.13.1.2 Lateral support — 8LI GSQTVIWWMSR 1.13.1.2 Lateral support — 8SQMRMQMÎPEXIVEP
JEGISJFIEQWWLEPPFI PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH EXE QE\MQYQ XSVWMSREPFYGOPMRKXLI'SHIVIUYMVIWPEXIVEPFVEGMRKSJXLI
WTEGMRKFEWIHSRXLIWQEPPIVSJ GSQTVIWWMSRJEGI,ERWIPP ERH;MRXIVWYKKIWXXLEXXLI
WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMSW WLSYPH FI KMZIR MR XIVQW SJ Ldb
E b
6IZEXLM ERH 1IRSR VITSVX SR XIWXW SJ WIZIR YRHIV
F bd VIMRJSVGIHWPIRHIVGSRGVIXIFIEQW-R*MKYVI''E
WXVEMKLXPMRIMWJMXXIHXSXLIWtest/WuVEXMSZWLd/b2[LIVI
WtestMWXLII\TIVMQIRXEPGETEGMX]ERHWuMWXLIGEPGYPEXIH
GETEGMX] FEWIH SR XLI JYPP GVSWWWIGXMSREP QSQIRX
WXVIRKXL Wtest/WuIUYEPW[LIVILd/b2IUYEPW&EWIH
SR XLMW XLI 'SHI PMQMX SJ Ld/b2 MW VIEWSREFPI ERH
WPMKLXP]GSRWIVZEXMZI
1.13.1.3 Bearing length — 0IRKXL SJ FIEVMRK 1.13.1.3 Bearing length — 8LI QMRMQYQ
SJ FIEQW SR XLIMV WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI E QMRMQYQ SJ MR FIEVMRKPIRKXLSJMRQQ MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWTERMW
QQ MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJWTER GSRWMHIVIHEVIEWSREFPIQMRMQYQXSVIHYGIGSRGIRXVEXIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWEXXLIIHKISJXLIWYTTSVX

; XIWX ; Y !0HF

Ld/b2
Figure CC-1.13-1&IEQGETEGMX]ZWFIEQWPIRHIVRIWW
CODE COMMENTARY
1.13.1.4 Deflections — 1EWSRV]FIEQWWLEPPFI 1.13.1.4 Deflections —8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR

HIWMKRIH XS LEZI EHIUYEXI WXMJJRIWW XS PMQMX HIJPIGXMSRW EHHVIWWHIJPIGXMSRWXLEXQE]SGGYVEXWIVZMGIPSEH
XLEXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXWXVIRKXLSVWIVZMGIEFMPMX] PIZIPW
1.13.1.4.1 8LI GSQTYXIH HIJPIGXMSR SJ 1.13.1.4.1 8LI HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW ETTP] XS
FIEQW TVSZMHMRKZIVXMGEPWYTTSVX XS QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR FIEQW ERH PMRXIPW SJ EPP QEXIVMEPW XLEX WYTTSVX
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 'LETXIV SV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 8LI HIJPIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW QE]
7IGXMSRWLEPPRSXI\GIIHlYRHIVYRJEGXSVIHHIEH EPWS FI ETTPMGEFPI XS WYTTSVXIH VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] XLEX
TPYWPMZIPSEHW LEWZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]
8LIHIJPIGXMSRPMQMXSJlWLSYPHTVIZIRXPSRKXIVQ
ZMWMFPI HIJPIGXMSRW ERH WIVZMGIEFMPMX] TVSFPIQW -R QSWX
GEWIWHIJPIGXMSRW SJ ETTVS\MQEXIP] X[MGI XLMW EQSYRX SV
l EVI VIUYMVIH FIJSVI XLI HIJPIGXMSR FIGSQIW
ZMWMFPI 8LMW HIJPIGXMSR PMQMX MW JSV MQQIHMEXI
HIJPIGXMSRW 'VIIT [MPP GEYWI EHHMXMSREP PSRKXIVQ
HIJPIGXMSRW % PEVKIV HIJPIGXMSR PMQMX SJ l/ LEW FIIR
YWIH[LIRGSRWMHIVMRKPSRKXIVQHIJPIGXMSRW
1.13.1.4.2 (IJPIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] FIEQW 1.13.1.4.2 8LIIJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXME
WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI ETTVSTVMEXI PSEHHIJPIGXMSR [EW HIZIPSTIH XS TVSZMHI E XVERWMXMSR FIX[IIR XLI YTTIV
VIPEXMSRWLMTGSRWMHIVMRKXLIEGXYEPIRHGSRHMXMSRW9RPIWW ERH PS[IV FSYRHW SJ Ig ERH Icr EW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS
WXMJJRIWW ZEPYIW EVI SFXEMRIH F] E QSVI GSQTVILIRWMZI Mcr/Ma 8LMW TVSGIHYVI [EW WIPIGXIH EW FIMRK
EREP]WMWMQQIHMEXIHIJPIGXMSRWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH[MXLER WYJJMGMIRXP] EGGYVEXI JSV YWI XS GSRXVSP HIJPIGXMSRW
IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEIeffEWJSPPS[W 'EPGYPEXMRK E QSVI EGGYVEXI IJJIGXMZI QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME
YWMRK E QSQIRXGYVZEXYVI EREP]WMW QE] FI HIWMVEFPI JSV

M cr M cr WSQIGMVGYQWXERGIW
I eff In I cr In
Ma Ma 1SWXQEWSRV]FIEQWLEZIWSQIIRHVIWXVEMRXHYIXS
FIMRK FYMPX MRXIKVEPP] [MXL E [EPP 8IWXW LEZI WLS[R XLEX
)UYEXMSR XLI IRH VIWXVEMRX JVSQ FIEQW FIMRK FYMPX MRXIKVEPP] [MXL
[EPPW VIHYGIW XLI HIJPIGXMSRW JVSQ XS TIVGIRX SJ
*SV GSRXMRYSYW FIEQW Ieff WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI XLSWISJXLIWMQTP]WYTTSVXIHWTIGMQIRW
XEOIREWXLIEZIVEKISJZEPYIWSFXEMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR
JSVXLIGVMXMGEPTSWMXMZIERHRIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIKMSRW
*SV FIEQW SJ YRMJSVQ GVSWWWIGXMSR Ieff WLEPP FI
TIVQMXXIHXSFIXEOIREWXLIZEPYISFXEMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR
EX QMHWTER JSV WMQTPI WTERW ERH EX XLI WYTTSVX JSV
GERXMPIZIVW *SV QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
'LETXIV XLI GVEGOMRK QSQIRX Mcr WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRK XLI EPPS[EFPI JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWW XEOIR JVSQ
8EFPI QYPXMTPMIH F] E JEGXSV SJ *SV QEWSRV]
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV XLI GVEGOMRK
QSQIRX Mcr WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK XLI ZEPYI JSV XLI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI fr XEOIR JVSQ 8EFPI *SV
QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV XLI
GVEGOMRKQSQIRXMcrWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRKXLIZEPYI
JSV XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC EW KMZIR F] 7IGXMSR

1.13.1.4.3 (IJPIGXMSRW SJ VIMRJSVGIH 1.13.1.4.3 6IMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] FIEQW ERH
QEWSRV]FIEQWRIIHRSXFIGLIGOIH[LIRXLIWTERPIRKXL PMRXIPW [MXL WTER PIRKXLW SJ XMQIW d LEZI MQQIHMEXI
HSIWRSXI\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIIJJIGXMZIHITXLXSXLI HIJPIGXMSRWSJETTVS\MQEXIP] SJXLI WTER PIRKXL
VIMRJSVGIQIRXdMRXLIQEWSRV]FIEQ 1EWSRV]FIEQWERHPMRXIPW[MXLWLSVXIVWTERWWLSYPHLEZI
WYJJMGMIRXWXMJJRIWWXSTVIZIRXWIVZMGIEFMPMX]TVSFPIQWERH
XLIVIJSVIHIJPIGXMSRWHSRSXRIIHXSFIGLIGOIH
C-40 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.13.2 Deep beams 1.13.2 Deep beams

(IWMKRSJHIITFIEQWWLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ 7LIEV [EVTMRK SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ GVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E
7IGXMSR ERH MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI GSQFMREXMSR SJ HMEKSREP XIRWMSR WXVIWW ERH JPI\YVEP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLVSYKL XIRWMSR WXVIWW MR XLI FSH] SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ VIUYMVI XLEX
XLIWIQIQFIVWFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKHIITFIEQXLISV][LIR
XLI WTERXSHITXL VEXMS MW [MXLMR XLI PMQMXW KMZIR MR XLI
HIJMRMXMSRSJHIITFIEQW8LITVSZMWMSRWJSVHIITFIEQW
[IVI HIZIPSTIH FEWIH SR VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW MR SXLIV GSHIW ERH MR XLI
PMXIVEXYVI
1.13.2.1 Effective span length — 8LI IJJIGXMZI 1.13.2.1 Effective span length
WTER PIRKXL leff WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI GIRXIVXSGIRXIV
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRWYTTSVXWSVQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIGPIEV
WTER[LMGLIZIVMWWQEPPIV
1.13.2.2 Internal lever arm — 9RPIWW XLI 1.13.2.2 Internal lever arm — 8LI XLISV] YWIH
MRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzFIX[IIRXLIGSQTVIWWMZIERHXIRWMPI JSV HIWMKR SJ FIEQW LEW PMQMXIH ETTPMGEFMPMX] XS HIIT
JSVGIWMWHIXIVQMRIHF]EQSVIGSQTVILIRWMZIEREP]WMWMX FIEQW7TIGMJMGEPP]XLIVI[MPPFIERSRPMRIEVHMWXVMFYXMSR
WLEPPFIXEOIREW SJWXVEMRMRHIITFIEQW8LIMRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzFIX[IIR
XLI GIRXVSMH SJ XLI MRXIVREP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGIW ERH XLI
E *SVWMQTP]WYTTSVXIHWTERW
MRXIVREP XIRWMPI JSVGIW [MPP FI PIWW XLER XLEX GEPGYPEXIH
l eff EWWYQMRKEPMRIEVWXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR8LI'SHIIUYEXMSRW
;LIR JSVMRXIVREPPIZIVEVQzGERFIYWIH[MXLIMXLIVEPPS[EFPI
dv WXVIWW HIWMKR SV WXVIRKXL HIWMKR *SV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
HIWMKR z MW GSQQSRP] ORS[R EW jd ERH JSV WXVIRKXL
z l eff d v )UYEXMSRE HIWMKR z MW GSQQSRP] ORS[R EW d-(a/2) 8LI MRXIVREP
l eff PIZIVEVQTVSZMWMSRWMRXLI'SHIEVIFEWIHSR6IJ
;LIR
dv
z l eff )UYEXMSRF
F *SVGSRXMRYSYWWTERW
leff
;LIR
dv
z l eff d v )UYEXMSRE
l eff
;LIR
dv
z l eff )UYEXMSRF
1.13.2.3 Flexural reinforcement — (MWXVMFYXIH 1.13.2.3 Flexural reinforcement — 8LI

LSVM^SRXEP JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR XLI HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XIRWMPI WXVIWW MR E HIIT FIEQ MW KIRIVEPP]
XIRWMSR ^SRI SJ XLI FIEQ JSV E HITXL IUYEP XS LEPJ SJ XLI WYGL XLEX XLI PS[IV SRILEPJ SJ XLI FIEQ MW VIUYMVIH XS
XSXEP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ dv 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ LEZI HMWXVMFYXIH JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX ,S[IZIV SXLIV
HMWXVMFYXIH LSVM^SRXEP JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX PSEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWWYGLEWYTPMJXERHWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRW
I\GIIHSRIJMJXLSJXLI XSXEP HITXLSJXLI FIEQdvRSV WYGL EW GSRXMRYSYW ERH JM\IH IRHW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
MR QQ .SMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP FITIVQMXXIHXSFI MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI TSVXMSR SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ XLEX MW
YWIHEWHMWXVMFYXIHLSVM^SRXEPJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRHIIT WYFNIGXIHXSXIRWMSR(MWXVMFYXIHLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
FIEQW,SVM^SRXEPJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIERGLSVIH VIWMWXWXIRWMPIWXVIWWGEYWIHF]WLIEVEW[IPPEWF]JPI\YVI
XS HIZIPST XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI
JEGISJWYTTSVXW
CODE COMMENTARY
1.13.2.4 Minimum shear reinforcement z 8LI 1.13.2.4 Minimum shear reinforcement z

JSPPS[MRK TVSZMWMSRW WLEPP ETTP] [LIR WLIEV (MWXVMFYXIHJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIMRGPYHIHEWTEVX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR SJXLITVSZMHIHWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSQIIXXLIQMRMQYQ
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR HMWXVMFYXIHWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS8LIWTEGMRKSJWLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPMQMXIHXSVIWXVEMRXLI[MHXLSJXLIGVEGOW
E 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIbdv
F ,SVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP LEZI GVSWW
WIGXMSREP EVIE IUYEP XS SV KVIEXIV XLER SRI LEPJ XLI
EVIE SJ XLI ZIVXMGEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX 7YGL
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI IUYEPP] HMWXVMFYXIH SR FSXL
WMHIJEGIWSJXLIFIEQ[LIRXLIRSQMREP[MHXLSJXLI
FIEQMWKVIEXIVXLERMRGLIWQQ
G 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
RSX I\GIIH SRIJMJXL XLI XSXEP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ dv
RSVMRQQ
1.13.2.5 Total reinforcement z 8LI WYQ SJ XLI 1.13.2.5 Total reinforcement z 0SEH ETTPMIH
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIEW SJ XSXEP LSVM^SRXEP ERH ZIVXMGEP EPSRK XLI XST WYVJEGI SJ E HIIT FIEQ MW XVERWJIVVIH XS
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI EX PIEWX QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WYTTSVXWQEMRP]F]EVGLEGXMSR8]TMGEPP]HIITFIEQWHS
KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE bdv SJ XLI HIIT FIEQ YWMRK RSX RIIH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH MX MW WYJJMGMIRX XS
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW TVSZMHIHMWXVMFYXIHJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.14 — Columns 1.14 — Columns

(IWMKR SJ GSPYQRW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'SPYQRWEVIHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR8LI]EVIMWSPEXIH
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR(IWMKRSJGSPYQRWWLEPP QIQFIVW YWYEPP] YRHIV E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEHW ERH
EPWSQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR JPI\YVI -J HEQEKIH GSPYQRW QE] GEYWI XLI GSPPETWI SJ
SV7IGXMSR SXLIV QIQFIVW WSQIXMQIW SJ ER IRXMVI WXVYGXYVI 8LIWI
GVMXMGEP WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW [EVVERX XLI WTIGMEP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSR
1.14.1 General column design 1.14.1 General column design
1.14.1.1 Dimensional limits — (MQIRWMSRW 1.14.1.1 Dimensional limits — 8LIPMQMXSJ
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK JSV XLI WPIRHIVRIWW VEXMS h/r MW NYHKQIRX FEWIH 7II
*MKYVI '' JSV IJJIGXMZI LIMKLX HIXIVQMREXMSR8LI
E 8LI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW SJ E GSPYQR
QMRMQYQ RSQMREP WMHI HMQIRWMSR SJ MR QQ
WLEPP RSX I\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF] XLIPIEWX VEHMYW SJ
VIWYPXWJVSQTVEGXMGEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRW
K]VEXMSRr
F 1MRMQYQ WMHI HMQIRWMSR WLEPP FI MR QQ
RSQMREP
1.14.1.2 Construction — 'SPYQRWWLEPPFIJYPP] 1.14.1.2 Construction
KVSYXIH
1.14.1.3 Vertical reinforcement — :IVXMGEP 1.14.1.3 Vertical reinforcement — 1MRMQYQ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRGSPYQRWWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERAnRSV ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MWVIUYMVIH MR QEWSRV] GSPYQRWXS
I\GIIHAn 8LIQMRMQYQRYQFIVSJFEVWWLEPPFIJSYV TVIZIRX FVMXXPI JEMPYVI 8LI QE\MQYQ TIVGIRXEKI PMQMX MR
GSPYQR ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX [EW IWXEFPMWLIH FEWIH SR
XLIGSQQMXXIIWI\TIVMIRGI*SYVFEVWEVIVIUYMVIHWSXMIW
GERFIYWIHXSTVSZMHIEGSRJMRIHGSVISJQEWSRV]
C-42 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.14.1.4 Lateral ties — 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP 1.14.1.4 Lateral ties — 0EXIVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK MR GSPYQRW TIVJSVQW X[S JYRGXMSRW -X TVSZMHIW XLI
VIUYMVIH WYTTSVX XS TVIZIRX FYGOPMRK SJ PSRKMXYHMREP
E :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI IRGPSWIH F] PEXIVEP
GSPYQR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW EGXMRK MR GSQTVIWWMSR ERH
XMIWEXPIEWXMRQQ MRHMEQIXIV
TVSZMHIWVIWMWXERGIXSHMEKSREPXIRWMSRJSVGSPYQRWEGXMRK
F :IVXMGEP WTEGMRK SJ PEXIVEP XMIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MRWLIEV8MIWQE]FIPSGEXIHMRXLIQSVXEVNSMRX[LIR
PSRKMXYHMREP FEV HMEQIXIVW PEXIVEP XMI FEV SV [MVI XLI XMI HMEQIXIV HSIW RSX I\GIIH ¡ XLI WTIGMJMIH QSVXEV
HMEQIXIVW SV PIEWX GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI NSMRXXLMGORIWW*SVI\EQTPI MRQQ HMEQIXIVXMIW
QIQFIV QE]FITPEGIHMR¡MRQQ XLMGOQSVXEVNSMRXW
G 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP FI EVVERKIH WS XLEX IZIV] GSVRIV ERH 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI EVI QSHIPIH SRXLSWI
EPXIVREXI PSRKMXYHMREP FEV WLEPP LEZI PEXIVEP WYTTSVX JSV VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW )\GITX JSV TIVQMXXMRK
TVSZMHIHF]XLIGSVRIVSJEPEXIVEPXMI[MXLERMRGPYHIH MRQQ XMIWMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]% &ERH
ERKPI SJ RSX QSVI XLER HIKVIIW 2S FEV WLEPP FI 'XLI]VIJPIGXXLIETTPMGEFPITVSZMWMSRWSJXLIVIMRJSVGIH
JEVXLIVXLERMRQQ GPIEVSRIEGLWMHIEPSRKXLI GSRGVIXIGSHI
PEXIVEPXMIJVSQWYGLEPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHFEV0EXIVEPXMIW
WLEPPFITPEGIHMRIMXLIVEQSVXEVNSMRXSVMRKVSYX;LIVI
PSRKMXYHMREP FEVW EVI PSGEXIH EVSYRH XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ E
GMVGPI E GSQTPIXI GMVGYPEV PEXIVEP XMI MW TIVQMXXIH 0ET
PIRKXLJSVGMVGYPEVXMIWWLEPPFIXMIHMEQIXIVW
H 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH ZIVXMGEPP] RSX QSVI XLER
SRILEPJ PEXIVEP XMI WTEGMRK EFSZI XLI XST SJ JSSXMRKSV
WPEF MR ER] WXSV] ERH WLEPP FI WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER
SRILEPJEPEXIVEPXMIWTEGMRKFIPS[XLIPS[IWXLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRFIEQKMVHIVWPEFSVHVSTTERIPEFSZI
I ;LIVIFIEQWSVFVEGOIXWJVEQIMRXSEGSPYQRJVSQJSYV
HMVIGXMSRWPEXIVEPXMIWWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIXIVQMREXIH
RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ FIPS[ XLI PS[IWX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLIWLEPPS[IWXSJWYGLFIEQWSVFVEGOIXW
1.14.2 Lightly loaded columns 1.14.2 Lightly loaded columns
1EWSRV] GSPYQRW YWIH SRP] XS WYTTSVX PMKLX JVEQI 1EWSRV] GSPYQRW EVI SJXIR YWIH XS WYTTSVX VSSJW SJ
VSSJW SJ GEVTSVXW TSVGLIW WLIHW SV WMQMPEV WXVYGXYVIW GEVTSVXWTSVGLIWWLIHW SV WMQMPEV PMKLX WXVYGXYVIW 8LIWI
EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]% &SV'[LMGLEVI GSPYQRWHSRSXRIIHXSQIIXXLIHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
WYFNIGXXSYRJEGXSVIHKVEZMX]PSEHWRSXI\GIIHMRKPFW 7IGXMSR 8LI E\MEP PSEH PMQMX SJ TSYRHW
2 EGXMRK [MXLMR XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSRW SJ 2 [EWHIZIPSTIHFEWIHSRXLIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJ
XLIGSPYQREVITIVQMXXIHXSFIGSRWXVYGXIHEWJSPPS[W ERSQMREPMRQQ F]MRQQ F]JXLMKL
Q GSPYQR[MXLSRI2S1 VIMRJSVGMRKFEVMR
E 1MRMQYQ WMHI HMQIRWMSR WLEPP FI MR QQ
XLIGIRXIVERHf’m SJTWM14E %RE\MEPPSEHSJ
RSQMREP
TSYRHW 2 EX XLI IHKI SJ XLI QIQFIV [MPP
F ,IMKLXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJXQ VIWYPX MR E QSQIRX XLEX MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] IUYEP XS XLI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJXLMWQIQFIV
G 'VSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER MR QQ GIRXIVIH MR
XLIGSPYQR
H 'SPYQRWWLEPPFIJYPP]KVSYXIH
COMMENTARY
'SPYQR
;EPPSV
'ERXMPIZIVIH'SPYQR
4MPEWXIV *PSSVSV6SSJ ;EPPSV4MPEWXIV
'PIEV,IMKLX ,IMKLX
&IX[IIR7YTTSVXW
h ,IMKLX *PSSVSV6SSJ
h ! 'PIEV
,IMKLX *M\IHSV'SRXMRYSYWEX&EWI
&VEGIHEX7YTTSVXW
-JHEXEWII 7IGXMSR WLS[XLEXXLIVIMWVIPMEFPIVIWXVEMRXEKEMRWXXVERWPEXMSR

ERHVSXEXMSREXXLIWYTTSVXWXLIwIJJIGXMZILIMKLXxQE]FIXEOIREWPS[EWXLIHMWXERGI
FIX[IIRTSMRXWSJMRJPIGXMSRJSVXLIPSEHMRKGEWIYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
Figure CC-1.14-1 — Effective height, h, of column, wall, or pilaster
CODE COMMENTARY
1.15 — Pilasters 1.15 — Pilasters
;EPPW MRXIVJEGMRK [MXL TMPEWXIVW WLEPP RSX FI 4MPEWXIVWEVIQEWSRV]QIQFIVWXLEXGERWIVZIWIZIVEP
GSRWMHIVIH EW JPERKIW YRPIWW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR TYVTSWIW8LI]QE]TVSNIGXJVSQSRISVFSXLWMHIWSJXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW ERH EVI QIX [EPPEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI''4MPEWXIVWGSRXVMFYXIXS
;LIR XLIWI GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI QIX XLI XLIPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGISJQEWSRV][EPPWERHQE]VIWMWX
TMPEWXIVvW JPERKIW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL ZIVXMGEPPSEHW
7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
1.16 — Details of reinforcement and metal 1.16 — Details of reinforcement and metal
accessories accessories
;LIR XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR [IVI SVMKMREPP]
HIZIPSTIHMRXLIPEXIWXLI'SQQMXXIIYWIHXLIXLIR
GYVVIRX %'- 'SHI EW E KYMHI 7SQI SJ XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW [IVI WMQTPMJMIH ERH SXLIVW HVSTTIH
HITIRHMRKSRXLIMVWYMXEFMPMX]JSVETTPMGEXMSRXSQEWSRV]
1.16.1 Embedment 1.16.1 Embedment
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
1.16.2 Size of reinforcement 1.16.2 Size of reinforcement
1.16.2.1 8LI QE\MQYQ WMÎ SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 1.16.2.1 0MQMXW SR WMÎ SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI
YWIHMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFI2S1 FEWIHSREGGITXIHTVEGXMGIERHWYGGIWWJYPTIVJSVQERGIMR
GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI 2S 1 PMQMX MW EVFMXVEV] FYX
6IJIVIRGI WLS[W XLEX HMWXVMFYXIH WQEPP FEVW TVSZMHI
FIXXIV TIVJSVQERGI XLER JI[IV PEVKI FEVW 4VSTIVXMIW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIKMZIRMR8EFPI''
1.16.2.2 8LI HMEQIXIV SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP 1.16.2.2 %HIUYEXI JPS[ SJ KVSYX RIGIWWEV] JSV
RSXI\GIIH SRILEPJ XLI PIEWX GPIEV HMQIRWMSR SJXLI GIPP KSSHFSRHMWEGLMIZIH[MXLXLMWPMQMXEXMSR-XEPWSPMQMXWXLI
FSRHFIEQSVGSPPEVNSMRXMR[LMGLMXMWTPEGIH WMÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX[LIRGSQFMRIH[MXL7IGXMSR
1.16.2.3 0SRKMXYHMREP ERH GVSWW [MVIW SJ NSMRX 1.16.2.3 8LI JYRGXMSR SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP LEZI E QMRMQYQ [MVI WMÎ SJ ; XSGSRXVSPXLIWMÎERHWTEGMRKSJGVEGOWGEYWIHF]ZSPYQI
1; ERH E QE\MQYQ [MVI WMÎ SJ SRILEPJ XLI NSMRX GLERKIW MR QEWSRV] EW [IPP EW XS VIWMWX XIRWMSR .SMRX
XLMGORIWW VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSQQSRP] YWIH MR GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] XS
QMRMQMÎWLVMROEKIGVEGOMRK8LIVIWXVMGXMSRSR[MVIWMÎ
IRWYVIWEHIUYEXITIVJSVQERGI8LIQE\MQYQ[MVIWMÎSJ
SRILEPJ XLI NSMRX XLMGORIWW EPPS[W JVII JPS[ SJ QSVXEV
EVSYRH NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LYW E MR QQ
HMEQIXIV[MVIGERFITPEGIHMREMRQQ NSMRX
C-44 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
8MIW)QFIHHIH
-R1SVXEV.SMRXW %PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
E 7MRKPI*EGI F (SYFPI*EGI
Brick Pilasters
8MIW)QFIHHIH
-R1SVXEV.SMRXW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
%PXIVREXI'SYVWIW
E 7MRKPI*EGI F (SYFPI*EGI
Block Pilasters
Figure CC-1.15-1 — Typical pilasters
Table CC-1.16.2 — Physical properties of steel reinforcing wire and bars

(IWMKREXMSR (MEQIXIVMR %VIEMR 4IVMQIXIVMR
QQ QQ QQ
;MVI
;KEKI 1;
;KEKI 1;
;KEKI 1;
;MR[MVI 1;
;MR[MVI 1;
&EVW
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
2S1
CODE COMMENTARY
1.16.3 Placement of reinforcement 1.16.3 Placement of reinforcement

1.16.3.1 8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP 4PEGIQIRX PMQMXW JSV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI FEWIH SR
FEVW WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER XLI RSQMREP HMEQIXIV SJ XLI WYGGIWWJYP GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI SZIV QER] ]IEVW 8LI PMQMXW
FEVWRSVPIWWXLERMRQQ EVI MRXIRHIH XS JEGMPMXEXI XLI JPS[ SJ KVSYX FIX[IIR FEVW %
QMRMQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW MR E PE]IV TVIZIRXW
1.16.3.2 -R GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW XLI GPIEV
PSRKMXYHMREPWTPMXXMRKSJXLIQEWSRV]MRXLITPERISJXLIFEVW
HMWXERGI FIX[IIR ZIVXMGEP FEVW WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER SRI
9WISJFYRHPIHFEVWMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRMWVEVIP]VIUYMVIH
ERHSRILEPJQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPFEVHMEQIXIVRSV
8[SFEVWTIVFYRHPIMWGSRWMHIVIHETVEGXMGEPQE\MQYQ-XMW
PIWWXLERMRQQ
MQTSVXERX XLEX FEVW FI TPEGIH EGGYVEXIP] 6IMRJSVGMRK FEV
1.16.3.3 8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI PMQMXEXMSRW FIX[IIR TSWMXMSRIVWEVIEZEMPEFPIXSGSRXVSPFEVTSWMXMSR
FEVW VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSRW ERH WLEPP EPWS
ETTP] XS XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR E GSRXEGX PET WTPMGI
ERHEHNEGIRXWTPMGIWSVFEVW
1.16.3.4 +VSYTW SJ TEVEPPIP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW
FYRHPIHMRGSRXEGXXSEGXEWEYRMXWLEPPFIPMQMXIHXSX[S
MR ER] SRI FYRHPI -RHMZMHYEP FEVW MR E FYRHPI GYX SJJ
[MXLMRXLIWTERSJEQIQFIVWLEPPXIVQMREXIEXTSMRXWEX
PIEWXFEVHMEQIXIVWETEVX
1.16.3.5 6IMRJSVGIQIRXIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPP
LEZI E XLMGORIWW SJKVSYX FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH
QEWSRV]YRMXWRSXPIWWXLER MRQQ JSVJMRIKVSYX
SVMRQQ JSVGSEVWIKVSYX
1.16.4 Protection of reinforcement and metal accessories 1.16.4 Protection of reinforcement and metal accessories
1.16.4.1 6IMRJSVGMRKFEVW WLEPP LEZI EQEWSRV] 1.16.4.1 6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW EVI XVEHMXMSREPP] RSX
GSZIVRSXPIWWXLERXLIJSPPS[MRK GSEXIHJSVGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGI8LIQEWSRV]GSZIVVIXEVHW
GSVVSWMSRSJXLIWXIIP'SZIVMWQIEWYVIHJVSQXLII\XIVMSV
E 1EWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV MR
QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI SYXIVQSWX WYVJEGI SJ XLI
QQ JSVFEVWPEVKIVXLER2S1 MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXXS[LMGLXLIGSZIVVIUYMVIQIRXETTPMIW-XMW
QQ JSV2S1 FEVWSVWQEPPIV
QIEWYVIHXSXLISYXIVIHKISJWXMVVYTWSVXMIWMJXVERWZIVWI
F 1EWSRV] RSX I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV MR VIMRJSVGIQIRXIRGPSWIWQEMRFEVW1EWSRV]GSZIVMRGPYHIW
QQ XLIXLMGORIWWSJQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX%XFIH
NSMRXW XLI TVSXIGXMSR JSV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW XLI XSXEP
XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX JVSQ XLI I\XIVMSV SJ XLI
QSVXEV NSMRX WYVJEGI XS SYXIVQSWX WYVJEGI SJ XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSVQIXEPEGGIWWSV]
8LI GSRHMXMSR wQEWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV
[IEXLIVx VIJIVW XS HMVIGX I\TSWYVI XS QSMWXYVI GLERKIW
EPXIVREXI [IXXMRK ERH HV]MRK ERH RSX NYWX XIQTIVEXYVI
GLERKIW
1.16.4.2 0SRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX 1.16.4.2 7MRGI QEWSRV] GSZIV TVSXIGXMSR JSV
WLEPPFIJYPP]IQFIHHIHMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX[MXLEQMRMQYQ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW QMRMQEP XLI TVSXIGXMSR SJ NSMRX
GSZIVSJ MRQQ [LIRI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR QEWSRV] MW VIUYMVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
ERH MRQQ [LIRRSXI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIV XLI7TIGMJMGEXMSR)\EQTPIWSJMRXIVMSV[EPPWI\TSWIHXSE
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIWXEMRPIWWWXIIPSVTVSXIGXIHJVSQ QIERVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXEVIREXEXSVME
GSVVSWMSRF]LSXHMTTIHKEPZERMÎHGSEXMRKSVITS\]GSEXMRK ERHJSSHTVSGIWWMRKTPERXW
[LIR YWIH MR QEWSRV] I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV ERH MR
MRXIVMSV[EPPWI\TSWIHXSEQIERVIPEXMZILYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRK
TIVGIRX %PP SXLIV NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI QMPP
KEPZERMÎHLSXHMTKEPZERMÎHSVWXEMRPIWWWXIIP
1.16.4.3 ;EPPXMIWWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVWWXIIPTPEXIW 1.16.4.3 'SVVSWMSR VIWMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI
ERHFEVWERHMRWIVXWI\TSWIHXSIEVXLSV[IEXLIVSVI\TSWIHXS MRGPYHIH WMRGI QEWSRV] GSZIV ZEVMIW GSRWMHIVEFP] JSV
E QIER VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] I\GIIHMRK TIVGIRX WLEPP FI XLIWI MXIQW 8LI I\GITXMSR JSV ERGLSV FSPXW MW FEWIH SR
WXEMRPIWW WXIIP SV TVSXIGXIH JVSQ GSVVSWMSR F] LSXHMT GYVVIRXMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGI
C-46 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
KEPZERMÎH GSEXMRK SV ITS\] GSEXMRK ;EPP XMIW ERGLSVW ERH

MRWIVXWWLEPPFIQMPPKEPZERMÎHLSXHMTKEPZERMÎHSVWXEMRPIWW
WXIIPJSVEPPSXLIVGEWIW%RGLSVFSPXWWXIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWRSX
I\TSWIH XS IEVXL [IEXLIV RSV I\TSWIH XS E QIER VIPEXMZI
LYQMHMX]I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXRIIHRSXFIGSEXIH
1.16.5 Standard hooks 1.16.5 Standard hooks
7XERHEVHLSSOWWLEPPGSRWMWXSJXLIJSPPS[MRK 7XERHEVHLSSOWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
E HIKVII FIRH TPYW E QMRMQYQ db I\XIRWMSR FYX
RSXPIWWXLERMRQQ EXJVIIIRHSJFEV
F HIKVII FIRH TPYW E QMRMQYQ db I\XIRWMSR EX
JVIIIRHSJFEVSV
G JSVWXMVVYTERHXMILSSOWJSVE2SFEVERHWQEPPIV
IMXLIV E HIKVII SV HIKVII FIRH TPYW E
QMRMQYQ db I\XIRWMSR FYX RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ EXJVIIIRHSJFEV
CODE COMMENTARY
1.16.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars 1.16.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars
8LI HMEQIXIV SJ FIRH QIEWYVIH SR XLI MRWMHI SJ 7XERHEVH FIRHW MR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW EVI HIWGVMFIH MR
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWSXLIVXLERJSVWXMVVYTWERHXMIWWLEPPRSX XIVQWSJXLIMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHWMRGIXLMWMWIEWMIVXS
FIPIWWXLERZEPYIWWTIGMJMIHMR8EFPI QIEWYVIXLERXLIVEHMYWSJFIRH
Table 1.16.6 — Minimum diameters of bend % FVSEH WYVZI] SJ FIRHMRK TVEGXMGIW E WXYH] SJ
%781 FIRH XIWX VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH E TMPSX WXYH] SJ ERH
Bar size and type Minimum diameter I\TIVMIRGI[MXLFIRHMRK+VEHI+VEHI FEVW[IVI
GSRWMHIVIHMRIWXEFPMWLMRKXLIQMRMQYQHMEQIXIVSJFIRH
2SXLVSYKL2S1 FEVHMEQIXIVW 8LI TVMQEV] GSRWMHIVEXMSR [EW JIEWMFMPMX] SJ FIRHMRK
XLVSYKL +VEHI [MXLSYX FVIEOEKI )\TIVMIRGI LEW WMRGI IWXEFPMWLIH XLEX
+VEHI XLIWIQMRMQYQFIRHHMEQIXIVWEVIWEXMWJEGXSV]JSVKIRIVEP
YWI[MXLSYXHIXVMQIRXEPGVYWLMRKSJKVSYX
2SXLVSYKL2S1 FEVHMEQIXIVW
XLVSYKL +VEHISV
+VEHISV
2S2SERH2S FEVHMEQIXIVW
1ERH
+VEHISV+VEHI
SV
1.17 — Anchor bolts 1.17 — Anchor bolts

,IEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS 8LIWI HIWMKR ZEPYIW ETTP] SRP] XS XLI WTIGMJMG X]TIW
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL SJ FSPXW QIRXMSRIH 8LIWI FSPXW EVI VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI ERH
EVIHITMGXIHMR*MKYVI''
1.17.1 Placement 1.17.1 Placement
,IEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMR 1SWX XIWXW SR ERGLSV FSPXW MR QEWSRV] LEZI FIIR
KVSYX%RGLSVFSPXWSJ MRQQ HMEQIXIVEVITIVQMXXIH TIVJSVQIHSRERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX4PEGIQIRX
XS FI TPEGIH MR QSVXEV FIH NSMRXW XLEX EVI EX PIEWX ¡ MR PMQMXW JSV ERGLSV FSPXW EVI FEWIH SR WYGGIWWJYP
QQ MRXLMGORIWWERHJSVTYVTSWIWSJETTPMGEXMSRSJXLI GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI SZIV QER] ]IEVW 8LI PMQMXW EVI
TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWERHEVITIVQMXXIHXS MRXIRHIHXSJEGMPMXEXIXLIJPS[SJKVSYXFIX[IIRFSPXWERH
FIGSRWMHIVIHEWMJXLI]EVIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX FIX[IIRFSPXWERHXLIQEWSRV]YRMX
%RGLSV FSPXW TPEGIH MR XLI XST SJ KVSYXIH GIPPW ERH 6IWIEVGL EX 4SVXPERH 7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] ERH EX
FSRHFIEQWWLEPPFITSWMXMSRIHXSQEMRXEMREQMRMQYQSJ ;EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]LEWIWXEFPMWLIHXLEXXLIVI
MR QQ SJ JMRI KVSYX FIX[IIR XLI FSPXW ERH XLI MW RS HMJJIVIRGI MR XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX
QEWSRV] YRMX SV ¡MRQQ SJ GSEVWI KVSYXFIX[IIR MRWXEPPIHXLVSYKLEXMKLXJMXXMRKLSPIMR XLIJEGIWLIPP SJE
XLI FSPXW ERH XLI QEWSRV] YRMX %RGLSV FSPXW TPEGIH MR KVSYXIHLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXERHMRERSZIVWMÎHLSPIMR
HVMPPIHLSPIWMRXLIJEGIWLIPPWSJLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPP XLI JEGI WLIPP SJ E KVSYXIH LSPPS[ QEWSRV] YRMX
FI TIVQMXXIH XS GSRXEGX XLI QEWSRV] YRMX [LIVI XLI FSPX 8LIVIJSVI XLI GPIEV HMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRX JSV KVSYX XS
TEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPPFYXXLITSVXMSRSJXLIFSPXXLEX WYVVSYRH ER ERGLSV FSPX MW RSX RIIHIH [LIVI XLI FSPX
MW[MXLMRXLIKVSYXIHGIPPWLEPPFITSWMXMSRIHXSQEMRXEMRE TEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPP7II*MKYVI''
QMRMQYQSJ MRQQ SJJMRIKVSYXFIX[IIRXLILIEH
5YEPMX]EWWYVERGIGSRXVSP 5% TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH
SV FIRX PIK SJ IEGL FSPX ERH XLI QEWSRV] YRMX SV ¡ MR
IRWYVI XLEX XLIVI MW WYJJMGMIRX GPIEVERGI EVSYRH XLI FSPXW
QQ SJGSEVWIKVSYXFIX[IIRXLILIEHSVFIRXPIKSJ
TVMSV XS KVSYX TPEGIQIRX 8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH EPWS
IEGLFSPXERHXLIQEWSRV]YRMX
VIUYMVISFWIVZEXMSRHYVMRKKVSYXTPEGIQIRXXSIRWYVIXLEX
8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR TEVEPPIP ERGLSV FSPXWWLEPP KVSYX GSQTPIXIP] WYVVSYRHW XLI FSPXW EW VIUYMVIH F] XLI
RSXFIPIWWXLERXLIRSQMREPHMEQIXIVSJXLIERGLSVFSPXRSV 5%8EFPIWMR7IGXMSR
PIWWXLERMRQQ
1.17.2 Projected area for axial tension 1.17.2 Projected area for axial tension
8LITVSNIGXIHEVIESJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXW 6IWYPXW SJ XIWXW SR LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW MR
PSEHIHMRE\MEPXIRWMSRAptWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR XIRWMSRWLS[IHXLEXERGLSVFSPXWSJXIRJEMPIHF]FVIEOSYX
SJEGSRMGEPP]WLETIHWIGXMSRSJQEWSRV]8LIEVIEApt MW
C-48 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
A pt l b )UYEXMSR XLITVSNIGXIH EVIESJ XLI EWWYQIHJEMPYVIGSRI8LIGSRI

SVMKMREXIW EX XLI GSQTVIWWMSR FIEVMRK TSMRX SJ XLI
8LITSVXMSRSJTVSNIGXIHEVIESZIVPETTMRKERSTIRGIPP IQFIHQIRXERHVEHMEXIWEXMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLITYPP
SV STIR LIEH NSMRX SV XLEX PMIW SYXWMHI XLI QEWSRV] 7II *MKYVI'' 3XLIVQSHIWSJXIRWMPIJEMPYVIEVI
WLEPPFIHIHYGXIHJVSQXLIZEPYISJApt GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK TSWWMFPI8LIWIQSHIWMRGPYHITYPPSYXWXVEMKLXIRMRKSJ.
)UYEXMSR;LIVIXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJERGLSVFSPXW SV0FSPXW ERH]MIPHJVEGXYVISJXLIERGLSVWXIIP
SZIVPET XLI ZEPYI SJ Apt GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR ;LIR ERGLSV FSPXW EVI GPSWIP] WTEGIHWXVIWWIW [MXLMR
WLEPP FI EHNYWXIH WS XLEX RS TSVXMSR SJ QEWSRV] MW XLIQEWSRV]FIKMRXSFIGSQIEHHMXMZIEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
MRGPYHIHQSVIXLERSRGI ''8LI'SHIVIUYMVIWXLEX[LIRTVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJ
ERGLSV FSPXW SZIVPET ER EHNYWXQIRX FI QEHI WS XLEX XLI
QEWSRV]MWRSXSZIVPSEHIH;LIRXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJX[S
SV QSVI ERGLSVW SZIVPET XLI ERGLSVW [MXL SZIVPETTMRK
TVSNIGXIH EVIEW WLSYPH FI XVIEXIH EW ER ERGLSV KVSYT 8LI
TVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJXLIERGLSVWMRXLIKVSYTEVIWYQQIHXLMW
EVIE MW EHNYWXIH JSV SZIVPETTMRK EVIEW ERHXLIGETEGMX] SJ
XLI ERGLSV KVSYT MW GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK XLI EHNYWXIH EVIE MR
TPEGI SJ Apt 7II *MKYVI '' JSV I\EQTPIW SJ
GEPGYPEXMRKEHNYWXIHZEPYIWSJApt
w0x&SPXW
,I\,IEH
w.x&SPXW
7UYEVI,IEH
E ,IEHIH%RGLSV&SPXW F &IRX&EV%RGLSV&SPXW
Figure CC-1.17-1 — Anchor bolts
1MRMQYQ¡MRQQ JSV

GSEVWIKVSYXSV MRQQ %RGLSVFSPX
JSVJMRIKVSYX
%RGLSVFSPX &SRHFIEQ
Figure CC-1.17-2 — Anchor bolt clearance requrirements for headed anchor bolts – bent-bars are similar
COMMENTARY
P JEMPYVI P JEMPYVI
%WWYQIH'SRIJSV
'EPGYPEXMSRSJApt
)UYEXMSR-
)UYEXMSR4
lb
'SRMGEP lb 'SRMGEP
*EMPYVI *EMPYVI
7YVJEGI 7YVJEGI
Figure CC-1.17-3 — Anchor bolt tensile breakout cone
lb

lb
Ab

Apt
Figure CC-1.17-4 — Overlapping anchor bolt breakout cones
CODE COMMENTARY
1.17.3 Projected area for shear 1.17.3 Projected area for shear
8LITVSNIGXIHEVIESJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXW 6IWYPXWSJXIWXWSRERGLSVFSPXWMRWLIEVWLS[IH
PSEHIHMRWLIEVApv, WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR XLEX ERGLSV FSPXW SJXIR JEMPIH F] FVIEOSYX SJ E GSRMGEPP]

WLETIH WIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] 8LI EVIE Apv MW XLI TVSNIGXIH
lbe EVIESJXLIEWWYQIHJEMPYVIGSRI8LIGSRISVMKMREXIWEXXLI
A pv )UYEXMSR
GSQTVIWWMSRFIEVMRKTSMRXSJXLIIQFIHQIRXERHVEHMEXIWEX
MRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLITYPPXS[EVHWXLIJVIIIHKISJXLI
8LITSVXMSRSJTVSNIGXIHEVIESZIVPETTMRKERSTIRGIPP
QEWSRV] 7II *MKYVI '' 4V]SYX 7II *MKYVI
SV STIR LIEH NSMRX SV XLEX PMIW SYXWMHI XLI QEWSRV]
'' QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK ERH ]MIPHMRK JVEGXYVI SJ
WLEPPFIHIHYGXIHJVSQXLIZEPYISJApv GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK
XLIERGLSVWXIIPEVISXLIVTSWWMFPIJEMPYVIQSHIW
)UYEXMSR;LIVIXLITVSNIGXIHEVIEWSJERGLSVFSPXW
SZIVPET XLI ZEPYISJA pv GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR ;LIR XLI TVSNIGXIH EVIEW SJ X[S SV QSVI ERGLSVW
WLEPP FI EHNYWXIH WS XLEX RS TSVXMSR SJ QEWSRV] MW SZIVPET XLI WLIEV HIWMKR SJ XLIWI ERGLSVW WLSYPH JSPPS[
MRGPYHIHQSVIXLERSRGI XLI WEQI TVSGIHYVI EW JSV XLI XIRWMSR HIWMKR SJ
SZIVPETTMRKERGLSVW7II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
C-50 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
AptEX8STSJ;EPPJSV9TPMJX
= < > < =
lb > lb

< lb t

= lb < lb lb t

t/
A pt X > t l b WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
lb
= < > > < =
lb > lb
t/
Apt X > t lb WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
lb
= < > > < =
lb > lb
t/
Apt X > t lb WMR [LIVI EVGWMR MRHIKVIIW
lb
Figure CC-1.17-5 — Calculation of Adjusted Values of Apt (Plan Views)

COMMENTARY
S
lbe
lbe
Apv
Figure CC-1.17-6 — Anchor bolt shear breakout
Figure CC-1.17-7 — Anchor bolt shear pryout
CODE COMMENTARY
1.17.4 Effective embedment length for headed 1.17.4 Effective embedment length for headed
anchor bolts anchor bolts
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLJSVELIEHIHERGLSV
FSPX lb WLEPP FI XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI IQFIHQIRX QIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEV JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMSRFIEVMRKWYVJEGISJXLIERGLSVLIEH
1.17.5 Effective embedment length of bent-bar 1.17.5 Effective embedment length for bent-bar
anchor bolts anchor bolts
8LIIJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX JSV E FIRXFEV ERGLSVFSPX 8IWXWLEZI WLS[R XLEX XLI TYPPSYXWXVIRKXLSJFIRX
lb WLEPP FI XLI PIRKXL SJ IQFIHQIRX QIEWYVIH FEVERGLSVFSPXWGSVVIPEXIHFIWX[MXLEVIHYGIHIQFIHQIRX
TIVTIRHMGYPEV JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI XS XLI PIRKXL8LMWQE]FII\TPEMRIH[MXLVIJIVIRGIXS*MKYVI''
GSQTVIWWMSR FIEVMRK WYVJEGI SJ XLI FIRX IRH QMRYW SRI (YI XS XLI VEHMYW SJ XLI FIRH WXVIWWIW EVI
ERGLSVFSPXHMEQIXIV GSRGIRXVEXIHEXETSMRXPIWWXLERXLIJYPPIQFIHQIRXPIRKXL
C-52 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
8IRWMSR*SVGI
*VMGXMSREP6IWMWXERGI
6IWYPXERX 2SVQEP
7XVIWWIW
lb
&SPX(MEQIXIVdb
&SPX(MEQIXIVdb
Figure CC-1.17-8 — Stress distribution on bent anchor bars
CODE COMMENTARY
1.17.6 Minimum permissible effective embedment 1.17.6 Minimum permissible effective embedment
length length
8LI QMRMQYQ TIVQMWWMFPI IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL 8LI QMRMQYQ IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRX MW
JSVLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIXLIKVIEXIVSJ GSRWMHIVIH E TVEGXMGEP QMRMQYQ FEWIH SR X]TMGEP
FSPXHMEQIXIVWSVMRQQ GSRWXVYGXMSR QIXLSHW JSV IQFIHHMRK ERGLSV FSPXW MR
QEWSRV] 8LI ZEPMHMX] SJ 'SHI IUYEXMSRW JSV WLIEV ERH
XIRWMSR GETEGMXMIW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW LEZI RSX FIIR ZIVMJMIH
F] XIWXMRK SJ ERGLSV FSPXW [MXL IQFIHQIRX PIRKXLW PIWW
XLERJSYVFSPXHMEQIXIVW
1.17.7 Anchor bolt edge distance 1.17.7 Anchor bolt edge distance
%RGLSV FSPX IHKI HMWXERGI lbe WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH MR
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJPSEHJVSQXLIIHKISJQEWSRV]XSGIRXIVSJ
XLIGVSWWWIGXMSRSJERGLSVFSPX
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18 — Seismic design requirements 1.18 — Seismic design requirements

1.18.1 Scope 1.18.1 Scope
8LIWIMWQMGHIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPP 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLMW WIGXMSR LEZI FIIR HIZMWIH XS
ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] I\GITX MQTVSZI TIVJSVQERGI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR [LIR
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ERHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV WYFNIGXIH XS IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW 1MRMQYQ WIMWQMG PSEHMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI HVE[R JVSQ XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI-RXLIIZIRXXLEXXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHIHSIW
RSX GSRXEMR ETTVSTVMEXI GVMXIVME JSV XLI HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ
WIMWQMGJSVGIWXLI'SHIVIUYMVIWXLIYWISJ%7')[LMGL
VITVIWIRXIH XLIWXEXISJXLIEVX MRWIMWQMGHIWMKREXXLIXMQI
XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW [IVI HIZIPSTIH 3FZMSYWP] XLI WIMWQMG
HIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSRQE]RSXFIGSQTEXMFPI[MXL
IZIV] IHMXMSR SJ IZIV] FYMPHMRK GSHI XLEX GSYPH FI YWIH MR
GSRNYRGXMSR[MXLXLIWIVIUYMVIQIRXW%W[MXLSXLIVEWTIGXWSJ
WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR XLI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH YRHIVWXERH XLI
MQTPMGEXMSRW ERH PMQMXW SJ GSQFMRMRK XLI QMRMQYQ PSEHMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SXLIV HSGYQIRXW [MXL XLI VIWMWXERGI
TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI 8LI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH FI E[EVI XLEX
XLI YWI SJ wWXVIRKXLx PIZIP PSEHW WLSYPH RSX FI YWIH MR
GSRNYRGXMSR[MXLEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWEWSZIVP]
GSRWIVZEXMZI HIWMKR GER VIWYPX 7MQMPEVP] XLI YWI SJ
wEPPS[EFPI WXVIWWx PIZIP PSEHW MR GSRNYRGXMSR [MXL WXVIRKXL
HIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWGSYPHVIWYPXMRYRGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKRW
7IMWQMG HIWMKR MW RSX STXMSREP VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI
EWWMKRIH 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] XLI EFWSPYXI ZEPYI SJ
XLIHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHWSVXLIVIPEXMZIHMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIR
XLIHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHWERHSXLIVHIWMKRPEXIVEPJSVGIWWYGL
EW [MRH 9RPMOI SXLIV HIWMKR PSEHW WIMWQMG HIWMKR SJ
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW TIVQMXW MRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWI SJ
XLI W]WXIQ[LMGLMRXYVRVIHYGIWXLIWIMWQMGHIWMKRPSEH
8LMW VIHYGXMSR MR PSEH TVIWYQIW ER MRLIVIRX PIZIP SJ
MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] XLEX QE] RSX SXLIV[MWI FI TVIWIRX MJ
WIMWQMG HIWMKR[EWRIKPIGXIH;LIRRSRPMRIEVVIWTSRWIMW
EWWYQIH F] VIHYGMRK XLI WIMWQMG PSEHMRK F] ER R JEGXSV
KVIEXIV XLER XLIVIWYPXMRK WIMWQMG HIWMKR PSEH QE]FI
PIWW XLER SXLIV PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSRW XLEX EWWYQI E PMRIEV
IPEWXMGQSHIPSJXLIW]WXIQ8LMWMWSJXIRQMWMRXIVTVIXIHF]
WSQI XS QIER XLEX XLI WIMWQMG PSEHW HS RSX uGSRXVSPv XLI
HIWMKRERHGERFIRIKPIGXIH*SVXLIQEWSRV]W]WXIQXSFI
GETEFPI SJ EGLMIZMRK XLI HYGXMPMX]VIPEXIH PS[IV WIMWQMG
PSEHWLS[IZIVXLIQMRMQYQWIMWQMGHIWMKRERHHIXEMPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSRQYWXFIQIX
8LI WIMWQMG HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI TVIWIRXIH MR E
GYQYPEXMZIJSVQEX8LYWXLITVSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG(IWMKR
'EXIKSVMIW ) ERH* MRGPYHITVSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV] ( [LMGL MRGPYHI TVSZMWMSRW JSV 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]'ERHWSSR
8LMWWIGXMSRHSIWRSXETTP]XSXLIHIWMKRSVHIXEMPMRKSJ
QEWSRV] ZIRIIVW SV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] W]WXIQW 7IMWQMG
VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEWSRV]ZIRIIVW EVITVSZMHIHMR 'LETXIV
:IRIIVW+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV] W]WXIQWF]HIJMRMXMSRERH
HIWMKR EVI MWSPEXIH RSRPSEHFIEVMRK IPIQIRXW ERH
XLIVIJSVI GERRSX FIYWIH XS VIWMWXWIMWQMGPSEHWSXLIVXLER
XLSWIMRHYGIHF]XLIMVS[RQEWW
C-54 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.2 General analysis 1.18.2 General analysis

8LI HIWMKRIV MW TIVQMXXIH XS YWI ER] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP
HIWMKR QIXLSHW TVIWIRXIH MR XLMW 'SHI XS HIWMKR XS VIWMWX
WIMWQMG PSEHW 8LIVIEVI LS[IZIV PMQMXEXMSRW SR WSQI SJ
XLIHIWMKRQIXLSHWERHW]WXIQWFEWIHYTSRXLIWXVYGXYVIvW
EWWMKRIH7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]*SVMRWXERGIIQTMVMGEP
HIWMKRTVSGIHYVIWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHMRWXVYGXYVIW
EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW( )SV**YVXLIV
IQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWGERSRP]FIYWIHEW
TEVXSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR
'EXIKSV]%
1.18.2.1 Element interaction — 8LI MRXIVEGXMSR 1.18.2.1 Element interaction — )ZIR MJ E
SJ WXVYGXYVEP ERH RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW XLEX EJJIGX XLI RSRWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXMWRSXTEVXSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
PMRIEV ERH RSRPMRIEV VIWTSRWI SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI XS W]WXIQMXMWTSWWMFPIJSVMXXSMRJPYIRGIXLIWXVYGXYVEPVIWTSRWI
IEVXLUYEOIQSXMSRWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHMRXLIEREP]WMW SJXLIW]WXIQHYVMRKEWIMWQMGIZIRX8LMWQE]FITEVXMGYPEVP]
ETTEVIRXHYIXSXLIMRXIVEGXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPERHRSRWXVYGXYVEP
IPIQIRXW EX HMWTPEGIQIRXW PEVKIV XLER XLSWI HIXIVQMRIH F]
PMRIEVIPEWXMGEREP]WMW
1.18.2.2 Load path — 7XVYGXYVEP QEWSRV] 1.18.2.2 Load path — 8LMW WIGXMSR GPEVMJMIW PSEH
IPIQIRXWXLEXXVERWQMXJSVGIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQWIMWQMGIZIRXW TEXLVIUYMVIQIRXWERHEPIVXWXLIHIWMKRIVXLEXXLIFEWISJXLI
XS XLI JSYRHEXMSR WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ WXVYGXYVI EW HIJMRIH MR EREP]WMW QE] RSX RIGIWWEVMP]
7IGXMSR GSVVIWTSRHXSXLIKVSYRHPIZIP
1.18.2.3 Anchorage design — 0SEH TEXL 1.18.2.3 Anchorage design — 4VIZMSYW IHMXMSRW
GSRRIGXMSRW ERH QMRMQYQ ERGLSVEKI JSVGIW WLEPP GSQTP] SJXLI'SHIGSRXEMRIHQMRMQYQERGLSVEKIERHGSRRIGXMSR
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI HIWMKR JSVGIW FEWIH YTSR ERXMUYEXIH WIVZMGIPIZIP
;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI IEVXLUYEOI PSEHW ERH ZIPSGMX]VIPEXIH EGGIPIVEXMSR
QMRMQYQPSEHTEXLGSRRIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWERHERGLSVEKI TEVEQIXIVW %W XLIWI EVI QMRMQYQ HIWMKR PSEHW XLIMV
HIWMKRJSVGIWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')WLEPPFIYWIH ZEPYIWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHYWMRKPSEHWXERHEVHW
)\TIVMIRGILEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXSRISJXLIGLMIJGEYWIW
SJ JEMPYVI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR HYVMRK IEVXLUYEOIW MW
MREHIUYEXI ERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV][EPPWXS JPSSVW ERH VSSJW
*SVXLMWVIEWSREREVFMXVEV]QMRMQYQERGLSVEKIFEWIHYTSR
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIHTVEGXMGI LEW FIIR WIX EW RSXIH MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIHHSGYQIRXW;LIRERGLSVEKIMWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]
[EPPW ERH [SSHJVEQIHJPSSVWSV VSSJWXLI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH
EZSMHXLIYWISJ[SSHPIHKIVWMRGVSWWKVEMRFIRHMRK
1.18.2.4 Drift limits { 9RHIV PSEHMRK 1.18.2.4 Drift limits — )\GIWWMZI HIJSVQEXMSR
GSQFMREXMSRW XLEX MRGPYHI IEVXLUYEOI QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW TEVXMGYPEVP] VIWYPXMRK JVSQ MRIPEWXMG HMWTPEGIQIRXW GER
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH WS XLI GEPGYPEXIH WXSV] HVMJX HSIW RSX TSXIRXMEPP] VIWYPX MR MRWXEFMPMX] SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
I\GIIHXLIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJX aSFXEMRIHJVSQXLIPIKEPP] W]WXIQ8LMWWIGXMSRTVSZMHIWTVSGIHYVIWJSVXLIPMQMXEXMSRSJ
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK WXSV]HVMJX8LIXIVQwHVMJXxLEWX[SGSRRSXEXMSRW
GSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJXWWXVYGXYVIWWLEPP
w7XSV] HVMJXx MW XLI QE\MQYQ GEPGYPEXIH PEXIVEP
FIHIWMKRIHWSXLIGEPGYPEXIHWXSV]HVMJX HSIWRSXI\GIIH
HMWTPEGIQIRX [MXLMR E WXSV] XLI GEPGYPEXIH
XLIEPPS[EFPIWXSV]HVMJX aSFXEMRIHJVSQ%7')
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJSRIPIZIPVIPEXMZIXSXLIPIZIPFIPS[
-XWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSEWWYQIXLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKWLIEV GEYWIHF]XLIIJJIGXWSJHIWMKRWIMWQMGPSEHW
[EPP X]TIW GSQTP] [MXL XLI WXSV] HVMJX PMQMXW SJ %7')
8LI GEPGYPEXIH PEXIVEP HMWTPEGIQIRX SV HIJPIGXMSR
IQTMVMGEP SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH HIXEMPIH TPEMR
HYI XS HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEHW MW XLI EFWSPYXI
YRVIMRJSVGIH SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJER]TSMRXMRXLIWXVYGXYVIVIPEXMZIXS
SVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH %%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWERH
XLI FEWI 8LMW MW RSX WXSV] HVMJX ERH MW RSX XS FI
HIXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH %%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
YWIH JSV HVMJX GSRXVSP SV WXEFMPMX] GSRWMHIVEXMSRW
WMRGIMXQE]KMZIEJEPWIMQTVIWWMSRSJXLIIJJIGXWMR
GVMXMGEP WXSVMIW ,S[IZIV MX MW MQTSVXERX [LIR
GSRWMHIVMRKWIMWQMGWITEVEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
CODE COMMENTARY
3ZIVEPPSVXSXEPHVMJXMWXLIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRXSJXLIXST
SJEFYMPHMRKVIPEXMZIXSXLIFEWI8LISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMSMWXLI
XSXEP HVMJX HMZMHIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK LIMKLX 7XSV] HVMJX MW XLI
PEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRXSJSRIWXSV]VIPEXMZIXSEREHNEGIRXWXSV]
8LI WXSV] HVMJX VEXMS MW XLI WXSV] HVMJX HMZMHIH F] XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRKWXSV]LIMKLX8LISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMSMWYWYEPP]
ERMRHMGEXMSRSJQSQIRXWMREWXVYGXYVIERHMWEPWSVIPEXIHXS
WIMWQMG WITEVEXMSR HIQERHW 8LI WXSV] HVMJX VEXMS MW ER
MRHMGEXMSR SJ PSGEP WIMWQMG HIJSVQEXMSR [LMGL VIPEXIW XS
WIMWQMG WITEVEXMSR HIQERHW [MXLMR E WXSV] 8LI QE\MQYQ
WXSV]HVMJXVEXMSGSYPHI\GIIHXLISZIVEPPHVMJXVEXMS
8LIVI EVI QER] VIEWSRWJSV GSRXVSPPMRK HVMJXMR WIMWQMG
HIWMKR
E 8S GSRXVSP XLI MRIPEWXMG WXVEMR [MXLMR XLI EJJIGXIH
IPIQIRXW %PXLSYKL XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR PEXIVEP
HVMJX ERHQE\MQYQ RSRPMRIEVWXVEMR MWMQTVIGMWI WSMW
XLIGYVVIRXWXEXISJORS[PIHKISJ[LEXWXVEMRPMQMXEXMSRW
WLSYPHFI
F 9RHIVWQEPPPEXIVEPHIJSVQEXMSRWWIGSRHEV]WXVIWWIWEVI
RSVQEPP] [MXLMR XSPIVEFPI PMQMXW ,S[IZIV PEVKIV
HIJSVQEXMSRW [MXL LIEZ] ZIVXMGEP PSEHW GER PIEH XS
WMKRMJMGERX WIGSRHEV] QSQIRXW JVSQ 4HIPXE IJJIGXW MR
XLI HIWMKR 8LI HVMJX PMQMXW MRHMVIGXP] TVSZMHI YTTIV
FSYRHWJSVXLIWIIJJIGXW
G &YMPHMRKWWYFNIGXIHXSIEVXLUYEOIWRIIHHVMJXGSRXVSPXS
VIWXVMGXHEQEKIXSTEVXMXMSRWWLEJXERHWXEMVIRGPSWYVIW
KPEWW ERH SXLIV JVEKMPI RSRWXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW ERH
QSVI MQTSVXERXP] XS QMRMQMÎ HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX
HIQERHWSRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKIPIQIRXW
8LIHIWMKRIVQYWXOIITMRQMRHXLEXXLIEPPS[EFPIHVMJX
PMQMXW a GSVVIWTSRH XS WXSV] HVMJXW ERH XLIVIJSVI EVI
ETTPMGEFPIXSIEGLWXSV]8LI]QYWXRSXFII\GIIHIHMRER]
WXSV] IZIR XLSYKL XLI HVMJX MR SXLIV WXSVMIW QE] FI [IPP
FIPS[XLIPMQMX
%PXLSYKL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI HS RSX KMZI
IUYEXMSRW JSV GSQTYXMRK FYMPHMRK WITEVEXMSRW XLI HMWXERGI
WLSYPH FI WYJJMGMIRX XS EZSMH HEQEKMRK GSRXEGX YRHIV XSXEP
GEPGYPEXIHHIJPIGXMSRJSVXLIHIWMKRPSEHMRKMRSVHIVXSEZSMH
MRXIVJIVIRGI ERH TSWWMFPI HIWXVYGXMZI LEQQIVMRK FIX[IIR
FYMPHMRKW 8LI HMWXERGI WLSYPH FI IUYEP XS XLI XSXEP SJ XLI
PEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRWSJXLIX[SYRMXWEWWYQIHHIJPIGXMRKXS[EVH
IEGL SXLIV XLMW MRZSPZIW MRGVIEWMRK XLI WITEVEXMSR [MXL
LIMKLX -JXLIIJJIGXWSJLEQQIVMRKGERFIWLS[RRSXXSFI
HIXVMQIRXEP XLIWIHMWXERGIW QE] FI VIHYGIH *SV ZIV] VMKMH
WLIEV [EPP WXVYGXYVIW [MXL VMKMH HMETLVEKQW [LSWI PEXIVEP
HIJPIGXMSRWEVIHMJJMGYPXXSIWXMQEXISPHIVGSHIVIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVWXVYGXYVEPWITEVEXMSRWSJEXPIEWXMRQQ TPYW¡MR
QQ JSV IEGL JX Q SJ LIMKLX EFSZI JX
Q GSYPHFIYWIHEWEKYMHI
)QTMVMGEP SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH HIXEMPIH TPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH %%' ERH HIXEMPIH TPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW EVI MRLIVIRXP]
C-56 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
HIWMKRIHXSLEZIVIPEXMZIP]PS[MRIPEWXMGHIJSVQEXMSRWYRHIV
WIMWQMG PSEHW %W WYGL XLI 'SQQMXXII JIPX XLEX VIUYMVMRK
HIWMKRIVWXSGLIGOWXSV]HVMJXWJSVXLIWIW]WXIQWSJPS[ERH
QSHIVEXIHYGXMPMX][EWWYTIVJPYSYW
1.18.3 Element classification 1.18.3 Element classification
1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWWLEPPFIGPEWWMJMIHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL 'PEWWMJ]MRKQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW EW IMXLIVTEVXMGMTEXMRKSV
7IGXMSR ERH EW IMXLIV TEVXMGMTEXMRK SV RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MW
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK PEVKIP]EJYRGXMSRSJHIWMKRMRXIRX4EVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWEVI
W]WXIQ XLSWIXLEXEVIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHXSEGXMZIP]VIWMWXWIMWQMG
JSVGIW MRGPYHMRK WYGL IPIQIRXW EW WLIEV [EPPW GSPYQRW
TMIVW TMPEWXIVW FIEQW ERH GSYTPMRK IPIQIRXW
2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWGERFIER]QEWSRV]EWWIQFP]FYX
EVIRSXHIWMKRIHXSGSPPIGXERHVIWMWXIEVXLUYEOIPSEHWJVSQ
SXLIVTSVXMSRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
1.18.3.1 Nonparticipating elements — 1EWSRV] 1.18.3.1 Nonparticipating elements — -R TVIZMSYW
IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI RSX TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK IHMXMSRWSJXLI'SHIMWSPEXMSRSJIPIQIRXWXLEX[IVIRSXTEVX
W]WXIQWLEPPFIGPEWWMJMIHEWRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWERH SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ [EW RSX VIUYMVIH MR
WLEPP FI MWSPEXIH MR XLIMV S[R TPERI JVSQ XLI WIMWQMG 7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%ERH&VEXMSREPMÎHMRTEVXHYI
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ I\GITX EW VIUYMVIH JSV KVEZMX] XS XLI PS[ LEÊVH EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLIWI 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
WYTTSVX-WSPEXMSRNSMRXWERHGSRRIGXSVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH 'EXIKSVMIW 2SRMWSPEXIH RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW
XSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIHIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX LS[IZIV GER MRJPYIRGI E WXVYGXYVIvW WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW
ERHEWEVIWYPXXLIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPEXIVEPPSEHW-RGSRWMHIVMRK
XLI MRJPYIRGI RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW GER MREHZIVXIRXP]
LEZI SR XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ E WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ XLI
'SQQMXXIISTXIHXSVIUYMVIXLEXEPPRSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXW
FI MWSPEXIH JVSQ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ 8LI
'SQQMXXIIMWGSRXMRYMRKXSHMWGYWWEPXIVREXMZIHIWMKRSTXMSRW
XLEX [SYPH EPPS[ RSRMWSPEXIH RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXW
[MXL GSVVIWTSRHMRK GLIGOW JSV WXVIRKXL WXMJJRIWW ERH
GSQTEXMFMPMX]
1.18.3.2 Participating elements —1EWSRV][EPPW 1.18.3.2 Participating elements — % WIMWQMG
XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLEPP FI JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ QYWX FI HIJMRIH JSV IZIV] WXVYGXYVI
GPEWWMJMIHEWTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI 1SWXQEWSRV]FYMPHMRKWYWIQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWXSWIVZIEW
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EPXLSYKL SXLIV W]WXIQW
EVI WSQIXMQIW YWIH WYGL EW GSRGVIXI SV WXIIP JVEQIW [MXL
SV QEWSRV] MRJMPP 7YGL WLIEV [EPPW QYWX FI HIWMKRIH F] XLI
IRKMRIIVIH QIXLSHW MR 'LETXIV SV SV YRPIWW XLI
WXVYGXYVIMWEWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]%MR[LMGL
GEWIIQTMVMGEPTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVQE]FIYWIH
8[IPZI WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVI HIJMRIH F] XLI 'SHI
(ITIRHMRKYTSRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPERHHIXEMPMRKQIXLSH
YWIHXSHIWMKRXLIWLIEV[EPPIEGL[EPPX]TIMWMRXIRHIHXS
LEZIE HMJJIVIRXGETEGMX]JSVMRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWIERHIRIVK]
HMWWMTEXMSR MR XLI IZIRX SJ E WIMWQMG IZIRX 8LIWI X[IPZI
WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVI EWWMKRIH W]WXIQ HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW
WYGL EW VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVW R FEWIH SR XLIMV
I\TIGXIH TIVJSVQERGI ERH HYGXMPMX] 'IVXEMR WLIEV [EPP
X]TIW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR IEGL WIMWQMG HIWMKR GEXIKSV] ERH
YRVIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPP X]TIW EVIRSX TIVQMXXIH MR VIKMSRW
SJMRXIVQIHMEXIERHLMKLWIMWQMGVMWO8EFPI''
WYQQEVMÎWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJIEGLSJXLIX[IPZIX]TIWSJ
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
COMMENTARY
TABLE CC-1.18.3.2-1 Requirements for Masonry Shear Walls Based on Shear Wall Designation 1
Reinforcement
Shear wall Designation Design Methods Permitted In
Requirements
)QTMVMGEP(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]
7IGXMSR 2SRI 7('%
7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH 7IGXMSRSV
2SRI 7('%ERH&
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
(IXEMPIH4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
3VHMREV]6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV] 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
-RXIVQIHMEXI6IMRJSVGIH 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
7TIGMEP6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV] 7IGXMSRSV
7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
7LIEV;EPPW 7IGXMSR
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
%%'1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
(IXEMPIH4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%ERH&
%%'1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]6IMRJSVGIH%%'
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW
3VHMREV]4PEMR9RVIMRJSVGIH
4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]7LIEV 'LETXIV 2SRI 7('%ERH&
;EPPW
-RXIVQIHMEXI6IMRJSVGIH
4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]7LIEV 'LETXIV 7IGXMSR 7('%&ERH'
;EPPW
7TIGMEP6IMRJSVGIH4VIWXVIWWIH
'LETXIV 7IGXMSR 7('%&'()ERH*
1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPPW

7IGXMSRERH'LETXIVVIJIVIRGIWMRXLMWXEFPIVIJIVXS'SHI7IGXMSRWERH'LETXIVW
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.1 Empirical design of masonry 1.18.3.2.1 Empirical design of masonry
shear walls — )QTMVMGEP HIWMKR SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP shear walls — 8LIWIWLIEV [EPPWEVITIVQMXXIH XS FI YWIH
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR SRP] MR 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] % )QTMVMGEP QEWSRV]
WLIEV [EPPW EVI RSX HIWMKRIH SV VIUYMVIH XS GSRXEMR
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.18.3.2.2 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.2 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR masonry shear walls{8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVITIVQMXXIHXS
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI FIYWIHSRP]MR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%ERH&4PEMR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH EW YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
EPXLSYKLXLI]QE]MRJEGXGSRXEMRVIMRJSVGIQIRX
1.18.3.2.3 Detailed plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.3 Detailed plain (unreinforced)
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ HIXEMPIH TPEMR masonry shear walls {8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVIHIWMKRIHEW
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR SV 7IGXMSR ERH WLEPP WIGXMSRW RSXIH FYX GSRXEMR QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSRW;EPPWXLEXEVIHIWMKRIHEW
YRVIMRJSVGIH FYX XLEX GSRXEMR QMRMQYQ TVIWGVMTXMZI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX LEZI QSVI JEZSVEFPI WIMWQMG HIWMKR
TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK LMKLIV VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR
GSIJJMGMIRXWRXLERSVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPW
C-58 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.3.1 Minimum reinforcement 1.18.3.2.3.1 Minimum reinforcement

requirements {:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJEXPIEWXMR requirements — 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR VIUYMVI E
QQ MR GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX NYHKQIRXFEWIHQMRMQYQEQSYRX SJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSFI
GSVRIVW[MXLMRMRQQ SJIEGLWMHISJSTIRMRKW MRGPYHIH MR VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR 8IWXW
[MXLMR MR QQ SJ IEGL WMHI SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRXW VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI LEZI GSRJMVQIH XLEX QEWSRV]
[MXLMR MR QQ SJ XLI IRHW SJ [EPPW ERH EX E GSRWXVYGXMSRVIMRJSVGIHEWMRHMGEXIHTIVJSVQWEHIUYEXIP]
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJMRQQ SRGIRXIV GSRWMHIVMRK XLI LMKLIWX 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV]
TIVQMXXIHJSVXLMWWLIEV[EPPX]TI8LMWQMRMQYQVIUYMVIH
:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXEHNEGIRXXSSTIRMRKWRIIHRSX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]EPWSFIYWIHXSVIWMWXHIWMKRPSEHW
FI TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER MR QQ
YRPIWWXLIHMWXVMFYXIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGL
STIRMRKW
,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXX[S
PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW SJ ; 1; NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ SR GIRXIV SV EX
PIEWX MR QQ MR GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRH
FIEQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER MR
QQ SRGIRXIV,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPEPWS
FI TVSZMHIH EX XLI FSXXSQ ERH XST SJ [EPP STIRMRKW ERH
WLEPP I\XIRH RSX PIWW XLER MR QQ RSV PIWW XLER
FEV HMEQIXIVW TEWX XLI STIRMRK GSRXMRYSYWP] EX
WXVYGXYVEPP] GSRRIGXIH VSSJ ERH JPSSV PIZIPW ERH [MXLMR
MRQQ SJXLIXSTSJ[EPPW
,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS STIRMRKW RIIH
RSX FI TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER MR
QQ YRPIWW XLI HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
MRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGLSTIRMRKW
1.18.3.2.4 Ordinary reinforced masonry 1.18.3.2.4 Ordinary reinforced masonry shear
shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] walls { 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI VIUYMVIH XS QIIX QMRMQYQ
WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI
SV7IGXMSRERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW &IGEYWI XLI] GSRXEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
SJ7IGXMSR XLIWI[EPPW GER KIRIVEPP] EGGSQQSHEXI PEVKIVHIJSVQEXMSRW
ERHI\LMFMXLMKLIVGETEGMXMIWXLERWMQMPEVP]GSRJMKYVIHTPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPPW ,IRGI XLI] EVI TIVQMXXIH MR
FSXL EVIEW SJ PS[ ERH QSHIVEXI WIMWQMG VMWO %HHMXMSREPP]
XLIWI[EPPWLEZIQSVI JEZSVEFPIWIMWQMGHIWMKRTEVEQIXIVW
MRGPYHMRKLMKLIVVIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVWRXLERTPEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI
QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ EWWYQIH MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] LS[IZIV
QMRMQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH EW RSXIH MR 7IGXMSR

1.18.3.2.5 Intermediate reinforced 1.18.3.2.5 Intermediate reinforced masonry
masonry shear walls —(IWMKRSJMRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH shear walls {8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVIHIWMKRIHEWVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW ERH EVI EPWS
SJ 7IGXMSR SV 7IGXMSR 6IMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIH XS GSRXEMR E QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ TVIWGVMTXMZI
WLEPP EPWS GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX &IGEYWI XLI] GSRXEMR VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLIMV
I\GITX XLEX XLI WTEGMRK SJ ZIVXMGEP WIMWQMG TIVJSVQERGI MW FIXXIV XLER XLEX SJ TPEMR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW ERH XLI] EVI
EGGSVHMRKP] TIVQMXXIH MR FSXL EVIEW SJ PS[ ERH QSHIVEXI
WIMWQMGVMWO%HHMXMSREPP]XLIWI[EPPWLEZIQSVIJEZSVEFPI
WIMWQMG HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK LMKLIV VIWTSRWI
QSHMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVW R XLER TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
WLIEV[EPPWERHSVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.6 Special reinforced masonry 1.18.3.2.6 Special reinforced masonry shear

shear walls —(IWMKRSJWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV walls { 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI HIWMKRIH EW VIMRJSVGIH
[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV QEWSRV] EW RSXIH MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH WIGXMSRW ERH EVI EPWS
7IGXMSR6IMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPMRKWLEPPEPWSGSQTP][MXL VIUYMVIH XS QIIX VIWXVMGXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QEXIVMEP
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHXLIJSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW%GGSVHMRKP]XLI]EVITIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHEW
TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ MR ER] 7IMWQMG
E 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRKSJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] %HHMXMSREPP] XLIWI [EPPW LEZI XLI QSWX
FIXLIWQEPPIWXSJSRIXLMVHXLIPIRKXLSJXLIWLIEV[EPP
JEZSVEFPI WIMWQMG HIWMKR TEVEQIXIVW MRGPYHMRK XLI LMKLIWX
SRIXLMVH XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI WLIEV [EPP ERH MR
VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRJEGXSVRSJER]SJXLIQEWSRV]WLIEV
QQ JSVQEWSRV]PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHERHMR
[EPP X]TIW 8LI MRXIRX SJ 7IGXMSRW E XLVSYKL
QQ JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
I MWXSTVSZMHIEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJMRTPERIWLIEV
F 8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRXXSMQTVSZIHYGXMPMX]
VIUYMVIH XS VIWMWX MRTPERI WLIEV WLEPP FI YRMJSVQP]
HMWXVMFYXIHWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIVSJSRIXLMVHXLIPIRKXL
SJXLIWLIEV[EPPERHSRIXLMVHXLILIMKLXSJXLIWLIEV
[EPP ERH WLEPP FI IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX 8LI QE\MQYQ
WTEGMRKSJLSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
MRQQ JSVQEWSRV]PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHERH
MRQQ JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
G 8LI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFISRIXLMVHSJXLIVIUYMVIHWLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIWYQSJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJ
LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIEXPIEWX
QYPXMTPMIHF] XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ
XLI[EPPYWMRKWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
*SV QEWSRV] PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XLI QMRMQYQ
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR IEGL
HMVIGXMSR WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER QYPXMTPMIH
F]XLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI[EPPYWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
*SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XLI
QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
[EPP YWMRK WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 8LI QMRMQYQ
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP FI RSX PIWW XLER QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI
KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI [EPP YWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW
H 7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIERGLSVIHEVSYRHZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVW[MXLEWXERHEVHLSSO
I 1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH WLEPP FI JYPP]
KVSYXIHERH WLEPPFIGSRWXVYGXIHSJLSPPS[STIRIRH
YRMXWSVX[S[]XLIWSJWSPMHYRMXW
1.18.3.2.6.1 Shear capacity design 1.18.3.2.6.1 Shear capacity design {
;LMPI HMJJIVIRX GSRGITXW ERH ETTPMGEXMSRW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 'SHI 7IGXMSR ERH EVI
HMJJIVIRXQIXLSHWSJEXXIQTXMRKXSPMQMXWLIEVJEMPYVIWTVMSVXS
RSRPMRIEV JPI\YVEP FILEZMSV z SV MJ SRI TVIJIVW z MRGVIEWI
IPIQIRX HYGXMPMX] 8LI 17.' VIGSKRMÎW XLI WPMKLX
HMWGVITERG] FIX[IIR XLI HIWMKR GET MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR
ERH XLI PSEH JEGXSV MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR
+MZIR XLI LMWXSVMGEP TVIGIHIRGI SJ IEGL SJ
C-60 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
XLIWI ZEPYIW XLI 'SQQMXXII STXIH XS QEMRXEMR XLI X[S

HMWXMRGXZEPYIW;LIREPPJEGXSVWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVWTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWEVIGSRWMHIVIHXLIVIWYPXMRK
HMJJIVIRGIFIX[IIRXLIX[SVIUYMVIQIRXWMWWQEPP
1.18.3.2.6.1.1 ;LIR HIWMKRMRK 1.18.3.2.6.1.1 -RTVIZMSYWIHMXMSRW
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL SJ XLI 'SHI XLMW HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRX [EW ETTPMIH XS EPP
7IGXMSR XLI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP I\GIIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXWHIWMKRIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRQIXLSH
XLIWLIEVGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXMQIW IPIQIRXWTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
XLIRSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL Mn SJ XLI IPIQIRX I\GITX EW [IPP EW XLSWI RSX TEVXMGMTEXMRK MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
XLEX XLI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn RIIH RSX I\GIIH VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW ERH
XMQIWVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW EW [IPP EW EPP PSEHMRK
GSRHMXMSRW 9TSR JYVXLIV VIZMI[ XLMW HIWMKR GLIGO [EW
GSRWMHIVIH F] XLI 'SQQMXXII XS FI VIPEXIH XS MRIPEWXMG
HYGXMPMX] HIQERH JSV WIMWQMG VIWMWXERGI ERH [EW XLIVIJSVI
WTIGMJMGEPP] ETTPMIH XS XLI WIMWQMG HIWMKR VIUYMVIQIRXW
*YVXLIV FIGEYWI YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] W]WXIQW F] REXYVI
I\LMFMX PMQMXIH HYGXMPMX] XLMW GLIGO MW VIUYMVIH SRP] JSV
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
1.18.3.2.6.1.2 ;LIR HIWMKRMRK 1.18.3.2.6.1.2 8LIPSEHJEGXSV
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI
7IGXMSR XLIWLIEVSVHMEKSREP XIRWMSRWXVIWWVIWYPXMRK WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ HIWMKRIH F] EPPS[EFPI
JVSQMRTPERIWIMWQMGJSVGIWWLEPPFIMRGVIEWIHF]EJEGXSV WXVIWWHIWMKRTVSGIHYVIW MWETTPMIHSRP]XSMRTPERIWLIEV
SJ 8LI QYPXMTPMIV RIIH RSX FI ETTPMIH XS XLI JSVGIW-X MW RSX MRXIRHIH XSFI YWIHJSV XLI HIWMKR SJ MR
SZIVXYVRMRKQSQIRX TPERI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRXW SV SYXSJTPERI SZIVXYVRMRK
QSQIRXW SV WLIEV -RGVIEWMRK XLI HIWMKR WIMWQMG PSEH MW
MRXIRHIH XS QEOI XLI JPI\YVI QSHI SJ JEMPYVI QSVI
HSQMRERXVIWYPXMRKMRFIXXIVHYGXMPITIVJSVQERGI
1.18.3.2.7 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.7 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) AAC
AAC masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR masonry shear wallsz8LIWIWLIEV[EPPWEVITLMPSWSTLMGEPP]
YRVIMRJSVGIH %%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPGSQTP][MXL WMQMPEV MR GSRGITXXS SVHMREV]TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSR WLIEV [EPPW%WWYGL TVIWGVMTXMZIQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRX MWRSX
VIUYMVIHFYXQE]EGXYEPP]FITVIWIRX
1.18.3.2.7.1 Anchorage of floor and
roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures {*PSSVERH
VSSJ HMETLVEKQW MR %%' QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH XS E GSRXMRYSYW KVSYXIH FSRH FIEQ VIMRJSVGIH
[MXL EX PIEWX X[S PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW LEZMRK E
XSXEPGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJEXPIEWXMRQQ
1.18.3.2.8 Detailed plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.8 Detailed plain (unreinforced) AAC
AAC masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ HIXEMPIH TPEMR masonry shear walls — 4VIWGVMTXMZI WIMWQMG VIUYMVIQIRXW
YRVIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] JSV %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW EVI PIWW WIZIVI XLER JSV
[MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH 7IGXMSRW GSRZIRXMSREPQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWERHEVIGSYRXIVFEPERGIH
ERH F]QSVIVIWXVMGXMZI'SHIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVFSRHFIEQWERH
EHHMXMSREP VIUYMVIQIRXW JSVJPSSVHMETLVEKQWGSRXEMRIH MR
IZEPYEXMSRWIVZMGIVITSVXWERHSXLIVHSGYQIRXWHIEPMRK[MXL
JPSSVHMETLVEKQWSJZEVMSYWQEXIVMEPW%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV
[EPPWERHEJYPPWGEPIX[SWXSV]EWWIQFPEKIWTIGMQIR[MXL
TVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQIIXMRKXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW
WIGXMSRLEZITIVJSVQIHWEXMWJEGXSVMP]YRHIVVIZIVWIHG]GPMG
PSEHW VITVIWIRXMRK WIMWQMG I\GMXEXMSR 6IJIVIRGIW ERH
8LI QE\MQYQ HMWXERGI JVSQ XLIIHKI SJER STIRMRK
SVIRHSJE[EPPXSXLIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWWIXEXMR
QQ WMRGIXLIX]TMGEPPIRKXLSJER%%'YRMXMWMR
QQ
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.3.2.8.1 Minimum reinforcement

requirements —:IVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJEXPIEWXMR
QQ WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXLMR MR QQ SJ
IEGLWMHISJSTIRMRKW[MXLMRMRQQ SJQSZIQIRX
NSMRXW ERH [MXLMR MR QQ SJ XLI IRHW SJ [EPPW
:IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS STIRMRKW RIIH RSX FI
TVSZMHIH JSV STIRMRKW WQEPPIV XLER MR QQ
YRPIWWXLIHMWXVMFYXIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGL
STIRMRKW ,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX
XLIFSXXSQERHXSTSJ[EPPSTIRMRKWERHWLEPPI\XIRHRSX
PIWW XLERMRQQ RSVPIWW XLERFEVHMEQIXIVW
TEWX XLI STIRMRK ,SVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EHNEGIRX XS
STIRMRKWRIIH RSX FITVSZMHIHJSVSTIRMRKW WQEPPIVXLER
MR QQ YRPIWW XLI HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
MRXIVVYTXIHF]WYGLSTIRMRKW
1.18.3.2.9 Ordinary reinforced AAC 1.18.3.2.9 Ordinary reinforced AAC
masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH masonry shear walls
%%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSRWERH

1.18.3.2.9.1 Shear capacity design —

8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP I\GIIH XLI WLIEV
GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XMQIW XLI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMnSJXLIIPIQIRXI\GITXXLEX
XLIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLVnRIIHRSXI\GIIHXMQIW
VIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu
1.18.3.2.10 Ordinary plain (unreinforced) 1.18.3.2.10 Ordinary plain (unreinforced)
prestressed masonry shear walls — (IWMKR SJ SVHMREV] prestressed masonry shear [EPPW — 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPP TLMPSWSTLMGEPP] WMQMPEV MR GSRGITX XS SVHMREV] TPEMR
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW%WWYGLTVIWGVMTXMZIQMPH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIHFYXQE]EGXYEPP]FITVIWIRX
1.18.3.2.11 Intermediate reinforced 1.18.3.2.11 Intermediate reinforced
prestressed masonry shear walls — -RXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH prestressed masonry shear [EPPW — 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI TLMPSWSTLMGEPP]WMQMPEVMRGSRGITXXSMRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIXEMPMRK QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI MRXIRHIH PIZIP SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHXLIJSPPS[MRK MRIPEWXMGHYGXMPMX]TVIWGVMTXMZIQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIUYMVIH
*SV GSRWMWXIRG] [MXL -&' MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH
E 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIHIXEMPMRK
7IGXMSRWE ERHF
VIUYMVIQIRXWJVSQ7IGXMSRE EW[IPPEW7IGXMSRW
F 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP ERHG JVSQXLI17.'
FIbdv
%7') 8EFPIW ERH GSRWIVZEXMZIP]
G 7LIEV [EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS PSEH VIZIVWEPW WLEPP FI GSQFMRI EPP TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW MRXS SRI
W]QQIXVMGEPP]VIMRJSVGIH GEXIKSV] JSV WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW ERH WXVYGXYVEP W]WXIQ
PMQMXEXMSRW SR WIMWQMG HIWMKR GEXIKSVMIW ERH LIMKLX 8LI
H 8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX ER] WIGXMSR EPSRK HIWMKR PMQMXEXMSRW MRGPYHIH MR XLSWI XEFPIW EVI
XLI WLIEV [EPP WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER SRIJSYVXL XLI VITVIWIRXEXMZISJSVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH
QE\MQYQQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW8LIGVMXIVMEWTIGMJMGXSMRXIVQIHMEXI
I 8LI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRHIH XIRHSRW WLEPP FI VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH WLIEV [EPPW LEZI RSX ]IX FIIR
GSRWMHIVIH XS GSRXVMFYXI XS XLI QMRMQYQ MRGPYHIH JVSQ -&' 8EFPI 8S YXMPMÎ XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR 7IGXMSRW E WIMWQMGGVMXIVMEJVSQ-&' XLIWXVYGXYVI[SYPHLEZI
ERHF XS FI EGGITXIH YRHIV %TTVSZEP SJ WTIGMEP W]WXIQW SJ
HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
J 8IRHSRWWLEPPFIPSGEXIHMRGIPPWXLEXEVIKVSYXIHXLI
8LI WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW JVSQ -&' 8EFPI
C-62 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
JYPPLIMKLXSJXLI[EPP ERH XLI FYMPHMRK LIMKLX PMQMXEXMSRW FEWIH YTSR

WIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSV]EVIWLS[RMR8EFPI''
1.18.3.2.12 Special reinforced prestressed 1.18.3.2.12 Special reinforced prestressed
masonry shear walls — 7TIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH masonry shear [EPPW z 8LIWI WLIEV [EPPW EVI
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW TLMPSWSTLMGEPP] WMQMPEV MR GSRGITX XS WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
SJ 'LETXIV XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8S TVSZMHI XLI MRXIRHIH PIZIP SJ
7IGXMSRWERHERHXLIJSPPS[MRK MRIPEWXMG HYGXMPMX] TVIWGVMTXMZI QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIH *SVGSRWMWXIRG][MXL-&'WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIH
E 8LI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ FSRHIH XIRHSRW WLEPP FI
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLSYPH MRGPYHI XLI
GSRWMHIVIHXSGSRXVMFYXIXSXLIQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JVSQ 7IGXMSRW ERH
MR 7IGXMSRWERH
G JVSQXLI17.'
F 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWWLEPPGSRWMWXSJFEVWGSRJSVQMRK
XS%781%%1 %7') 8EFPI ERH %7') 8EFPI
GSRWIVZEXMZIP]GSQFMRIEPPTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
G %PPGIPPWSJXLIQEWSRV][EPPWLEPPFIKVSYXIH MRXS SRI GEXIKSV] JSV WIMWQMG GSIJJMGMIRXW ERH WXVYGXYVEP
H 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSVWLEPPFIQIX W]WXIQPMQMXEXMSRWSRWIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSVMIWERHLIMKLX
(IEHPSEHE\MEPJSVGIWWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW 8LI HIWMKR PMQMXEXMSRW MRGPYHIH MR XLSWI XEFPIW EVI
JSVGI Apsfse VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ SVHMREV] TPEMR YRVIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW 8LI GVMXIVME WTIGMJMG XS WTIGMEP
I 8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP I\GIIH XLI VIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH WLIEV [EPPW LEZI RSX ]IX FIIR
WLIEVGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIHIZIPSTQIRXSJXMQIW MRGPYHIH JVSQ -&' 8EFPI 8S YXMPMÎ XLI
XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL Mn SJ XLI IPIQIRX WIMWQMGGVMXIVMEJVSQ-&'XLIWXVYGXYVI[SYPHLEZIXS
I\GITX XLEX XLI RSQMREP WLIEVWXVIRKXL VnRIIHRSX FI EGGITXIH YRHIV %TTVSZEP SJ WTIGMEP W]WXIQW SJ
I\GIIHXMQIWVIUYMVIHWLIEVWXVIRKXLVu HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
7II 8EFPI '' 8LI HEXE MR XLMW XEFPI MW

WMQMPEV XS %7') 8EFPI 9WIVW XLEX TVIJIV XS YWI
XLI 7MQTPMJMIH (IWMKR 4VSGIHYVI MR %7') WLSYPH
MRXIVTVIXXLIXEFPIJSVYWIMRPMIYSJ%7')8EFPI
TABLE CC-1.18.3.2-2 2003 IBC Seismic Coefficients for Prestressed Masonry Shear Walls
7=78)10-1-8%8-327%2(
&9-0(-2+,)-+,80-1-8%8-327
*))8 &=7)-71-'()7-+2
'%8)+36=
6IWTSRWI 7]WXIQ (IJPIGXMSR % SV & ' ( ) *
1SHMJMGEXMSR 3ZIVWXVIRKXL %QTPMJMGEXMSR
'SIJJMGMIRXR *EGXSV o *EGXSVCd
3VHMREV] ¡ ¡ 20 24 24 24 24
4PEMR
4VIWXVIWWIH
-RXIVQIHMEXI JSV&YMPHMRK ¡ ¡ 20 24 24 24
6IMRJSVGIH *VEQI7]WXIQ
4VIWXVIWWIH ERHJSV
&IEVMRK;EPP
7]WXIQ
7TIGMEP ¡ ¡ JSV&YMPHMRK 20
6IMRJSVGIH *VEQI7]WXIQERH
4VIWXVIWWIH ¡JSV&IEVMRK
;EPP7]WXIQ
20!RSPMQMX24!RSXTIVQMXXIH
8LI HEXE MR XLMW XEFPI MW WMQMPEV XS %7') 8EFPI 9WIVW XLEX TVIJIV XS YWI XLI 7MQTPMJMIH (IWMKR 4VSGIHYVI MR
%7')WLSYPHMRXIVTVIXXLIXEFPIJSVYWIMRPMIYSJ%7')8EFPI
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.4 Seismic Design Category requirements 1.18.4 Seismic Design Category requirements
8LI HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL )ZIV] WXVYGXYVI MW EWWMKRIH XS E 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL 'EXIKSV] 7(' MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FEWIH SR XLI 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] EW HIJMRIH MR XLI FYMPHMRKGSHISVTIVXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')[LMGLIZIV
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH KSZIVRJSVXLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGXYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR4VIZMSYW
FYMPHMRKGSHIHSIWRSXHIJMRI7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI MRGPYHIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV 7IMWQMG
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ%7')WLEPPFIYWIH 4IVJSVQERGI'EXIKSVMIWERH7IMWQMG>SRIWIEGLSJ[LMGLMW
HMJJIVIRXXLERE7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]
1.18.4.1 Seismic Design Category A requirements 1.18.4.1 Seismic Design Category A
— 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG requirements{ 8LI KIRIVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI
(IWMKR 'EXIKSV] % WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ TVSZMHIJSVEHIUYEXITIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
7IGXMSRW ERH EWWMKRIHXS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]%WXVYGXYVIW
1.18.4.1.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH
'LETXIV SV
1.18.4.1.2 Design of participating elements
— 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIV SVSV
1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR

SV
1.18.4.2 Seismic Design Category B 1.18.4.2 Seismic Design Category B
requirements —1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWMRWXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIHXS requirements{%PXLSYKLQEWSRV]QE]FIHIWMKRIHF]XLI
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] & WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV %PPS[EFPI 7XVIWW (IWMKR SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP 1EWSRV]'LETXIV7XVIRKXL(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]'LETXIV
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR 4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] 'LETXIV )QTMVMGEP (IWMKR SJ
1EWSRV] SV 'LETXIV 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR SJ %YXSGPEZI
%IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%' 1EWSRV] XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ JSV WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]&QYWXFIHIWMKRIHFEWIHSREWXVYGXYVEPEREP]WMW
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSV SV8LITVSZMWMSRW
SJ 'LETXIV GERRSX FI YWIH XS HIWMKR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ SJ FYMPHMRKW EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR
'EXIKSV]&SVLMKLIV
1.18.4.2.1 Design of participating elements
— 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV SV SV
1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR

SV
1.18.4.3 Seismic Design Category C 1.18.4.3 Seismic Design Category C
requirements — 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIW EWWMKRIH requirements{-REHHMXMSRXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IMWQMG
XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ' WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI (IWMKR'EXIKSV] & QMRMQYQ PIZIPWSJ VIMRJSVGIQIRXERH
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP HIXEMPMRK EVI VIUYMVIH 8LI QMRMQYQ TVSZMWMSRW JSV
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERH MQTVSZIHTIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSV]'QYWXFIQIXVIKEVHPIWWSJXLIQIXLSHSJ
HIWMKR 7LIEV [EPPW HIWMKRIH EW TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGI
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ MR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV]'ERHLMKLIV
QYWX FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIXLSHW
FIGEYWI SJ XLI MRGVIEWIH VMWO ERH I\TIGXIH MRXIRWMX] SJ
C-64 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
WIMWQMG EGXMZMX] 3VHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW

SVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWMRXIVQIHMEXI
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWEVIVIUYMVIHXSFIYWIH
1.18.4.3.1 Design of nonparticipating 1.18.4.3.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP elements — 6IMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH EVIXVEHMXMSREPJSVGSRZIRXMSREPGSRGVIXIERHGPE]
'LETXIV SV 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] QEWSRV]8LI]EVITVIWGVMTXMZIMRREXYVI8LIMRXIRXSJXLMW
IPIQIRXWI\GITXXLSWIGSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]WLEPP VIUYMVIQIRX MW XS TVSZMHI WXVYGXYVEP MRXIKVMX] JSV
FIVIMRJSVGIHMRIMXLIVXLILSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSR RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKQEWSRV][EPPW%%'QEWSRV][EPPWHMJJIV
MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK JVSQGSRGVIXIQEWSRV][EPPWERHGPE]QEWSRV][EPPWMRXLEX
XLIXLMRFIHQSVXEVWXVIRKXLERHEWWSGMEXIHFSRHWXVIRKXLMW
E Horizontal reinforcement {,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
X]TMGEPP]KVIEXIVXLERXLEXSJXLI%%'YRMXW%PWSXLIYRMX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXX[SPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJ;
[IMKLXSJ%%'QEWSRV]MWX]TMGEPP] PIWWXLERSRIXLMVHSJ
1; FIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLER
XLI YRMX [IMKLX SJ GPE] SV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] VIHYGMRK
MRQQ SRGIRXIVJSV[EPPWKVIEXIVXLERMR
WIMWQMGMRIVXMEPJSVGIW8LMWVIHYGIHPSEHGSQFMRIH[MXLE
QQ MR[MHXLERHEXPIEWXSRIPSRKMXYHMREP;
XIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLXLEXMWLMKLIVXLERXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
1; [MVI WTEGIH RSX QSVI MR QQ SR
%%'QEXIVMEPMXWIPJTVSZMHIWEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJWXVYGXYVEP
GIRXIVJSV[EPPWRSXI\GIIHMRKMRQQ MR[MHXL
MRXIKVMX]ERHTVIWGVMTXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIH%PP
SVEXPIEWXSRI2S1 FEVWTEGIHRSXQSVIXLER
QEWSRV] [EPPW MRGPYHMRK RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK %%' QEWSRV]
MR QQ SR GIRXIV ;LIVI X[S PSRKMXYHMREP
[EPPW EVI VIUYMVIH XS FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX SYXSJTPERI
[MVIW SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI YWIH XLI WTEGI
JSVGIW-JVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIUYMVIHMX QYWXFITVSZMHIHMR
FIX[IIRXLIWI[MVIWWLEPPFIXLI[MHIWXXLEXXLIQSVXEV
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTER
NSMRX[MPPEGGSQQSHEXI,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI TVSZMHIH [MXLMR MR QQ SJ XLI XST ERH
FSXXSQSJXLIWIQEWSRV][EPPW
F Vertical reinforcement { :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXSRI2S1 FEVWTEGIH
RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ :IVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIPSGEXIH[MXLMRMRQQ
SJXLIIRHWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
1.18.4.3.2 Design of participating
elements — 4EVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHXSGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
SV 1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
SV

1.18.4.3.2.1 Connections to masonry 1.18.4.3.2.1 Connections to masonry
columns { 'SRRIGXMSRW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS XVERWJIV columns {)\TIVMIRGILEWHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXGSRRIGXMSRWSJ
JSVGIWFIX[IIRQEWSRV]GSPYQRWERHLSVM^SRXEPIPIQIRXW WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW XS QEWSRV] GSPYQRW EVI ZYPRIVEFPI XS
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR HEQEKI HYVMRK IEVXLUYEOIW YRPIWW TVSTIVP] ERGLSVIH
;LIVI ERGLSV FSPXW EVI YWIH XS GSRRIGX LSVM^SRXEP 6IUYMVIQIRXWEVIEHETXIHJVSQTVIZMSYWP]IWXEFPMWLIHTVEGXMGI
IPIQIRXW XS XLI XSTW SJ GSPYQRW ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIHEWEVIWYPXSJXLI7ER*IVRERHSIEVXLUYEOI
TPEGIH [MXLMR PEXIVEP XMIW 0EXIVEP XMIW WLEPP IRGPSWI FSXL
XLIZIVXMGEPFEVWMRXLIGSPYQRERHXLIERGLSVFSPXW8LIVI
WLEPP FI E QMRMQYQ SJ X[S 2S 1 PEXIVEP XMIW
TVSZMHIHMRXLIXSTMRQQ SJXLIGSPYQR
1.18.4.3.2.2 Anchorage of floor and 1.18.4.3.2.2 Anchorage of floor and
roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures { 7IMWQMG roof diaphragms in AAC masonry structures zz -R
PSEHFIX[IIRJPSSVERHVSSJHMETLVEKQWERH%%'QEWSRV] 7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW'ERH(EHHMXMSREPGSRRIGXSVW
WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIXVERWJIVVIHXLVSYKLGSRRIGXSVWIQFIHHIH EVI VIUYMVIH [MXL XLI MRXIRXMSR SJ IRWYVMRK HYGXMPI
MRKVSYXERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR FILEZMSV
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.4.3.2.3 Material requirements 1.18.4.3.2.3 Material requirements

— %781 ' WXVYGXYVEP GPE] PSEHFIEVMRK [EPP XMPIW {8LIPMQMXEXMSRSRXLIYWISJ%781'WXVYGXYVEPGPE]
WLEPP RSX FI YWIH EW TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK XMPIYRMXWMRXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQMWFEWIHSR
W]WXIQ XLIWIYRMXWvPMQMXIHEFMPMX]XSTVSZMHIMRIPEWXMGWXVIRKXL
1.18.4.3.2.4 Lateral stiffness — %X 1.18.4.3.2.4 Lateral stiffness { -R
IEGLWXSV]PIZIPEXPIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW SVHIVXSEGGYVEXIP]HMWXVMFYXIPSEHWMREWXVYGXYVIWYFNIGXIH
WLEPP FITVSZMHIHF] WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK [EPPW%PSRK XS PEXIVEP PSEHMRK XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ EPP WXVYGXYVEP
IEGLPMRISJPEXIVEPVIWMWXERGIEXETEVXMGYPEVWXSV]PIZIPEX QIQFIVW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH %PXLSYKL WXVYGXYVIW QE]
PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH FIHIWMKRIHXSYWIWLIEV[EPPWJSVPEXIVEPPSEHVIWMWXERGI
F]WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK[EPPW;LIVIWIMWQMGPSEHWEVI GSPYQRW QE] EPWS FI MRGSVTSVEXIH JSV ZIVXMGEP GETEGMX]
HIXIVQMRIH FEWIH SR E WIMWQMG VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR 8LI WXMTYPEXMSR XLEX WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK IPIQIRXW
JEGXSV RRSXKVIEXIVXLERTMIVWERHGSPYQRWWLEPPFI TVSZMHI EX PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW LIPTW
TIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHXSTVSZMHIWIMWQMGPSEHVIWMWXERGI IRWYVI XLEX EHHMXMSREP IPIQIRXW HS RSX WMKRMJMGERXP]
GSRXVMFYXIXSXLIPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWW&EWIHSRX]TMGEPHIWMKR
EWWYQTXMSRW XLI PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRXW
WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR GVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW JSV
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] ERH YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW JSV
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
8LI HIWMKRIV QE] STX XS MRGVIEWI XLI TIVGIRXEKI SJ
PEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWTVSZMHIHF]TMIVWERHGSPYQRWMJXLIWXVYGXYVI
MWHIWMKRIHXSTIVJSVQIPEWXMGEPP]YRHIVWIMWQMGPSEHW
1.18.4.3.2.5 Design of columns, 1.18.4.3.2.5 Design of columns,
pilasters, and beams supporting discontinuous elements pilasters, and beams supporting discontinuous elements
{ 'SPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW XLEX EVI TEVX SJ XLI WIMWQMG {(MWGSRXMRYSYWWXMJJQIQFIVWWYGLEWWLIEV[EPPWLEZI
JSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ ERH XLEX WYTTSVX VIEGXMSRW JVSQ KPSFEP SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW EX XLIMV IHKIW XLEX QE] FI
HMWGSRXMRYSYW WXMJJ IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL WYTTSVXIHF]GSPYQRWTMPEWXIVWERHFIEQW8LIWIZIVXMGEP
XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX RS QSVI XLER SRI WYTTSVXIPIQIRXWEVIVIUYMVIHXSLEZIEQMRMQYQPIZIPSJ
JSYVXL SJ XLI PIEWX RSQMREP HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI GSPYQR SV GSRJMRIQIRXERHWLIEVHIXEMPMRKEXXLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]PIZIP
TMPEWXIV8LIQMRMQYQXVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWLEPP 8LI QMRMQYQ HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLMW WIGXMSR QE]
FI &IEQW WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ FI MR I\GIWW SJ XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX EVI FEWIH SR
HMWGSRXMRYSYW [EPPW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL XVERWZIVWI GEPGYPEXMSRW YWMRK JYPPLIMKLX VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX RS QSVI XLER SRILEPJ SJ XLI IPIQIRXWSJXLIWIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
RSQMREP HITXL SJ XLI FIEQ 8LI QMRMQYQ XVERWZIVWI
%GSQQSRI\EQTPIMWEFYMPHMRK[MXLMRXIVREPWLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSWLEPPFI
[EPPW WYGL EW MRXIVMSV GSVVMHSV [EPPW XLEX EVI
HMWGSRXMRYSYW EX XLI JMVWX WXSV] EFSZI KVEHI SV MR E
FEWIQIRX PIZIP -J XLMW WXVYGXYVILEW E VMKMH HMETLVEKQ EX
EPP JPSSV ERH VSSJ PIZIPW XLI KPSFEP JYPP LIMKLX VIPEXMZI
WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW IPIQIRXW MW QMRSV MR
GSQTEVMWSR XS XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWWIW SJ XLI GSRXMRYSYW
IPIQIRXWEXXLITIVMQIXIVSJXLIWXVYGXYVI%PPWLIEV[EPPW
EFSZIXLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]LS[IZIVLEZIEJSVGIHGSQQSR
MRXIVWXSV] HMWTPEGIQIRX 8LMW JSVGIH MRXIVWXSV]
HMWTPEGIQIRX MRHYGIW SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW MR XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYW WLIEV[EPPW EX EPP PIZIPW LEZMRK XLMW JSVGIH
WXSV]HMWTPEGIQIRX8LIEGGYQYPEXIHSZIVXYVRMRKJSVGIWEX
XLI IRHW SJ XLI [EPPW EFSZI XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX] MR XYVR EVI
PMOIP] XS FI WYTTSVXIH F] GSPYQRW ERH TMPEWXIVW MR XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYWPIZIPWERHXLIFIEQWEXXLIPIZIPEFSZIXLI
HMWGSRXMRYMX] 8LMW WIGXMSR WTIGMJMIW QMRMQYQ HIXEMPMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIWIGSPYQRWTMPEWXIVWERHFIEQW
8LI HIXIVQMRMRK SJ XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW
IPIQIRX WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI
HMWGSRXMRYSYWQIQFIVWEFSZIERHFIPS[XLIHMWGSRXMRYMX]
+YMHERGI EW XS XLI HIJMRMXMSR SJ WXMJJ GER FI FEWIH SR XLI
C-66 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
VIPEXMZI MRXIVWXSV] WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW QIQFIV

EFSZI ERH FIPS[ XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX] MW KMZIR MR 'SHI
7IGXMSRW ERH -J XLI MRXIVWXSV]
WXMJJRIWW SJ XLIHMWGSRXMRYSYW[EPP FIPS[ XLI HMWGSRXMRYMX]
MW PIWW XLER SJ XLI MRXIVWXSV] WXMJJRIWW EFSZI XLI
HMWGSRXMRYMX] XLI HMWGSRXMRYSYW QIQFIV WLSYPH FI
GSRWMHIVIHWXMJJ
1.18.4.4 Seismic Design Category D 1.18.4.4 Seismic Design Category D
requirements — 1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW MR WXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIH requirements { 1EWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW JSV WXVYGXYVIW
XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI EWWMKRIH XS 7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( EVI VIUYMVIH XS
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWERH [EPPW SV SVHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
FIGEYWI SJ XLI MRGVIEWIH VMWO ERH I\TIGXIH MRXIRWMX] SJ
Exception: (IWMKR SJ TEVXMGMTEXMRK IPIQIRXWSJ%%'
WIMWQMG EGXMZMX] 8LI QMRMQYQ EQSYRX SJ [EPP
QEWSRV]WLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WLIEV [EPPW
LEWFIIR EPSRKWXERHMRKWXERHEVH IQTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRX
MR EVIEW SJ LMKL WIMWQMG PSEHMRK -X MW I\TVIWWIH EW E
TIVGIRXEKISJ KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ XLI [EPP -X MW
MRXIRHIHXSMQTVSZIXLIHYGXMPIFILEZMSVSJXLI[EPPYRHIV
IEVXLUYEOI PSEHMRK ERH EWWMWX MR GVEGO GSRXVSP 7MRGI XLI
QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI YWIH XS WEXMWJ]
HIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWEXPIEWX SJXLIQMRMQYQEQSYRXMW
VIWIVZIHJSVXLIPIWWIVWXVIWWIHHMVIGXMSRMRSVHIVXSIRWYVI
ERETTVSTVMEXIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPSEHWMRFSXLHMVIGXMSRW
1.18.4.4.1 Design of nonparticipating 1.18.4.4.1 Design of nonparticipating
elements — 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP elements
GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV SV
2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW I\GITX XLSWI
GSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]WLEPPFIVIMRJSVGIHMRIMXLIV
XLILSVM^SRXEPSVZIVXMGEPHMVIGXMSRMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
JSPPS[MRK
E Horizontal reinforcement {,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRE
F Vertical reinforcement { :IVXMGEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPGSRWMWXSJEXPIEWXSRI2S1 FEVWTEGIH
RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ :IVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIPSGEXIH[MXLMRMRQQ
SJXLIIRHWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
1.18.4.4.2 Design of participating elements 1.18.4.4.2 Design of participating elements
—1EWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSGSQTP][MXLXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV
1.18.4.4.2.1 Minimum reinforcement 1.18.4.4.2.1 Minimum reinforcement for
for masonry columns {0EXIVEPXMIWMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRW masonry columns {%HIUYEXIPEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXMWMQTSVXERX
WLEPP FI WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ SR GIRXIV JSV GSPYQR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WYFNIGXIH XS SZIVXYVRMRK JSVGIW
ERHWLEPPFIEXPIEWXMRQQ HMEQIXIV0EXIVEPXMIW HYI XS IEVXLUYEOIW 1ER] GSPYQR JEMPYVIW HYVMRK
WLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX IEVXLUYEOIWLEZIFIIREXXVMFYXIHXSMREHIUYEXIPEXIVEPX]MRK
*SVXLMWVIEWSRGPSWIVWTEGMRKSJXMIWXLERQMKLXSXLIV[MWI
FI VIUYMVIHMWTVYHIRX %R EVFMXVEV] QMRMQYQ WTEGMRKLEW
FIIRIWXEFPMWLIHXLVSYKLI\TIVMIRGI'SPYQRWRSXMRZSPZIH
MR XLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLSYPH EPWS FI QSVI
LIEZMP] XMIH EX XLI XSTW ERH FSXXSQW JSV QSVI HYGXMPI
TIVJSVQERGIERHFIXXIVVIWMWXERGIXSWLIEV
CODE COMMENTARY
1.18.4.4.2.2 Material requirements

{4EVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWWLEPP FIHIWMKRIHERHWTIGMJMIH
[MXL 8]TI 7 SV 8]TI 1 GIQIRXPMQI QSVXEV SV QSVXEV
GIQIRXQSVXEV
1.18.4.4.2.3 Lateral tie anchorage {
7XERHEVH LSSOW JSV PEXIVEP XMIERGLSVEKI WLEPP FIIMXLIV E
HIKVIIWXERHEVHLSSOSVEHIKVIIWXERHEVHLSSO
1.18.4.5 Seismic Design Categories E and F 1.18.4.5 Seismic Design Categories E and F
requirements{ 1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWMRWXVYGXYVIWEWWMKRIH requirements { 7II 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSRW
XS7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSV])SV*WLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI ERH 8LI VEXMS SJ QMRMQYQ LSVM^SRXEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH [MXL XLI EHHMXMSREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW MRGVIEWIH XS VIJPIGX XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR LMKLIV WIMWQMG PSEHW ;LIVI JYPP] KVSYXIH STIR IRH
LSPPS[ YRMXW EVI YWIH TEVX SJ XLI RIIH JSV LSVM^SRXEP
1.18.4.5.1 Minimum reinforcement for
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW WEXMWJMIH F] XLI QIGLERMGEP GSRXMRYMX]
nonparticipating masonry elements not laid in running
TVSZMHIHF]XLIKVSYXGSVI
bond { 1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH MR
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRKIPIQIRXWWLEPPLEZIEGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
SJ LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ EX PIEWX QYPXMTPMIH
F] XLI KVSWW GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ QEWSRV] YWMRK
WTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW8LIQE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJLSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI MR QQ 8LIWI IPIQIRXW
WLEPP FI JYPP] KVSYXIHERHWLEPP FIGSRWXVYGXIH SJ LSPPS[
STIRIRHYRMXWSVX[S[]XLIWSJWSPMHYRMXW
1.19 — Quality Assurance program 1.19 — Quality Assurance program

8LIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI 1EWSRV]HIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWMRXLMW'SHIEVIZEPMH[LIR
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR HITIRHMRK SR XLI 6MWO XLI UYEPMX] SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR QIIXW SV I\GIIHW XLEX
'EXIKSV] EW HIJMRIH MR %7') SV XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH HIWGVMFIHMR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LIVIJSVI MR SVHIV XSHIWMKR
FYMPHMRK GSHI 8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP QEWSRV] F] XLMW 'SHI ZIVMJMGEXMSR SJ KSSH UYEPMX]
MXIQMÎ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ZIVMJ]MRK GSRJSVQERGI SJ GSRWXVYGXMSRMWVIUYMVIH8LIQIERWF][LMGLXLIUYEPMX]SJ
QEXIVMEP GSQTSWMXMSR UYEPMX] WXSVEKI LERHPMRK GSRWXVYGXMSRMWQSRMXSVIHMWXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
TVITEVEXMSRERHTPEGIQIRX[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ817
% UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ QYWX FI HIJMRIH MR XLI
%'-%7')
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWXSERW[IVUYIWXMSRWWYGLEWwLS[XSx
w[LEX QIXLSHx wLS[ SJXIRx ERH w[LS HIXIVQMRIW
EGGITXERGIx8LMWMRJSVQEXMSRMWTEVXSJXLIEHQMRMWXVEXMZI
ERH TVSGIHYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW 8]TMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ E
UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ MRGPYHI VIZMI[ SJ QEXIVMEP
GIVXMJMGEXMSRW JMIPH MRWTIGXMSR ERH XIWXMRK 8LI EGXW SJ
TVSZMHMRK WYFQMXXEPW MRWTIGXMRK ERH XIWXMRK EVI TEVX SJ
XLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ
7MRGI XLI HIWMKR ERH XLI GSQTPI\MX] SJ QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR ZEV] JVSQ TVSNIGX XS TVSNIGX WS QYWX XLI
I\XIRX SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ 8LI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXWQYWXMRHMGEXIXLIXIWXMRKMRWTIGXMSRERHSXLIV
QIEWYVIW XLEX EVI VIUYMVIH XS EWWYVI XLEX XLI ;SVO MW MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXW
7IGXMSR IWXEFPMWLIW XLI QMRMQYQ GVMXIVME
VIUYMVIHXSEWWYVIXLEXXLIUYEPMX]SJQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
GSRJSVQWXSXLIUYEPMX]YTSR[LMGLXLI'SHITIVQMWWMFPI
ZEPYIW EVI FEWIH 8LI WGSTI SJ XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
TVSKVEQ HITIRHW SR [LIXLIV XLI WXVYGXYVI MW ER 6MWO
'EXIKSV]-:WXVYGXYVISVRSXEWHIJMRIHF]%7')SVXLI
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI &IGEYWI SJ XLIMV
MQTSVXERGI 6MWO 'EXIKSV]-: WXVYGXYVIW EVI WYFNIGXIH XS
C-68 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
QSVII\XIRWMZIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIQIEWYVIW
8LI PIZIP SJ VIUYMVIH UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI HITIRHW SR
[LIXLIV XLI QEWSRV] [EW HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
'LETXIVW SV %TTIRHM\ & IRKMRIIVIH SV MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIVW SV IQTMVMGEP SV
TVIWGVMTXMZI
1.19.1 Level A Quality Assurance 1.19.1 Level A Quality Assurance
8LIQMRMQYQUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQJSVQEWSRV]
MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] - -- SV --- WXVYGXYVIW ERH HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV SV WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL
8EFPI
1.19.2 Level B Quality Assurance 1.19.2 Level B Quality Assurance
1.19.2.1 8LI QMRMQYQ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI -QTPIQIRXEXMSR SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
TVSKVEQJSV QEWSRV] MR 6MWO'EXIKSV]-: WXVYGXYVIW ERH VIUYMVIQIRXW GSRXEMRIH MR 8EFPI VIUYMVIW HIXEMPIH
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSVWLEPPGSQTP] ORS[PIHKISJXLIETTVSTVMEXITVSGIHYVIW'SQTVILIRWMZI
[MXL8EFPI XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
VIGSKRMÎHMRHYWXV] WSYVGIW [LMGLQE]FI
1.19.2.2 8LI QMRMQYQ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI
VIJIVIRGIHJSVEWWMWXERGIMRHIZIPSTMRKERHMQTPIQIRXMRK
TVSKVEQ JSV QEWSRV] MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] - -- SV ---
E5YEPMX]%WWYVERGITVSKVEQ
WXVYGXYVIWERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLGLETXIVWSXLIV
XLER'LETXIVSVWLEPPGSQTP][MXL8EFPI -RWXEPPEXMSRXIGLRMUYIWJSV%%'QEWSRV]ERHXLMRFIH
QSVXEVHMJJIVJVSQGSRGVIXIERHGPE]QEWSRV]3RGIMXLEW
FIIR HIQSRWXVEXIH MR XLI JMIPH XLEX GSQTPMERGI MW EXXEMRIH
JSV XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV
XLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSRQE]FIVIZMWIHJVSQGSRXMRYSYW
XS TIVMSHMG ,S[IZIV XLI JVIUYIRG] SJ MRWTIGXMSR WLSYPH
VIZIVX XS GSRXMRYSYW JSV XLI TVIWGVMFIH TIVMSH [LIRIZIV
RI[%%'QEWSRV]MRWXEPPIVW[SVOSRXLITVSNIGX
1.19.3 Level C Quality Assurance 1.19.3 Level C Quality Assurance
8LIQMRMQYQUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQJSVQEWSRV] 4VIQM\IH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW EVI HIPMZIVIH XS XLI
MR6MWO'EXIKSV]-:WXVYGXYVIWERHHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI TVSNIGX WMXI EW wXVS[IP VIEH]x SV wTSYVEFPIx QEXIVMEPW
[MXL GLETXIVW SXLIV XLER 'LETXIV SV WLEPP GSQTP] VIWTIGXMZIP] 4VIFPIRHIH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW EVI HV]
[MXL8EFPI GSQFMRIH QEXIVMEPW XLEX EVI QM\IH [MXL [EXIV EX XLI
TVSNIGX WMXI :IVMJMGEXMSR SJ TVSTSVXMSRW SJ TVIQM\IH SV
TVIFPIRHIH QSVXEVW ERH KVSYXW GER FI EGGSQTPMWLIH F]
VIZMI[ SJ QERYJEGXYVIvW FEXGL XMGOIXW MJ ETTPMGEFPI E
GSQFMREXMSR SJ TVIGSRWXVYGXMSR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR XIWXMRK
SVSXLIVEGGITXEFPIHSGYQIRXEXMSR
1.19.4 Procedures 1.19.4 Procedures
8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP WIX JSVXL XLI -R EHHMXMSR XS WTIGMJ]MRK XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
TVSGIHYVIW JSV VITSVXMRK ERH VIZMI[ 8LI UYEPMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ QYWX HIJMRI
EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP EPWS MRGPYHI TVSGIHYVIW JSV XLI TVSGIHYVIW JSV WYFQMXXMRK XLI XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR
VIWSPYXMSRSJRSRGSQTPMERGIW VITSVXWXLEXMWLS[QER]GSTMIWERHXS[LSQ ERHHIJMRI
XLITVSGIWWF][LMGLXLSWIVITSVXWEVIXSFIVIZMI[IH
8IWXMRK ERH IZEPYEXMSR WLSYPH FI EHHVIWWIH MR XLI
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ8LITVSKVEQWLSYPHEPPS[JSV
XLI WIPIGXMSR ERH ETTVSZEP SJ E XIWXMRK EKIRG] [LMGL
EKIRG] WLSYPH FI TVSZMHIH [MXL TVIUYEPMJMGEXMSR XIWX
MRJSVQEXMSR ERH XLI VMKLXW JSV WEQTPMRK ERH XIWXMRK SJ
WTIGMJMG QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW 8LI IZEPYEXMSR SJ XIWX VIWYPXW
F] XLI XIWXMRK EKIRG] WLSYPH MRHMGEXI GSQTPMERGI SV
RSRGSQTPMERGI[MXLEVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVH
*YVXLIVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI IZEPYEXMSR WLSYPHEPPS[ER
CODE COMMENTARY
ETTVEMWEP SJ XLI XIWXMRK TVSKVEQ ERH XLI LERHPMRK SJ

RSRGSRJSVQERGI %GGITXEFPI ZEPYIW JSV EPP XIWX QIXLSHW
WLSYPHFIKMZIRMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
-HIRXMJMGEXMSR ERH VIWSPYXMSR SJ RSRGSQTP]MRK
GSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
% VIWTSRWMFPI TIVWSR WLSYPH FI MHIRXMJMIH XS EPPS[
VIWSPYXMSRSJRSRGSRJSVQERGIW-REKVIIQIRX[MXL SXLIVW
MR XLI HIWMKRGSRWXVYGX XIEQ XLI VIWSPYXMSRW WLSYPH FI
VITEMVIH VI[SVOIH EGGITXIH EW MW SV VINIGXIH 6ITEMVIH
ERHVI[SVOIHGSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHMRMXMEXIEVIMRWTIGXMSR
6IGSVHW GSRXVSP WLSYPH FI EHHVIWWIH MR XLI GSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW8LIHMWXVMFYXMSRSJHSGYQIRXWHYVMRKERHEJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRWLSYPHFIHIPMRIEXIH8LIVIZMI[SJHSGYQIRXW
WLSYPH TIVWMWX XLVSYKLSYX XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR TIVMSH WS XLEX
IEGL TEVX] MW MRJSVQIH ERH XLEX VIGSVHW JSV HSGYQIRXMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSR SGGYVVIRGIW EVI EZEMPEFPI ERH GSVVIGX EJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRLEWFIIRGSQTPIXIH
1.19.5 Qualifications 1.19.5 Qualifications
8LI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ WLEPP HIJMRI XLI 8LIIRXMXMIWZIVMJ]MRKGSQTPMERGIQYWXFIGSQTIXIRX
UYEPMJMGEXMSRW JSV XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSVMIW ERH JSV MRWTIGXMSR ERH ORS[PIHKIEFPI SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH XLI
EKIRGMIW VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW 'SHI 8LIVIJSVI QMRMQYQ
UYEPMJMGEXMSRW JSV XLSWI MRHMZMHYEPW QYWX EPWS FI
IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI TVSKVEQ MR XLI
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
8LI VIWTSRWMFPI TEVX] TIVJSVQMRK XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSP
QIEWYVIW WLSYPH HSGYQIRX XLI SVKERMÊXMSREP
VITVIWIRXEXMZIW [LS [MPP FI E TEVX SJ XLI UYEPMX] GSRXVSP
WIKQIRX XLIMV UYEPMJMGEXMSRW ERH XLIMV TVIGMWI GSRHYGX
HYVMRKXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITLEWI
0EFSVEXSVMIW XLEX GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%781 ' EVI QSVI PMOIP] XS FI JEQMPMEV [MXL
QEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERHXIWXMRK7TIGMJ]MRKXLEXXLIXIWXMRK
EKIRGMIW GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %781 '
WLSYPHMQTVSZIXLIUYEPMX]SJXLIVIWYPXMRKQEWSRV]
Table 1.19.1 — Level A Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
2SRI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW
C-70 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
Table 1.19.2 — Level B Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLI
TVSNIGXWMXIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRI\GITX[LIVI
WTIGMJMGEPP]I\IQTXIHF]XLMW'SHI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
Inspection Task Frequency (a) Reference for Criteria
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG 817 817
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW < %VX
%WQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRFIKMRWZIVMJ]XLEXXLI
JSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHQSVXEV < %VX
%
F'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
G+VEHIERHWMÎSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH < %VX&
ERGLSVEKIW ,
H0SGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < %VX %

TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
I4VIWXVIWWMRKXIGLRMUYI < %VX&
J4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] <F <G %VX'
4VMSVXSKVSYXMRKZIVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMR
GSQTPMERGI
E+VSYXWTEGI < %VX(
*
F+VEHIX]TIERHWMÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH < 7IG %VX
ERGLSVFSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH
ERGLSVEKIW
G4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < 7IG %VX)
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW %
H4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHKVSYXERH < %VX&

TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW +F
I'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&

Table 1.19.2 — Level B Quality Assurance (Continued)

MINIMUM INSPECTION
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
E7MÎERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW < %VX*
F8]TIWMÎERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK < 7IG
SXLIVHIXEMPWSJERGLSVEKISJQEWSRV]XS
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
G;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G
F
H4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ < %VX'
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ (
* ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI
* '
I%TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
J4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV < %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRWMWMRGSQTPMERGI
K4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH <F <G %VX&
GSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVNSMRXW
3FWIVZITVITEVEXMSRSJKVSYXWTIGMQIRWQSVXEV < %VX&E
WTIGMQIRWERHSVTVMWQW &F
&G
&&
E *VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRKXLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
F 6IUYMVIHJSVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
G 6IUYMVIHEJXIVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
C-72 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
Table 1.19.3 — Level C Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'm ERHf 'AAC MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRERHJSV
IZIV]WUJXWUQ HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWMRTVIQM\IHSVTVIFPIRHIHQSVXEVTVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYXERHKVSYXSXLIVXLERWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXEWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJ7PYQTJPS[ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL %VXMGPI&FJSVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
MINIMUM INSPECTION
%'- %'-
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXIQM\IHQSVXEVKVSYXERH < %VX %
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW &'
+F
F+VEHIX]TIERHWMÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSV < 7IG %VX
FSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
G4PEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ < %VX&
QSVXEVNSMRXW
H4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < 7IG %VX)
I+VSYXWTEGITVMSVXSKVSYXMRK < %VX(
*
J4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV < %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRW
K7MÎERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW < %VX*
L8]TIWMÎERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK < 7IG
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR
M;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G
F
N4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ < %VX'
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ (
* ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI
* '
O%TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
P4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH < %VX&
Q4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] < %VX'
&G
&&
CODE COMMENTARY
1.19.6 Acceptance relative to strength requirements 1.19.6 Acceptance relative to strength requirements
1.19.6.1 Compliance with f 'm { 'SQTVIWWMZI *YRHEQIRXEP XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ QEWSRV]
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHWEXMWJEGXSV]MJXLI GSRWXVYGXMSRMWXLIRIGIWWMX]XLEXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJIEGLQEWSRV][]XLIERHKVSYXIH QEWSRV]IUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXL6EXLIVXLER
GSPPEVNSMRXIUYEPWSVI\GIIHWXLIZEPYISJf 'm QERHEXMRK HIWMKR FEWIH SR HMJJIVIRX ZEPYIW SJ f m JSV IEGL
[]XLI SJ E QYPXM[]XLI [EPP GSRWXVYGXMSR QEHI SJ HMJJIVMRK
1.19.6.2 Determination of compressive strength
QEXIVMEPXLMW'SHIVIUYMVIWXLIWXVIRKXLSJIEGL[]XLIERHSJ
{ 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPP FIHIXIVQMRIH
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 817 %'- KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWXSIUYEPSVI\GIIHf m JSVXLITSVXMSRSJ
%7') XLIWXVYGXYVIGSRWMHIVIH-JEQYPXM[]XLI[EPPMWHIWMKRIHEWE
GSQTSWMXI [EPP XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ IEGL []XLI SV
KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWLSYPHIUYEPSVI\GIIHf m
1.20 — Construction 1.20 — Construction

8LI 817 %'- %7') 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
GSZIVW QEXIVMEP ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW -X MW ER
MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ XLI 'SHI MR XIVQW SJ QMRMQYQ
VIUYMVIQIRXWVIPEXMZIXSXLIGSQTSWMXMSRUYEPMX]WXSVEKI
LERHPMRK ERH TPEGIQIRX SJ QEXIVMEPW JSV QEWSRV]
WXVYGXYVIW 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EPWS MRGPYHIW TVSZMWMSRW
VIUYMVMRK ZIVMJMGEXMSR XLEX GSRWXVYGXMSR EGLMIZIW XLI
UYEPMX]WTIGMJMIH8LIGSRWXVYGXMSRQYWXGSRJSVQXSXLIWI
VIUYMVIQIRXWMRSVHIVJSVXLI'SHITVSZMWMSRWXSFIZEPMH
1.20.1 Grouting, minimum spaces
1.20.1 Grouting, minimum spaces
'SHI8EFPIGSRXEMRWXLIPIEWXGPIEVHMQIRWMSR
8LIQMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWSJWTEGIWTVSZMHIHJSVXLI
JSV KVSYXMRK FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH XLI QMRMQYQ GIPP
TPEGIQIRX SJ KVSYX WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 8EFPI
HMQIRWMSRW [LIR KVSYXMRK LSPPS[ YRMXW 7IPIGXMSR SJ
+VSYXTSYVW[MXLLIMKLXWI\GIIHMRKXLSWIWLS[RMR
YRMXW ERH FSRHMRK TEXXIVR WLSYPH FI GSSVHMREXIH XS
8EFPI GEZMX] [MHXLW SV GIPP WMÎW WQEPPIV XLER
EGLMIZI XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW :IVXMGEP EPMKRQIRX SJ GIPPW
XLSWI TIVQMXXIH MR 8EFPI SV KVSYX PMJX LIMKLXW
QYWXEPWSFIGSRWMHIVIH4VSNIGXMSRWSVSFWXVYGXMSRWMRXS
I\GIIHMRK XLSWI TIVQMXXIH F] %VXMGPI ( SJ 817
XLI KVSYX WTEGI ERH XLI HMEQIXIV SJ LSVM^SRXEP
%'- %7') EVI TIVQMXXIH MJ XLI VIWYPXW SJ E
VIMRJSVGIQIRX QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR GEPGYPEXMRK XLI
KVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPWLS[ XLEXXLIKVSYXWTEGIWEVI
QMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRW7II*MKYVI''
JMPPIH ERH EHIUYEXIP] GSRWSPMHEXIH -R XLEX GEWI XLI
TVSGIHYVIW YWIH MR GSRWXVYGXMRK XLI KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR 'SEVWI KVSYX ERH JMRI KVSYX EVI HMJJIVIRXMEXIH F]
TERIP WLEPP FI XLI QMRMQYQ EGGITXEFPI WXERHEVH JSV EKKVIKEXIWMÎMR%781'
KVSYXMRKERHXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGITVSKVEQWLEPPMRGPYHI
8LIKVSYX WTEGIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'SHI8EFPI
MRWTIGXMSRHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRXSZIVMJ]KVSYXTPEGIQIRX
EVI FEWIH SR YWYEP KVSYX EKKVIKEXI WMÎ ERH GPIERMRK
TVEGXMGI XS TIVQMX XLI GSQTPIXI JMPPMRK SJ KVSYX WTEGIW
ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR YWMRK X]TMGEP QIXLSHW SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSR +VSYX WTEGIW WQEPPIV XLER WTIGMJMIH MR
8EFPILEZIFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]MRWSQIEVIEW
;LIR XLI HIWMKRIV MW VIUYIWXIH XS EGGITX E KVSYXMRK
TVSGIHYVI XLEX I\GIIHW XLI PMQMXW MR 8EFPI
GSRWXVYGXMSR SJE KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MW VIUYMVIH
(IWXVYGXMZI SV RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR GER GSRJMVQ
XLEX JMPPMRK ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR LEZI FIIR
EGLMIZIH 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL GVMXIVME JSV XLI
KVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPXSEWWYVIXLEXGVMXMGEPQEWSRV]
IPIQIRXWMRGPYHIHMRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR[MPPFIVITVIWIRXIH
MR XLI HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP &IGEYWI E WMRKPI KVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP IVIGXIH TVMSV XS QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR GERRSX EGGSYRX JSV EPP GSRHMXMSRW XLEX QE]
FIIRGSYRXIVIHHYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR XLIHIWMKRIV WLSYPH
IWXEFPMWLMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWXSZIVMJ]KVSYXTPEGIQIRX
C-74 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR8LIWIMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWWLSYPH
MRGPYHI HIWXVYGXMZI SV RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR XS
GSRJMVQ XLEX JMPPMRK ERH EHIUYEXI GSRWSPMHEXMSR LEZI
FIIREGLMIZIH
1.20.2 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves 1.20.2 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves
'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW SJ ER] QEXIVMEP XS FI
IQFIHHIH MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSQTEXMFPI [MXL QEWSRV]
ERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
1.20.2.1 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW WLEPP RSX 1.20.2.1 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW RSX
FI GSRWMHIVIH XS FI WXVYGXYVEP VITPEGIQIRXW JSV XLI LEVQJYPXSQSVXEVERHKVSYXQE]FIIQFIHHIH[MXLMRXLI
HMWTPEGIHQEWSRV] 8LIQEWSRV]HIWMKRWLEPPGSRWMHIVXLI QEWSRV]FYXXLIQEWSRV]QIQFIVWXVIRKXLWLSYPHRSXFI
WXVYGXYVEPIJJIGXWSJXLMWHMWTPEGIHQEWSRV] PIWW XLER XLEX VIUYMVIH F] HIWMKR )JJIGXW SJ VIHYGXMSR MR
WIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW MR XLI EVIEW SJGSRHYMX TMTI SVWPIIZI
IQFIHQIRXWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
*SV XLI MRXIKVMX] SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI GSRHYMX ERH TMTI
JMXXMRKW[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]WLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]TSWMXMSRIH
ERH EWWIQFPIH 8LI GSYTPMRK WMÎ WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH
[LIRHIXIVQMRMRKWPIIZIWMÎ
%PYQMRYQWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRQEWSRV]YRPIWWMXMW
IJJIGXMZIP]GSEXIHSVGSZIVIH%PYQMRYQVIEGXW[MXLMSRW
ERH QE] EPWS VIEGX IPIGXVSP]XMGEPP] [MXL WXIIP GEYWMRK
GVEGOMRK ERHSV WTEPPMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] %PYQMRYQ
IPIGXVMGEP GSRHYMXW TVIWIRX E WTIGMEP TVSFPIQ WMRGI WXVE]
IPIGXVMGGYVVIRXEGGIPIVEXIWXLIEHZIVWIVIEGXMSR
4MTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TPEGIH MR QEWSRV] [LIXLIV
WYVVSYRHIH F] QSVXEV SV KVSYX SV TPEGIH MR YRJMPPIH
WTEGIWRIIHXSEPPS[YRVIWXVEMRIHQSZIQIRX
1.20.2.2 'SRHYMXW TMTIW ERH WPIIZIW MR

QEWSRV] WLEPP FI RS GPSWIV XLER HMEQIXIVW SR GIRXIV
1MRMQYQ WTEGMRK SJ GSRHYMXW TMTIW SV WPIIZIW SJ
HMJJIVIRX HMEQIXIVW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK XLI PEVKIV
HMEQIXIV
1.20.2.3 :IVXMGEP GSRHYMXW TMTIW SV WPIIZIW
TPEGIHMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRWSVTMPEWXIVWWLEPPRSXHMWTPEGI
QSVIXLERTIVGIRXSJXLIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSR
1.20.2.4 4MTIW WLEPP RSX FI IQFIHHIH MR
QEWSRV][LIR
E 'SRXEMRMRK PMUYMH KEW SV ZETSVW EX XIQTIVEXYVI
LMKLIVXLER*'
F 9RHIVTVIWWYVIMRI\GIWWSJTWMO4E
G 'SRXEMRMRK[EXIVSVSXLIVPMUYMHWWYFNIGXXSJVII^MRK
Table 1.20.1 — Grout space requirements
Grout type1 Maximum grout Minimum clear width Minimum clear grout space dimensions for
pour height, of grout space,2,3 grouting cells of hollow units,3,4, 5
ft (m) in. (mm) in. x in. (mm x mm)

*MRI \\
*MRI \\
*MRI \\
*MRI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\

*MRIERHGSEVWIKVSYXWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'

*SVKVSYXMRKFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIW

1MRMQYQ GPIEV [MHXL SJ KVSYX WTEGI ERH QMRMQYQ GPIEV KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSR EVI XLI RIX HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI WTEGI
HIXIVQMRIHF]WYFXVEGXMRKQEWSRV]TVSXVYWMSRWERHXLIHMEQIXIVWSJLSVM^SRXEPFEVWJVSQXLIEWHIWMKRIHGVSWWWIGXMSRSJ
XLIKVSYXWTEGI+VSYXX]TIERHQE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIHFEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGI

%VIESJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIKVSYXWTEGI

1MRMQYQ KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSR JSV %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW WLEPP FI MR QQ \ MR QQ SV E MR
QQ HMEQIXIVGIPP
COMMENTARY
%
4VSXVYWMSR 4VSXVYWMSR
E
;IF
E"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR
F"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR 7IGXMSR%%
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP&EV(MEQIXIV
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP4VSXVYWMSRW
&
4VSXVYWMSR
4VSXVYWMSR
4VSXVYWMSR
&
E"1MRMQYQ+VSYX7TEGI(MQIRWMSR
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP&EV(MEQIXIV 7IGXMSR&&
4PYW,SVM^SRXEP4VSXVYWMSRW
Figure CC-1.20-1 — Grout space requirements

C-76 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CHAPTER 2
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1 — General 2.1 — General

8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EPPS[EFPI ,MWXSVMGEPP] E SRIXLMVH MRGVIEWI MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
WXVIWW HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] HIWMKR MR EGGSVHERGI LEWFIIRTIVQMXXIHJSVPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWXLEXMRGPYHI[MRH
[MXL XLMW GLETXIV WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ SVWIMWQMGPSEHW8LISVMKMRERHXLIVIEWSRJSVXLISRIXLMVH
'LETXIV7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR WXVIWW MRGVIEWI EVI YRGPIEV *VSQ E WXVYGXYVEP VIPMEFMPMX]
SV WXERHTSMRX XLI SRIXLMVH WXVIWW MRGVIEWI MW E TSSV [E] XS
LERHPI PSEH GSQFMREXMSR IJJIGXW 8LIVIJSVI XLI SRIXLMVH
WXVIWW MRGVIEWI MW RS PSRKIV TIVQMXXIH MR XLMW 'SHI 8LI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ XLMW 'LETXIV WLSYPH RSX FI MRGVIEWIH
F]SRIXLMVHJSV[MRHERHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
2.1.2 Load combinations 2.1.2 Load combinations
;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX ;LIRXLIVIMWRSPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISVXLI
TVSZMHIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWWXVYGXYVIWERH PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI HSIW RSX LEZI EPPS[EFPI
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI GSQFMREXMSRW SJ WXVIWW PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW TSWWMFPI WSYVGIW SJ EPPS[EFPI
PSEHWTIGMJMIHF]XLIFYMPHMRKSJJMGMEP WXVIWWPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWEVI%7')ERH-&'
2.1.3 Design strength 2.1.3 Design strength
8LI WXVYGXYVEP EHIUYEG] SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR
VIUYMVIWXLEXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]IUYEPSV
I\GIIH XLI WTIGMJMIH WXVIRKXL 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLf 'm SR[LMGL HIWMKRMW FEWIH JSVIEGL TEVXSJXLI
WXVYGXYVIQYWXFIWLS[RSRXLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
8LI ERH IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI
GSRXEMRIH TVSZMWMSRW XS TIVQMX YWI SJ WXVIRKXLPIZIP PSEH
GSQFMREXMSRW MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV
PEGO SJ WIVZMGIPIZIP PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MR TVIZMSYWP]
VIJIVIRGIHPSEHWXERHEVHW8LMWTVSGIHYVI[LMGLIREFPIHXLI
GEPGYPEXMSR SJ uTWIYHSWXVIRKXLWv SR XLI FEWMW SJ EPPS[EFPI
WXVIWWIW MW RS PSRKIV MRGPYHIH MR XLI 'SHI FIGEYWI VIGIRX
IHMXMSRWSJ%7')MRGPYHIFSXLWIVZMGIPIZIPERHWXVIRKXL
PIZIP PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW 8LI IHMXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI
TVSZMHIWKYMHERGIJSVYWMRKWXVIRKXLPIZIPPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
[LIRIZIVXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHI
WIVZMGIPIZIPPSEHGSQFMREXMSRW
2.1.3.1 4VSNIGX HVE[MRKW WLEPP WLS[ XLI
WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV] f 'm JSVIEGL
TEVXSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
2.1.3.2 )EGL TSVXMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVI WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV]f 'm JSVXLEXTEVXSJXLI[SVO
2.1.3.3 'SQTYXIH WXVIWWIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW'LETXIV
2.1.4 Anchor bolts embedded in grout 2.1.4 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
2.1.4.1 Design requirements — %RGLSV FSPXW %PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKRERGLSVFSPXTVSZMWMSRW[IVI
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK IMXLIV XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR SFXEMRIH F] GEPMFVEXMRK GSVVIWTSRHMRK 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR
SV JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW F] XLI TVSZMWMSRW XS TVSHYGI WMQMPEV VIWYPXW 7II 'SHI
C-78 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR 'SQQIRXEV]
2.1.4.2 Allowable loads determined by test
2.1.4.2.1 %RGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI XIWXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781)I\GITXXLEXEQMRMQYQSJJMZI
XIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIH0SEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIXIWXWLEPP
FIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJMRXIRHIHYWISJXLIERGLSVFSPX
2.1.4.2.2 %RGLSV FSPX EPPS[EFPI PSEHW YWIH
JSV HIWMKR WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TIVGIRX SJ XLI EZIVEKI
JEMPYVIPSEHJVSQXLIXIWXW
2.1.4.3 Allowable loads determined by
calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts —
%PPS[EFPI PSEHW JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW
IQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
2.1.4.3.1 Allowable axial tensile load of
headed and bent-bar anchor bolts — 8LIEPPS[EFPIE\MEP
XIRWMPI PSEH SJ LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRW8LIEPPS[EFPI
E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SJ FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIHYWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
2.1.4.3.1.1 Allowable axial tensile 2.1.4.3.1 Allowable axial tensile
load of headed anchor bolts zz8LIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPI load of headed and bent-bar anchor bolts — )UYEXMSR
PSEH Ba SJLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXW IQFIHHIH MRKVSYXWLEPP HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F]
FI XLI WQEPPIV SJ XLI ZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSR QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSR HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI
ERH)UYEXMSR E\MEPXIRWMPIPSEHKSZIVRIHF]WXIIP]MIPHMRK8LIPS[IVSJ
XLIWI PSEHW MW XLI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH SR XLI
Bab A pt f m )UYEXMSR ERGLSV
Bas Ab f y )UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.1.2 Allowable axial tensile load 2.1.4.3.1.2 Allowable axial tensile load
of bent-bar anchor bolts zz 8LI EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI of bent-bar anchor bolts zz )UYEXMSR HIJMRIW XLI
PSEHBaJSVFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPP EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV]
FI XLIWQEPPIWXSJXLI ZEPYIW HIXIVQMRIH F])UYEXMSR FVIEOSYX)UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPI
)UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR PSEHKSZIVRIHF]ERGLSVTYPPSYX)UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLI
EPPS[EFPI E\MEP XIRWMPI PSEH KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP ]MIPHMRK
Bab A pt f m )UYEXMSR 8LIPS[IVSJXLIWIPSEHWMWXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPXIRWMPIPSEH
SRXLIERGLSV
Bap f m eb d b lb eb d b db
)UYEXMSR
Bas Ab f y )UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.2 Allowable shear load of headed 2.1.4.3.2 Allowable shear load of headed
and bent-bar anchor bolts { 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH and bent-bar anchor bolts { )UYEXMSR HIJMRIW XLI
Bv,SJLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX
WLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIZEPYIWHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR )UYEXMSRHIJMRIWXLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHKSZIVRIHF]
)UYEXMSR)UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK )UYEXMSR HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI
WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV TV]SYX )UYEXMSR
Bvb A pv f m )UYEXMSR HIJMRIW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV PSEH KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP
]MIPHMRK8LI PS[IV SJ XLIWIPSEHW MWXLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV
Bvc f m Ab )UYEXMSR PSEHSRXLIERGLSV
CODE COMMENTARY
Bvpry B ab A pt f m )UYEXMSR
Bvs Ab f y )UYEXMSR
2.1.4.3.3 Combined axial tension and shear

{%RGLSVFSPXWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRMRGSQFMREXMSR
[MXLWLIEVWLEPPWEXMWJ])UYEXMSR
ba bv
)UYEXMSR
Ba Bv
2.1.5 Multiwythe walls 2.1.5 Multiwythe walls
2.1.5.1 (IWMKRSJ[EPPWGSQTSWIHSJQSVIXLER
SRI []XLI WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSR
2.1.5.2 Composite action 2.1.5.2 Composite action { 1YPXM[]XLI [EPPW
2.1.5.2.1 1YPXM[]XLI [EPPW HIWMKRIH JSV EGX QSRSPMXLMGEPP] MJ WYJJMGMIRX WLIEV XVERWJIV GER SGGYV
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSRWLEPPLEZIGSPPEVNSMRXWIMXLIV EGVSWW XLI MRXIVJEGI FIX[IIR XLI []XLIW 7II *MKYVI
''7LIEVXVERWJIVMWEGLMIZIH[MXLLIEHIVWGVSWWMRK
E GVSWWIHF]GSRRIGXMRKLIEHIVWSV
XLIGSPPEVNSMRXSV[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYXJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXW
F JMPPIH[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYXERHGSRRIGXIHF][EPPXMIW ;LIRQSVXEVSVKVSYXJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXWEVIVIPMIHYTSR
XSXVERWJIVWLIEV[EPPXMIWEVIVIUYMVIHXSIRWYVIWXVYGXYVEP
2.1.5.2.2 7LIEV WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI MRXIKVMX]SJXLIGSPPEVNSMRX'SQTSWMXIEGXMSRVIUYMVIWXLEX
TPERIW SJ MRXIVJEGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH GSPPEV NSMRXW SV XLI WXVIWWIW SGGYVVMRK EX XLI MRXIVJEGIW EVI [MXLMR XLI
[MXLMRLIEHIVWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK EPPS[EFPIPMQMXWTVIWGVMFIH
E QSVXEVIHGSPPEVNSMRXWTWMO4E 'SQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW KIRIVEPP]GSRWMWXSJFVMGO
F KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXWTWMO4E XSFVMGO FPSGOXSFPSGO SV FVMGOXSFPSGO []XLIW 8LI
GSPPEV NSMRX GER FI JMPPIH [MXL QSVXEV SV KVSYX SV XLI
G LIEHIVW []XLIWGERFIGSRRIGXIH[MXLQIXEPXMIW8LIGSPPEVNSMRX
WTIGMJMIH YRMXGSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ LIEHIV XLMGORIWW VERKIW JVSQ XS MR XS QQ 8LI
TWM14E SZIVRIXEVIESJLIEHIV NSMRX QE] GSRXEMR IMXLIV ZIVXMGEP SV LSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI TPEGIH MR IMXLIV
2.1.5.2.3 ,IEHIVW YWIH XS FSRH EHNEGIRX XLIFVMGOSVFPSGO[]XLI'SQTSWMXI[EPPWEVITEVXMGYPEVP]
[]XLIW WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR EHZERXEKISYW JSV VIWMWXMRK LMKL PSEHW FSXL MRTPERI ERH
ERHWLEPPFITVSZMHIHEWJSPPS[W SYXSJTPERI
E ,IEHIVWWLEPPFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHERHXLIWYQSJ 0MQMXIH XIWX HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI XS HSGYQIRX
XLIMV GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIEW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX TIVGIRX WLIEVWXVIRKXLSJGSPPEVNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]
SJXLI[EPPWYVJEGIEVIE
8IWX VIWYPXW WLS[ XLEX WLIEV FSRH WXVIRKXL SJ
F ,IEHIVWGSRRIGXMRKEHNEGIRX[]XLIWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIH GSPPEVNSMRXWGSYPHZEV]JVSQEWPS[EWTWMO4E XS
EQMRMQYQSJMRQQ MRIEGL[]XLI EW LMKL EW TWM O4E HITIRHMRK SR X]TI ERH
2.1.5.2.4 ;]XLIW RSX FSRHIH F] LIEHIVW GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI MRXIVJEGI GSRWSPMHEXMSR SJ XLI NSMRX ERH
WLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRERHWLEPP X]TI SJ PSEHMRK 1G'EVXL] IX EP VITSVXIH ER EZIVEKI
FIFSRHIHF][EPPXMIWTVSZMHIHEWJSPPS[W ZEPYISJTWMO4E [MXLEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJ
TIVGIRX %R EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW ZEPYI SJ TWM
Wire size Minimum number of wall ties required O4E [LMGL MW JSYV WXERHEVH HIZMEXMSRW FIPS[ XLI
;1; SRITIVJXQ SJ[EPP EZIVEKI MW GSRWMHIVIH XS EGGSYRX JSV XLI I\TIGXIH LMKL
ZEVMEFMPMX]SJXLIMRXIVJEGIFSRH;MXLWSQIYRMXW8]TI7
;1; SRITIVJXQ SJ[EPP QSVXEV WPYWLIH GSPPEV NSMRXW QE] LEZI FIXXIV WLIEV FSRH
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLER 8]TI 2 QSVXEV 6IWYPXW WLS[ XLEX
8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XMIW WLEPP FI MR XLMGORIWW SJ NSMRXW YRMX EFWSVTXMSR ERH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
QQ LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ ZIVXMGEPP] LEZI E RIKPMKMFPI IJJIGX SR WLIEV FSRH WXVIRKXL +VSYXIH
GSPPEVNSMRXWLEZILMKLIVEPPS[EFPIWLIEVFSRHWXVIWWXLER
8LIYWISJVIGXERKYPEV[EPPXMIWXSXMI[EPPWQEHI[MXL XLI QSVXEVIH GSPPEV NSMRXW 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV QEWSRV]
ER]X]TISJQEWSRV]YRMXWMWTIVQMXXIH8LIYWISJ>[EPP LIEHIVW *MKYVI '' EVI IQTMVMGEP ERH XEOIR JVSQ
XMIW XS XMI [EPPW QEHI [MXL SXLIV XLER LSPPS[ QEWSRV] TVMSVGSHIW8LIRIXEVIESJXLILIEHIVWLSYPHFIYWIHMR
C-80 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
YRMXW MW TIVQMXXIH 'VSWW [MVIW SJNSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI GEPGYPEXMRKXLIWXVIWWIZIRMJEWSPMHYRMX[LMGLEPPS[WYT

TIVQMXXIHXSFIYWIHMRWXIEHSJ[EPPXMIW XS TIVGIRX GSVMRK MW YWIH ,IEHIVW HS RSX TVSZMHI EW
QYGLHYGXMPMX]EWQIXEPXMIH[]XLIW[MXLJMPPIHGSPPEVNSMRXW
8LI MRJPYIRGI SJHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXMWIWTIGMEPP]GVMXMGEP
[LIRLIEHIVW EVI YWIH 8LIGSQQMXXII HSIWRSX IRGSYVEKI
XLIYWISJLIEHIVW
%WXVIRKXL EREP]WMWLEW FIIR HIQSRWXVEXIHF] 4SVXIV
ERH ;SPHI8MRWEI JSV GSQTSWMXI [EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS
GSQFMRIH MRTPERI WLIEV ERH KVEZMX] PSEHW -R EHHMXMSR
XLIWI EYXLSVW LEZI WLS[R EHIUYEXI FILEZMSVEP
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW JSV FSXL FVMGOXSFVMGO ERH FVMGOXSFPSGO
GSQTSWMXI[EPPW [MXL EKVSYXIH GSPPEV NSMRX
*MRMXI IPIQIRX QSHIPW JSV EREP]^MRK XLI MRXIVPEQMREV
WLIEVMRK WXVIWWIW MR GSPPEV NSMRXW SJ GSQTSWMXI [EPPW LEZI
FIIR MRZIWXMKEXIH F] %RERH IX EP 8LI]
JSYRH XLEX XLI WLIEV WXVIWWIW [IVI TVMRGMTEPP] XVERWJIVVIH
MR XLI YTTIV TSVXMSR SJ XLI [EPP RIEV XLI TSMRX SJ PSEH
ETTPMGEXMSR JSV XLI MRTPERI PSEHW 8LYW FIPS[ E GIVXEMR
HMWXERGI XLI SZIVEPP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI GSQTSWMXI MW
GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI KPSFEP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP TVSZMHMRK
XLEXXLI[]XLIWEVIEGXMRKGSQTSWMXIP]
8LIWMÎRYQFIVERHWTEGMRKSJ[EPPXMIWWLS[RMR
*MKYVI '' LEW FIIR HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ TEWX
I\TIVMIRGI8LIPMQMXEXMSRSJ>XMIWXS[EPPWSJSXLIVXLER
LSPPS[YRMXWMWEPWSFEWIHSRTEWXI\TIVMIRGI
'SPPEV.SMRX*MPPIH
0EXIVEP 0EXIVEP
0SEH 0SEH
:IVXMGEP&IRHMRK ,SVM^SRXEP&IRHMRK
8IRWMSR4IVTIRHMGYPEVXS&IH.SMRXW 8IRWMSR4EVEPPIPXS&IH.SMRXW
Figure CC-2.1-1 — Stress distribution in multiwythe walls of composite masonry

COMMENTARY
7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI 7U*XQ
%VIE4IV8MI 1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI
8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ MRQQ
1E\,SVM^7TEGMRK 1E\,SVM^7TEGMRK
7TEGMRKSJ1IXEP8MIW;1; 7TEGMRKSJ1IXEP8MIW;1;
Figure CC-2.1-2 — Wall tie spacing for multiwythe walls
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1.5.3 Non-composite action { 1EWSRV] 2.1.5.3 Non-composite action — 1YPXM[]XLI

HIWMKRIH JSV RSRGSQTSWMXI EGXMSR WLEPP GSQTP][MXL XLI [EPPW QE] FI GSRWXVYGXIH WS XLEX IEGL []XLI MW WITEVEXIH
JSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW JVSQXLISXLIVWF]EWTEGIXLEXQE]FIGVSWWIHSRP]F]XMIW
8LI XMIW JSVGI GSQTEXMFPI PEXIVEP HIJPIGXMSR FYX RS
2.1.5.3.1 )EGL []XLI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS
GSQTSWMXI EGXMSR I\MWXW MR XLI HIWMKR ;IEO E\MW FIRHMRK
VIWMWXMRHMZMHYEPP]XLIIJJIGXWSJPSEHWMQTSWIHSRMX
QSQIRXWGEYWIHF]IMXLIVKVEZMX]PSEHWSVPEXIVEPPSEHWEVI
9RPIWW E QSVI HIXEMPIH EREP]WMW MW TIVJSVQIH XLI EWWYQIHXSFIHMWXVMFYXIHXSIEGL[]XLIMRTVSTSVXMSRXSMXW
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXWWLEPPFIWEXMWJMIH VIPEXMZIWXMJJRIWW7II*MKYVI''JSVWXVIWWHMWXVMFYXMSR
MRRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW0SEHWHYIXSWYTTSVXIHLSVM^SRXEP
E 'SPPEVNSMRXWWLEPPRSXGSRXEMRLIEHIVWKVSYXSVQSVXEV
QIQFIVWEVIXSFIVIWMWXIHF]XLI[]XLIGPSWIWXXSGIRXIVSJ
F +VEZMX]PSEHWJVSQWYTTSVXIHLSVM^SRXEPQIQFIVWWLEPP WTEREWEVIWYPXSJXLIHIJPIGXMSRSJXLILSVM^SRXEPQIQFIV
FIVIWMWXIHF]XLI[]XLIRIEVIWXXSXLIGIRXIVSJWTERSJ 8LI WMÎ RYQFIV ERH WTEGMRK SJ QIXEP XMIW *MKYVI
XLIWYTTSVXIH QIQFIV %R] VIWYPXMRK FIRHMRK QSQIRX '' LEZI FIIR HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ TEWX I\TIVMIRGI
EFSYX XLI [IEO E\MW SJ XLI [EPP WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XS 0EHHIVX]TI SV XEFX]TI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW VIUYMVIH
IEGL[]XLIMRTVSTSVXMSRXSMXWVIPEXMZIWXMJJRIWW FIGEYWI XVYWWX]TI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIWXVMGXW MRTPERI
G 0SEHW EGXMRK TEVEPPIP XS XLI TPERI SJ E [EPP WLEPP FI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX FIX[IIR []XLIW ,S[IZIV XLI YWI
GEVVMIHSRP]F]XLI[]XLISR[LMGLXLI]EVIETTPMIH SJ GEZMX] [EPP XMIW [MXL HVMTW FIRHW MR XMIW XS TVIZIRX
8VERWJIVSJWXVIWWIWJVSQ WYGLPSEHWFIX[IIR []XLIW QSMWXYVI QMKVEXMSR LEW FIIR IPMQMREXIH FIGEYWI SJ XLIMV
WLEPPFIRIKPIGXIH VIHYGIH WXVIRKXL -R GEZMX] [EPPW XLMW 'SHI PMQMXW XLI
XLMGORIWW SJ XLI GEZMX] XS ¡ MR QQ XS EWWYVI
H 0SEHWEGXMRKXVERWZIVWIXSXLITPERISJE[EPPWLEPPFI EHIUYEXI TIVJSVQERGI -J GEZMX] [MHXL I\GIIHW ¡ MR
VIWMWXIH F] EPP []XLIW MR TVSTSVXMSR XS XLIMV VIPEXMZI QQ XLI XMIW QYWX FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI PSEHW
JPI\YVEPWXMJJRIWWIW MQTSWIH YTSR XLIQFEWIHSRE VEXMSREPEREP]WMWXLEXXEOIW
I 7TIGMJMIH HMWXERGIW FIX[IIR []XLIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MRXS EGGSYRX FYGOPMRK XIRWMSR TYPPSYX ERH PSEH
MRQQ YRPIWWEHIXEMPIH[EPPXMIEREP]WMWMW HMWXVMFYXMSR
TIVJSVQIH 8LI 2'1% ERH 'EREHMER 7XERHEVHW %WWSGMEXMSR
2.1.5.3.2 ;]XLIW SJ [EPPW HIWMKRIH JSV '7% LEZI VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV YWI MR XLI HIWMKR SJ
RSRGSQTSWMXI EGXMSR WLEPP FI GSRRIGXIH F] [EPP XMIW XMIW JSV [EPPW [MXL [MHI GEZMXMIW 8LI XIVQ GEZMX] MW YWIH
QIIXMRK XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR SV F] [LIR XLI RIX XLMGORIWW MW MR QQ SV KVIEXIV 8[S
EHNYWXEFPI XMIW ;LIVI XLI GVSWW [MVIW SJ NSMRX MRGLIWQQ MWGSRWMHIVIHXLIQMRMQYQWTEGIVIUYMVIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI YWIH EW XMIW XLI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSV VIWMWXERGI XS[EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR%GSRXMRYSYWEMVWTEGI
WLEPPFIPEHHIVX]TISVXEFX]TI;EPPXMIWWLEPPFI[MXLSYX SJ PIWWIV XLMGORIWW MW VIJIVVIH XS EWEZSMHYRJMPPIH GSPPEV
GEZMX]HVMTW NSMRX6IUYMVIQIRXWJSVEHNYWXEFPIXMIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI
''8LI]EVIFEWIHSRXLIVIWYPXWMR6IJIVIRGI
C-82 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
%HNYWXEFPIXMIWWLEPPQIIXXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E 3RIXMIWLEPPFITVSZMHIH JSV IEGL JX Q
SJ[EPPEVIE
F ,SVM^SRXEP ERH ZIVXMGEP WTEGMRK WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
MRQQ
G %HNYWXEFPI XMIW WLEPP RSX FI YWIH [LIR XLI
QMWEPMKRQIRX SJ FIH NSMRXW JVSQ SRI []XLI XS XLI
SXLIVI\GIIHWMRQQ
H 1E\MQYQ GPIEVERGIFIX[IIRGSRRIGXMRKTEVXWSJXLI
XMIWLEPPFIMRQQ
I 4MRXPI XMIW WLEPP LEZI EX PIEWX X[S TMRXPI PIKW SJ [MVI
WMÎ;1;
2.1.6 Bearing stress
&IEVMRKWXVIWWIWSRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXI\GIIHf 'm ERH
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHSZIVXLIFIEVMRKEVIEAbrEWHIJMRIHMR
7IGXMSR.
'SPPEV.SMRX3TIR
0EXIVEP 0EXIVEP
0SEH 0SEH
:IVXMGEP&IRHMRK ,SVM^SRXEP&IRHMRK
8IRWMSR4IVTIRHMGYPEVXS&IH.SMRXW 8IRWMSR4EVEPPIPXS&IH.SMRXW
Figure CC-2.1-3 — Stress distribution in multiwythe walls of non-composite masonry

COMMENTARY
MRQQ 1E\:IVX7TEGMRK
7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI
1E\'PIEV
:IVXMGEP7IGXMSR MRQQ

MRQQ ;MVI

8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ 1E\
,SVM^7TEGMRK
)]I9RMX
7TEGMRKSJ%HNYWXEFPI8MIW 4MRXPI 9RMX
4PER:MI[
Figure CC-2.1-4 — Adjustable ties
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1.7 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout 2.1.7 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout
2.1.7.1 General { 8LI GEPGYPEXIH XIRWMSR SV 2.1.7.1 General {*VSQETSMRX SJTIEOWXVIWW
GSQTVIWWMSRMRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEXIEGLWIGXMSRWLEPPFI MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WSQI PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV
HIZIPSTIH SR IEGL WMHI SJ XLI WIGXMSR F] HIZIPSTQIRX ERGLSVEKI MW RIGIWWEV] XLVSYKL [LMGL XS HIZIPST XLI
PIRKXL LSSO QIGLERMGEP HIZMGI SV GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ WXVIWW8LMWHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSVERGLSVEKIMWRIGIWWEV]
,SSOWWLEPPRSXFIYWIHXSHIZIPSTFEVWMRGSQTVIWWMSR SR FSXL WMHIW SJ WYGL TIEO WXVIWW TSMRXW SR SRI WMHI XS
XVERWJIVWXVIWWMRXSERHSRXLISXLIVXSXVERWJIVWXVIWWSYXSJ
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX3JXIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRXMRYIWJSVE
GSRWMHIVEFPIHMWXERGISRSRIWMHISJEGVMXMGEPWXVIWWTSMRX
WS XLEX GEPGYPEXMSRW RIIH MRZSPZI SRP] XLI SXLIV WMHI JSV
I\EQTPI XLI RIKEXMZI QSQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRXMRYMRK
XLVSYKLEWYTTSVXXSXLIQMHHPISJXLIRI\XWTER
&EVWERHPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWQYWXFIHIJSVQIH
2.1.7.2 Development of wires in tension{8LI 2.1.7.2 Development of wires in tension {
HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ [MVI WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSRGERFIHIVMZIHJVSQXLIFEWMGHIZIPSTQIRX
)UYEXMSRFYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ PIRKXL I\TVIWWMSR ERH ER EPPS[EFPI FSRH WXVIWW u JSV
HIJSVQIH FEVW MR KVSYX SJ TWM O4E
ld d b Fs )UYEXMSR 6IWIEVGL LEWWLS[RXLEXITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIH[MVIWLEPPFIXEOIREW VIUYMVI PSRKIV HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL XLER YRGSEXIH
TIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR VIMRJSVGMRKFEVW8LITIVGIRX MRGVIEWI MRHIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXLMWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
TVSZMWMSRW JSV ITS\]GSEXIH FEVW ERH [MVIW ERH
HSIWRSXETTP]XSXLIMRQQ QMRMQYQ
ld = db Fs / u = db Fs !db Fs
ld = db FsMR7-YRMXW
2.1.7.3 Development of bars in tension or 2.1.7.3 Development of bars in tension or
compression { 8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ compression{7IIXLIHMWGYWWMSRMR'SHI'SQQIRXEV]
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRFYX 8LI TIVGIRX MRGVIEWI MR HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL
WLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ MWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
C-84 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
d b f y TVSZMWMSR JSVITS\]GSEXIHFEVWERHHSIWRSXETTP]XS

ld )UYEXMSR XLIMRQQ QMRMQYQ
K f m
K WLEPP RSXI\GIIH XLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIJSPPS[MRK XLI

QMRMQYQ QEWSRV] GSZIV XLI GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR
EHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb
! JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW
ERH
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIHFEVWWLEPPFIXEOIR
EWTIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
2.1.7.4 Embedment of flexural reinforcement 2.1.7.4 Embedment of flexural reinforcement {
*MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI IQFIHQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E X]TMGEP GSRXMRYSYW FIEQ
*MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI IQFIHQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW
MREX]TMGEPGSRXMRYSYW[EPPXLEXMWRSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEP
JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
2.1.7.4.1 General 2.1.7.4.1 General
2.1.7.4.1.1 8IRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
TIVQMXXIH XS FI HIZIPSTIH F] FIRHMRK EGVSWW XLI RIYXVEP
E\MW SJ XLI QIQFIV XS FI ERGLSVIH SV QEHI GSRXMRYSYW
[MXLVIMRJSVGIQIRXSRXLISTTSWMXIJEGISJXLIQIQFIV
2.1.7.4.1.2 'VMXMGEP WIGXMSRW JSV 2.1.7.4.1.2 'VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVEX]TMGEP
HIZIPSTQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JPI\YVEPQIQFIVWEVIEX GSRXMRYSYWFIEQEVIMRHMGEXIH[MXLEwGxSVERw\xMR*MKYVI
TSMRXW SJ QE\MQYQ WXIIP WXVIWW ERH EX TSMRXW [MXLMR XLI '''VMXMGEPWIGXMSRWJSVEX]TMGEPGSRXMRYSYW[EPPEVI
WTER[LIVIEHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXIVQMREXIWSVMWFIRX MRHMGEXIH[MXLEwGxMR*MKYVI''
2.1.7.4.1.3 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPPI\XIRH 2.1.7.4.1.3 8LI QSQIRX HMEKVEQW
FI]SRHXLITSMRXEX[LMGLMXMWRSPSRKIVVIUYMVIHXSVIWMWX GYWXSQEVMP]YWIHMRHIWMKREVIETTVS\MQEXI7SQIWLMJXMRK
JPI\YVI JSV E HMWXERGI IUYEP XS XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI SJ XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRXW QE] SGGYV HYI XS
QIQFIVSVdb [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVI\GITXEXWYTTSVXWSJ GLERKIWMRPSEHMRKWIXXPIQIRXSJWYTTSVXWPEXIVEPPSEHWSV
WMQTPIWTERWERHEXXLIJVIIIRHSJGERXMPIZIVW SXLIV GEYWIW % HMEKSREP XIRWMSR GVEGO MR E JPI\YVEP
QIQFIV [MXLSYX WXMVVYTW QE] WLMJX XLI PSGEXMSR SJ XLI
GEPGYPEXIHXIRWMPIWXVIWWETTVS\MQEXIP]EHMWXERGIdXS[EVH
ETSMRXSJÎVSQSQIRX;LIRWXMVVYTWEVITVSZMHIHXLMW
IJJIGXMWPIWWWIZIVIEPXLSYKLWXMPPTVIWIRX
8S TVSZMHI JSV WLMJXW MR XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ
QSQIRXW XLMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLI I\XIRWMSR SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX E HMWXERGI d SV db FI]SRH XLI TSMRX EX
[LMGL MX MW XLISVIXMGEPP] RS PSRKIV VIUYMVIH XS VIWMWX
JPI\YVII\GITXEWRSXIH
'YXSJJ TSMRXW SJ FEVW XS QIIX XLMW VIUYMVIQIRX EVI
MPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI''
;LIR FEVW SJ HMJJIVIRX WMÎW EVI YWIH XLI I\XIRWMSR
WLSYPH FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI HMEQIXIV SJ FEV FIMRK
XIVQMREXIH % FEV FIRX XS XLI JEV JEGI SJ E FIEQ ERH
GSRXMRYIH XLIVI QE] PSKMGEPP] FI GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR
WEXMWJ]MRK XLMWWIGXMSR XS XLI TSMRX [LIVIXLI FEV GVSWWIW
XLIQMHHITXLSJXLIQIQFIV
COMMENTARY
G
\
1SQIRX'ETEGMX]
SJ&EVWE
4SMRXWSJ-RJPIGXMSR4-
1SQIRX'ETEGMX]
SJ&EVWF
1SQIRX'YVZI
ld
ddb
ln
ld d

&EVWF
&EVWE 4-
ld
ddb
ddb
Figure CC-2.1-5 — Development of flexural reinforcement in a typical continuous beam
1SQIRX 4SMRXWSJ d b d h/

'YVZI
-RJPIGXMSR4-
ld
d d b
>IVS1SQIRX
8]TMGEP-RXIVQIHMEXI
*PSSV
d
Figure CC-2.1-6 — Development of flexural reinforcement in a typical wall

C-86 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1.7.4.1.4 'SRXMRYMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX 2.1.7.4.1.4 4IEO WXVIWWIW I\MWX MR XLI

WLEPPI\XIRHEHMWXERGI ldFI]SRHXLITSMRX[LIVIFIRXSV VIQEMRMRK FEVW[LIVIZIV EHNEGIRX FEVWEVI GYX SJJ SV FIRX MR
XIVQMREXIHXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSPSRKIVVIUYMVIH XS XIRWMSR VIKMSRW -R *MKYVI '' ER w\x QEVO MW YWIH XS
VIWMWXJPI\YVIEWVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSV MRHMGEXI XLI TIEO WXVIWW TSMRXW VIQEMRMRK MR GSRXMRYMRK FEVW
EJXIVTEVXSJXLIFEVWLEZIFIIRGYXSJJ-JFEVWEVIGYXSJJEW
WLSVXEWXLIQSQIRXHMEKVEQWEPPS[XLIWIWXVIWWIWFIGSQIXLI
JYPPFs [LMGLVIUYMVIWEJYPPIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLEWMRHMGEXIH
8LMWI\XIRWMSRQE]I\GIIHXLIPIRKXLVIUYMVIHJSVJPI\YVI
2.1.7.4.1.5 *PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP 2.1.7.4.1.5 )ZMHIRGI SJ VIHYGIH WLIEV
RSX FI XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI YRPIWW SRI SJ XLI WXVIRKXL ERH PSWW SJ HYGXMPMX] [LIR FEVW EVI GYX SJJ MR E
JSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWMWWEXMWJMIH XIRWMSR ^SRI LEW FIIR VITSVXIH MR 6IJIVIRGI %W E
VIWYPXXLMW'SHIHSIW RSXTIVQMX JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX XS
E 7LIEV EX XLI GYXSJJ TSMRX HSIW RSX I\GIIH X[SXLMVHW
FI XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI YRPIWW WTIGMEP GSRHMXMSRW
SJXLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEVEXXLIWIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIH
EVI WEXMWJMIH *PI\YVI GVEGOW XIRH XS STIR IEVP] [LIVIZIV
F 7XMVVYT EVIE MR I\GIWW SJ XLEX VIUYMVIH JSV WLIEV MW ER] VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW XIVQMREXIH MR E XIRWMSR ^SRI -J XLI
TVSZMHIH EPSRK IEGL XIVQMREXIH FEV SV [MVI SZIV E WXVIWWMRXLIGSRXMRYMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXLIWLIEVWXVIRKXL
HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI XIVQMREXMSR TSMRX IUYEP XS XLVII EVI IEGL RIEV XLIMV PMQMXMRK ZEPYIW HMEKSREP XIRWMSR
JSYVXLW XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV )\GIWW GVEGOMRK XIRHW XS HIZIPST TVIQEXYVIP] JVSQ XLIWI JPI\YVI
WXMVVYT EVIE Av WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER bw s/fy GVEGOW(MEKSREPGVEGOWEVIPIWWPMOIP]XSJSVQ[LIVIWLIEV
7TEGMRK sWLEPPRSXI\GIIHd/ ßb WXVIWWMWPS[%PS[IVWXIIPWXVIWWVIHYGIWXLITVSFEFMPMX]SJ
G 'SRXMRYSYW VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIW HSYFPI XLI EVIE WYGLHMEKSREPGVEGOMRK
VIUYMVIHJSVJPI\YVIEXXLIGYXSJJTSMRXERHWLIEVHSIW
RSX I\GIIH XLVIIJSYVXLW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV EX XLI
WIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIH
2.1.7.4.1.6 %RGLSVEKI GSQTP]MRK 2.1.7.4.1.6 -R GSVFIPW HIIT JPI\YVEP
[MXL 7IGXMSR SV WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH JSV QIQFIVW ZEVMEFPIHITXL EVGLIW QIQFIVW [LIVI XLI
XIRWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GSVFIPW HIIT JPI\YVEP QIQFIVW XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTEVEPPIP[MXLXLIGSQTVIWWMSR
ZEVMEFPIHITXL EVGLIW QIQFIVW [LIVI JPI\YVEP JEGI SV SXLIV MRWXERGIW [LIVI XLI WXIIP WXVIWW fs MR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXTEVEPPIP[MXLXLIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGIERH JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHSIWRSXZEV]PMRIEVP]MRTVSTSVXMSR
MRSXLIVGEWIW[LIVIXLIWXVIWWMRJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXHSIW XSXLIQSQIRX WTIGMEPQIERWSJEREP]WMW WLSYPHFIYWIH
RSXZEV]PMRIEVP]XLVSYKLXLIHITXLSJXLIWIGXMSR XSHIXIVQMRIXLITIEOWXVIWWJSVTVSTIVHIZIPSTQIRXSJXLI
JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
2.1.7.4.2 Development of positive moment 2.1.7.4.2 Development of positive moment
reinforcement{;LIRE[EPPSVSXLIVJPI\YVEPQIQFIVMW reinforcement { ;LIR E JPI\YVEP QIQFIV MW TEVX SJ XLI
TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EX PIEWX PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ PSEHW KVIEXIV XLER XLSWI
TIVGIRXSJXLITSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPI\XIRH ERXMGMTEXIH MR HIWMKR QE] GEYWI VIZIVWEP SJ QSQIRX EX
MRXSXLIWYTTSVXERHFIERGLSVIHXSHIZIPSTFsMRXIRWMSR WYTTSVXW%WEGSRWIUYIRGIWSQITSWMXMZIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
MW VIUYMVIH XS FI ERGLSVIH MRXS XLI WYTTSVX 8LMW
ERGLSVEKI EWWYVIW HYGXMPMX] SJ VIWTSRWI MR XLI IZIRX SJ
WIVMSYW SZIVWXVIWW WYGL EW JVSQFPEWX SV IEVXLUYEOI8LI
YWI SJ QSVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX PS[IV WXVIWWIW MW RSX
WYJJMGMIRX8LIJYPPERGLSVEKIVIUYMVIQIRXHSIWRSXETTP]
XSI\GIWWVIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHEXXLIWYTTSVX
2.1.7.4.3 Development of negative moment 2.1.7.4.3 Development of negative moment
reinforcement reinforcement { 2IKEXMZI VIMRJSVGIQIRX QYWX FI
2.1.7.4.3.1 2IKEXMZI QSQIRX TVSTIVP]ERGLSVIHFI]SRHXLIWYTTSVXJEGIWF]I\XIRHMRK
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E GSRXMRYSYW VIWXVEMRIH SV GERXMPIZIV XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ld MRXS XLI WYTTSVX 3XLIV QIXLSHW SJ
QIQFIV WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH MR SV XLVSYKL XLI WYTTSVXMRK ERGLSVMRK MRGPYHI XLI YWI SJ E WXERHEVH LSSO SV WYMXEFPI
QIQFIVMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR QIGLERMGEPHIZMGI
2.1.7.4.3.2 %X PIEWX SRIXLMVH SJ XLI 7IGXMSR TVSZMHIW JSV TSWWMFPI WLMJXMRK SJ
XSXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHJSVQSQIRXEXEWYTTSVXWLEPP XLIQSQIRXHMEKVEQEXETSMRXSJMRJPIGXMSREWHMWGYWWIH
I\XIRHFI]SRHXLITSMRXSJMRJPIGXMSRXLIKVIEXIVHMWXERGI YRHIV 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX
SJ XLI IJJIGXMZI HITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV SV SRIWM\XIIRXL SJ QE] I\GIIH XLEX SJ 7IGXMSR ERH XLI QSVI
XLIWTER VIWXVMGXMZIKSZIVRW
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1.7.5 Hooks 2.1.7.5 Hooks

2.1.7.5.1 7XERHEVHLSSOW MRXIRWMSRWLEPP FI 2.1.7.5.1 -RIEVPMIVZIVWMSRWSJXLI'SHIXLI
GSRWMHIVIH XS HIZIPST ER IUYMZEPIRX IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL le EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIZIPSTIH F] E WXERHEVH LSSO TWM
IUYEPXSdb 14E [EWXLIEGGITXIHTIVQMWWMFPIZEPYIMRQEWSRV]
HIWMKR 7YFWXMXYXMRK XLMW ZEPYI MRXS )UYEXMSR VIWYPXIH
MRERIUYMZEPIRXIQFIHQIRXPIRKXLSJ db 8LMWZEPYI
[EW PIWWXLER LEPJXLEX KMZIRMR 6IJIVIRGI ,S[IZIV
WMRGI XLI TVSZMWMSRW JSV HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL EVI RS[ XLI
WEQI JSV 'LETXIVW ERH XLILSSO TVSZMWMSRW [IVI EPWS
GLERKIHXSFIXLIWEQIFIGEYWIXLILSSOWQYWXEGLMIZIXLI
WEQI PIZIP SJ TIVJSVQERGI 6IJIV XS 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR
JSVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSRSRLSSOW
2.1.7.5.2 8LI IJJIGX SJ LSSOW JSV FEVW MR 2.1.7.5.2 -R GSQTVIWWMSR LSSOW EVI
GSQTVIWWMSRWLEPPFIRIKPIGXIHMRHIWMKRGSQTYXEXMSRW MRIJJIGXMZIERHGERRSXFIYWIHEWERGLSVEKI
2.1.7.6 Development of shear reinforcement 2.1.7.6 Development of shear reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1 Bar and wire reinforcement 2.1.7.6.1 Bar and wire reinforcement
2.1.7.6.1.1 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP 2.1.7.6.1.1 7XMVVYTW QYWX FI GEVVMIH EW
I\XIRHXSEHMWXERGIdJVSQXLII\XVIQIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGI GPSWIXS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ XLI QIQFIV EW TSWWMFPI
ERH WLEPP FI GEVVMIH EW GPSWI XS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR ERH FIGEYWI RIEV YPXMQEXI PSEH JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR GVEGOW
XIRWMSRWYVJEGIWSJXLIQIQFIVEWGSZIVVIUYMVIQIRXWERH TIRIXVEXIHIITP]
XLI TVS\MQMX] SJ SXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIVQMX 7LIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH EX FSXL IRHW JSV MXW
GEPGYPEXIHWXVIWW
2.1.7.6.1.2 8LI IRHW SJ WMRKPIPIK SV 2.1.7.6.1.2 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFIERGLSVIHF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW ERGLSVEKISJ9WXMVVYTWJSVHIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWERH
HIJSVQIH[MVIEVIMPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI''
E %WXERHEVHLSSOTPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJld
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPPFIXEOIR 2.1.7.6.1.2(a) ;LIREWXERHEVHLSSO
EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI QMHHITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV MWYWIHldQYWXFITVSZMHIHFIX[IIRdERHXLITSMRX
dERHXLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG] SJXERKIRG]SJXLILSSO
F *SV 2S FEV 1 ERH ( 1( [MVI ERH 8LMWTVSZMWMSRQE]VIUYMVIEVIHYGXMSRMRWMÎERHWTEGMRK
WQEPPIV FIRHMRK EVSYRH PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ[IFVIMRJSVGIQIRXSVERMRGVIEWIMRXLIIJJIGXMZIHITXL
XLVSYKL EX PIEWX HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ SJXLIFIEQJSV[IFVIMRJSVGIQIRXXSFIJYPP]IJJIGXMZI
ld 8LIldIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPP
FI XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR QMHHITXL SJ
QIQFIVdERHWXEVXSJLSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]
ld 1MRMQYQ ld 1MRMQYQ
7II7IGXMSR 0SRKMXYHMREP&EV

4SMRXSJ8ERKIRG] 4SMRXSJ8ERKIRG]
7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR
E F
Figure CC-2.1-7 — Anchorage of U-stirrups (deformed reinforcing bars and deformed wire)
C-88 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.1.7.6.1.3 &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW 2.1.7.6.1.3 and 2.1.7.6.1.5 9WXMVVYTW

IEGLFIRHMRXLIGSRXMRYSYWTSVXMSRSJEXVERWZIVWI9WXMVVYT XLEX IRGPSWI E PSRKMXYHMREP FEV SFZMSYWP] LEZI WYJJMGMIRX
WLEPPIRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV VIWMWXERGIMRXLIXIRWMSR^SRISJXLIQEWSRV]
2.1.7.6.1.4 0SRKMXYHMREP FEVW FIRX XS
EGX EW WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX [LIVI I\XIRHIH MRXS E VIKMSR
SJ XIRWMSR WLEPP FI GSRXMRYSYW [MXL PSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH [LIVI I\XIRHIH MRXS E VIKMSR SJ
GSQTVIWWMSR WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH FI]SRH QMHHITXLSJXLI
QIQFIVd
2.1.7.6.1.5 4EMVW SJ 9WXMVVYTW SV XMIW
TPEGIHXSJSVQEGPSWIHYRMXWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHTVSTIVP]
WTPMGIH [LIR PIRKXL SJ PETW EVI ld -R KVSYX EX PIEWX
MR QQ HIIT WYGL WTPMGIW [MXL Av fy RSX QSVI
XLERPF2 TIVPIKWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFI
GSRWMHIVIHEHIUYEXIMJPIKWI\XIRHXLIJYPPEZEMPEFPIHITXL
SJKVSYX
2.1.7.6.2 Welded wire reinforcement 2.1.7.6.2 Welded wire reinforcement {
2.1.7.6.2.1 *SV IEGL PIK SJ [IPHIH %PXLSYKLRSXSJXIRYWIHMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR[IPHIH
[MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX JSVQMRK WMQTPI 9WXMVVYTW XLIVI [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIW E GSRZIRMIRX QIERW SJ
WLEPPFIIMXLIV TPEGMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR E JMPPIH GSPPEV NSMRX 7II
6IJIVIRGIJSVQSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
E 8[S PSRKMXYHMREP[MVIW EXEMR QQ WTEGMRK
EPSRKXLIQIQFIVEXXLIXSTSJXLI9SV
F 3RIPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIPSGEXIHRSXQSVIXLER d JVSQ
XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI ERH E WIGSRH [MVI GPSWIV XS XLI
GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI ERH WTEGIH RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ JVSQXLIJMVWX[MVI8LIWIGSRH[MVIWLEPPFI
PSGEXIHSRXLIWXMVVYTPIKFI]SRHEFIRHSVSREFIRH
[MXLERMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHRSXPIWWXLERdb
2.1.7.6.2.2 *SV IEGLIRHSJ EWMRKPIPIK
WXMVVYT SJ TPEMR SV HIJSVQIH [IPHIH [MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
XLIVIWLEPPFIX[SPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWWTEGIHEQMRMQYQSJ
MRQQ [MXLXLIMRRIV[MVITPEGIHEXEHMWXERGIEX
PIEWXdSVMRQQ JVSQQMHHITXLSJQIQFIVd
3YXIV PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIEXXIRWMSR JEGIWLEPP RSXFIJEVXLIV
JVSQ XLI JEGI XLER XLI TSVXMSR SJ TVMQEV] JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXGPSWIWXXSXLIJEGI
2.1.7.7 Splices of reinforcement — 0ETWTPMGIW 2.1.7.7 Splices of reinforcement { 8LI
[IPHIH WTPMGIW SV QIGLERMGEP WTPMGIW EVI TIVQMXXIH MR MQTSVXERGISJGSRXMRYMX]MRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLVSYKLTVSTIV
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR ;IPHMRK WTPMGIW MW IQTLEWMÎH F] XLI HMJJIVIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI
WLEPPGSRJSVQXS%;7( WXVIWWPIZIPXSFIXVERWJIVVIHMRXLIZEVMSYWX]TIWSJWTPMGIW
2.1.7.7.1 Lap splices 2.1.7.7.1 Lap splices
2.1.7.7.1.1 8LIQMRMQYQ PIRKXLSJPET
JSVFEVWMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
)UYEXMSRFYXRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
2.1.7.7.1.2 ;LIVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX 2.1.7.7.1.2 %R I\XIRWMZI XIWXMRK
GSRWMWXMRK SJ 2S 1 SV PEVKIV FEVW MW TPEGIH TVSKVEQ GSRHYGXIH F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
XVERWZIVWIP][MXLMRXLIPET[MXLEXPIEWXSRIFEVMRGLIW %WWSGMEXMSRERHEHHMXMSREPXIWXMRKHSRIF];EWLMRKXSR
QQ SVPIWWJVSQIEGLIRHSJXLIPETXLIQMRMQYQ 7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] WLS[ XLEX VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH
PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW MR XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR XVERWZIVWI XS PETTIH FEVW GSRXVSPW PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMPI
HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI WTPMXXMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP] 8LIWI XVERZIVWI FEVW
VIHYGIHF]QYPXMTP]MRKF]XLIGSRJMRIQIRXJEGXSV 8LI MRGVIEWIXLIPETTIVJSVQERGIWMKRMJMGERXP]EWPSRKEWXLIVI
GPIEV WTEGI FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERH XLI PETTIH MW EX PIEWX SRI 2S 1 XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGMRK FEV
FEVW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MR QQ ERH XLI XVERWZIVWI TPEGIH [MXLMR MR QQ SJ IEGL IRH SJ XLI WTPMGI
CODE COMMENTARY
FEVW WLEPP FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH MR KVSYXIH QEWSRV] 8LI 8LIWI FEVW QYWX FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH ERH LEZI E GPIEV
VIHYGIHPETWTPMGIPIRKXLWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERdb WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERH XLI PETTIH FEVW
RSXI\GIIHMRKMRQQ 8IWXMRKEPWSMRHMGEXIHXLEX
Asc
)UYEXMSR XLI PET PIRKXL QYWX FI EX PIEWX db SV XLI IJJIGX SJ XLI
d b XVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWQMRMQEP%WEVIWYPXXLMWPMQMX
[EWETTPMIHXSXLIPETPIRKXL8LIXIWXMRKEPWSWLS[IHXLEX
Asc
;LIVI IZIR [LIR QSVI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE MW
d b TVSZMHIH MX FIGSQIW WMKRMJMGERXP] PIWW IJJIGXMZI MR
UYERXMXMIWEFSZIMR QQ 8LYWXLIXVERWIVZWI
AscMWXLIEVIESJXLIXVERWIVZWIFEVWEXIEGLIRHSJXLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE EX IEGL SJ XLI PET Asc MW PMQMXIH XS
PET WTPMGI ERH WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER MR
MRQQ IZIRMJQSVIMWTVSZMHIH
QQ
2.1.7.7.1.3 &EVW WTPMGIH F] RSRGSRXEGX 2.1.7.7.1.3 -J MRHMZMHYEP FEVW MR
PET WTPMGIW WLEPP RSX FI WTEGIH XVERWZIVWIP] JEVXLIV ETEVX RSRGSRXEGX PET WTPMGIW EVI XSS [MHIP] WTEGIH ER
XLER SRIJMJXL XLI VIUYMVIH PIRKXL SJ PET RSV QSVI XLER YRVIMRJSVGIH WIGXMSR MW GVIEXIH [LMGL JSVGIW E TSXIRXMEP
MRQQ GVEGOXSJSPPS[E^MKÊKPMRI0ETWTPMGIWQE]SGGYV[MXL
XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX KVSYXIH GIPPW MJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
XLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
2.1.7.7.2 Welded splices — ;IPHIH WTPMGIW 2.1.7.7.2 Welded splices { % JYPP [IPHIH
WLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIHXSHIZIPSTMRXIRWMSREX WTPMGI MW TVMQEVMP] MRXIRHIH JSV PEVKI FEVW 2S ?1A
PIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEV ERH PEVKIV MR QEMR QIQFIVW 8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRX SJ TIVGIRX SJ WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MW
MRXIRHIH XS IRWYVI WSYRH [IPHMRK EHIUYEXI EPWS JSV
GSQTVIWWMSR -X MW HIWMVEFPI XLEX WTPMGIW FI GETEFPI SJ
HIZIPSTMRKXLIYPXMQEXIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEVWWTPMGIH
FYX TVEGXMGEP PMQMXEXMSRW QEOI XLMWMHIEP GSRHMXMSRHMJJMGYPX
XSEXXEMR8LIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIWWYWIHMRHIWMKR
YRHIV XLMW 'SHI MW FEWIH YTSR ]MIPH WXVIRKXL 8S IRWYVI
WYJJMGMIRX WXVIRKXL MR WTPMGIW WS XLEX FVMXXPI JEMPYVI GER FI
EZSMHIH XLI TIVGIRX MRGVIEWI EFSZI XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH
WXVIRKXL [EW WIPIGXIH EW FSXL ER EHIUYEXI QMRMQYQ JSV
WEJIX]ERHETVEGXMGEFPIQE\MQYQJSVIGSRSQ]
2.1.7.7.3 Mechanical splices { 2.1.7.7.3 Mechanical splices — *YPP
1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS QIGLERMGEPWTPMGIWEVI EPWSVIUYMVIHXSHIZIPSTTIVGIRX
HIZIPST MR XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR EW VIUYMVIH EX PIEWX SJ XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MR XIRWMSRSV GSQTVIWWMSR EW VIUYMVIH
TIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIFEV JSVXLIWEQIVIEWSRWHMWGYWWIHJSVJYPP[IPHIHWTPMGIW
2.1.7.7.4 End-bearing splices 2.1.7.7.4 End-bearing splices {
2.1.7.7.4.1 -R FEVW VIUYMVIH JSV )\TIVMIRGI [MXL IRHFIEVMRK WTPMGIW LEW FIIR EPQSWX
GSQTVIWWMSRSRP] XLIXVERWQMWWMSRSJ GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW I\GPYWMZIP] [MXL ZIVXMGEP FEVW MR GSPYQRW -J FEVW EVI
F] FIEVMRK SJ WUYEVI GYX IRHW LIPH MR GSRGIRXVMG GSRXEGX WMKRMJMGERXP]MRGPMRIHJVSQXLIZIVXMGEPWTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRMW
F]EWYMXEFPIHIZMGIMWTIVQMXXIH VIUYMVIH XS IRWYVI XLEX EHIUYEXI IRHFIEVMRK GSRXEGX GER
FI EGLMIZIH ERH QEMRXEMRIH 8LI PEXIVEP XMI VIUYMVIQIRXW
2.1.7.7.4.2 &EV IRHW WLEPP XIVQMREXI MR
TVIZIRXIRHFIEVMRKWTPMGIWJVSQWPMHMRK
JPEXWYVJEGIW[MXLMRHIKVIISJEVMKLXERKPIXSXLIE\MW
SJ XLI FEVW ERH WLEPP FI JMXXIH [MXLMR HIKVIIW SJ JYPP
FIEVMRKEJXIVEWWIQFP]
2.1.7.7.4.3 )RHFIEVMRKWTPMGIWWLEPPFI
YWIHSRP]MRQIQFIVWGSRXEMRMRKGPSWIHXMIWGPSWIH
WXMVVYTWSVWTMVEPW
C-90 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.2 — Unreinforced masonry 2.2 — Unreinforced masonry

8LMW WIGXMSR TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH 8LMW WIGXMSR TVSZMHIW JSV XLI HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV]
QEWSRV] EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR I\GITX EW SXLIV[MWI QIQFIVWMR[LMGLXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWRSXI\GIIHMRKEPPS[EFPI
MRHMGEXIHMR7IGXMSR PMQMXW EVI VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV] 8LMW LEW TVIZMSYWP]
FIIRVIJIVVIHXSEWYRVIMRJSVGIHSVTPEMRQEWSRV]*PI\YVEP
XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW QE] VIWYPX JVSQ FIRHMRK QSQIRXW JVSQ
IGGIRXVMGZIVXMGEPPSEHWSVJVSQPEXIVEPPSEHW
% JYRHEQIRXEP TVIQMWI MW XLEX YRHIV XLI IJJIGXW SJ
HIWMKR PSEHW QEWSRV] VIQEMRW YRGVEGOIH 7XVIWWIW HYI XS
VIWXVEMRXEKEMRWXHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRXXIQTIVEXYVIGLERKI
QSMWXYVII\TERWMSRERHWLVMROEKIGSQFMRI[MXLXLIHIWMKR
PSEHWXVIWWIW7XVIWWIWHYIXSVIWXVEMRXWLSYPHFIGSRXVSPPIH
F]NSMRXWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRXIGLRMUYIWXSIRWYVIXLEXXLI
GSQFMRIHWXVIWWIWHSRSXI\GIIHXLIEPPS[EFPI
2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement 2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement
8LIIJJIGXSJWXVIWWIWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIRIKPIGXIH 6IMRJSVGIQIRX QE] FI TPEGIH MR QEWSRV] [EPPW XS
GSRXVSP XLI IJJIGXW SJ QSZIQIRXW JVSQ XIQTIVEXYVI
GLERKIWSVWLVMROEKI
2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure 2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure
2.2.3.1 1IQFIVWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR 2.2.3.1 *SV E QIQFIV WSPIP] WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP
JPI\YVISVXSGSQFMRIHE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERHJPI\YVIWLEPP PSEHXLIVIWYPXMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWfaWLSYPHRSXI\GIIH
FIHIWMKRIHXSWEXMWJ])UYEXMSRERH)UYEXMSR XLIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWFa MRSXLIV[SVHWfa /Fa
WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH 7MQMPEVP] MR E QIQFIV WYFNIGXIH
fa fb
)UYEXMSR WSPIP]XSFIRHMRKXLIVIWYPXMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWfbMRXLI
Fa Fb I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH XLI
EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW Fb SV EKEMR fb / Fb WLSYPH
P
Pe )UYEXMSR RSXI\GIIH
[LIVI 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX YRHIV GSQFMRIH E\MEP ERH
E *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER JPI\YVI PSEHW XLI WYQ SJ XLI UYSXMIRXW SJ XLI VIWYPXMRK
GSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWIWXSXLIEPPS[EFPIfa /Fa + fb /Fb HSIW
RSX I\GIIH 8LMW YRMX] MRXIVEGXMSR IUYEXMSR MW E WMQTPI
h
Fa
fm )UYEXMSR TSVXMSRMRKSJXLIEZEMPEFPIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWXSXLIETTPMIH
r PSEHW ERH MW YWIH XS HIWMKR QEWSRV] JSV GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWWIW 8LI YRMX] JSVQYPE GER FI I\XIRHIH [LIR FME\MEP
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER FIRHMRKMWTVIWIRXF]VITPEGMRKXLIFIRHMRKWXVIWWUYSXMIRXW
[MXLXLIUYSXMIRXWSJXLIGEPGYPEXIHFIRHMRKWXVIWWSZIVXLI
r EPPS[EFPIFIRHMRKWXVIWWJSVFSXLE\IW
Fa
fm )UYEXMSR
h
-RXLMWMRXIVEGXMSRIUYEXMSRWIGSRHEV]FIRHMRKIJJIGXW
G Fb fm )UYEXMSR VIWYPXMRKJVSQ XLI E\MEPPSEHEVIMKRSVIH%QSVIEGGYVEXI

IUYEXMSR [SYPH MRGPYHI XLI YWI SJ E QSQIRX QEKRMJMIV
2 3 ETTPMIHXSXLIJPI\YVIXIVQfb /Fb %PXLSYKLEZSMHERGISJE
E m I e
H Pe = )UYEXMSR QSQIRXQEKRMJMIVXIVQGERTVSHYGIYRGSRWIVZEXMZIVIWYPXW
h2 r MR WSQI GEWIW XLI GSQQMXXII HIGMHIH RSX XS MRGPYHI XLMW
XIVQMR)UYEXMSRJSVXLIJSPPS[MRKVIEWSRW
y %X PEVKIV h/r ZEPYIW[LIVIQSQIRX QEKRMJMGEXMSRMW
QSVIGVMXMGEPXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEPPSEHSRXLIQIQFIV
MWPMQMXIHF]'SHI)UYEXMSR
y *SV XLI TVEGXMGEP VERKI SJ h/r ZEPYIW IVVSVW MRHYGIH
F]MKRSVMRKXLIQSQIRXQEKRMJMIVMWVIPEXMZIP]WQEPP
PIWWXLERTIVGIRX
y 8LI SZIVEPP WEJIX] JEGXSV SJ MRGPYHIH MR XLI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW IUYEXMSRW MW WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI XS
CODE COMMENTARY
EPPS[XLMWWMQTPMJMGEXMSRMRXLIHIWMKRTVSGIHYVI
8LI VIUYMVIQIRX SJ )UYEXMSR XLEX XLI E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIPSEHPRSXI\GIIH SJXLIFYGOPMRKPSEHPe
VITPEGIWXLIEVFMXVEV] YTTIVPMQMXWSRWPIRHIVRIWWYWIHMR
%'-
8LITYVTSWISJ)UYEXMSRMWXSWEJIKYEVHEKEMRWXE
TVIQEXYVI WXEFMPMX] JEMPYVI GEYWIH F] IGGIRXVMGEPP] ETTPMIH
E\MEPPSEH8LIIUYEXMSRMWRSXMRXIRHIHXSFIYWIHXSGLIGO
EHIUYEG] JSV GSQFMRIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI
8LIVIJSVIMR)UYEXMSRXLIZEPYISJXLIIGGIRXVMGMX]wex
XLEXMWXSFIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIPeMWXLIEGXYEPIGGIRXVMGMX]SJ
XLIETTPMIH GSQTVIWWMZIPSEH 8LIZEPYISJwexMWRSXXSFI
GEPGYPEXIH EW Mmax HMZMHIH F] P [LIVI Mmax MW E QSQIRX
GEYWIHF]SXLIVXLERIGGIRXVMGPSEH
)UYEXMSR MW ER IWWIRXMEP GLIGO FIGEYWI XLI
EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW JSV QIQFIVW [MXL ER h/r
VEXMSMRI\GIWWSJLEWFIIRHIZIPSTIHEWWYQMRKSRP]E
RSQMREPIGGIRXVMGMX]SJXLIGSQTVIWWMZIPSEH8LYW[LIR
XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH I\GIIHW XLI
QMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t )UYEXMSR [MPP
SZIVIWXMQEXI XLI EPPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW ERH
)UYEXMSRQE]GSRXVSP
8LI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW ZEPYIW JSV Fa TVIWIRXIH MR
)UYEXMSRW ERH EVI FEWIH SR ER EREP]WMW SJ XLI
VIWYPXWSJE\MEPPSEHXIWXWTIVJSVQIHSRGPE]ERHGSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]IPIQIRXW%JMXSJERIQTMVMGEPGYVZIXSXLMWXIWX
HEXE *MKYVI '' MRHMGEXIW XLEX QIQFIVW LEZMRK ER
h/rVEXMSRSXI\GIIHMRKJEMPYRHIVPSEHWFIPS[XLI)YPIV
FYGOPMRKPSEHEXEWXVIWWPIZIPIUYEPXS

f m h r WEQI[MXL7-YRMXW
8LYW JSV QIQFIVWLEZMRKER h/r VEXMS RSXI\GIIHMRK
XLMW 'SHI EPPS[W E\MEP PSEH WXVIWWIW RSX I\GIIHMRK SJ
XLIEJSVIQIRXMSRIHJEMPYVIWXVIWW
%TTP]MRK XLI )YPIV XLISV] SJ FYGOPMRK XS QIQFIVW
LEZMRK VIWMWXERGI MR GSQTVIWWMSR FYX RSX MR XIRWMSR
6IJIVIRGIW ERH WLS[ XLEX JSV E WSPMH
WIGXMSR XLI GVMXMGEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH JSV XLIWI QIQFIVW
GERFII\TVIWWIHF]XLIJSVQYPE

Pe E m I n h e t WEQI[MXL7-YRMXW
MR[LMGL
In ! YRGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXME
e ! IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI PSEH [MXL
VIWTIGX XS XLI QIQFIV PSRKMXYHMREP
GIRXVSMHEPE\MW
-R XLI HIVMZEXMSR SJ XLMW FYGOPMRK PSEH IUYEXMSR
XIRWMSRGVEGOMRKMWEWWYQIHXSSGGYVTVMSVXSJEMPYVI
*SV h/rZEPYIWMRI\GIWWSJXLIPMQMXIHXIWXHEXEMW
ETTVS\MQEXIHF]XLIFYGOPMRKPSEH
C-92 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
*SV E WSPMH VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSR r ! t 1EOMRK

XLMWWYFWXMXYXMSRMRXSXLIFYGOPMRKPSEHIUYEXMSRKMZIW

Em I n e
Pe )UYEXMSR
h r
8VERWJSVQMRKXLIFYGOPMRKIUYEXMSRYWMRKEQMRMQYQ
IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t JVSQ 7IGXMSR ERH ER IPEWXMG
QSHYPYWIUYEPXSf m ,XLIE\MEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEX

FYGOPMRK JEMPYVI EQSYRXW ETTVS\MQEXIP] XS r h f m
%X XLI XMQI SJ XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR XLI
GSQQMXXII LEH RSX HIZIPSTIH E VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR Em
ERH f m WS XLI XVEHMXMSREP VIPEXMSRWLMT SJ Em!f m
[EWYWIH8LIWEQIIUYEXMSRGERFIHIZIPSTIHYWMRK
Em!f m ERH ER IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ t8LYW JSV
QIQFIVW LEZMRK ER h/r VEXMS MR I\GIWW SJ XLMW 'SHI
EPPS[WER E\MEP PSEHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW RSX I\GIIHMRK
SJXLMWJEMPYVIWXVIWW)UYEXMSR
*PI\YVI XIWXW SJ QEWSRV] XS JEMPYVI LEZI
WLS[R XLEX XLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEX JEMPYVI
GSQTYXIH F] XLI WXVEMKLXPMRI XLISV] I\GIIHW XLEX SJ
QEWSRV] JEMPMRK YRHIV E\MEP PSEH 8LMW TLIRSQIRSR MW
EXXVMFYXIH XS XLI VIWXVEMRMRK IJJIGX SJ PIWW LMKLP] WXVEMRIH
GSQTVIWWMZIJMFIVWSRXLIJMFIVWSJQE\MQYQGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVEMR 8LMW IJJIGX MW PIWW TVSRSYRGIH MR LSPPS[ QEWSRV]
XLER WSPMH QEWSRV] LS[IZIV XLI XIWX HEXE MRHMGEXI XLEX
GSQTYXIH F] XLI WXVEMKLXPMRI XLISV] XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWW EX JEMPYVI MR LSPPS[ QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI
I\GIIHWF] XLEXSJXLIQEWSRV]YRHIVE\MEPPSEH8LYW
XSQEMRXEMREJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJMRHIWMKRXLIGSQQMXXII
GSRWMHIVIH MX GSRWIVZEXMZI XS IWXEFPMWL XLI EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRJPI\YVIEW
fb

fm
fm
8IWX6IWYPXW

h
l
r

r
h

*MXXS
8IWX(EXE
7XEFMPMX]

*EMPYVI

h
t

h
r
Figure CC-2.2-1 — Slenderness effects on axial compressive strength

CODE COMMENTARY
2.2.3.2 Bending — %PPS[EFPI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW 2.2.3.2 Bending —4VMSVXSXLIIHMXMSRSJXLI

JSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWWYFNIGXIHXSSYXSJTPERISVMRTPERI 'SHI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW [IVI TIVQMXXIH XS FI MRGVIEWIH F]
FIRHMRK WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI ZEPYIW MR 8EFPI SRIXLMVH [LIR GSRWMHIVMRK PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK
*SV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH [MRHSVWIMWQMGPSEHW9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][EPPWHIWMKRIH
XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI FIH NSMRXW WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI YRHIVGSHIWXLEXTIVQMXXIHXLISRIXLMVHWXVIWWMRGVIEWILEZI
VIWMWXIH SRP] F] XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ LEHEGGITXEFPITIVJSVQERGI,S[IZIVVEXLIVXLEREVFMXVEVMP]
GSRXMRYSYWKVSYXXLEXMWTEVEPPIPXSXLIFIHNSMRXW MRGVIEWMRKXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWF]SRIXLMVH
XLI'SQQMXXIIEWWIWWIHXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
YWMRK E VIPMEFMPMX]FEWIH ETTVSEGL XS WII MJ ER MRGVIEWI MR
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWMWNYWXMJMIH/MQERH&IRRIXXTIVJSVQIH
EVIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW MR[LMGLXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW [EW
EWWYQIH XS JSPPS[ E PSKRSVQEP HMWXVMFYXMSR 8LI] YWIH E
QIERJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIEPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI
WXVIWW MR XLI 'SHI QYPXMTPMIH F] FEWIH SR XLI
I\EQMREXMSRSJJYPPWGEPIXIWXWVITSVXIHMRXLIPMXIVEXYVI
'SIJJMGMIRXWSJZEVMEXMSRWJSVHMJJIVIRXHEXEWIXWIKWTIGMJMG
QSVXEV X]TI ERH HMVIGXMSR SJ PSEHMRK VERKIH JVSQ XS
[MXL E [IMKLXIH EZIVEKI SJ 8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
ZEVMEXMSRSJYWIHF]/MQERH&IRRIXXMWKVIEXIVXLER
YWIH MR TVIZMSYW WXYHMIW *SV I\EQTPI )PPMRK[SSH IX EP
YWIH E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ ERH 7XI[EVX ERH
0E[VIRGIYWIHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJ/MQERH
&IRRIXXJIPXXLSYKLXLEXEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJMW
QSVI VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ JMIPH GSRHMXMSRW 8LI PSKRSVQEP
HMWXVMFYXMSR [EW HIXIVQMRIH F] GSQTEVMRK XLI %RHIVWSR
(EVPMRK WXEXMWXMG JSV RSVQEP PSKRSVQEP ERH ;IMFYPP
TVSFEFMPMX] HMWXVMFYXMSRW *SV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
WYFNIGXIHXS [MRH PSEHMRK ERH HIWMKRIH YWMRK XLISRIXLMVH
WXVIWW MRGVIEWI XLI VIPMEFMPMX] MRHI\ [EW HIXIVQMRIH XS FI
8LMW MW WPMKLXP] KVIEXIV XLER XLI ZEPYI SJ XLEX MW
X]TMGEPJSVXLIHIWMKRSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPW)PPMRK[SSHIXEP
8LI VIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW F] /MQ ERH &IRRIXX EWWYQIH XLI
E\MEPPSEH[EWÎVS[LMGLMWXLI[SVWXGEWI;MXLMRGVIEWMRK
E\MEP PSEH [LMGL LEW E PS[IV GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR XLER
XLI VIPMEFMPMX] MRHI\ [SYPH MRGVIEWI &EWIH SR XLMW
VIPMEFMPMX] EREP]WMW XLI 'SHI GSQQMXXII JIPX NYWXMJMIH MR
MRGVIEWMRKXLI EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI WXVIWWIW F] EJEGXSV
SJ XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV XLI IPMQMREXMSR SJ XLI TVIZMSYWP]
TIVQMXXIHSRIXLMVHWXVIWWMRGVIEWI
1SVXEV GIQIRX MW E TVSHYGX XLEX LEW FSRH WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX LEZI FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH XS TVSZMHI
GSQTEVEFPI JPI\YVEP FSRHWXVIRKXL XS XLEX EGLMIZIHYWMRK
TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
*SV QEWSRV] GIQIRX ERH EMV IRXVEMRIH TSVXPERH
GIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVXLIVIEVIRSGSRGPYWMZIVIWIEVGLHEXE
ERHLIRGIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWEVIFEWIH SRI\MWXMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWMRSXLIVGSHIW
C-94 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
Table 2.2.3.2 — Allowable flexural tensile stresses for clay and concrete masonry, psi (kPa)
Mortar types
Direction of flexural tensile
stress and masonry type Portland cement/lime or Masonry cement or air entrained
mortar cement portland cement/lime
M or S N M or S N
2SVQEPXSFIHNSMRXW
7SPMHYRMXW
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIH
*YPP]KVSYXIH
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRVYRRMRK
FSRH
7SPMHYRMXW
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIHERHTEVXMEPP]
KVSYXIH
*YPP]KVSYXIH
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]
RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH
'SRXMRYSYWKVSYXWIGXMSR
TEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXW
3XLIV
*SVTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHSRXLIFEWMWSJPMRIEVMRXIVTSPEXMSRFIX[IIR
JYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWERHYRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWFEWIHSREQSYRXTIVGIRXEKI SJKVSYXMRK
CODE COMMENTARY
8LI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW PMWXIH EVI JSV XIRWMSR HYI XS

JPI\YVIYRHIVSYXSJTPERISVMRTPERIPSEHMRK;LMPIMXMW
VIGSKRMÎHXLEXMRTPERIERHSYXSJTPERIWXVEMR KVEHMIRXW
EVI HMJJIVIRX EX XLIWI PS[ WXVIWW PIZIPW XLMW IJJIGX WLSYPH
FI WQEPP *PI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW GER FI SJJWIX F] E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW FYX XLI VIWYPXERX XIRWMPI WXVIWW HYI XS
GSQFMRIH FIRHMRK ERH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR GERRSX I\GIIH
XLI EPPS[EFPI JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWW :EVMEFPIW EJJIGXMRK
XIRWMPI FSRH WXVIRKXL SJ FVMGO QEWSRV] RSVQEP XS FIH
NSMRXW MRGPYHI QSVXEV TVSTIVXMIW YRMX MRMXMEP VEXI SJ
EFWSVTXMSR WYVJEGI GSRHMXMSR [SVOQERWLMT ERH GYVMRK
GSRHMXMSR *SV XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS FIH NSMRXW XLI WXVIRKXL
ERHKISQIXV]SJXLIYRMXWEPWSEJJIGXXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL
,MWXSVMGEPP] QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW
FIIR EWWYQIH XS LEZI RS JPI\YVEP FSRH WXVIRKXL EGVSWW
QSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXWXLYW XLIKVSYXEVIEEPSRIMWYWIHXS
VIWMWX FIRHMRK )\EQTPIW SJ GSRXMRYSYW KVSYX TEVEPPIP XS
XLIFIHNSMRXWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8IWXHEXEYWMRKEFSRH[VIRGLVIZIEPIHXIRWMPI
FSRH WXVIRKXL RSVQEP XS FIH NSMRXW VERKMRK JVSQ TWM
O4E XS TWM O4E 8LMW [MHI VERKI MW
EXXVMFYXIHXSXLIQYPXMXYHISJTEVEQIXIVW EJJIGXMRKXIRWMPI
FSRHWXVIRKXL
CODE COMMENTARY
8IWXVIWYPXW WLS[XLEXQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEVW
ERH QSVXEVW [MXL LMKL EMV GSRXIRX KIRIVEPP] LEZI PS[IV
FSRHWXVIRKXLXLERTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVW
8IWXW GSRHYGXIH F] ,EQMH WLS[ XLI WMKRMJMGERX
IJJIGXSJXLIEWTIGXVEXMSLIMKLXXSPIEWXHMQIRWMSR SJXLI
FVMGOYRMXSRXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL8LIMRGVIEWIMR
XLIEWTIGXVEXMSSJXLIYRMXVIWYPXWMRERMRGVIEWIMRWXVIRKXL
TEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWERHEHIGVIEWIMRWXVIRKXLRSVQEPXS
FIHNSMRXW
6IWIEVGL [SVO SR JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]LEWWLS[RXLEXKVSYXMRKLEWEWMKRMJMGERXIJJIGXMR
MRGVIEWMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SZIV YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] %
XLVIIJSPH MRGVIEWI MR XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL RSVQEP XS FIH NSMRXW
[EW EGLMIZIH YWMRK JMRI KVSYX EW GSQTEVIH XS YRKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] 8LI VIWYPXW EPWS WLS[ XLEX [MXLMR E TVEGXMGEP
VERKISJWXVIRKXLXLIEGXYEPWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXMWRSXSJQENSV
MQTSVXERGI*SVXIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWETIVGIRX
MRGVIEWI MR JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL [EW EGLMIZIH F] KVSYXMRK XLI
GIPPW +VSYX GSVIW GLERKI XLI JEMPYVI QSHI JVSQ
WXITTIH[MWI GVEGOMRK EPSRK XLI FIH ERH LIEH NSMRXW JSV
LSPPS[[EPPWXSEWXVEMKLXPMRITEXLEPSRKXLILIEHNSMRXWERH
YRMXJSVKVSYXIH[EPPW
6IWIEVGL LEW WLS[R XLEX JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ
YRVIMRJSVGIHKVSYXIHGSRGVIXIERHGPE]QEWSRV]MWPEVKIP]
MRHITIRHIRXSJQSVXEVX]TISVGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
*SV TEVXMEP KVSYXMRK XLI JSSXRSXI TIVQMXW MRXIVTSPEXMSR
FIX[IIR XLI JYPP] KVSYXIH ZEPYI ERH XLI LSPPS[ YRMX ZEPYI
FEWIH SR XLI TIVGIRXEKI SJ KVSYXMRK % GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
[EPP [MXL 8]TI 7 TSVXPERH GIQIRXPMQI QSVXEV KVSYXIH
TIVGIRXERHWXVIWWIHRSVQEPXSXLIFIHNSMRXW[SYPHLEZI
ER EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW QMH[E] FIX[IIR TWM O4E ERH
TWM O4E LIRGI ER EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW SJ TWM
O4E
8LITVIWIRGISJJPEWLMRKERHSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWEXXLIFEWI
SJ XLI [EPP GER WMKRMJMGERXP] VIHYGI XLI JPI\YVEP FSRH 8LI
ZEPYIWMRXLMW8EFPIETTP]SRP]XSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
HIZIPSTIHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX
8STTSVXMSRSJ
[IFVIQSZIH
1MRMQYQGVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJGSRXMRYSYWKVSYX
Figure CC-2.2-2 — Continuous grout sections parallel to the bed joints

C-96 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.2.4 Axial tension 2.2.4 Axial tension

8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 2IX E\MEP XIRWMSR MR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] [EPPW HYI
WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] MW XSE\MEPP]ETTPMIH PSEH EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH -J E\MEP XIRWMSR
WYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW HIZIPSTW MR [EPPW HYI XS YTPMJX SJ GSRRIGXIH VSSJW SV
JPSSVW XLI [EPPW QYWX FI VIMRJSVGIH XS VIWMWX XLI XIRWMSR
'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW JVSQ HIEHPSEHGER FI YWIH XS SJJWIX
E\MEPXIRWMSR
2.2.5 Shear 2.2.5 Shear
8LVIIQSHIWSJWLIEVJEMPYVIMRYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
EVITSWWMFPI
E (MEKSREPXIRWMSRGVEGOWJSVQXLVSYKLXLIQSVXEVERH
QEWSRV]YRMXW
F 7PMHMRKSGGYVWEPSRKEWXVEMKLXGVEGOEXLSVM^SRXEPFIH
NSMRXW
G 7XITTIH GVEGOW JSVQ EPXIVREXMRK JVSQ LIEH NSMRX XS
FIHNSMRX
-R XLI EFWIRGI SJ WYMXEFPI VIWIEVGL HEXE XLI
GSQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW XLEX XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW
ZEPYIWKMZIRMR'SHI7IGXMSRFIYWIHJSVPMQMXMRK
SYXSJTPERIWLIEVWXVIWWIW
2.2.5.1 7LIEVWXVIWWIWHYIXSJSVGIWEGXMRKMRXLI 2.2.5.1 8LI XLISVIXMGEP TEVEFSPMG WXVIWW
HMVIGXMSRGSRWMHIVIHWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL HMWXVMFYXMSRMWYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIWLIEVWXVIWWVEXLIVXLERXLI
7IGXMSRERHHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR EZIVEKIWXVIWW1ER]SXLIVGSHIWYWIEZIVEKIWLIEVWXVIWW
WS HMVIGX GSQTEVMWSR SJ EPPS[EFPI ZEPYIW MW RSX ZEPMH
VQ
f v= )UYEXMSR )JJIGXMZIEVIEVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIKMZIRMR7IGXMSR*SV
I nb VIGXERKYPEV WIGXMSRW XLMW IUYEXIW XS » V/A 8LMW
IUYEXMSR MW EPWS YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI WLIEV WXVIWWIW JSV
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSR
2.2.5.2 -RTPERI WLIEV WXVIWWIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH 2.2.5.2 7LIEV WXVIWW EPPS[EFPI ZEPYIW EVI
ER]SJ ETTPMGEFPI XS WLIEV [EPPW [MXLSYX VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI
ZEPYIW KMZIR EVI FEWIH SR VIGIRX VIWIEVGL
E . f ’m 8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ JVMGXMSR MRGVIEWIH JVSQ MW
WLS[RMRXLIWIXIWXWNvMWRSVQEPP]FEWIHSRHIEHPSEH
F TWMO4E
G *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]RSXJYPP]KVSYXIH
TWMNv /An
H *SVQEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH GSRWXVYGXIH SJ
STIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
TWMNv /An
I *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]JYPP]KVSYXIH
TWMNv /An
J *SV QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH GSRWXVYGXIH SJ
SXLIVXLERSTIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
TWMO4E
CODE COMMENTARY
2.3 — Reinforced masonry 2.3 — Reinforced masonry

8LMWWIGXMSRTVSZMHIWVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIHIWMKR 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW GSZIVIH MR XLMW WIGXMSR TIVXEMR XS XLI
SJWXVYGXYVIWRIKPIGXMRKXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL HIWMKRSJQEWSRV]MR[LMGLJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRMWEWWYQIHXS
SJQEWSRV]I\GITXEWTVSZMHIHMR7IGXMSR FIVIWMWXIHF]VIMRJSVGIQIRXEPSRIERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPI
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MWRIKPIGXIH8IRWMSRWXMPPHIZIPSTWMR
XLI QEWSRV] FYX MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH XS FI IJJIGXMZI MR
VIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
2.3.2 Design assumptions 2.3.2 Design assumptions
8LIJSPPS[MRKEWWYQTXMSRWWLEPPFIYWIHMRXLIHIWMKR 8LIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWPMWXIHLEZIXVEHMXMSREPP]FIIR
SJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV] YWIH JSV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR SJ VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
E 7XVEMRGSQTEXMFMPMX]I\MWXWFIX[IIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX QIQFIVW
KVSYXERHQEWSRV] %PXLSYKL XIRWMSR QE] HIZIPST MR XLI QEWSRV] SJ E
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRX MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR
F 7XVEMRW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QEWSRV] EVI HMVIGXP]
VIWMWXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPHIWMKRPSEHW
TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIHMWXERGIWJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G 7XVIWWMWPMRIEVP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIWXVEMR
H 7XVIWWIWVIQEMRMRXLIIPEWXMGVERKI
I 1EWSRV] MR XIRWMSR HSIW RSX GSRXVMFYXI XS E\MEP ERH
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
2.3.3 Steel reinforcement — Allowable stresses 2.3.3 Steel reinforcement — Allowable stresses {
2.3.3.1 8IRWMPIWXVIWWMRFEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP 8LI EPPS[EFPI WXIIP WXVIWWIW LEZI E WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI
RSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK JEGXSVSJWEJIX]XLEXWIGSRHSVHIVIJJIGXWHSRSXRIIHXSFI
GSRWMHIVIHMREPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR
E +VEHISV+VEHIVIMRJSVGIQIRX TWM
14E
F +VEHIVIMRJSVGIQIRX TWM14E
2.3.3.2 8IRWMPI WXVIWW MR [MVI NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E
2.3.3.3 ;LIR PEXIVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH
MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR FEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX
I\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIRMR7IGXMSR3XLIV[MWIXLI
GSQTVIWWMZI VIWMWXERGI SJ WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI
RIKPIGXIH
2.3.4 Axial compression and flexure 2.3.4 Axial compression and flexure
7II 'SQQIRXEV]JSV
2.3.4.1 1IQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP 2.3.4.1 2S'SQQIRXEV]
GSQTVIWWMSRJPI\YVISVGSQFMRIHE\MEPGSQTVIWWMSRERH
JPI\YVI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW
XLVSYKL
2.3.4.2 Allowable forces and stresses 2.3.4.2 Allowable forces and stresses { 8LMW
'SHI PMQMXW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR QEWSRV] QIQFIVW
FEWIH SR XLI X]TI SJ PSEH EGXMRK SR XLI QIQFIV 8LI
GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIEXXLIWIGXMSRVIWYPXMRKJVSQE\MEPPSEHW
SV JVSQ XLI E\MEP GSQTSRIRX SJ GSQFMRIH PSEHW MW
GEPGYPEXIH WITEVEXIP] ERH MW PMQMXIH XS XLI ZEPYIW
TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR )UYEXMSR SV
GSRXVSPW XLI GETEGMX] SJ GSPYQRW [MXL PEVKI E\MEP PSEHW
8LIGSIJJMGMIRXSJTVSZMHIWEJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJEFSYX
C-98 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
EKEMRWX GVYWLMRK SJ QEWSRV] 8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ

[EWHIXIVQMRIHJVSQXIWXWSJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSPYQRW
ERH MW XEOIR JVSQ TVIZMSYW QEWSRV] GSHIW %
WIGSRHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW GEPGYPEXMSR QYWXFITIVJSVQIH
GSRWMHIVMRK XLI GSQFMRIH IJJIGXW SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH
GSQTSRIRX ERH JPI\YVI EX XLI WIGXMSR ERH WLSYPH FI
PMQMXIH XS XLI ZEPYIW TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR 7II
'SQQIRXEV]JSV7IGXMSR
2.3.4.2.1 8LI GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MR
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]HYIXSE\MEPPSEHSRP]WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
XLEXKMZIRF])UYEXMSRSV)UYEXMSR
E *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pa f m An Ast Fs
r
)UYEXMSR
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKER h/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER
2
r
Pa = f m An + Ast Fs )UYEXMSR
h
2.3.4.2.2 8LI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MR 2.3.4.2.2 *MKYVI '' WLS[W XLI
QEWSRV] HYI XS JPI\YVI SV HYI XS JPI\YVI MR GSQFMREXMSR EPPS[EFPI QSQIRX MRHITIRHIRX SJ QIQFIV WMÎ ERH
[MXLE\MEPPSEHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH f 'm TVSZMHIHXLEXXLI QEXIVMEP WXVIRKXL ZIVWYW XLI VEXMS SJ WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
GEPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW HYI XS XLI E\MEP PSEH +VEHI QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXIIP]MIPHWXVIWWERHHMZMHIH
GSQTSRIRX fa HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW Fa F] XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV]
MR 7IGXMSR QSHMJMIH WXIIP VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS JSV FSXL GPE] ERH
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS TYVI JPI\YVI
;LIRXLIQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWGSRXVSPWXLIHIWMKR
XLIVIMWPMXXPIMRGVIEWIMRQSQIRXGETEGMX][MXLMRGVIEWMRK
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LMWGVIEXIWEPMQMXSRXLIEQSYRXSJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLEX MW TVEGXMGEP XS YWI MR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW
HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] )ZIR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW GSRXVSPW XLI HIWMKR XLI JEMPYVI SJ XLI
QIQFIV [MPP WXMPP FI HYGXMPI *SV GPE] QEWSRV] XLI
QEWSRV]WXVIWWFIKMRWXSGSRXVSPXLIHIWMKREX balERH
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIQEWSRV]WXVIWWFIKMRWXSGSRXVSP
XLIHIWMKREX bal[LIVI balMWXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMS
EX [LMGL XLI QEWSRV] [SYPH GVYWL WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL
]MIPHMRKSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSEWE
JVEGXMSR SJ XLI FEPERGIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS bal MW EPWS
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8LIMRXIVEGXMSRIUYEXMSRYWIHMR 7IGXMSR MWRSX
ETTPMGEFPI JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] ERH MW XLIVIJSVI RSX
MRGPYHIHMR7IGXMSR
CODE COMMENTARY
2.3.4.3 Columns 2.3.4.3 Columns

(IWMKR E\MEP PSEHW WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS EGX EX ER 8LIQMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX]SJE\MEP PSEH *MKYVI''
IGGIRXVMGMX] EX PIEWX IUYEP XS QYPXMTPMIH F] IEGL WMHI VIWYPXW JVSQ GSRWXVYGXMSR MQTIVJIGXMSRW RSX
HMQIRWMSR)EGLE\MWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHMRHITIRHIRXP] SXLIV[MWIERXMGMTEXIHF]EREP]WMW
-R XLI IZIRX XLEX EGXYEP IGGIRXVMGMX] I\GIIHW XLI
QMRMQYQ IGGIRXVMGMX] VIUYMVIH F] XLMW 'SHI XLI EGXYEP
IGGIRXVMGMX] WLSYPH FI YWIH 8LMW 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX
WXVIWWIW FI GLIGOIH MRHITIRHIRXP] EFSYX IEGL TVMRGMTEP
E\MWSJXLIQIQFIV*MKYVI''
%HHMXMSREPGSPYQRHIWMKRERHHIXEMPMRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
EVIKMZIRMR7IGXMSR

Clay

CMU

Grade 60 Reinforcement

(fy /f'm )
( / )
bal clay
)

bal CMU
Figure CC-2.3-1 Allowable moment vs. modified steel reinforcement ratio
0SEH!P ]
ex,min !a
\ \ b
ey,min !b
]
a
0SEH%GXMRKEX'IRXVSMH
Figure CC-2.3-2 — Minimum design eccentricity in columns

C-100 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.3.4.4 Walls { 7TIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 2.3.4.4 Walls — 8LI FEPERGIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLIEV[EPPWLEZMRKEWLIEVWTERVEXMSM/(Vd)IUYEPXSSV VEXMS JSV E QEWSRV] IPIQIRX [MXL E WMRKPI PE]IV SJ
KVIEXIVXLERERHLEZMRKERE\MEPPSEHPKVIEXIVXLER VIMRJSVGIQIRX HIWMKRIH F] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR GER FI
f mAn [LMGL EVI WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI JSVGIW WLEPP HIVMZIHF]ETTP]MRKTVMRGMTPIWSJIRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGWXS
LEZI E QE\MQYQ VEXMS SJ JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EGVEGOIHXVERWJSVQIHWIGXMSR8LIVIWYPXMRKIUYEXMSRMW
maxRSXKVIEXIVXLERXLEXGSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W
nFb
nf m b
)UYEXMSR Fs
QE\
fy Fs n
fy n Fb
fm
[LIVI bMWXLIFEPERGIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXVEXMSVIWYPXMRKMRE
8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS HSIW RSX ETTP] MR XLI GSRHMXMSR MR [LMGL XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XLI QEWSRV]
SYXSJTPERIHMVIGXMSR WMQYPXERISYWP] VIEGL XLIMV WTIGMJMIH EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW
,S[IZIVXLIVEXMSSJEPPS[EFPIWXIIP XIRWMPIWXVIWW XSXLI
WTIGMJMIH]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXLIVEXMS
SJ EPPS[EFPI QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW XS XLIWTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]EVIRSXGSRWMWXIRXFs
GERVERKIJVSQTIVGIRXXSTIVGIRXSJ fy[LMPIFbMW
XEOIR IUYEP XS f m 8LIVIJSVI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW MR
XLI IUYEXMSR EFSZI EVI VITPEGIH [MXL XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK
WTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXLWEWWLS[RMR'SHI)UYEXMSR
8LIIUYEXMSRMW HMVIGXP] ETTPMGEFPI JSVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
GSRGIRXVEXIH EX XLI IRH SJ XLIWLIEV [EPP*SV HMWXVMFYXIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS MW SFXEMRIH EW XLI
XSXEPEVIESJXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXHMZMHIHF]bd
2.3.5 Axial tension and flexural tension 2.3.5 Axial tension and flexural tension
%\MEP XIRWMSR ERH JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH
IRXMVIP]F]WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
2.3.6 Shear 2.3.6 Shear
4VMSV XS XLI IHMXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI XLI WLIEV
VIWMWXERGI TVSZMHIH F] XLI QEWSRV] [EW RSX EHHIH XS XLI
WLIEV VIWMWXERGI TVSZMHIH F] XLI WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWHIWMKR %VIGIRXWXYH]I\EQMRIHIMKLX
HMJJIVIRXQIXLSHWJSVTVIHMGXMRKXLIMRTPERIWLIEVGETEGMX]
SJ QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LI HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR SJ XLMW 'SHI [IVI JSYRH XS FI XLI FIWX
TVIHMGXSVSJWLIEVWXVIRKXL8LI'LETXIVEPPS[EFPI
WXVIWW HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW LEH E KVIEXIV EQSYRX SJ WGEXXIV
8LIVIJSVIXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIV[LMGLEPPS[JSVXLI
WLIEVVIWMWXERGITVSZMHIHF]XLIQEWSRV]XSFIEHHIHXSXLI
WLIEVVIWMWXERGITVSZMHIHF]XLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX[IVI
ETTVSTVMEXIP]QSHMJMIHERHEHSTXIHJSV'LETXIV7IIXLI
JPS[ GLEVX JSVHIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] QIQFIVW VIWMWXMRK WLIEV
WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
2.3.6.1 1IQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
2.3.6.1.1 'EPGYPEXIH WLIEV WXVIWW MR XLI
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIVIPEXMSRWLMT
V
f v= )UYEXMSR
Anv
2.3.6.1.2 8LI GEPGYPEXIH WLIEV WXVIWW fv 2.3.6.1.2 %PPS[EFPIWLIEVWXVIWW )UYEXMSRW
WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLIEPPS[EFPIWLIEV WXVIWW Fv [LIVI Fv XLVSYKLEVIFEWIHSRWXVIRKXLHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW
WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR ERH IMXLIV FYXVIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJWEJIX]SJXSSFXEMREPPS[EFPI
CODE COMMENTARY
)UYEXMSRSV)UYEXMSREWETTVSTVMEXI WXVIWW ZEPYIW 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR [IVI

HIZIPSTIH XLVSYKL XLI WXYH] SJ ERH GEPMFVEXIH XS
Fv Fvm Fvs )UYEXMSR GERXMPIZIVIHWLIEV[EPPW8LIVEXMSMVd)GERFIHMJJMGYPX
FvWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK XSMRXIVTVIXSVETTP]GSRWMWXIRXP]JSVSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWWYGL
E ;LIVIMVd) EW JSV E YRMJSVQP] PSEHIH WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH FIEQ
'SRGYVVIRX ZEPYIW SJ M ERH Vd QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH EX
Fv fm )UYEXMSR ETTVSTVMEXI PSGEXMSRW EPSRK WLIEV QIQFIVW WYGL EW
FIEQWXSHIXIVQMRIXLIGVMXMGEPMVd) VEXMS8SWMQTPMJ]
F ;LIVIMVd) XLI EREP]XMGEP TVSGIWW HIWMKRIVW EVI TIVQMXXIH XS YWI
MVd) ! 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR TVSZMHIW
Fv fm )UYEXMSR EHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
G 8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Fv JSV MVd) FIX[IIR
ERHWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIPMRIEVP]MRXIVTSPEXIH
2.3.6.1.3 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW 2.3.6.1.3 )UYEXMSR MW FEWIH SR
VIWMWXIH F] XLI QEWSRV] *ZQ WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK WXVIRKXLHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW[MXLXLIQEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXL
)UYEXMSR VIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJWEJIX] SJ ERHWIVZMGIPSEHWYWIH
MRWXIEHSJJEGXSVIHPSEHW
M P
Fvm fm
Vd An
)UYEXMSR
MVd) WLEPP EP[E]W FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER
2.3.6.1.4 *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] 2.3.6.1.4 % VIHYGIH ZEPYI MW YWIH JSV XLI
WLIEV [EPPW XLI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW VIWMWXIH F] XLI EPPS[EFPI QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIWW MR WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV]FvmWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW XS EGGSYRX JSV HIKVEHEXMSR SJ
QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIRKXL MR TPEWXMG LMRKMRK VIKMSRW
M P (EZMW TVSTSWIH E JEGXSV [MXL E ZEPYI SJ JSV [EPP
Fvm fm
Vd An HYGXMPMX]VEXMSWSJSVPIWWERHEPMRIEVHIGVIEWIXSÎVS
EW XLI HYGXMPMX] VEXMS MRGVIEWIW JVSQ XS 8LI
)UYEXMSR GSQQMXXII GLSWI E GSRWXERX ZEPYISJ VIWYPXMRK MR XLI
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWFIMRKVIHYGIHF]EJEGXSVSJJSVHIWMKR
MVd) WLEPP EP[E]W FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH GSRZIRMIRGI
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER
2.3.6.1.5 8LI EPPS[EFPI WLIEV WXVIWW 2.3.6.1.5 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR

VIWMWXIHF]XLIWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXFvsWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH TVSZMHIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
YWMRK)UYEXMSR
Av Fs d
Fvs )UYEXMSR
An s
2.3.6.2 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH

[LIR fv I\GIIHW Fvm ;LIR WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIHXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRERH
WLEPPETTP]
2.3.6.2.1 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI 2.3.6.2.1 8LI EWWYQIH WLIEV GVEGO MW EX
TVSZMHIH TEVEPPIP XS XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ ETTPMIH WLIEV JSVGI HIKVIIW XS XLI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LYW E
7TEGMRKSJWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIPIWWIV QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ d MW WTIGMJMIH XS EWWYVI XLEX IEGL
SJdSVMRQQ GVEGOMWGVSWWIHF]EXPIEWXSRIFEV8LIMRQQ
QE\MQYQWTEGMRK MW ER EVFMXVEV]GLSMGI XLEX LEW FIIR MR
GSHIWJSVQER]]IEVW
C-102 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
2.3.6.2.2 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH

TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WLEPP FI EX
PIEWX IUYEP XS SRIXLMVH Av 8LI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI
YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E WTEGMRK SJ
JXQ
2.3.6.3 -R GSQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW WLIEV 2.3.6.3 7LIEV EGVSWW GSPPEV NSMRXW MR GSQTSWMXI
WXVIWWIW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI TPERIW SJ MRXIVJEGIW FIX[IIR QEWSRV][EPPWMWXVERWJIVVIHF]XLIQSVXEVSVKVSYXMRXLI
[]XLIW ERH JMPPIH GSPPEV NSMRXW SV FIX[IIR []XLIW ERH GSPPEV NSMRX 7LIEV WXVIWW MR XLI GSPPEV NSMRX SV EX XLI
LIEHIVWWLEPPQIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR MRXIVJEGIFIX[IIRXLI[]XLIERHXLIGSPPEVNSMRXMWPMQMXIH
XS XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW MR 7IGXMSR 7LIEV
XVERWJIV F] [EPP XMIW SV SXLIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EGVSWW XLI
GSPPEVNSMRXMWRSXGSRWMHIVIH
2.3.6.4 -RGERXMPIZIVFIEQWXLIQE\MQYQWLIEV 2.3.6.4 8LIFIEQSV[EPPPSEHMRK[MXLMR dSJ
WLEPPFIYWIH-RRSRGERXMPIZIVFIEQWXLIQE\MQYQWLIEV XLI WYTTSVX MW EWWYQIH XS FI XVERWJIVVIH MR HMVIGX
WLEPPFIYWIHI\GITXXLEXWIGXMSRWPSGEXIH[MXLMREHMWXERGI GSQTVIWWMSR SV XIRWMSR XS XLI WYTTSVX [MXLSYX MRGVIEWMRK
dJVSQXLIJEGISJWYTTSVXWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHJSVXLIWEQI XLI WLIEV PSEH TVSZMHIH RS GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEH SGGYVW
WLIEVEWXLEXGSQTYXIHEXEHMWXERGIdJVSQXLI JEGISJ [MXLMRXLIdHMWXERGI
WYTTSVX[LIRXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWEVIQIX
E WYTTSVX VIEGXMSR MR HMVIGXMSR SJ ETTPMIH WLIEV JSVGI
MRXVSHYGIW GSQTVIWWMSR MRXS XLI IRH VIKMSRW SJ XLI
FIEQERH
F RSGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEH SGGYVWFIX[IIRJEGI SJWYTTSVX
ERHEHMWXERGIdJVSQJEGI
-HIRXMJ]'VMXMGEP7IGXMSR
(IXIVQMRI (IWMKR*SVGIW
'SQTYXI 1E\MQYQ 7XVIWWIW
JVSQ'SQFMRIH *SVGIW
'EPGYPEXI f v
F])U
7II*MKE
-W
fv F v 6ITVSTSVXMSR
2S
*VSQ ERH
6IHIWMKR
#
=IW
4VSZMHI7LIEV
-W 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
fv Fvm XSWYTTPIQIRX 7LIEV
2S Fvm EW
*VSQSV 6IUYMVIQIRX
RIGIWWEV] TIV 7EXMWJMIH
#
ERH
=IW
7LIEV
6IUYMVIQIRX
7EXMWJMIH
Figure CC-2.3-3 — Flow chart for shear design

COMMENTARY
M
P M
V
P
V
*PI\YVI
*PI\YVI
%\MEP
%\MEP
'SQFMRIH*PI\YVI
ERH%\MEP 'SQFMRIH*PI\YVI
ERH%\MEP
V
7LIEV fv !
An V
7LIEV fv !
An
Figure CC-2.3-4(a) — Illustration of design Figure CC-2.3-4(b) — Illustration of design

section that is subjected to tension section that is not subjected to tension
C-104 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CHAPTER 3
STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY

8LMW 'LETXIV TVSZMHIW QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR SJ QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] HIWMKR F] XLI
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR QIXLSH WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV 7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL
ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSRSV
3.1.2 Required strength 3.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW SJ XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLIPIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI JEGXSVIH PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW
WXVYGXYVIW ERH QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI
GSQFMREXMSR SJ PSEHW WTIGMJMIH MR %7') JSV WXVIRKXL
HIWMKR1IQFIVWWYFNIGXXSGSQTVIWWMZIE\MEPPSEHWLEPPFI
HIWMKRIH JSV XLI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX EGGSQTER]MRK XLI
JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEH8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu WLEPPMRGPYHI
XLIQSQIRXMRHYGIHF]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
3.1.3 Design strength 3.1.3 Design strength
1EWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI
HIWMKR WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH WXVIRKXL
(IWMKR WXVIRKXLMWXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLQYPXMTPMIHF]XLI
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIHMR7IGXMSR
3.1.4 Strength-reduction factors 3.1.4 Strength-reduction factors
8LI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV MRGSVTSVEXIW XLI
HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV ERH XLI
I\TIGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI EWFYMPX QEWSRV] 8LI WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EPWS EGGSYRXW JSV XLI YRGIVXEMRXMIW MR
GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW GEPGYPEXIH ZIVWYW EGXYEP
QIQFIVWXVIRKXLWEW[IPPEWERXMGMTEXIHQSHISJJEMPYVI
3.1.4.1 Anchor bolts { *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI 3.1.4.1 Anchor bolts zz &IGEYWI SJ XLI KIRIVEP
RSQMREP WXVIRKXL SJ ER ERGLSV FSPX MW GSRXVSPPIH F] WMQMPEVMX] FIX[IIRXLIFILEZMSV SJ ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH
QEWSRV]FVIEOSYXF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRKSVF]ERGLSVFSPX MR KVSYX ERH MR GSRGVIXI ERH FIGEYWI EZEMPEFPI VIWIEVGL
TV]SYX WLEPP FI XEOIR EW *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI HEXE JSV ERGLSV FSPXW MR KVSYX MRHMGEXI WMQMPEVMX] XLI
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIHF]ERGLSV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR ZEPYIW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL ZEVMSYW
FSPX WXIIP WLEPP FI XEOIR EW *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI GSRXVSPPMRK ERGLSV FSPX JEMPYVIW EVI HIVMZIH JVSQ
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIHF]ERGLSV I\TVIWWMSRW FEWIH SR VIWIEVGL MRXS XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ
TYPPSYX WLEPPFIXEOIREW ERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRGSRGVIXI
3.1.4.2 Bearing{*SVGEWIWMRZSPZMRKFIEVMRK 3.1.4.2 Bearing zz 8LI ZEPYI SJ XLI WXVIRKXL
SRQEWSRV] WLEPPFIXEOIREW VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV YWIH MR FIEVMRK EWWYQIW XLEX WSQI
HIKVEHEXMSRLEWSGGYVVIH[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEP
3.1.4.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load 3.1.4.3 Combinations of flexure and axial load
in unreinforced masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIR in unreinforced masonry zz 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR
EW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI JEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRSV
E\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ GSQTVIWWMSRMRHYGIHF]FIRHMRKQSQIRXMRYRVIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI PS[IV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
C-106 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR GSQTEVMWSR XS

VIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW VIJPIGXWERMRGVIEWIMRXLIGSIJJMGMIRX
SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP] GSRJMKYVIH
VIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
in reinforced masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIREW in reinforced masonry zz 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR
JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS JPI\YVI E\MEP JEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSRSV
PSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI LMKLIV WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR GSQTEVMWSR XS
YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW VIJPIGXW E HIGVIEWI MR XLI
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
3.1.4.5 Shear { 8LIZEPYI SJ WLEPP FI XEOIR 3.1.4.5 Shear zz 7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSVW JSV
EWJSVQEWSRV]WYFNIGXIHXSWLIEV GEPGYPEXMRKXLIHIWMKRWLIEVWXVIRKXLEVIGSQQSRP] QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZIXLERXLSWIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIHIWMKRJPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXL ,S[IZIV XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVVIUYMVIXLEXWLIEVWXVIRKXLGSRWMHIVEFP]I\GIIH
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL,IRGI XLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVJSV
WLIEVMW XEOIR EW EZEPYI TIVGIRX PEVKIVXLER XLI
LMWXSVMGEPZEPYI
3.1.5 Deformation requirements 3.1.5 Deformation requirements
3.1.5.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain) 3.1.5.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain)
masonry { (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH masonry — 8LI HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH QEWSRV] EVI FEWIH SR IPEWXMG TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI QEWSRV]
WIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW EWWIQFPEKIEWSYXPMRIHMRXLIHIWMKRGVMXIVMESJ7IGXMSR
3.1.5.2 Deflection of reinforced masonry { 3.1.5.2 Deflection of reinforced masonry zz
(IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW :EPYIWSJIeffEVIX]TMGEPP]EFSYXSRILEPJSJIgJSVGSQQSR
WLEPPGSRWMHIVXLIIJJIGXWSJGVEGOMRKERHVIMRJSVGIQIRXSR GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI JYPP] KVSYXIH
QIQFIV WXMJJRIWW 8LI JPI\YVEP ERH WLIEV WXMJJRIWW 'EPGYPEXMRK E QSVI EGGYVEXI ZEPYI YWMRK XLI GVEGOIH
TVSTIVXMIW EWWYQIH JSV HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW WLEPP RSX XVERWJSVQIH WIGXMSR QE] FI HIWMVEFPI JSV WSQI
I\GIIH SRILEPJ SJ XLI KVSWW WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW YRPIWW E GMVGYQWXERGIW
GVEGOIHWIGXMSREREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH
3.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout 3.1.6 Anchor bolts embedded in grout
(IWMKR SJ ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX QE] FI
FEWIH SR TL]WMGEP XIWXMRK SV JSV LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV
ERGLSVFSPXWF]GEPGYPEXMSR(YIXSXLI[MHIZEVMEXMSRMR
GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ TSWXMRWXEPPIH ERGLSVW HIWMKRIVW EVI
VIJIVVIH XS TVSHYGX PMXIVEXYVI TYFPMWLIH F] QERYJEGXYVIVW
JSVXLIWIERGLSVW
3.1.6.1 Design requirements zz %RGLSV FSPXW 3.1.6.1 Design requirements
WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKIMXLIVXLITVSZMWMSRWSJSV
JSVLIEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWF]XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ
7IGXMSR
3.1.6.2 Nominal strengths determined by test 3.1.6.2 Nominal strengths determined by test zz
3.1.6.2.1 %RGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI XIWXIH MR 1ER] X]TIW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW WYGL EW I\TERWMSR ERGLSVW
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781)I\GITXXLEXEQMRMQYQSJJMZI XSKKPIFSPXWWPIIZIERGLSVWIXGEVIRSXGSZIVIHF]'SHI
XIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIH0SEHMRKGSRHMXMSRWSJXLIXIWXWLEPP 7IGXMSR ERH XLIVIJSVI WYGL ERGLSVW QYWX FI
FIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJMRXIRHIHYWISJXLIERGLSVFSPX HIWMKRIH YWMRK XIWX HEXE 8IWXMRK QE] EPWS FI YWIH XS
IWXEFPMWL LMKLIV WXVIRKXLW XLER XLSWI GEPGYPEXIH F] 'SHI
3.1.6.2.2 %RGLSV FSPX RSQMREP WXVIRKXLW
7IGXMSR%781)VIUYMVIWSRP]XLVIIXIWXW8LI
YWIHJSVHIWMKRWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEZIVEKI
ZEVMEFMPMX] SJ ERGLSV FSPX WXVIRKXL MR QEWSRV] ERH XLI
CODE COMMENTARY
JEMPYVIPSEHJVSQXLIXIWXW TSWWMFMPMX] XLEX ERGLSV FSPXW QE] FI YWIH MR E RSR
VIHYRHERXQERRIV[EVVERXWERMRGVIEWIXSXLIQMRMQYQSJ
JMZI XIWXW WXMTYPEXIH F] XLI 'SHI %WWYQMRK E RSVQEP
HMWXVMFYXMSRERHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJTIVGIRXJSV
XLIXIWXHEXEEJMJXLTIVGIRXMPIZEPYIJSVRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] SFXEMRIH EW TIVGIRX SJ XLI EZIVEKI
WXVIRKXL ZEPYI *EMPYVI QSHIW SFXEMRIH JVSQ XIWXMRK
WLSYPH FI VITSVXIH ERH ETTVSTVMEXI JEGXSVW YWIH [LIR
IWXEFPMWLMRKHIWMKRWXVIRKXLW
3.1.6.3 Nominal strengths determined by 3.1.6.3 Nominal strength determined by
calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts { calculation for headed and bent-bar anchor bolts zz
2SQMREP WXVIRKXLW SJ LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW (IWMKR IUYEXMSRW TVSZMHIH MR XLI 'SHI WXIQ JVSQ
IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL VIWIEVGL GSRHYGXIHSRLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXWERHFIRX
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL FEVERGLSVFSPXW.SV0FSPXW IQFIHHIHMRKVSYX
3.1.6.3.1 Nominal tensile strength of headed 3.1.6.3.1 Nominal tensile strength of headed
and bent-bar anchor bolts { 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI and bent-bar anchor bolts
WXVIRKXL SJ LIEHIH ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK
XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIGSQTYXIH
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
3.1.6.3.1.1 Axial tensile strength of 3.1.6.3.1.1 Axial tensile strength of
headed anchor bolts zz8LIRSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLBan headed anchor bolts zz 8IRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ E LIEHIH
SJLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH ERGLSVFSPXMWKSZIVRIHF]]MIPHERHJVEGXYVISJXLIERGLSV
F] )UYEXMSR RSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLKSZIVRIHF] WXIIP )UYEXMSR SV F] FVIEOSYX SJ ER ETTVS\MQEXIP]
QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX SV )UYEXMSR RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI GSRMGEPZSPYQISJQEWSRV]WXEVXMRKEXXLIERGLSVLIEHERH
WXVIRKXLKSZIVRIHF] WXIIP]MIPHMRK 8LIHIWMKRE\MEPXIRWMPI LEZMRK E JVEGXYVI WYVJEGI SVMIRXIH EX ETTVS\MQEXIP]
WXVIRKXL BanWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIVSJXLIZEPYIWSFXEMRIHJVSQ HIKVIIW XS XLI QEWSRV] WYVJEGI )UYEXMSR 7XIIP
)UYEXMSRWERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI ZEPYI WXVIRKXLMWGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIIJJIGXMZIXIRWMPIWXVIWWEVIE
SJ XLI ERGLSV XLEX MW MRGPYHMRK XLI VIHYGXMSR MR EVIE SJ
Banb A pt f m )UYEXMSR XLIERGLSVWLEROHYIXSXLVIEHW
B ans Ab f y )UYEXMSR
3.1.6.3.1.2 Axial tensile strength of 3.1.6.3.1.2 Axial tensile strength of
bent-bar anchor bolts z 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI bent-bar anchor bolts z8LIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJEFIRXFEV
WXVIRKXL BanJSVFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX ERGLSVFSPX.SV0FSPX MWKSZIVRIHF]]MIPHERHJVEGXYVI
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRRSQMREPE\MEPXIRWMPI SJXLIERGLSVWXIIP)UYEXMSRF]XIRWMPIGSRIFVIEOSYX
WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSR SJ XLI QEWSRV] )UYEXMSR SV F] WXVEMKLXIRMRK ERH
RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV FSPX TYPPSYXSJXLIERGLSVFSPXJVSQXLIQEWSRV])UYEXMSR
TYPPSYX SV )UYEXMSR RSQMREP E\MEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL 'ETEGMXMIWGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLIJMVWXX[SJEMPYVIQSHIWEVI
KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP ]MIPHMRK 8LI HIWMKR E\MEP XIRWMPI GEPGYPEXIHEWJSVLIEHIHERGLSVFSPXW'SHI)UYEXMSR
WXVIRKXL BanWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJXLIZEPYIWSFXEMRIH GSVVIWTSRHW XS ERGLSV FSPX TYPPSYX 8LI WIGSRH XIVQ MR
JVSQ)UYEXMSRWERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI )UYEXMSRMWXLITSVXMSRSJXLIERGLSVFSPXGETEGMX]HYI
ZEPYI XS FSRH FIX[IIR FSPX ERH KVSYX %GGSVHMRKP]
7TIGMJMGEXMSR %VXMGPI & VIUYMVIW XLEX TVIGEYXMSRW FI
Banb Apt f m )UYEXMSR XEOIR XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI WLEROW SJ XLI FIRXFEV ERGLSV
FSPXW EVI GPIER ERH JVII SJ HIFVMW XLEX [SYPH SXLIV[MWI
Banp f m eb d b l b eb db db MRXIVJIVI[MXLXLIFSRHFIX[IIRERGLSVFSPXERHKVSYX
)UYEXMSR
Bans Ab f y )UYEXMSR
C-108 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
3.1.6.3.2 Shear strength of headed and 3.1.6.3.2 Shear strength of headed and
bent-bar anchor bolts — 8LIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLBvn bent-bar anchor bolts -- 7LIEVWXVIRKXLSJELIEHIHSVFIRX
SJ LIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH FEV ERGLSV FSPX MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPH ERH JVEGXYVI SJ XLI
F] )UYEXMSR RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSVWXIIP)UYEXMSRF]QEWSRV]GVYWLMRK)UYEXMSR
QEWSRV]FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSRRSQMREP WLIEVWXVIRKXL SV F] QEWSRV] WLIEV FVIEOSYX )UYEXMSR 7XIIP
KSZIVRIH F] QEWSRV] GVYWLMRK )UYEXMSR RSQMREP WXVIRKXL MW GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK XLIIJJIGXMZI XIRWMPIWXVIWWEVIE
WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] ERGLSV FSPX TV]SYX SV XLEX MW XLVIEHW EVI GSRWIVZEXMZIP] EWWYQIH XS PMI MR XLI
)UYEXMSR RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL KSZIVRIH F] WXIIP GVMXMGEPWLIEVTPERI 4V]SYXWII *MKYVI'' MWEPWSE
]MIPHMRK 8LI HIWMKR WLIEV WXVIRKXL Bvn WLEPP FI XLI TSWWMFPI JEMPYVIQSHI 8LI TV]SYXIUYEXMSR)UYEXMSR
WQEPPIWX SJ XLI ZEPYIW SFXEMRIH JVSQ )UYEXMSRW MWEHETXIHJVSQ%'-
ERHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIETTPMGEFPI ZEPYI 9RHIV WXEXMG WLIEV PSEHMRK FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW HS
RSX I\LMFMX WXVEMKLXIRMRK ERH TYPPSYX 9RHIV VIZIVWIH
B vnb A pv f m )UYEXMSR
G]GPMG WLIEV LS[IZIV EZEMPEFPI VIWIEVGL WYKKIWXW XLEX
WXVEMKLXIRMRKERHTYPPSYXQE]SGGYV
Bvnc f m Ab )UYEXMSR
Bvnpry Banb A pt f m )UYEXMSR
Bvns Ab f y )UYEXMSR
3.1.6.3.3 Combined axial tension and shear 3.1.6.3.3 Combined axial tension and
z %RGLSV FSPXW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP XIRWMSR MR GSQFMREXMSR shear -- %RGLSVFSPXWWYFNIGXIHXSGSQFMRIHE\MEPXIRWMSR
[MXLWLIEVWLEPPWEXMWJ])UYEXMSR ERH WLIEV QYWX WEXMWJ] XLI PMRIEV MRXIVEGXMSR IUYEXMSR
KMZIRF])UYEXMSR
baf bvf
)UYEXMSR
Ban Bvn
3.1.7 Nominal bearing strength 3.1.7 Nominal bearing strength

8LI RSQMREP FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] WLEPP FI 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
GSQTYXIHEWf’mQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIFIEVMRKEVIEAbr EW
HIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR
3.1.8 Material properties 3.1.8 Material properties
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
3.1.8.1 Compressive strength 3.1.8.1 Compressive strength
3.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength 3.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strengthzz
{ 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] f m (IWMKR GVMXIVME EVI FEWIH SR VIWIEVGL GSRHYGXIH SR
WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E 8LIZEPYISJ WXVYGXYVEP QEWSRV] GSQTSRIRXW LEZMRK GSQTVIWWMZI
f m YWIH XS HIXIVQMRI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL ZEPYIW MR XLMW WXVIRKXLW JVSQ XS TWM XS 14E
GLETXIV WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TWM 14E JSV (IWMKRGVMXIVMEEVIFEWIHSRXLIWIVIWIEVGLVIWYPXW(IWMKR
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TWM ZEPYIW XLIVIJSVI EVI PMQMXIH XS GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW MR
14E JSVGPE]QEWSRV] XLIVERKISJXS TWM XS14E JSV
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH XS TWM XS
14E JSVGPE]QEWSRV]
3.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength { 3.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength zz
*SVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL 7MRGI QSWX IQTMVMGEPP] HIVMZIH HIWMKR IUYEXMSRW GEPGYPEXI
SJ KVSYX f 'g WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI WTIGMJMIH RSQMREPWXVIRKXLEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] f 'm FYX WLEPP RSX WXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]XLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
I\GIIH TWM 14E *SV GPE] QEWSRV] XLI SJXLIKVSYXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSXLIWTIGMJMIH
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX f 'g WLEPP RSX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] 8LMW
I\GIIHTWM14E VIUYMVIQIRX MW ER EXXIQTX XS IRWYVI XLEX [LIVI XLI KVSYX
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL QE] WMKRMJMGERXP] GSRXVSP XLI HIWMKR
WYGLEWERGLSVWIQFIHHIHMRKVSYX XLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXL
[MPPRSXFIEJJIGXIH8LIPMQMXEXMSRSRXLIQE\MQYQKVSYX
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWHYIXSXLIPEGOSJEZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGL
YWMRKLMKLIVQEXIVMEPWXVIRKXLW
CODE COMMENTARY
3.1.8.2 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI 3.1.8.2 Masonry modulus of rupture zz 8LI
QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIfr JSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWWYFNIGXIHXS QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIZEPYIWTVSZMHIHMR'SHI8EFPI
SYXSJTPERI SV MRTPERI FIRHMRK WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI EVIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWZEPYIWJSV
[MXLXLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI*SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]RSX JPI\YVEP XIRWMSR ;LMPI MX MW VIGSKRMÎH XLEX MRTPERI ERH
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH XIRWMSR TEVEPPIP XS XLI FIH NSMRXW SYXSJTPERI WXVEMR KVEHMIRXW EVI HMJJIVIRX EX XLIWI PS[
WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI VIWMWXIH SRP] F] XLI QMRMQYQ WXVIWWPIZIPWXLMWIJJIGXWLSYPHFIWQEPP
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJGSRXMRYSYWKVSYXXLEXMWTEVEPPIPXS
,MWXSVMGEPP] QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW
XLIFIHNSMRXW
FIIR EWWYQIH XS LEZI RS JPI\YVEP FSRH WXVIRKXL EGVSWW
QSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXWXLYWXLIKVSYXEVIEEPSRIMWYWIHXS
VIWMWX FIRHMRK )\EQTPIW SJ E GSRXMRYSYW KVSYX WIGXMSR
TEVEPPIPXSXLIFIHNSMRXWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI''
8LITVIWIRGISJJPEWLMRKERHSXLIVGSRHMXMSRWEXXLIFEWI
SJ XLI [EPP GER WMKRMJMGERXP] VIHYGI XLI JPI\YVEP FSRH 8LI
ZEPYIWMRXLMW8EFPIETTP]SRP]XSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIW
HIZIPSTIHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX
3.1.8.3 Reinforcement strength { 1EWSRV] 3.1.8.3 Reinforcement strength zz 6IWIEVGL
HIWMKRWLEPPFIFEWIHSREVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEPXS GSRHYGXIHSRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSQTSRIRXWYWIH+VEHI
XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX fy [LMGL VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8S FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL PEFSVEXSV]
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E 8LIEGXYEP]MIPH HSGYQIRXIH MRZIWXMKEXMSRW HIWMKR MW FEWIHSRERSQMREP
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH WXIIP ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ TWM 14E 8LI
]MIPHWXVIRKXL PMQMXEXMSRSRXLIWXIIP]MIPHWXVIRKXLSJTIVGIRXSJXLI
RSQMREP ]MIPH WXVIRKXL MW XS QMRMQMÎ XLI SZIVWXVIRKXL
YRMRXIRXMSREPP]MRGSVTSVEXIHMRXSEHIWMKR
Table 3.1.8.2 — Modulus of rupture, fr , psi (kPa)
Direction of flexural tensile stress and Mortar types

masonry type
Portland cement/lime or mortar Masonry cement or air
cement entrained portland cement/lime
M or S N M or S N
2SVQEPXSFIHNSMRXW
7SPMHYRMXW
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIH
*YPP]KVSYXIH
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRVYRRMRKFSRH
7SPMHYRMXW
,SPPS[YRMXW
9RKVSYXIHERHTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIH
*YPP]KVSYXIH
4EVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXWMRQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMR
VYRRMRKFSRH
'SRXMRYSYWKVSYXWIGXMSRTEVEPPIPXSFIHNSMRXW
3XLIV

*SV TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH QEWSRV] QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI ZEPYIW WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH SR XLI FEWMW SJ PMRIEV MRXIVTSPEXMSR
FIX[IIRJYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWERHYRKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXWFEWIHSREQSYRXTIVGIRXEKI SJKVSYXMRK
C-110 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
3.2 — Unreinforced (plain) masonry 3.2 –– Unreinforced (plain) masonry

8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR EVI MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSRERHKSZIVRQEWSRV]
HIWMKRMR[LMGLQEWSRV]MWYWIHXSVIWMWXXIRWMPIJSVGIW
3.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads { 3.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads
9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH
YWMRK XLIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV] YRMXW QSVXEV ERHKVSYX MR
VIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
3.2.1.2 Strength contribution from 3.2.1.2 Strength contribution from
reinforcement { 7XVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX FI reinforcement zz %PXLSYKL VIMRJSVGIQIRX QE] WXMPP FI
GSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW TVIWIRX MR YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MX MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH MR
GEPGYPEXMRKHIWMKRWXVIRKXL
3.2.1.3 Design criteria { 9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR 3.2.1.3 Design criteria zz 8LI HIWMKR SJ
QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIQEMRYRGVEGOIH YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]VIUYMVIWXLEXXLIWXVYGXYVITIVJSVQW
IPEWXMGEPP] YRHIV HIWMKR PSEHW 8LI W]WXIQ VIWTSRWI
JEGXSVWYWIHMRXLIHIWMKRSJYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]EWWYQI
ERIPEWXMGVIWTSRWI
3.2.2 Flexural and axial strength of unreinforced 3.2.2 Flexure and axial strength of unreinforced
(plain) masonry members (plain) masonry members
3.2.2.1 Design assumptions { 8LI JSPPS[MRK 3.2.2.1 Design assumptions
EWWYQTXMSRWWLEPPETTP][LIRHIXIVQMRMRKXLIJPI\YVEPERH
E\MEPWXVIRKXLSJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]QIQFIVW
E 7XVIRKXL HIWMKR SJ QIQFIVW JSV JEGXSVIH JPI\YVI ERH
E\MEP PSEH WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL TVMRGMTPIW SJ
IRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGW
F 7XVEMRMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLI
HMWXERGIJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G *PI\YVEP XIRWMSR MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
HMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSWXVEMR
H *PI\YVEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLE\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFI
3.2.2.2 Nominal strength{8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXL 3.2.2.2 Nominal strength zz 8LMW WIGXMSR KMZIW
SJYRVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSRWJSVGSQFMRIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSRWXVYGXMRK ER MRXIVEGXMSR HMEKVEQ JSV
JPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHWWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHWSXLEX YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WYFNIGXIH XS GSQFMRIH
JPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHW8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIMPPYWXVEXIHMR
E XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWHSIWRSXI\GIIHf 'm
*MKYVI '' %PWSWLS[R MR *MKYVI '' EVIXLI
F XLI XIRWMPI WXVIWW HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI QSHYPYW SJ VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR [LMGL KMZI E QE\MQYQ
VYTXYVIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ7IGXMSR E\MEPJSVGI
3.2.2.3 Nominal axial strength { 8LIRSQMREP 3.2.2.3 Nominal axial strength zz 'SQQIRXEV]
E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER XLI 7IGXMSRKMZIWEHHMXMSREPMRJSVQEXMSR
JSPPS[MRK

h
Pn An f m )UYEXMSR
r
COMMENTARY
Axial strength limit, Section 3.2.2.3
Compression controlled:
Compression stress does not
exceed 0.80 f m
Tension controlled:
Tension stress does not exceed
modulus of rupture, Table 3.1.8.2
Moment Strength
Figure CC-3.2-1 Interaction diagram for unreinforced masonry members
CODE COMMENTARY
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER

r
Pn An f m )UYEXMSR
h
3.2.2.4 P-Delta effects 3.2.2.4 P-delta effects zz P-HIPXEIJJIGXW EVI IMXLIV

3.2.2.4.1 1IQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHJSVXLI HIXIVQMRIH F] E WIGSRHSVHIV EREP]WMW [LMGL MRGPYHIW P-
JEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHPu,ERHXLIQSQIRXQEKRMJMIHJSVXLI HIPXEIJJIGXWSVEJMVWXSVHIVEREP]WMW[LMGLI\GPYHIWP-HIPXE
IJJIGXWSJQIQFIVGYVZEXYVIMc. IJJIGXW ERH XLI YWI SJ QSQIRX QEKRMJMIV 8LI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVMWHIXIVQMRIHEW
3.2.2.4.2 8LI QEKRMJMIH QSQIRX Mc WLEPP
FI HIXIVQMRIH IMXLIV F] E WIGSRHSVHIV EREP]WMW SV F] E Cm
JMVWXSVHIVEREP]WMWERH)UYEXMSRWERH Pu

Mc Mu )UYEXMSR P
k euler
[LIVI kMWEWXMJJRIWWVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVSVEVIWMWXERGIJEGXSV
)UYEXMSR XSEGGSYRXJSVZEVMEFMPMX]MRWXMJJRIWWCmMWEJEGXSVVIPEXMRK
Pu
XLI EGXYEP QSQIRX HMEKVEQ XS ER IUYMZEPIRX YRMJSVQ
r QSQIRX HMEKVEQ ERH Peuler MW )YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH *SV
An f m
h VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIHIWMKREZEPYISJ k!MWYWIH
3.2.2.4.3 -XWLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XS XEOI ! )YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH MW SFXEMRIH EW

JSVQIQFIVWMR[LMGL h r Peuler E m A n r h 9WMRK E m f m [LMGL MW
XLI PS[IV ZEPYI SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] )YPIVvW
FYGOPMRKPSEHFIGSQIW
C-112 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
3.2.2.4.4 -XWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSXEOI !

E m An r
JSV QIQFIVW MR [LMGL h r TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI Peuler
h
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSRMWVIHYGIHF]

TIVGIRX f m An r r
An f m
h h
'YVVIRXHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRWGEPGYPEXIXLIE\MEPWXVIRKXL

SJ[EPPW[MXLh/r"EW An f m r h 7IGXMSR
SJXLI'SQQIRXEV]KMZIWXLIFEGOKVSYRHSJXLMWIUYEXMSR
-X MW FEWIH SR YWMRK Em!f’m RIKPIGXMRK XLI XIRWMPI
WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV] ERH GSRWMHIVMRK ER EGGMHIRXEP
IGGIRXVMGMX]SJt-RWTMXISJXLIJEGXXLEXXLMWIUYEXMSR
[EWHIZIPSTIHYWMRKELMKLIVQSHYPYWXLERMRXLIGYVVIRX
GSHIXLIIUYEXMSRKMZIWEWXVIRKXLSJ !SJ
)YPIVvWFYGOPMRKPSEHJSVGPE]QEWSRV]8LIZEPYISJ
MW ETTVS\MQEXIP] XLI ZEPYI SJ k XLEX LEW FIIR YWIH EW E
WXMJJRIWWVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV*SVIEWISJYWIERHFIGEYWISJ
HIWMKRIVvW JEQMPMEVMX] E ZEPYI SJ r / h MW YWIH JSV
)YPIVvW FYGOPMRK PSEH MRWXIEH SJ ER I\TPMGMX WXMJJRIWW
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV *SV QSWX [EPPW Cm ! 8LI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVGERXLYWFIHIXIVQMRIHEW

Pu

r
An f m
h
*MKYVI'' WLS[WXLI VEXMS SJ XLI WIGSRHSVHIV
P Mu
WXVIWW u HMZMHIH F] XLI JMVWXSVHIV WXVIWW
An Sn
Pu M u
[LIRXLIWIGSRHSVHIVWXVIWWMWEXXLIWXVIRKXL
An Sn
HIWMKRPMQMX f m 8]TMGEPP]WPIRHIVRIWWIJJIGXWEVI
MKRSVIH MJXLI] GSRXVMFYXI PIWW XLER TIVGIRX *VSQ
*MKYVI '' WPIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW GSRXVMFYXI PIWW
XLERTIVGIRXJSVZEPYIWSJ h r %RMRXIVQIHMEXI
[EPP MW SRI [MXL E WPIRHIVRIWW h/r KVIEXIV XLER FYX
RSX KVIEXIV XLER 7PIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW GSRXVMFYXI
EFSYXTIVGIRXXSXLIHIWMKREXh/r !-RXIVQIHMEXI
[EPPW GER FI HIWMKRIH YWMRK IMXLIV XLI QSQIRX
QEKRMJMIVETTVSEGLSVEWMQTPMJMIHQIXLSHMR[LMGLXLI
RSQMREP WXVIWWIW EVI VIHYGIH F] TIVGIRX 8EPP [EPPW
EVIXLSWI[MXLh/r "ERHQYWXFIHIWMKRIHYWMRKXLI
QSQIRXQEKRMJMIVETTVSEGL
COMMENTARY
1.4
1.35 Pu = 0.15 f m An
1.3
Pu = 0.20 f m An
1.25 Pu = 0.10 f m An
1.2 Pu = 0.25 f An
m
1.15
Pu = 0.05 f m An
1.1 Pu = 0.30 f m An
Pu = 0.35 f m An
1.05
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
h/r
Figure CC-3.2-2 Ratio of second-order stress to first-order stress
CODE COMMENTARY
3.2.3 Axial tension { 8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ 3.2.3 Axial tension
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR TVSZMHIW JYVXLIV
XLIQEWSRV]MWWYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW MRJSVQEXMSR
3.2.4 Nominal shear strength { 2SQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP FI XLI WQEPPIWX SJ E F ERH XLI
ETTPMGEFPIGSRHMXMSRSJG XLVSYKLJ
E An fm
F An
G *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]RSXJYPP]KVSYXIH
An N u
H *SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHGSRWXVYGXIHSJ
STIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
An N u
I *SVVYRRMRKFSRHQEWSRV]JYPP]KVSYXIH
An N u
J *SVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHGSRWXVYGXIHSJ
SXLIVXLERSTIRIRHYRMXWERHJYPP]KVSYXIH
An
C-114 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
3.3 — Reinforced masonry 3.3 –– Reinforced masonry

8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMW7IGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX GSQTPIQIRXW XLI LMKL GSQTVIWWMZI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV ERH 7IGXMSR ERH KSZIVR WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] [MXL LMKL XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL -RGVIEWIH
QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW YWIH XS VIWMWX WXVIRKXL ERH KVIEXIV HYGXMPMX] VIWYPX JVSQ XLI YWI SJ
XIRWMPIJSVGIW VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQEWSRV]WXVYGXYVIW
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ 8LI HIWMKR TVMRGMTPIW PMWXIH EVI XLSWI XLEX
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV] XVEHMXMSREPP] LEZI FIIR YWIH JSV VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]
QIQFIVW
E 8LIVIMWWXVEMRGSQTEXMFMPMX]FIX[IIRXLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXKVSYXERHQEWSRV] 8LIZEPYIW JSV XLI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMREVIFEWIH
SRVIWIEVGLSRQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPW'SRGIVRLEWFIIR
F 8LIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GVSWW
VEMWIHEWXSXLIMQTPMIHTVIGMWMSRSJXLIZEPYIW,S[IZIV
WIGXMSRWJSVGSQFMRIHJPI\YVIERHE\MEPPSEHWLEPPFI
XLI 'SQQMXXII EKVIIW XLEX XLI VITSVXIH ZEPYIW JSV XLI
FEWIHSRETTPMGEFPIGSRHMXMSRWSJIUYMPMFVMYQ
QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR VIEWSREFP] VITVIWIRX XLSWI
G 8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu EX XLI I\XVIQI SFWIVZIHHYVMRKXIWXMRK
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI ;LMPI XIRWMSR QE] HIZIPST MR XLI QEWSRV] SJ E
JSV GPE] QEWSRV] ERH JSV GSRGVIXI VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRX XLI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV]
QEWSRV] MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH IJJIGXMZI MR GEPGYPEXMRK E\MEP ERH
H 7XVEMRMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIH JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
XS FI HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI
RIYXVEPE\MW
I 'SQTVIWWMSRERHXIRWMSRWXVIWWMRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI XEOIR EW Es QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WXIIP WXVEMR FYX RSX
KVIEXIV XLER fy )\GITX EW TIVQMXXIH MR 7IGXMSR
I JSV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ
JPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWSJWXIIP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH YRPIWW PEXIVEP
VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
J 8LIXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]WLEPPFIRIKPIGXIHMR
GEPGYPEXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
K 8LIVIPEXMSRWLMTFIX[IIRQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW
ERHQEWSRV]WXVEMRWLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFIHIJMRIHF]
XLIJSPPS[MRK
1EWSRV] WXVIWW SJ f m WLEPP FI EWWYQIH
YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH SZIV ER IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR
WXVIWW FPSGOFSYRHIHF]IHKIWSJ XLIGVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E
WXVEMKLXPMRIPSGEXIHTEVEPPIPXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MWERHPSGEXIH
EX E HMWXERGI a ! c JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR 8LI HMWXERGI c JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ
QE\MQYQ WXVEMR XS XLI RIYXVEP E\MW WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
3.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details 3.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details
3.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations { 3.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations zz 8LI
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWYWIHMRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXFIPEVKIVXLER2S PMQMXSJYWMRKE2S1 FEVMWQSXMZEXIHF]XLIKSEP
1 8LI RSQMREP FEV HMEQIXIV WLEPPRSX I\GIIH SRI SJ LEZMRK E PEVKIV RYQFIV SJ WQEPPIV HMEQIXIV FEVW XS
IMKLXLSJXLIRSQMREPQIQFIVXLMGORIWWERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH XVERWJIV WXVIWWIW VEXLIV XLER E JI[IV RYQFIV SJ PEVKIV
SRIUYEVXIVSJXLIPIEWXGPIEVHMQIRWMSRSJXLIGIPPGSYVWISV HMEQIXIV FEVW 7SQI VIWIEVGL MRZIWXMKEXMSRW LEZI
GSPPEVNSMRXMR[LMGLXLIFEVMWTPEGIH8LIEVIESJVIMRJSVGMRK GSRGPYHIHXLEXMRGIVXEMR ETTPMGEXMSRWQEWSRV]VIMRJSVGIH
FEVWTPEGIHMREGIPPSVMREGSYVWISJLSPPS[YRMXGSRWXVYGXMSR [MXL QSVI YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH WQEPPIV HMEQIXIV FEVW
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIGIPPEVIE TIVJSVQW FIXXIV XLER WMQMPEVP] GSRJMKYVIH QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW YWMRK JI[IV PEVKIV HMEQIXIV FEVW ;LMPI RSX
CODE COMMENTARY
IZIV] MRZIWXMKEXMSR MW GSRGPYWMZI XLI 'SQQMXXII HSIW

EKVII XLEX MRGSVTSVEXMRK PEVKIV HMEQIXIV VIMRJSVGIQIRX
QE]HMGXEXIYRVIEWSREFPIGSZIVHMWXERGIWSVHIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXLW 8LI PMQMXEXMSRW SR GPIEV WTEGMRK ERH TIVGIRXEKI
SJ GIPP EVIE EVI MRHMVIGX QIXLSHW SJ TVIZIRXMRK TVSFPIQW
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL SZIVVIMRJSVGMRK ERH KVSYX GSRWSPMHEXMSR
%X WIGXMSRW GSRXEMRMRK PET WTPMGIW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIGIPPEVIE
3.3.3.2 Standard hooks { 7XERHEVH LSSOW MR 3.3.3.2 Standard hooks zz 6IJIV XS
XIRWMSR WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH XS HIZIPST ER IUYMZEPIRX 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
IQIHQIRXPIRKXLle EWHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
le d b )UYEXMSR
3.3.3.3 Development {8LIVIUYMVIHXIRWMSRSV 3.3.3.3 Development zz 8LI GPIEV WTEGMRK
GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH MR FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX HSIW RSX ETTP] XS XLI
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW FIMRK WTPMGIH XSKIXLIV 6IJIV XS
'SQQIRXEV]JSVJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRFYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWW 7GLYPX^WXYHMIHXLITIVJSVQERGISJXLI17.'
XLERMRQQ JSVQYPE JSV WTPMGI PIRKXLW MR QEWSRV] VIPEXMZI XS E
HEXEFEWI SJ WTPMGI XIWXW GSRHYGXIH MR XLI 97
d b f y
ERH'EREHE7GLYPX^ JSYRHXLEXJSV
ld )UYEXMSR GPIEV GSZIV MR I\GIWW SJ db XLI 17.' PET WTPMGI
K f m JSVQYPE KEMRW EGGYVEG] VIPEXMZI XS XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP
HEXEFEWI [LIR E db PMQMX MW RSX MQTSWIH SR XLI
K WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI WQEPPIWX SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK XLI
GSIJJMGMIRX%HHMXMSREPXIWXMRKERHWYFWIUYIRXEREP]WMWF]
QMRMQYQQEWSRV]GSZIVXLIGPIEVWTEGMRKFIX[IIREHNEGIRX
XLI2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSREPWSJSYRH
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb
XLI db SZIVP] GSRWIVZEXMZI ERH VIGSQQIRHIH XLEX XLI
! JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW PMQMX SR K FI MRGVIEWIH XS [LMGL MW VSYRHIH XS XLI
GYVVIRX db PMQMX8LI TIVGIRX MRGVIEWIMRHIZIPSTQIRX
! JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW PIRKXLMWGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIMRGVIEWIVIUYMVIHMRXLI%'-
ERH TVSZMWMSR JSV ITS\]GSEXIH FEVW ERH HSIW RSX
ETTP]XSXLIMRQQ QMRMQYQ
(IZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
WLEPPFIXEOIREWTIVGIRXSJXLIPIRKXLHIXIVQMRIHF]
)UYEXMSR
3.3.3.3.1 &EVW WTPMGIH F] RSRGSRXEGX PET 3.3.3.3.1 -J MRHMZMHYEP FEVW MR RSRGSRXEGX
WTPMGIWWLEPPRSXFIWTEGIHJEVXLIVETEVXXLERSRIJMJXLXLI PETWTPMGIWEVIXSS[MHIP]WTEGIHERYRVIMRJSVGIHWIGXMSRMW
VIUYMVIHPIRKXLSJPETRSVQSVIXLERMRQQ GVIEXIH [LMGL JSVGIW E TSXIRXMEP GVEGO XS JSPPS[ E ^MKÊK
PMRI 0ET WTPMGIW QE] SGGYV [MXL XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX
KVSYXIHGIPPWMJXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
3.3.3.3.2 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH
XLIHITXLSJXLIQIQFIVPIWWGSZIVHMWXERGIW
3.3.3.3.2.1 )\GITXEX[EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRW 3.3.3.3.2.1 8LI IHKIZIVXMGEPFEV MW XLI
XLI IRH SJ E LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV RIIHIH XS WEXMWJ] PEWXVIMRJSVGMRKFEVMR[EPPW[MXLSYXMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPWERH
WLIEV WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP FI MW XLI FEV EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJ [EPPW XLEX MRXIVWIGX
FIRX EVSYRHXLIIHKIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEV[MXLE ,SSOMRK XLI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVSYRH E ZIVXMGEP
HIKVIILSSO8LIIRHWSJWMRKPIPIKSV9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFI FEV PSGEXIH [MXLMR XLI [EPP VYRRMRK TEVEPPIP XS XLI
ERGLSVIHF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX[SYPHGEYWIXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXXS
TVSXVYHIJVSQXLI[EPP
E %WXERHEVHLSSO TPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRX SJ ld
8LIIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJEWXMVVYTPIKWLEPPFIXEOIR
EWXLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIQMHHITXLSJXLIQIQFIV
dERHXLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]
C-116 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
F *SV2S1 FEVWERHWQEPPIVFIRHMRKEVSYRH

PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLVSYKL EX PIEWX
HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ ld 8LI ld
IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIR QMHHITXL SJ XLI QIQFIV d ERH
XLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]
G &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW IEGL FIRH MR XLI
GSRXMRYSYW TSVXMSR SJ E XVERWZIVWI 9WXMVVYT WLEPP
IRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV
3.3.3.3.2.2 %X [EPP MRXIVWIGXMSRW
LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW RIIHIH XS WEXMWJ] WLIEV
WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP FI FIRX
EVSYRHXLIIHKIZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEV[MXLEHIKVII
WXERHEVH LSSO ERH WLEPP I\XIRH LSVM^SRXEPP] MRXS XLI
MRXIVWIGXMRK [EPP E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI EX PIEWX IUYEP XS
XLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXL
3.3.3.4 Splices { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGIW WLEPP 3.3.3.4 Spliceszz8LIVIUYMVIHPIRKXLSJXLIPET
GSQTP][MXLSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK WTPMGIMWFEWIHSRHIZIPSTMRKEQMRMQYQVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
WXVIWW SJ fy 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX TVSZMHIW EHIUYEXI
E 8LI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW WLEPP FI MR
WXVIRKXL[LMPIQEMRXEMRMRKGSRWMWXIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWFIX[IIR
QQ SV XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL HIXIVQMRIH F]
PETQIGLERMGEPERH[IPHIHWTPMGIW,MWXSVMGEPP]XLIPIRKXL
)UYEXMSR[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
SJPETLEWFIIRFEWIHSRXLIFSRHWXVIWWXLEXMWGETEFPISJ
F ;LIVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRWMWXMRK SJ 2S 1 SV FIMRK HIZIPSTIH FIX[IIR XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH XLI
PEVKIVFEVWMWTPEGIH[MXLMRXLIPET[MXLEXPIEWXSRI WYVVSYRHMRKKVSYX8IWXMRKLEWWLS[RXLEX
FEVMRQQ SVPIWWJVSQIEGLIRHSJXLIPET FSRH WXVIWW JEMPYVI SV TYPPSYX SJ XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP MW
XLI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW MR XIRWMSR SV SRP] SRI TSWWMFPI QSHI SJ JEMPYVI JSV PET WTPMGIW 3XLIV
GSQTVIWWMSRFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRWLEPPFI JEMPYVI QSHIW MRGPYHI VYTXYVI SJ XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP ERH
TIVQMXXIH XS FI VIHYGIH F] QYPXMTP]MRK XLI PSRKMXYHMREPWTPMXXMRKSJQEWSRV]EPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLIPET
GSRJMRIQIRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX JEGXSV 8LIGPIEVWTEGI )\TIVMQIRXEP VIWYPXW SJ WIZIVEP MRHITIRHIRX VIWIEVGL
FIX[IIRXLIXVERWZIVWIFEVWERHXLIPETTIHFEVWWLEPP TVSKVEQW [IVIGSQFMRIHERHEREP]ÎHXS
RSX I\GIIH MR QQ ERH XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW TVSZMHIMRWMKLXMRXSTVIHMGXMRKXLIRIGIWWEV]PETPIRKXLWJSV
WLEPP FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH MR KVSYXIH QEWSRV] 8LI VIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWMRQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR
VIHYGIHPETWTPMGIPIRKXLWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERdb
8S HIZIPST E VIEWSREFPI HIWMKR IUYEXMSR QYPXMTPI
Asc VIKVIWWMSR EREP]WMW [EW YWIH XS JMRH XLI JSVQ SJ E KSSH
)UYEXMSR TVIHMGXMZI QSHIP 8LI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR VIWYPXIH MR XLI
d b
FIWX TVIHMGXMSR SJ QIEWYVIH GETEGMXMIW SJ XLI XIWXIH
Asc WTPMGIW
;LIVI
d b Tr l s d b f mt ccl
AscMWXLIEVIESJXLIXVERWZIVWIFEVWEXIEGLIRHSJXLI
PETWTPMGIERHWLEPPRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLERMR Where:
QQ Tr = TVIHMGXIHXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLIWTPMGIPF2
G %[IPHIHWTPMGIWLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIH ls = XIWXIHPIRKXLSJPETWTPMGIMRQQ
XSHIZIPST EX PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI ]MIPH WXVIRKXL f mt = XIWXIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
fy SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH TWM14E ERH
ccl = GSZIVSJWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
H 1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS MRQQ
HIZIPSTEXPIEWXTIVGIRXSJXLI]MIPHWXVIRKXL fy
SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH 8LI WUYEVI SJ XLI 4IEVWSR TVSHYGX QSQIRX
GSVVIPEXMSR GSIJJMGMIRX SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR MW WLS[MRK
I\GIPPIRXGSVVIPEXMSRFIX[IIRXLIQIEWYVIHERHTVIHMGXIH
WXVIRKXLSJXLIWTPMGIW*MKYVI''KVETLMGEPP]WLS[W
XLI IUYEXMSR TVIHMGXMSRW GSQTEVIH XS VIWYPXW SJ XLI
MRHMZMHYEPXIWXTVSKVEQW
COMMENTARY
Multiple Linear Regression of Splice Capacities
Predicted Capacity = -17624.0 + 305.3 l s + 25204.3 d b2 + 321.7 (f mt)1/2 + 3331.7 c cl
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000
Predicted Capacity (lb)
WSU CPAR NCMA I NCMA II NCMA III NCMA IV Linear (Best Fit)
Figure CC-3.3-1 –– Relationship between measured and predicted splice capacities
CODE COMMENTARY
2I\X EJXIV VITPEGMRK XLI TVIHMGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI

WTPMGI [MXL Ab fy MQTSWMRK XLI WEQI VIUYMVIQIRX SR
PETWTPMGIWEWVIUYMVIHJSVQIGLERMGEPERH[IPHIHWTPMGIW
ERH WSPZMRK JSV XLI VIWYPXMRK WTPMGI PIRKXL XLI JSPPS[MRK
IUYEXMSRMWKIRIVEXIH
Ab f y d b

f mt c cl
ls

7MRGI XLI JSVQ SJ XLMW IUYEXMSR MW MQTVEGXMGEP JSV HIWMKR
ETTPMGEXMSRW 'SHI )UYEXMSR [EW JMXXIH XS XLI
IUYEXMSRWLS[REFSZI
%R I\XIRWMZI XIWXMRK TVSKVEQ GSRHYGXIH F] XLI
2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSRERHEHHMXMSREP
XIWXMRKHSRIF];EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]WLS[XLEX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTVSZMHIHXVERWZIVWIXSPETTIHFEVWGSRXVSPW
PSRKMXYHMREP XIRWMPI WTPMXXMRK SJ XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP]
8LIWI FEVW MRGVIEWI XLI PET TIVJSVQERGI WMKRMJMGERXP] EW
PSRK EW XLIVI MW EX PIEWX SRI 2S 1 XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVTPEGIH[MXLMRMRQQ SJIEGLIRH
SJ XLI WTPMGI 8LIWI FEVW QYWX FI JYPP] HIZIPSTIH ERH
LEZI EGPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XLI XVERWZIVWI FEVW ERHXLI
PETTIH FEVW RSX I\GIIHMRK MR QQ 8IWXMRK EPWS
MRHMGEXIH XLEX XLI PET PIRKXL QYWX FI EX PIEWX db SV XLI
IJJIGX SJ XLI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW QMRMQEP %W E
VIWYPXXLMWPMQMX[EWETTPMIHXSXLIPETPIRKXL
C-118 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
8LI XIWXMRK EPWS WLS[IH XLEX IZIR [LIR QSVI

XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MX FIGSQIW
WMKRMJMGERXP] PIWW IJJIGXMZI MR UYERXMXMIW EFSZI MR
QQ 8LYW XLI XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVIE EX
IEGLIRHSJXLIPETAscMWPMQMXIHXSMRQQ
IZIRMJQSVIMWTVSZMHIH
3.3.3.5 Maximum area of flexural tensile 3.3.3.5 Maximum area of flexural tensile
reinforcement reinforcement zz 0SRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR JPI\YVEP
3.3.3.5.1 *SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI QIQFIVW MWPMQMXIHXS E QE\MQYQ EQSYRXXS IRWYVI XLEX
MuVudv XLI GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMRW [MPP RSX I\GIIH YPXMQEXI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI EVIE VIUYMVIH XS ZEPYIW -R SXLIV [SVHW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI ^SRI SJ XLI
QEMRXEMRE\MEPIUYMPMFVMYQYRHIVXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRW QIQFIV [MPP RSX GVYWL FIJSVI XLI XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
HIZIPSTWXLIMRIPEWXMGWXVEMRGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIGYVZEXYVI
E %WXVEMRKVEHMIRXWLEPPFIEWWYQIHGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSE HYGXMPMX]MQTPMIHF]XLIR ZEPYIYWIHMRHIWMKR
WXVEMR MR XLI I\XVIQI XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX IUYEP XS
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI ]MIPH WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ *SV QEWSRV] GSQTSRIRXW XLEXEVITEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP
WXVEMRMRXLIQEWSRV]EWKMZIRF]7IGXMSRG JSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPMQMXIH
MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL E TVIWGVMFIH WXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR FEWIH
F 8LIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP] SR E XIRWMPI WXVEMR IUYEPXSEJEGXSV XMQIWXLI ]MIPH WXVEMR
G 8LIWXVIWWMRXLIXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIXEOIR JSVXLIVIMRJSVGMRKFEVGPSWIWXXSXLIIHKISJXLIQIQFIV
EWXLITVSHYGXSJXLIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJXLIWXIIP ERH E QE\MQYQ QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR IUYEP XS
ERH XLI WXVEMR MR XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH RIIH RSX FI JSV GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] SV JSV GPE]YRMX
XEOIREWKVIEXIVXLERfy QEWSRV] &] PMQMXMRK PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLMW
QERRIV MRIPEWXMG GYVZEXYVI GETEGMX] MW HMVIGXP] VIPEXIH XS
H %\MEP JSVGIW WLEPP FI XEOIR JVSQ XLI PSEHMRK XLIWXVEMRKVEHMIRX
GSQFMREXMSRKMZIRF]D L QE
8LIXIRWMPIWXVEMRJEGXSVZEVMIWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
I 8LI IJJIGX SJ GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MXL SV EQSYRX SJ GYVZEXYVI HYGXMPMX] I\TIGXIH ERH VERKIW JVSQ
[MXLSYX PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI XS JSV WTIGMEPP] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
TIVQMXXIH XS FI MRGPYHIH JSV TYVTSWIW SJ GEPGYPEXMRK )\TIGXIH GYVZEXYVI HYGXMPMX] GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI JEGXSV SR
QE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX XIRWMPI ]MIPH WXVEMR MW EWWYQIH XS FI EWWSGMEXIH HMVIGXP]
3.3.3.5.2 *SV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH [MXLXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXHYGXMPMX]SVXLIZEPYISJCdEWKMZIR
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS MRTPERI PSEHW [LIVI JSVXLIX]TISJGSQTSRIRX*SVI\EQTPIEWXVEMRJEGXSVSJ
MuVudv EWXVEMRKVEHMIRXGSVVIWTSRHMRKXSEWXVEMRMR JSV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
XLII\XVIQIXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRXIUYEPXSQYPXMTPMIHF] GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWPMKLXP]WQEPPIVCdJEGXSVSJERHE
XLI ]MIPH WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV] EW WXVEMR JEGXSV SJ JSV WTIGMEPP] VIMRJSVGIH [EPPW
KMZIRF] 7IGXMSRG WLEPP FI YWIH *SV MRXIVQIHMEXI GSVVIWTSRHWXSXLIWPMKLXP]WQEPPIVCdJEGXSVSJ
VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS SYXSJTPERI 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW HIXIVQMRIH F]
PSEHWXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP] GSRWMHIVMRKXLITVIWGVMFIHWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSRHIXIVQMRMRK
3.3.3.5.3 *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] XLIGSVVIWTSRHMRKWXVIWWERHJSVGIHMWXVMFYXMSRERHYWMRK
WLIEV[EPPWWYFNIGXXSMRTPERIPSEHW[LIVIMuVudv WXEXMGW XSWYQ E\MEPJSVGIW*SV I\EQTPI GSRWMHIV EJYPP]
EWXVEMRKVEHMIRX GSVVIWTSRHMRKXS EWXVEMRMRXLII\XVIQI KVSYXIH WLIEV [EPP WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI PSEHW [MXL
XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX IUYEP XS QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI ]MIPH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI WXVEMR
WXVEMR ERH E QE\MQYQ WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV] EW KMZIR F] HMWXVMFYXMSR MWWLS[R MR *MKYVI'' [LIVI y MW XLI
7IGXMSR G WLEPP FI YWIH *SV WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH ]MIPHWXVEMRERH MW EXIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVEMRJEGXSV
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WYFNIGX XS SYXSJTPERI PSEHW XLI JSV MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW JSV WTIGMEP
TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP] VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW ERH JSV SXLIV QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW 8LIQEWSRV]JSVGICm XLIWXIIPXIRWMSRJSVGI
3.3.3.5.4 *SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI Ts ERHXLIWXIIPGSQTVIWWMSRJSVGICs EVIHIXIVQMRIHEW
MuVudv ERH[LIRHIWMKRIHYWMRKR XLIVIMWRS
YTTIVPMQMXXSXLIQE\MQYQJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX mu
*SV QEWSRV] QIQFIVW [LIVI MuVudv ERH [LIR Cm f m dv b
mu y
HIWMKRIHYWMRKR XLI TVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
WLEPPETTP]
y y y y
Ts f y As
mu y y y
CODE COMMENTARY
mu mu y y
Cs f y As
mu y mu mu
&]WXEXMGWP = Cs + Cm -Ts [LIVI

P = D + L + QE
8LI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX TIV YRMX PIRKXL
SJ[EPPMWHIXIVQMRIHEW
mu P
f m b
As mu y dv
dv y mu
fy
mu y
*SV E JYPP] KVSYXIH QIQFIV [MXL SRP] GSRGIRXVEXIH

XIRWMSRVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
mu P
f m
As mu y bd
bd fy
Strain mu
fy 0.8f’m
Steel in tension
fy
Stress Steel in
compression
Figure CC-3.3-2 zz Prescribed strain distribution and

corresponding stress distribution.
-J XLIVI MW GSRGIRXVEXIH GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX

[MXL ER EVIE IUYEP XS XLI GSRGIRXVEXIH XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXAsXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
mu P
f m
As mu y bd
bd d
fy QMR mu mu y y Es
d
[LIVI d MW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI

C-120 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV XS XLI GIRXVSMH SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR

VIMRJSVGIQIRX
*SV TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH GVSWWWIGXMSRW WYFNIGXIH XS SYX
SJTPERIPSEHWXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWHIXIVQMRIH
FEWIH SR E JYPP] KVSYXIH QIQFIV [MXL XIRWMSR
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSRP]TVSZMHIHXLEXXLIRIYXVEPE\MWMWMRXLI
JPERKI -J XLI RIYXVEP E\MW MW MR XLI [IF XLI QE\MQYQ
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWHIXIVQMRIHEW
As
bd
mu bw b bw P
f m f m t fs
mu y b bd bd
fy
[LIVI bw MW XLI [MHXL SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR WIGXMSR QMRYW
XLI WYQ SJ XLI PIRKXL SJ YRKVSYXIH GIPPW ERH tfs MW XLI
WTIGMJMIHJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWWJSVLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW
&IGEYWI E\MEP JSVGI MW MQTPMGMXP] GSRWMHIVIH MR XLI
HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
MRIPEWXMG GYVZEXYVI GETEGMX] GER FI VIPMIH SR RS QEXXIV
[LEX XLI PIZIP SJ E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI 8LYW XLI
WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW JSVE\MEPPSEHERHJPI\YVIGERFI
XLI WEQI EW JSV JPI\YVI EPSRI %PWS GSRJMRIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRSXVIUYMVIHFIGEYWIXLIQE\MQYQQEWSRV]
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMR[MPPFIPIWWXLERYPXMQEXIZEPYIW
8LI E\MEP JSVGI MW XLI I\TIGXIH PSEH EX XLI XMQI SJ XLI
HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI -X MW HIVMZIH JVSQ %7') %PPS[EFPI
7XVIWW 0SEH 'SQFMREXMSR ERH GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ XLI
LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI WIMWQMG PSEHMRK8LI ZIVXMGEP
GSQTSRIRXSJXLIIEVXLUYEOIPSEHEvWLSYPHRSXFIMRGPYHIH
MR GEPGYPEXMRK XLI E\MEP JSVGI JSV TYVTSWIW SJ HIXIVQMRMRK
QE\MQYQEVIESJJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
*SV WXVYGXYVIW I\TIGXIH XS VIWTSRH MRIPEWXMGEPP] XLI
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI MW IWXMQEXIH YWMRK E
VIGXERKYPEVWXVIWWFPSGOHIJMRIH[MXLTEVEQIXIVWFEWIHSR
VIWIEVGL GEVVMIH SYX XLVSYKL XLI 8IGLRMGEP 'SSVHMREXMRK
'SQQMXXII JSV 1EWSRV] 6IWIEVGL 8''1E6 *SV
WXVYGXYVIW MRXIRHIH XS YRHIVKS WMKRMJMGERX MRIPEWXMG
VIWTSRWI 7IGXMSRW ERH EVI
XIGLRMGEPP] WSYRH[E]WSJEGLMIZMRK XLIHIWMKRSFNIGXMZI
SJ MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GETEGMX] 8LI] EVI LS[IZIV
YRRIGIWWEVMP] VIWXVMGXMZI JSV XLSWI WXVYGXYVIW RSX VIUYMVIH
XS YRHIVKS WMKRMJMGERX MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR YRHIV XLI
HIWMKR IEVXLUYEOI ERH 7IGXMSR EHHVIWWIW E
VIPE\EXMSRSJXLIQE\MQYQVIMRJSVGIQIRXPMQMXW
*SV JYVXLIV HMWGYWWMSR WII 6IJIVIRGI 6ITSVX
2SWE G G ERH
3.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars { 3.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars zz 8LMW
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIFYRHPIH VIUYMVIQIRX WXIQW JVSQ XLI PEGO SJVIWIEVGL SR QEWSRV]
[MXLFYRHPIHFEVW
CODE COMMENTARY
3.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns 3.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns
1IQFIV HIWMKR JSVGIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ER
EREP]WMW XLEX GSRWMHIVW XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW 8LI GEPGYPEXMSR SJ PEXIVEP WXMJJRIWW WLEPP MRGPYHI
XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ EPP FIEQW TMIVW ERH GSPYQRW 8LI
IJJIGXWSJGVEGOMRKSRQIQFIVWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
3.3.4.1 Nominal strength 3.3.4.1 Nominal strength
3.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural 3.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural
strength{8LIRSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPn ERHXLIRSQMREP strength zz 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E QIQFIV
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMn SJEGVSWWWIGXMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH QE] FI GEPGYPEXIHYWMRK XLI EWWYQTXMSRSJ ER IUYMZEPIRX
MREGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI HIWMKR EWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSR VIGXERKYPEV WXVIWW FPSGO EW SYXPMRIH MR 7IGXMSR
ERH XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR KMZIW JYVXLIV MRJSVQEXMSR
WXVIRKXLEXER]WIGXMSREPSRKEQIQFIVWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER VIKEVHMRK WPIRHIVRIWW IJJIGXW SR E\MEP PSEH WXVIRKXL EW
SRIJSYVXLSJXLIQE\MQYQRSQMREPJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLEXXLI XEOIR MRXS EGGSYRX [MXL XLI YWI SJ )UYEXMSR ERH
GVMXMGEPWIGXMSR )UYEXMSR )UYEXMSR ERH)UYEXMSR ETTP]XS
WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH IRH GSRHMXMSRW ERH XVERWZIVWI PSEHMRK
8LIRSQMREPE\MEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLWLEPPRSX
[LMGLVIWYPXWMREW]QQIXVMGHIJPIGXMSRGYVZEXYVI EFSYX
I\GIIH)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSR EWETTVSTVMEXI
XLI QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI IPIQIRX MJ TVIWIRX ;LIVI SXLIV
E *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW SV PSEHMRK WGIREVMSW EVI ORS[R XS
I\MWX )UYEXMSR ERH )UYEXMSR WLSYPH FI

h QSHMJMIHEGGSVHMRKP]XSEGGSYRXJSVXLIIJJIGXMZILIMKLXSJ
Pn f m An Ast f y Ast XLIIPIQIRXSVWLETISJXLIFIRHMRKQSQIRXHMEKVEQSZIV
r
XLI GPIEV WTER SJ XLI IPIQIRX 8LI [IEOE\MW VEHMYW SJ
)UYEXMSR K]VEXMSR WLSYPH FI YWIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK WPIRHIVRIWW
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER HITIRHIRXVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW8LIJMVWXGSIJJMGMIRXMR
)UYEXMSR ERH )UYEXMSR EGGSYRXW JSV
r
Pn f m An Ast f y Ast YREZSMHEFPIQMRMQYQIGGIRXVMGMX]MRXLIE\MEPPSEH
h
)UYEXMSR
3.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 3.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength zz 8LI
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL IUYEXMSRW MR 7IGXMSR EVI HIVMZIH
)UYEXMSR ERHIMXLIV)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSR JVSQVIWIEVGL8LIIUYEXMSRWLEZIFIIRGSQTEVIH[MXL
EWETTVSTVMEXI VIWYPXWJVSQJMJX]WM\XIWXWSJ QEWSRV][EPPWJEMPMRKMRMR
TPERI WLIEV 8LI XIWX HEXE IRGSQTEWWIH FSXL GSRGVIXI
Vn Vnm V ns )UYEXMSR QEWSRV][EPPWERHGPE]QEWSRV][EPPWEPPSJ[LMGL[IVI
[LIVIVnWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK JYPP]KVSYXIH8LIEZIVEKIVEXMSSJXLIXIWXGETEGMX]XSXLI
GEPGYPEXIH GETEGMX] [EW [MXL E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
E ;LIVIMuVu dv ZEVMEXMSRSJ
Vn Anv fm )UYEXMSR 8LIPMQMXEXMSRWSRQE\MQYQRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLEVI

MRGPYHIHXSTVIGPYHIGVMXMGEPFVMXXPI WLIEVVIPEXIHJEMPYVIW
F ;LIVIMuVu dv 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 7IGXMSR [IVI HIZIPSTIH
XLVSYKL XLI WXYH] SJ ERH GEPMFVEXIH XS GERXMPIZIVIH WLIEV
Vn Anv fm )UYEXMSR
[EPPW8LI VEXMSMuVu dv GER FIHMJJMGYPX XS MRXIVTVIXSV
G 8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Vn JSV MuVu dv FIX[IIR ETTP] GSRWMWXIRXP] JSV SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW JSV E
ERH WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI PMRIEVP] YRMJSVQP] PSEHIH WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH FIEQ 'SRGYVVIRX
MRXIVTSPEXIH ZEPYIWSJMuERHVu dv QYWX FIGSRWMHIVIHEXETTVSTVMEXI
PSGEXMSRW EPSRK WLIEV QIQFIVW WYGL EW FIEQW XS
H MuVu dv WLEPP FI XEOIR EW E TSWMXMZI RYQFIV ERH HIXIVQMRI XLI GVMXMGEP MuVu dv VEXMS 8S WMQTPMJ] XLI
RIIHRSXFIXEOIRKVIEXIVXLER EREP]XMGEP TVSGIWW HIWMKRIVW EVI TIVQMXXIH XS YWI
MuVu dv !
3.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear 3.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear
strength{7LIEVWXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]XLIQEWSRV]Vnm strength zz )UYEXMSR MW IQTMVMGEPP] HIVMZIH JVSQ
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR VIWIEVGL
C-122 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Mu
V nm Anv f m Pu
Vu d v
)UYEXMSR
3.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength 3.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength
provided by reinforcement { 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL provided by reinforcement zz)UYEXMSR MW IQTMVMGEPP]
TVSZMHIH F] WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX Vns WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH HIVMZIH JVSQ VIWIEVGL 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
EWJSPPS[W TVSZMHIHF]WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX)UYEXMSRVITVIWIRXW
LEPJ XLI XLISVIXMGEP GSRXVMFYXMSR -R SXLIV [SVHW XLI
Av RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL MW HIXIVQMRIH EW XLI JYPP QEWSRV]
V ns fy dv )UYEXMSR
s GSRXVMFYXMSR TPYW SRILEPJ XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR JVSQ XLI WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 3XLIVGSIJJMGMIRXW [IVIIZEPYEXIH
ERH FYX XLI FIWX JMX XS XLI I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE [EW
SFXEMRIHYWMRKXLIJEGXSV
3.3.4.2 Beams { (IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX 3.3.4.2 Beams zz 8LMW WIGXMSR ETTPMIW XS XLI
XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP HIWMKRSJPMRXIPWERHFIEQW
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL
3.3.4.2.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGISREFIEQWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f 'm
3.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement 3.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
3.3.4.2.2.1 6IWXVMGXMRK XLI ZEVMEXMSR SJ
3.3.4.2.2.1 8LI ZEVMEXMSR MR
FEVWMÎWMREFIEQMWMRGPYHIHXSMRGVIEWIXLIHITXLSJXLI
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMREFIEQWLEPPRSXFIKVIEXIV
QIQFIV GSQTVIWWMSR ^SRI ERH XS MRGVIEWI QIQFIV
XLER SRI FEV WMÎ 2SX QSVI XLER X[S FEV WMÎW WLEPP FI
HYGXMPMX] ;LIR MRGSVTSVEXMRK X[S FEVW SJ WMKRMJMGERXP]
YWIHMREFIEQ
HMJJIVIRX WMÎW MR E WMRKPI FIEQ XLI PEVKIVFEV VIUYMVIW E
QYGL LMKLIV PSEH XS VIEGL ]MIPH WXVEMR MR IJJIGX
wWXMJJIRMRKxXLIFIEQ
3.3.4.2.2.2 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP 3.3.4.2.2.2 8LI VIUYMVIQIRX XLEX XLI
WXVIRKXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERQYPXMTPMIHF] RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E FIEQ RSX FI PIWW XLER
XLI RSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX SJ XLI FIEQ Mcr 8LI QYPXMTPMIH F] XLIRSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX MWMQTSWIHXS
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI fr JSV XLMW GEPGYPEXMSR WLEPP FI TVIZIRX FVMXXPI JEMPYVIW 8LMW WMXYEXMSR QE] SGGYV [LIVI E
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL 7IGXMSR FIEQ MW WS PMKLXP] VIMRJSVGIH XLEX XLI FIRHMRK QSQIRX
VIUYMVIHXSGEYWI]MIPHMRKSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWPIWWXLER
XLIFIRHMRKQSQIRXVIUYMVIHXSGEYWIGVEGOMRK
3.3.4.2.2.3 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR 3.3.4.2.2.3 8LMW I\GITXMSR TVSZMHIW
RIIHRSXFIETTPMIHMJEXIZIV]WIGXMSRXLIEVIE WYJJMGMIRXEHHMXMSREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQIQFIVWMR[LMGLXLI
SJ XIRWMPI VIMRJSVGIQIRX TVSZMHIH MW EX PIEWX SRIXLMVH EQSYRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIH F] 7IGXMSR
KVIEXIVXLERXLEXVIUYMVIHF]EREP]WMW [SYPHFII\GIWWMZI
3.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcement { 3.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcementzz&IEQW
8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [LIVI Vu VIGSKRMÎHMRXLMWWIGXMSRSJXLI'SHIEVISJXIRHIWMKRIHXS
I\GIIHW Vnm 8LI JEGXSVIH WLIEV Vu WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI VIWMWXSRP]WLIEVJSVGIWHYIXSKVEZMX]PSEHW&IEQWXLEXEVI
IJJIGXW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH ;LIR XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW GSRXVSPPIHF]LMKLWIMWQMGJSVGIWERHPEXIVEPHVMJXWLSYPHFI
VIUYMVIHXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRWWLEPPETTP] HIWMKRIHEWHYGXMPIIPIQIRXW
E 8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIEWMRKPIFEV[MXLE E %PXLSYKL WSQI GSRGIVRW LEZI FIIR VEMWIH VIKEVHMRK
HIKVIILSSOEXIEGLIRH XLI HMJJMGYPX] MR GSRWXVYGXMRK FIEQW GSRXEMRMRK E
WMRKPI FEV WXMVVYT XLI 'SQQMXXII JIIPW WYGL WTEGMRK
PMQMXEXMSRW [MXLMR FIEQW MRLMFMXW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ
RIGIWWEV] PET PIRKXLW VIUYMVIH JSV X[SFEV WXMVVYTW
*YVXLIVQSVIXLIEHHIHZSPYQISJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPEW
EVIWYPXSJPETWTPMGMRKWXMVVYTWQE]TVIZIRXEHIUYEXI
GSRWSPMHEXMSRSJXLIKVSYX
CODE COMMENTARY
F 8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFILSSOIHEVSYRHXLI F 8LI VIUYMVIQIRX XLEX WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX FI LSSOIH

PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX EVSYRH XLI PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX RSX SRP]
JEGMPMXEXIW GSRWXVYGXMSR FYX EPWS GSRJMRIW XLI
PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH LIPTW IRWYVI XLI
HIZIPSTQIRXSJXLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP G % QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
FIbdv IWXEFPMWLIHXSTVIZIRXFVMXXPIWLIEVJEMPYVIW
G 8LI JMVWX XVERWZIVWI FEV WLEPP RSX FI PSGEXIH QSVI H %PXLSYKL HMJJIVIRX GSHIW GSRXEMR HMJJIVIRX WTEGMRK
XLERSRIJSYVXLSJXLIFIEQHITXLdv JVSQXLIIRH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI TPEGIQIRX SJ XVERWZIVWI
SJXLIFIEQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI 'SQQMXXII LEW GSRWIVZEXMZIP]
IWXEFPMWLIHXLMWVIUYMVIQIRX
I 8LIQE\MQYQ WTEGMRK WLEPP RSX I\GIIH SRILEPJ XLI I 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR IWXEFPMWL PMQMXEXMSRW
HITXLSJXLIFIEQRSVMRQQ SR XLI WTEGMRK ERH TPEGIQIRX SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR
SVHIVXSMRGVIEWIQIQFIVHYGXMPMX]
3.3.4.2.4 Construction { &IEQW WLEPP FI 3.3.4.2.4 Construction zz %PXLSYKL FIEQW
JYPP]KVSYXIH GER TL]WMGEPP] FI GSRWXVYGXIH SJ TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH
QEWSRV]XLIPEGOSJVIWIEVGLWYTTSVXMRKXLITIVJSVQERGI
SJ TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH FIEQW GSQFMRIH [MXL XLI MRGVIEWIH
TVSFEFMPMX]SJFVMXXPIJEMPYVIHMGXEXIWXLMWVIUYMVIQIRX
3.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits { 8LI 3.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits zz-RWYJJMGMIRX
RSQMREP HITXL SJ E FIEQ WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER MR VIWIEVGLLEWFIIRGSRHYGXIHSRFIEQWSJRSQMREPHITXL
QQ PIWWXLERMRQQ
3.3.4.3 Piers 3.3.4.3 Piers
3.3.4.3.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR 3.3.4.3.1 (YI XS XLI PIWW WIZIVI
JSVGISRTMIVWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f 'm VIUYMVIQIRXWMQTSWIHJSVXLIHIWMKRSJTMIVW[MXLVIWTIGX
XS WMQMPEV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSPYQRW XLI QE\MQYQ E\MEP
JSVGIMWEVFMXVEVMP]PMQMXIHXSEVIPEXMZIP]PS[IVZEPYI
3.3.4.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement { % 3.3.4.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement zz
TMIVWYFNIGXIHXSMRTPERIWXVIWWVIZIVWEPWWLEPPFIVIMRJSVGIH 8LIWI TVSZMWMSRW EVI TVIHSQMRERXP] WIMWQMGVIPEXIH ERH
W]QQIXVMGEPP]EFSYXXLIRIYXVEPE\MWSJXLITMIV0SRKMXYHMREP EVIMRXIRHIHXSTVSZMHIXLIKVIEXIWX HYGXMPMX]JSVXLIPIEWX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXSJTMIVWWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK GSWX 4MIVW RSX WYFNIGXXS MRTPERIWXVIWW VIZIVWEPW EVI RSX
VIUYMVIHXSGSQTP][MXLXLMWWIGXMSR
E %XPIEWXSRIFEVWLEPPFITVSZMHIHMRIEGLIRHGIPP
F 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIbd
3.3.4.3.3 Dimensional limits { (MQIRWMSRW 3.3.4.3.3 Dimensional limits zz .YHKQIRX
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK FEWIH HMQIRWMSREP PMQMXW EVI IWXEFPMWLIH JSV TMIVW XS
HMWXMRKYMWL XLIMV HIWMKR JVSQ [EPPW ERH XS TVIZIRX PSGEP
E 8LIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJETMIVWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMR
MRWXEFMPMX]SVFYGOPMRKQSHIW
QQ
F 8LIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWSJETMIVWLEPPRSX
I\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJETMIV
I\GITXEWTVSZMHIHJSVMR7IGXMSRG
G ;LIR XLIHMWXERGIFIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXWSJETMIV
I\GIIHWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJXLI
TMIV HIWMKR WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
7IGXMSR
H 8LI RSQMREP PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER
XLVII QYPXMTPMIH F] MXW RSQMREP XLMGORIWW RSV KVIEXIV
XLERWM\QYPXMTPMIHF]MXWRSQMREPXLMGORIWW8LIGPIEV
LIMKLXSJETMIVWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJMZIQYPXMTPMIHF]MXW
C-124 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
RSQMREPPIRKXL
Exception ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP JSVGI EX XLI PSGEXMSR SJ
QE\MQYQ QSQIRX MW PIWW XLER f 'm Ag XLI PIRKXL SJ E
TMIVWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIIUYEPXSXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLITMIV
3.3.5 Wall design for out-of-plane loads 3.3.5 Wall design for out-of-plane loads
3.3.5.1 Scope { 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR 3.3.5.1 Scope
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW
3.3.5.2 Moment and deflection calculations { 3.3.5.2 Moment and deflection calculations zz
1SQIRX ERH HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW MR 7IGXMSRW 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIHIVMZIHJVSQVIWYPXWSJ
ERH EVIFEWIHSRWMQTPIWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRWXSTERH XIWXW SR WMQTP] WYTTSVXIH WTIGMQIRW &IGEYWI XLI
FSXXSQ*SVSXLIVWYTTSVXERHJM\MX]GSRHMXMSRWQSQIRXW QE\MQYQ FIRHMRK QSQIRXERH HIJPIGXMSRSGGYVRIEVXLI
ERH HIJPIGXMSRW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK IWXEFPMWLIH QMHLIMKLXSJXLSWIWTIGMQIRWXLMWWIGXMSRMRGPYHIWSRP]
TVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW HIWMKR IUYEXMSRW JSV XLEX GSRHMXMSR ;LIR EGXYEP
GSRHMXMSRWEVIRSXWMQTPIWYTTSVXWXLIGYVZEXYVISJE[EPP
YRHIV SYXSJTPERI PEXIVEP PSEHMRK [MPP FI HMJJIVIRX XLER
XLEX EWWYQIH F] XLIWI IUYEXMSRW 9WMRK XLI TVMRGMTPIW SJ
QIGLERMGWXLITSMRXWSJMRJPIGXMSRGERFIHIXIVQMRIHERH
EGXYEP QSQIRXW ERH HIJPIGXMSRW GER FI GEPGYPEXIH YRHIV
HMJJIVIRXWYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRW8LIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHI\EQMRI
EPPQSQIRXERHHIJPIGXMSRGSRHMXMSRWXSPSGEXIXLIGVMXMGEP
WIGXMSRYWMRKXLIEWWYQTXMSRWSYXPMRIHMR7IGXMSR
3.3.5.3 Walls with factored axial stress of 3.3.5.3 Walls with factored axial stress of 0.20 f m
0.20 f 'm or less{8LITVSGIHYVIWWIXJSVXLMRXLMW7IGXMSR or less zz 8LI GVMXIVMSR XS PMQMX ZIVXMGEP PSEH SR E GVSWW
WLEPP FI YWIH [LIR XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH WXVIWW EX XLI WIGXMSR[EWMRGPYHIHFIGEYWIXLIWPIRHIV[EPPHIWMKRQIXLSH
PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRX WEXMWJMIW XLI VIUYMVIQIRX [EWFEWIHSRHEXEJVSQ XIWXMRK[MXLX]TMGEPVSSJPSEHW *SV
GSQTYXIHF])UYEXMSR h/t VEXMSWKVIEXIVXLERXLIVIMWEREHHMXMSREPPMQMXEXMSRSR
XLI E\MEP WXVIWW 8LIVI EVI GYVVIRXP] RS WXVIRKXL HIWMKR
Pu TVSZMWMSRWJSVE\MEPWXVIWWKVIEXIVXLERf m .
f m )UYEXMSR
Ag
8LIVIUYMVIHQSQIRXHYIXSPEXIVEPPSEHWIGGIRXVMGMX]
SJ E\MEP PSEH ERH PEXIVEP HIJSVQEXMSRW EVI EWWYQIH
;LIR XLI VEXMS SJ IJJIGXMZI LIMKLX XS RSQMREP
QE\MQYQ EX QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP -R GIVXEMR HIWMKR
XLMGORIWW h/t I\GIIHW XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP WXVIWW WLEPP
GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW PEVKI IGGIRXVMGMXMIW EGXMRK
RSXI\GIIHf 'm .
WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL WQEPP PEXIVEP PSEHW XLI HIWMKR
*EGXSVIHQSQIRXERHE\MEPJSVGIWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH QE\MQYQ QSQIRX QE] SGGYV IPWI[LIVI ;LIR XLMW
EXXLIQMHLIMKLXSJXLI[EPPERHWLEPPFIYWIHJSVHIWMKR SGGYVW XLIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHYWIXLIQE\MQYQQSQIRXEX
8LI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX Mu EX XLI QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR VEXLIV XLER XLI QSQIRX HIXIVQMRIH
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR JVSQ)UYEXMSR
wu h eu
Mu Puf Pu )UYEXMSR

;LIVI
Pu Puw Puf )UYEXMSR
8LI HIJPIGXMSR HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW u WLEPP FI

SFXEMRIHYWMRK)UYEXMSRERHERHVITPEGMRKMser
[MXL Mu ERH s[MXL u
8LI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
7IGXMSR.
3.3.5.4 Nominal axial and flexural strength { 3.3.5.4 Nominal axial and flexural strength {
8LI RSQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn ERH XLI RSQMREP ;LIR XLI HITXL SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVIWW FPSGO MW MR XLI
JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL Mn SJ E GVSWWWIGXMSR WLEPP FI JEGI WLIPP SJ E [EPP XLEX MW JYPP] SV TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH XLI
HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI HIWMKR EWWYQTXMSRW RSQMREPQSQIRXQE]FIETTVS\MQEXIHEW
CODE COMMENTARY
SJ 7IGXMSR 8LI RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI t sp a t sp

WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLEX HIXIVQMRIH F] )UYEXMSR Mn Pu As f y As f y d
SV)UYEXMSR EWETTVSTVMEXI
As f y Pu
a
f m b
8LI EFSZI JSVQYPEW EVI ZEPMH JSV FSXL GIRXIVIH ERH
RSRGIRXIVIH JPI\YVEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX *SV GIRXIVIH JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX d ! tsp 8LMW VIWYPXW MR XLI RSQMREP
QSQIRXMnFIMRKSFXEMRIHEW
a
Mn Pu As f y d

8LIWI JSVQYPEW XEOI MRXS EGGSYRX XLI IJJIGX SJ
GSQTVIWWMZIZIVXMGEPPSEHWMRGVIEWMRKXLIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
SJ XLI WIGXMSR -R XLI GEWI SJ E\MEP XIRWMSR XLI JPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXLMWHIGVIEWIH
3.3.5.5 Deflections{8LILSVM^SRXEPQMHLIMKLX 3.3.5.5 Deflections zz ,MWXSVMGEPP] XLI
HIJPIGXMSR s YRHIV EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR PSEH VIGSQQIRHEXMSR LEW FIIR XS PMQMX XLI HIJPIGXMSR YRHIV
GSQFMREXMSRWWLEPPFIPMQMXIHF]XLIVIPEXMSR EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW XS h 8LI
GSQQMXXIILEWGLSWIREQSVIWXVMRKIRXZEPYISJh.
s h )UYEXMSR
8LI'SHIPMQMXWXLIPEXIVEPHIJPIGXMSRYRHIVEPPS[EFPI
4HIPXE IJJIGXW WLEPP FI MRGPYHIH MR HIJPIGXMSR WXVIWW PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW % [EPP PSEHIH MR XLMW VERKI
GEPGYPEXMSR 8LI QMHLIMKLX HIJPIGXMSR WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH VIXYVRW XS MXW SVMKMREP ZIVXMGEP TSWMXMSR [LIR XLI PEXIVEP
YWMRK IMXLIV )UYEXMSR SV )UYEXMSR EW PSEHMWVIQSZIHFIGEYWIXLIWXVIWWMRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW
ETTPMGEFPI [MXLMRMXWIPEWXMGPMQMX
E ;LIVIMser Mcr )UYEXMSR MW JSV QMHLIMKLX HIJPIGXMSR JSV ER
M ser h YRGVEGOIH WIGXMSR ERH )UYEXMSR MW JSV QMHLIMKLX
s )UYEXMSR HIJPIGXMSR JSV E GVEGOIH WIGXMSR % [EPP MW EWWYQIH XS
E m I g
HIJPIGXEWERYRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRYRXMPXLIQSHYPYWSJVYTXYVI
MWVIEGLIHEJXIV[LMGLMXMWEWWYQIHXSHIJPIGXEWEGVEGOIH
F ;LIVIMcr Mser Mn WIGXMSR 8LI GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME MW GSRWIVZEXMZIP]
M cr h M ser M cr h EWWYQIH XS ETTP] SZIV XLI IRXMVI LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP 8LI
s )UYEXMSR
E m I g E m I cr GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME Icr JSV E JYPP] KVSYXIH SV
TEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHGVSWWWIGXMSRMWYWYEPP]XLIWEQIEWXLEXJSV
8LIGVEGOMRKQSQIRXSJXLI[EPPWLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK
E LSPPS[ WIGXMSR FIGEYWI XLI GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO MW
XLIQSHYPYWSJVYTXYVIfr XEOIRJVSQ8EFPI
KIRIVEPP][MXLMRXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLIJEGIWLIPP
8LIRIYXVEPE\MWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKXLIGVEGOIHQSQIRX
8LIWIJSVQYPEWVITVIWIRXKSSHETTVS\MQEXMSRWXSXIWX
SJ MRIVXME Icr WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL XLI
VIWYPXWEWWYQMRKXLEXXLI[EPPMWWMQTP]WYTTSVXIHXSTERH
HIWMKREWWYQTXMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR 8LIIJJIGXW SJ E\MEP
FSXXSQERHMWWYFNIGXIHXSEYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHPEXIVEP
PSEHWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIMRGPYHIH[LIRGEPGYPEXMRKIcr
PSEH -J XLI [EPP MW JM\IH EX XST FSXXSQ SV FSXL SXLIV
9RPIWW WXMJJRIWW ZEPYIW EVI SFXEMRIH F] E QSVI JSVQYPEW WLSYPH FI HIZIPSTIH GSRWMHIVMRK XLI WYTTSVX
GSQTVILIRWMZIEREP]WMWXLIGVEGOIHQSQIRXSJMRIVXMEJSV GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI XST SV FSXXSQ ERH GSRWMHIVMRK XLI
E[EPPXLEXMWTEVXMEPP]SVJYPP]KVSYXIHERH[LSWIRIYXVEP TSWWMFPIHIJPIGXMSR SV VSXEXMSR SJ XLI JSYRHEXMSR VSSJ SV
E\MWMWMRXLIJEGIWLIPPWLEPPFISFXEMRIHJVSQ)UYEXMSR JPSSVHMETLVEKQ
ERH)UYEXMSR
8LI GVEGOMRK QSQIRX Mcr MW XLI GEPGYPEXIH QSQIRX
Pu t sp bc GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSJMVWXGVEGOMRK8LI GVEGOMRKQSQIRX[EW

I cr n As d c )UYEXMSR TVIZMSYWP] KMZIR MR XLI 'SHI EW XLI WIGXMSR QSHYPYW
f y d QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI 8LI 'SHI LEW FIIR
GLERKIHWSMXMWRS[TIVQMWWMFPIXSMRGPYHIXLIETTPMIHE\MEP
As f y Pu JSVGIMRXLIGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLIGVEGOMRKQSQIRX
c )UYEXMSR
f m b 8LI 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX XLI RIYXVEP E\MW YWIH XS
GEPGYPEXI XLI GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ MRIVXME FI HIXIVQMRIH
C-126 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
YWMRK XLI WXVEMR HMWXVMFYXMSR EX YPXMQEXI GETEGMX] %QVLIMR

ERH 0II YWIH XLMW GSRHMXMSR XS HIZIPST XLI
SVMKMREPWPIRHIV[EPPHIWMKRTVSZMWMSRW
)UYEXMSR ERHEVIZEPMHJSVFSXLGIRXIVIHERH
RSRGIRXIVIHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX8LIQSHMJMGEXMSRXIVQ
SJtspd)MR)UYEXMSR EGGSYRXWJSVEVIHYGXMSRMRXLI
GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH XS XLI GVEGOIH QSQIRX SJ
MRIVXME[LIRXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWRIEVXLIJEGISJXLI[EPP
3.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads 3.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads
3.3.6.1 Scope { 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHW
3.3.6.2 Reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FITVSZMHIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH
WLEPPFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSSRIXLMVH Av 8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPP FI YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH ERH WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E
WTEGMRKSJJXQ
3.3.6.3 Flexural and axial strength { 8LI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
3.3.6.4 Shear strength { 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR

3.3.6.5 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 3.3.6.5 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPPRSX ETTP]MJEWLIEV VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR EVIMRXIRHIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
[EPP MW HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ERMRXIVQIHMEXISVEWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPP
XLVSYKL LEW WYJJMGMIRX MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GETEGMX] YRHIV XLI
HIWMKRFEWMWIEVXLUYEOISJ%7')SVXLIQSHIPFYMPHMRK
GSHIW -RIPEWXMG HIJSVQEFMPMX] MW XLI EFMPMX] SJ E WXVYGXYVI
SV WXVYGXYVEP IPIQIRX XS GSRXMRYI XS WYWXEMR KVEZMX] PSEHW
EW MX HIJSVQW PEXIVEPP] YRHIV IEVXLUYEOI SV WSQI SXLIV
X]TISJ I\GMXEXMSRFI]SRHXLIWXEKI[LIVIXLIVIWTSRWISJ
XLIWXVYGXYVISVXLIWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXXSXLEXI\GMXEXMSRMW
IPEWXMGXLEXMWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLRSVIWMHYEPHMWTPEGIQIRXSV
HEQEKI -R XLI EPXIVREXMZI WLIEV [EPP HIWMKR ETTVSEGL
KMZIR MR 7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL WYGL
MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEFMPMX] MW WSYKLX XS FI IRWYVIH F] QIERW
SJ WTIGMEPP] GSRJMRIH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW QEOMRK MX
YRRIGIWWEV] XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIXLIVIJSVI[EMZIH
3.3.6.5.1 7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW RIIH 3.3.6.5.1 8LMW WYFWIGXMSR WIXW YT WSQI
RSX FI TVSZMHIH MR WLIEV [EPPW QIIXMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK wWGVIIRWx [MXL XLI I\TIGXEXMSR XLEX QER] MJ RSX QSWX
GSRHMXMSRW WLIEV[EPPW[MPPKSXLVSYKLXLIWGVIIRWMR[LMGLGEWIRS
WTIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW[SYPHFIVIUYMVIH8LMW[MPPFI
Pu Ag f m JSV KISQIXVMGEPP] W]QQIXVMGEP XLIGEWI[LIREWLIEV[EPPMWPMKLXP]E\MEPP]PSEHIHERHMX
[EPPWIGXMSRW MW IMXLIV WLSVX SV MW QSHIVEXI MR LIMKLX ERH MW WYFNIGX XS
Pu Ag f m JSV KISQIXVMGEPP] YRW]QQIXVMGEP SRP]QSHIVEXIWLIEVWXVIWWIW
[EPPWIGXMSRWERHIMXLIV 8LI XLVIWLSPH ZEPYIW EVI EHETXIH JVSQ XLI HIWMKR
Mu TVSGIHYVIJSVWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLIEV[EPPWMRXLI
9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI 9&' -R XLI IEVP] W
Vu d v
[LIR XLMW TVSGIHYVI SJ XLI 9&' [EW JMVWX FIMRK
HIZIPSTIHEREHLSGWYFGSQQMXXII[MXLMRXLI7IMWQSPSK]
SV 'SQQMXXII SJ XLI 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVW %WWSGMEXMSR SJ
'EPMJSVRME LEH PMQMXIH YRTYFPMWLIH TEVEQIXVMG WXYHMIW
HSRIWLS[MRKXLEXEVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLIEV[EPPTEWWMRK
&9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7') '
CODE COMMENTARY
1Y XLVSYKL XLI wWGVIIRWx GSYPH RSX HIZIPST WYJJMGMIRXP] LMKL

ERH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMRW MR XLI GSRGVIXI XS [EVVERX WTIGMEP
:Y H Z
GSRJMRIQIRX -R XLI GEWI SJ QEWSRV] WXVEMRW VIUYMVMRK
WTIGMEP GSRJMRIQIRX [SYPH FI ZEPYIW I\GIIHMRK XLI
QE\MQYQYWEFPIWXVEMRWSJ7IGXMSRG
8LI RIIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] 8[S ETTVSEGLIW JSV IZEPYEXMRK
IPIQIRXWEXXLIIHKIWSJWLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIIZEPYEXIHMR HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW EX [EPP FSYRHEVMIW EVI MRGPYHIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR SV 8LI 7IGXMSR 7IGXMSR EPPS[W XLI YWI SJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPEPWSFIWEXMWJMIH HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH HIWMKR SJ [EPPW MR [LMGL XLI
WXVYGXYVEP HIXEMPW EVI HIXIVQMRIH HMVIGXP] SR XLI FEWMW SJ
XLI I\TIGXIH PEXIVEP HMWTPEGIQIRXW SJ XLI [EPP YRHIV XLI
HIWMKRFEWMW IEVXLUYEOI 8LMW ETTVSEGL [EW JMVWX
MRXVSHYGIH MR %'- JSV XLI HIWMKR SJ WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIWLIEV[EPPW8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
EVIWMQMPEVXSXLSWISJ ERHIEVPMIVIHMXMSRW
SJ %'- VIXEMRIH MR %'- ERH ERH
LEZI FIIR MRGPYHIH FIGEYWI XLI] EVI GSRWIVZEXMZI JSV
EWWIWWMRK VIUYMVIH XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX [EPP
FSYRHEVMIW JSV QER] [EPPW 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
ETTP] XS WLIEV [EPPW HIWMKRIH F] IMXLIV 7IGXMSR
SV
8LMW 7IGXMSR ETTPMIW XS [EPPW 7IGXMSR MWFEWIH SR XLI
FIRHMRK MR WMRKPI GYVZEXYVI MR [LMGL XLI JPI\YVEP PMQMX EWWYQTXMSR XLEX MRIPEWXMG VIWTSRWI SJ XLI [EPP MW HSQMREXIH
WXEXI VIWTSRWI MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPHMRK EX XLI FEWI SJ XLI F]JPI\YVEPEGXMSREXEGVMXMGEP]MIPHMRKWIGXMSRzX]TMGEPP]EX
[EPP ;EPPW RSX WEXMWJ]MRK XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI XLIFEWI8LI[EPPWLSYPHFITVSTSVXMSRIHWSXLEXXLIGVMXMGEP
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR WIGXMSRSGGYVW[LIVIMRXIRHIHEXXLIFEWI
E 7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH SZIV E 8LIJSPPS[MRKI\TPEREXMSRMRGPYHMRK*MKYVI''
TSVXMSRWSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIW[LIVI MWEHETXIHJVSQETETIVF];EPPEGI[LMGLTVSZMHIW
FEGOKVSYRH XS XLI HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV WTIGMEP
VIMRJSVGIH WLIEV [EPPW SJ %'- VIXEMRIH
YRGLERKIH MR %'- 8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR
XLI[EPPXSTHMWTPEGIQIRXERH[EPPGYVZEXYVIJSVE[EPP
ERH MW GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI KMZIR F] %7') SJYRMJSVQGVSWWWIGXMSR[MXLEWMRKPIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSREX
7XVIRKXL (IWMKR 0SEH 'SQFMREXMSR XLIFEWIMWTVIWIRXIHMR*MKYVI''8LI%'-
SV XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK TVSZMWMSRW EW [IPP EW XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW 'SHI EVI
WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSR SJ XLI PIKEPP] FEWIHSREWMQTPMJMIHZIVWMSRSJXLIQSHIPTVIWIRXIHMR
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK *MKYVI ''E 8LI WMQTPMJMIH QSHIP WLS[R MR
RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL EX XLI FEWI GVMXMGEP *MKYVI''F RIKPIGXWXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJIPEWXMG
WIGXMSR 8LI PSEH JEGXSV SR MR 'SQFMREXMSR MW HIJSVQEXMSRW XS XLI XST HMWTPEGIQIRX ERH QSZIW XLI
VIHYGMFPIXSEWTIVI\GITXMSRWXS7IGXMSRSJ GIRXIVSJXLITPEWXMGLMRKIXSXLIFEWISJXLI[EPP&EWIH
%7') SR XLI QSHIP SJ *MKYVI '' XLI VIPEXMSRWLMT
FIX[IIR XLI XSTHMWTPEGIQIRX ERH XLIGYVZEXYVI EX XLI
FEWISJXLI[EPPMW
! ! !

)UYEXMSR
EWWYQMRK XLEX ! EW MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI
EWWYQIHF]XLI9&'
[LIVI !YPXMQEXIGYVZEXYVIERH
!TPEWXMGVSXEXMSREXXLIFEWISJXLI[EPP
-JEX XLIWXEKI[LIVIXLIXSTHIJPIGXMSRSJ XLI[EPP MW

C-128 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
ne XLII\XVIQIJMFIVGSQTVIWWMZIWXVEMREXXLIGVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR EX XLI FEWI HSIW RSX I\GIIH mu RS WTIGMEP
GSRJMRIQIRX[SYPHFIVIUYMVIHER][LIVIMRXLI[EPP
*MKYVI''MPPYWXVEXIWWYGLEWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSREX
XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR 8LI RIYXVEP E\MW HITXL
GSVVIWTSRHMRKXSXLMWWXVEMRHMWXVMFYXMSRMWccr ERHXLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK YPXMQEXI GYVZEXYVI MW u mu c cr
*VSQ)UYEXMSR
mu w
Cd ne hw )UYEXMSRE
c cr
mu w
SV c cr )UYEXMSR F
C d ne hw
-X JSPPS[W JVSQ XLIEFSZI WII *MKYVI '' XLEX

WTIGMEPHIXEMPMRK[SYPHFIVIUYMVIHMJ
mu w w
c
C d ne hw C d ne hw
w w
C d ne hw C d ne hw
FIGEYWIMJXLIRIYXVEPE\MWHITXLI\GIIHIHXLIGVMXMGEP
ZEPYI XLI I\XVIQI JMFIV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR [SYPH
I\GIIHXLI QE\MQYQ YWEFPIWXVEMR mu *SV TYVTSWIW
SJXLMWHIVMZEXMSRERHXSEZSMHLEZMRKWITEVEXIWIXWSJ
HVMJXVIPEXIH VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV] E WMRKPI YWIJYP WXVEMR SJ MW YWIH
VITVIWIRXMRKEREZIVEKISJXLIHIWMKRZEPYIWSJ
JSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]ERHJSVGPE]QEWSRV]-R
%'- XLI XIVQ Cd ne hw QYWX IUYEP SV
I\GIIH %GGSVHMRK XS ;EPPEGI w8LMW PS[IV
PMQMXSRXLIQIERHVMJXVEXMSMWMRGPYHIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
[EPPW GSRXVSPPIH F] JPI\YVI LEZI QSHIWX HIJSVQEXMSR
GETEGMXMIWEW[IPPEWXSKYEVHEKEMRWXQSHIPMRKIVVSVW
XLEX QMKLX YRHIVIWXMQEXI XLI HIWMKR HMWTPEGIQIRXx
8LMWPS[IVPMQMXSR Cd ne hw LEWRSXFIIREHSTXIH
JSVVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV][EPPWFIGEYWI
MWEVFMXVEV]ERHETTIEVWXSFIXSSLMKLJSVE
W]WXIQ[MXLEQE\MQYQHVMJXSJ
9&'GSRGVIXITVSZMWMSRWHSRSXMRGPYHIXLMW
VIUYMVIQIRXERH
QER] HIWMKRWEVI EPVIEH]WXMJJWMRGI QEWSRV]LEW
RIZIV LEH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW *YVXLIVQSVI
WXMJJIRMRK XLI WXVYGXYVI MW E VIEWSREFPI HIWMKR
EPXIVREXMZI XLEX WLSYPH RSX FI TVIGPYHIH SV
PMQMXIH *YVXLIV FEGOKVSYRH VIPEXIH XS GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW MW TVSZMHIH MR 6IJIVIRGIW
ERH
COMMENTARY
LOAD WALL ELASTIC CURVATURE INELASTIC CURVATURE INELASTIC CURVATURE
& DISPLACEMENT & DISPLACEMENT & DISPLACEMENT
dY
dinelastic dinelastic
hw
qp
lp
lp qp
fu - fy
lw fy fu
M
(a) Theoretical Model (b) Simplified Model
Figure CC-3.3-3 Wall curvature and displacement
ccr
mu
mm
c
c
Figure CC-3.3-4 Strain distribution at critical section
CODE COMMENTARY
F ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH F] F ;LIVI WTIGMEP HIXEMPMRK MW VIUYMVIH EX XLI [EPP
7IGXMSR E XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX FSYRHEV]MXQYWXFII\XIRHIHZIVXMGEPP]EHMWXERGIRSX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPI\XIRHZIVXMGEPP]JVSQXLIGVMXMGEP PIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJlwERHMu VuJVSQXLIGVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR E HMWXERGI RSX PIWW XLER XLI PEVKIV SJ lw SV WIGXMSR 8LIWI PIRKXLW EPWS WTIGMJMIH MR %'-
MuVu [LIVI MRXIRHIH XS FI ER YTTIVFSYRH IWXMQEXI SJ XLI
TPEWXMGLMRKIPIRKXLJSVWTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI
WLIEV [EPPW 8LI WEQI PIRKXLW LEZI FIIR EHSTXIH JSV
MRXIVQIHMEXIERHWTIGMEPQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
3.3.6.5.4 7LIEV [EPPW RSX HIWMKRIH F] 3.3.6.5.4 % WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL [EW
7IGXMSRWLEPPLEZIWTIGMEPFSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EX MRGPYHIHMR%'-XSEHHVIWW[EPPGSRJMKYVEXMSRWXS
FSYRHEVMIW ERH IHKIW EVSYRH STIRMRKW MR WLIEV [EPPW [LMGL XLI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW
[LIVI XLI QE\MQYQ I\XVIQI JMFIV GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW RSX ETTVSTVMEXI JSV I\EQTPI [EPPW [MXL STIRMRKW [EPPW
GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS JEGXSVIH JSVGIW MRGPYHMRK IEVXLUYEOI [MXL WIXFEGOW [EPPW RSX GSRXVSPPIH F] JPI\YVI
IJJIGX I\GIIHW f 'm 8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX 1EMRXEMRMRK XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL EPWS TVSZMHIH
WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIHMWGSRXMRYIH[LIVIXLIGEPGYPEXIH GSRXMRYMX] FIX[IIR %'- ERH IEVPMIV IHMXMSRW SJ
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW MWPIWWXLERf m 7XVIWWIWWLEPPFI %'- LS[IZIV QSHMJMGEXMSRW [IVI MRXVSHYGIH XS
GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI JEGXSVIH JSVGIW YWMRK E PMRIEVP] IPEWXMG EHHVIWWQENSVWLSVXGSQMRKWSJXLIHIWMKRETTVSEGLMRTVI
QSHIP ERH KVSWW WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV [EPPW [MXL IHMXMSRWSJ%'-
JPERKIW ER IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL EW HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR
8LIWXVIWWPMQMXEX[LMGLWTIGMEPHIXEMPMRKMWVIUYMVIH
WLEPPFIYWIH
EX XLI FSYRHEVMIW SJ VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI WLIEV [EPPW [EW
PIJX YRGLERKIH MR %'- EX f c E ZEPYI GEVVMIH
SZIV JVSQ TVMSV IHMXMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI 8LI WTIGMEP
HIXEMPMRK [LIVI VIUYMVIH QYWX FI I\XIRHIH SZIV XLI
LIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP JVSQ XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR YRXMP XLI
GEPGYPEXIH WXVIWW HVSTW FIPS[ f c SRGI EKEMR XLI
WEQIZEPYIEWMRTVMSVIHMXMSRWSJ%'-
C-130 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
% QENSV HMJJIVIRGI FIX[IIR %'- ERH TVMSV

IHMXMSRWSJ %'- MW MR XLI [E] E WLIEV[EPP VIUYMVMRK
WTIGMEPP]HIXEMPIHFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWMWXSFIHIWMKRIHJSV
JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEHW %'- VIUYMVIH XLEX XLI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX EW WLSVX
GSPYQRW XLI XVMFYXEV] KVEZMX] PSEH TPYW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI
VIWYPXERX EWWSGMEXIH [MXL XLI SZIVXYVRMRK QSQIRX EX XLI
FEWI SJ XLI [EPP FSXL XEOIR EX JEGXSVIH ZEPYIW 8LI
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW VIUYMVIQIRX X]TMGEPP] VIWYPXIH MR WEJI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW GSRXEMRMRK LMKL TIVGIRXEKIW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIWYPXMRK MR E WYFWXERXMEP MRGVIEWI MR [EPP
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL'SRWXVYGXEFMPMX]WYJJIVIHEWEVIWYPXFYX
QSVI MQTSVXERXP] FVMXXPI WLIEV JEMPYVI TVIGIHMRK HYGXMPI
JPI\YVEPJEMPYVIFIGEQIQSVIPMOIP]FIGEYWI[EPPWLEZMRK
I\GIWWMZIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL[SYPHHVE[PEVKIVWLIEVJSVGIW
MRERIEVXLUYEOIIZIRXERHXLI'SHIHMHRSXVIUYMVIWLIEV
WXVIRKXLXSFIMRGVIEWIHTVSTSVXMSREPP][MXLXLIMRGVIEWIMR
JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL %'- HSIW RSX VIUYMVI XLI
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW XS VIWMWX XLI IRXMVI Pu ERH Mu IZIR
[LIR XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW YWIH -R JEGX E WLIEV
[EPPMWHIWMKRIH MRI\EGXP]XLIWEQI[E]JSVJPI\YVIERH
E\MEPPSEHMVVIWTIGXMZISJ[LIXLIVXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH
ETTVSEGL SV XLI WXVIWWFEWIH ETTVSEGL MW YWIH XS XVMKKIV
WTIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW
8LI 'SHI LEW EHSTXIH XLI WXVIWWFEWIH XVMKKIVW SJ
%'- JSV GEWIW [LIVI XLI HMWTPEGIQIRXFEWIH
ETTVSEGLMWRSXETTPMGEFPIWMQTP]GLERKMRKXLIXLVIWLSPH
ZEPYIWSJ f cERH f cJSVVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI[EPPW
XS f m ERH f m VIWTIGXMZIP] JSV VIMRJSVGIH
QEWSRV][EPPW3XLIVEWTIGXWSJXLI%'-ETTVSEGL
EVI VIXEMRIH (IWMKR JSV JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEHW HSIW RSX
GLERKI HITIRHMRK SR [LIXLIV XLI RIYXVEP E\MWFEWIH
XVMKKIVSVXLIWXVIWWFEWIHXVMKKIVMWYWIH
3.3.6.5.5 ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW 3.3.6.5.5 9RPMOI MR XLI GEWI SJ GSRGVIXI
EVIVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSVVIUYMVIQIRXW [LIVI TVIWGVMTXMZI HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI WTIGMEPP]
E XLVSYKL H MR XLMW WIGXMSR WLEPP FI WEXMWJMIH ERH XIWXW GSRJMRIH FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX EVI KMZIR MR %'- XLMW
WLEPP FI TIVJSVQIH XS ZIVMJ] XLI WXVEMR GETEGMX] SJ XLI 'SHI VIUYMVIW XLEX XIWXMRK FI HSRI XS ZIVMJ] XLEX XLI
IPIQIRX HIXEMPMRK TVSZMHIH WLEPP FI GETEFPI SJ HIZIPSTMRK E WXVEMR
GETEGMX]MRXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXLEX[SYPHFIMRI\GIWWSJ
XLI QE\MQYQ MQTSWIH WXVEMR -X MW LSTIH XLEX VIEWSREFP]
I\XIRWMZIXIWXW[MPPFIGSRHYGXIHMRXLIRIEVJYXYVIPIEHMRK
XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ TVIWGVMTXMZI HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVWTIGMEPP]GSRJMRIHFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXWSJMRXIVQIHMEXIEW
[IPPEWWTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPW
E 8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH E *MKYVI '' WLS[W XLEX [LIR XLI RIYXVEP E\MW
LSVM^SRXEPP] JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV E HITXLcI\GIIHWXLIGVMXMGEPRIYXVEPE\MWHITXLccr XLI
HMWXERGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJc lw ERHc I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WXVEMR MR XLI QEWSRV]
VIEGLIWEZEPYI mmMRI\GIWWSJXLIQE\MQYQYWEFPI
WXVEMR mu 8LI GSVVIWTSRHMRK YPXMQEXI GYVZEXYVI MW
mu c&EWIHSRXLIQSHIPSJ*MKYVI''F
mm w
Cd ne p hw u p hw hw
c
)UYEXMSR
CODE COMMENTARY
*VSQ)UYEXMSR
C d ne c
mm )UYEXMSR
hw w
8LI[EPPPIRKXLSZIV[LMGLXLIWXVEMRWI\GIIHXLI
PMQMXMRKZEPYISJ muHIRSXIHEWc''GERFIHIXIVQMRIH
YWMRKWMQMPEVXVMERKPIWJVSQ*MKYVI''
mu
c c )UYEXMSR
mm
%R I\TVIWWMSR JSV XLI VIUYMVIH PIRKXL SJ

GSRJMRIQIRX GER FI HIZIPSTIH F] GSQFMRMRK
)UYEXMSRW ERH
c c mu
)UYEXMSR
w w Cd ne hw
8LI XIVQ c w MR )UYEXMSR EGGSYRXW JSV XLI

MRJPYIRGI SJ QEXIVMEP TVSTIVXMIW f m fy E\MEP PSEH
KISQIXV] ERH UYERXMXMIW ERH HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX [LIVIEW XLI XIVQ
mu C d ne hw EGGSYRXW JSV XLI MRJPYIRGI SJ
W]WXIQ VIWTSRWI VSSJ HMWTPEGIQIRX ERH XLI
QE\MQYQYWEFPIWXVEMRSJQEWSRV]
8LI [EPP PIRKXL SZIV [LMGL WTIGMEP XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXQYWXFITVSZMHIHMWFEWIHSR)UYEXMSR
[MXLEZEPYISJ Cd ne hw !
c c c c
)UYEXMSR
w w w
8LIZEPYISJ C d ne hw [EWWIPIGXIHXSTVSZMHIER
YTTIVFSYRH IWXMQEXI SJ XLI QIER HVMJX VEXMS SJ X]TMGEP
WLIEV[EPPFYMPHMRKWGSRWXVYGXIHMRXLI9RMXIH7XEXIWSJ
%QIVMGE 8LYW XLI PIRKXL SJ XLI [EPP XLEX QYWX FI
GSRJMRIH MWGSRWIVZEXMZIJSV QER]FYMPHMRKW8LI ZEPYI
SJ c VITVIWIRXW E QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ GSRJMRIQIRX MW
EHSTXIHJVSQ%'-ERHMWEVFMXVEV]
F -R JPERKIH WIGXMSRW XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX F 8LMWVIUYMVIQIRXSVMKMREXIHMRXLI9&'ERHLEW
WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL MR FIIR GEVVMIH SZIV MRXS %'- ERH ;LIVI
GSQTVIWWMSRERHWLEPPI\XIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ JPERKIWEVILIEZMP]WXVIWWIHMRGSQTVIWWMSRXLI[IF
MRXSXLI[IF XSJPERKIMRXIVJEGIMWPMOIP]XSFILIEZMP]WXVIWWIHERH
QE] WYWXEMR PSGEP GVYWLMRK JEMPYVI YRPIWW WTIGMEP
FSYRHEV]IPIQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXI\XIRHWMRXSXLI[IF
G 7TIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX G 8LI WEQI I\XIRWMSR MW VIUYMVIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV]
XLI[EPPFEWIWLEPPI\XIRHMRXSXLIWYTTSVXEQMRMQYQ IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR WTIGMEP VIMRJSVGIH
SJ XLIHIZIPSTQIRXPIRKXLSJXLI PEVKIWXPSRKMXYHMREP GSRGVIXI WLIEV [EPPW ERH JSV WTIGMEP XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX YRPIWW XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI GSPYQRW
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XIVQMREXIW SR E JSSXMRK SV WYTTSVXMRK VIEGXMSRW JVSQ HMWGSRXMRYIH WXMJJ QIQFIVW
QEX [LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI MRFYMPHMRKWEWWMKRIHXSLMKLWIMWQMGHIWMKRGEXIKSVMIW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH EX PIEWX MR QQ
MRXSXLIJSSXMRKSVQEX
C-132 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
H ,SVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI[EPP[IFWLEPP H &IGEYWI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW PMOIP] XS EGX EW

FI ERGLSVIH XS HIZIPST XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL [IF VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR [EPPW VIUYMVMRK FSYRHEV]
fy [MXLMRXLIGSRJMRIHGSVISJXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRX IPIQIRXW MX RIIHW XS FI JYPP] ERGLSVIH MR FSYRHEV]
IPIQIRXW XLEX EGX EW JPERKIW %GGSVHMRK XS XLI
'SQQIRXEV] XS %'- EGLMIZIQIRX SJ XLMW
ERGLSVEKI MW HMJJMGYPX [LIR PEVKI XVERWZIVWI GVEGOW
SGGYV MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW 8LEX 'SQQIRXEV]
VIGSQQIRHWXLIYWISJWXERHEVHHIKVIILSSOWSV
QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI WGLIQIW MRWXIEH SJ WXVEMKLX
FEVHIZIPSTQIRX
CHAPTER 4
PRESTRESSED MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY

8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV HIWMKR SJ 4VIWXVIWWMRK JSVGIW EVI YWIH MR QEWSRV] [EPPW XS
QEWSRV] [EPPW XLEX EVI TVIWXVIWWIH [MXL FSRHIH SV VIHYGI SV IPMQMREXI XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW HYI XS I\XIVREPP]
YRFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW ETTPMIH PSEHW F] YWMRK GSRXVSPPIH TVIGSQTVIWWMSR 8LI
TVIGSQTVIWWMSR MW KIRIVEXIH F] TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
IMXLIV FEVW [MVIW SV WXVERHW XLEX EVI GSRXEMRIH MR
STIRMRKW MR XLI QEWSRV] [LMGL QE] FI KVSYXIH 8LI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWGERFITVIXIRWMSRIHWXVIWWIHEKEMRWX
I\XIVREPEFYXQIRXWTVMSVXSTPEGMRKXLIQEWSRV] SVTSWX
XIRWMSRIH WXVIWWIH EKEMRWX XLI QEWSRV] EJXIV MX LEW FIIR
TPEGIH 7MRGIQSWXVIWIEVGLERHETTPMGEXMSRWXSHEXILEZI
JSGYWIH SR [EPPW XLI GLETXIV ETTPMIW SRP] XS [EPPW RSX
GSPYQRW FIEQW RSV PMRXIPW 4VSZMWMSRW JSV GSPYQRW
FIEQWERHPMRXIPW[MPPFIHIZIPSTIHMRJYXYVIIHMXMSRWSJ
XLI'SHI
1SWX GSRWXVYGXMSRETTPMGEXMSRW XSHEXILEZIMRZSPZIH
TSWXXIRWMSRIH YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] JSV MXW IEWI SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH SZIVEPP IGSRSQ] 'SRWIUYIRXP] XLIWI
GSHI TVSZMWMSRW TVMQEVMP] JSGYW SR TSWXXIRWMSRIH
QEWSRV] %PXLSYKL RSXZIV] GSQQSRTVIXIRWMSRMRK LEW
FIIR YWIH XS GSRWXVYGX TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV] TERIPW %
QSVIHIXEMPIHVIZMI[SJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]W]WXIQWERH
ETTPMGEXMSRWMWKMZIRIPWI[LIVI
8LVSYKLSYXXLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSRVIJIVIRGIWXS
wVIMRJSVGIQIRXx ETTP] XS RSRTVIWXVIWWIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX
8LIWI VIJIVIRGIW HS RSX ETTP] XS TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
I\GITXEWI\TPMGMXP]RSXIHMR'LETXIV6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW YWI XLI XIVQW wTVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRx
SVwXIRHSRx8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVHSRSXVIUYMVIE
QERHEXSV] UYERXMX] SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV FSRHIH
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWJSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPW
%RGLSVEKIJSVGIWEVIHMWXVMFYXIH[MXLMRE[EPPWMQMPEV
XSXLI[E]MR[LMGLGSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVIHMWXVMFYXIHEW
HIWGVMFIH MR 7IGXMSR WII *MKYVI ''
,S[IZIV VIWIEVGL LEW MRHMGEXIH XLEX TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW
GERHMWXVMFYXIXSEHNEGIRXXIRHSRWEWJEVPEXIVEPP]JVSQXLI
ERGLSVEKIEWXLILIMKLXSJXLI[EPP
4.1.2 ;EPPW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH JSV WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXWERHGLIGOIHJSVWIVZMGIPSEHVIUYMVIQIRXW
4.1.3 8LI[EPPTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVERH7IGXMSR
WLEPPETTP]XSTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPW
4.1.4 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR WLEPPETTP]JSV
XLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXL
4.1.5 1EWSRV]WLEPPFIPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHYRPIWW
E FSRH FIEQ SV SXLIV XIGLRMUYI MW YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI
ERGLSVEKIJSVGIW
C-134 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
4.1.6 *SV TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW XLI

TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI WLEPP FI EHHIH XS PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW
I\GITXEWQSHMJMIHF]7IGXMSR
4.2 — Design methods 4.2 — Design methods

4.2.1 General 3VMKMREPP] TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EW HIWMKRIH YWMRK
4VIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH F] EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR[MXLEQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGLIGOJSV
IPEWXMG EREP]WMW YWMRK PSEHMRK ERH PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW MR [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XIRHSRW 8LI &VMXMWL GSHI
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ 7IGXMSRWERH JSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]ERHI\XIRWMZIVIWIEVGLSRXLI
I\GITXEWRSXIHMR7IGXMSR FILEZMSV SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [IVI GSRWMHIVIH
7YQQEVMIWSJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]VIWIEVGLERHTVSTSWIH
4.2.2 After transfer
HIWMKRGVMXIVMEEVIEZEMPEFPIMRXLIPMXIVEXYVI (IWMKR
-QQIHMEXIP] EJXIV XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI
QIXLSHW EVI RS[ FEWIH YTSR WXVIRKXL TVSZMWMSRW [MXL
QEWSRV] PMQMXEXMSRW SR QEWSRV] WXVIWWIW KMZIR MR XLMW
WIVZMGIEFMPMX]GLIGOW
GLETXIVWLEPPFIFEWIHYTSRf 'mi.
3JXIR E QEWSRV] [EPP MW TVIWXVIWWIH TVMSV XS HE]W
EJXIV GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
XLI QEWSRV] EX XLI XMQI SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK f 'mi MW YWIH XS
HIXIVQMRIEPPS[EFPI TVIWXVIWWMRK PIZIPW8LMW WXVIRKXL[MPP
PMOIP] FI E JVEGXMSR SJ XLI HE] WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL %WWIWWQIRX SJ QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
MQQIHMEXIP] FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWW WLSYPH FI F]
XIWXMRK SJ QEWSRV] TVMWQW SV F] E VIGSVH SJ WXVIRKXL KEMR
SZIV XMQI SJ QEWSRV] TVMWQW GSRWXVYGXIH SJ WMQMPEV
QEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX[LIRWYFNIGXIHXSWMQMPEV
GYVMRKGSRHMXMSRW
4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons 4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons
%PPS[EFPI TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR WXVIWWIW EVI FEWIH SR
GVMXIVMEIWXEFPMWLIHJSVTVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXI%PPS[EFPI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWWIWEVIJSVNEGOMRKJSVGIWERHJSV
XLI WXEXI SJ WXVIWW MR XLITVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MQQIHMEXIP]
EJXIV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK LEW FIIR ETTPMIH SV XVERWJIVVIH XS
XLI QEWSRV] ;LIR GSQTYXMRK XLI TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
WXVIWW MQQIHMEXIP]EJXIVXVERWJIV SJTVIWXVIWWGSRWMHIV EPP
WSYVGIW SJ WLSVX XIVQ TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW 8LIWI WSYVGIW
MRGPYHI WYGL MXIQW EW ERGLSVEKI WIEXMRK PSWW IPEWXMG
WLSVXIRMRKSJQEWSRV]ERHJVMGXMSRPSWWIW
4.3.1 Jacking force
8LIWXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW HYI XS XLI NEGOMRK
JSVGI WLEPP RSX I\GIIH fpy RSV fpu RSV XLI
QE\MQYQZEPYIVIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVSJXLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWSVERGLSVEKIW
4.3.2 Immediately after transfer
8LI WXVIWW MR XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MQQIHMEXIP]
EJXIVXVERWJIVSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIXSXLIQEWSRV]WLEPP
RSXI\GIIHfpyRSVfpu
4.3.3 Post-tensioned masonry members
%X XLI XMQI SJ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWW XLI WXVIWW MR
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWEXERGLSVEKIWERHGSYTPIVW WLEPP RSX
I\GIIHfpyRSVfpu
CODE COMMENTARY
4.3.4 Effective prestress 4.3.4 Effective prestress

8LI GSQTYXIH IJJIGXMZI WXVIWW MR XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK 8LIWXEXISJWXVIWWMRETVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV][EPPQYWX
XIRHSRW YRHIV WIVZMGI PSEHW fse WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXW FI GLIGOIH JSV IEGL WXEKI SJ PSEHMRK *SV IEGL PSEHMRK
SJXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRHMXMSRXLIIJJIGXMZIPIZIPSJTVIWXVIWWWLSYPHFIYWIHMR
XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ WXVIWWIW ERH [EPP WXVIRKXL )JJIGXMZI
E ERGLSVEKIWIEXMRKPSWWIW
TVIWXVIWWMWRSXEJM\IHUYERXMX]SZIVXMQI6IWIEVGLSRXLI
F IPEWXMGWLSVXIRMRKSJQEWSRV] PSWW ERH KEMR SJ TVIWXVIWW MR TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW
G GVIITSJQEWSRV] I\XIRWMZI ERH MRGPYHIW XIWXMRK SJ XMQIHITIRHIRX
TLIRSQIREWYGLEWGVIITWLVMROEKIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSR
H WLVMROEKISJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV] ERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR
I VIPE\EXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXVIWW -RWXERXERISYW HIJSVQEXMSR SJ QEWSRV] HYI XS XLI
J JVMGXMSRPSWWIW ETTPMGEXMSRSJ TVIWXVIWWQE] FIGSQTYXIH F]XLI QSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX]SJQEWSRV]KMZIRMR7IGXMSR'VIITWLVMROEKI
K MVVIZIVWMFPIQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJGPE]QEWSRV]ERH ERHQSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJQEWSRV]QE]FIGSQTYXIHF]XLI
L XLIVQEPIJJIGXW GSIJJMGMIRXWKMZIRMR7IGXMSR'LERKIMRIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW
HYI XS IPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR GVIIT WLVMROEKI ERH QSMWXYVI
I\TERWMSRWLSYPHFIFEWIHSRVIPEXMZIQSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]SJ
QEWSRV]ERHTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
8LI WXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR ERH VIPEXMZI TPEGIQIRX SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR GEPGYPEXMRK
PSWWIW )PEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK HYVMRK TSWXXIRWMSRMRK GER
VIHYGI XLI WXVIWW MR EHNEGIRX XIRHSRW XLEX LEZI EPVIEH]
FIIRWXVIWWIH'SRWIUYIRXP]IPEWXMGWLSVXIRMRKSJXLI[EPP
WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH GSRWMHIVMRK XLI MRGVIQIRXEP
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ TSWXXIRWMSRMRK 8LEX IPEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK
WLSYPHXLIRFIYWIHXSIWXMQEXIXLIXSXEPPSWWSJTVIWXVIWW
%PXIVREXMZIP] TSWXXIRWMSRMRK XIRHSRW GER FI TVIWXVIWWIH
XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV XLI IPEWXMG WLSVXIRMRK GEYWIH F] XLI
MRGVIQIRXEPWXVIWWMRKSTIVEXMSR
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXIIPXLEXMWWXVIWWIHXSEPEVKIJVEGXMSRSJMXW
]MIPHWXVIWWERHLIPHEXEGSRWXERXWXVEMR[MPPVIPE\VIUYMVMRK
PIWWWXVIWWXSQEMRXEMREGSRWXERXWXVEMR8LITLIRSQIRSRSJ
WXVIWW VIPE\EXMSR MW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL TPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR ERH
MXWQEKRMXYHIMRGVIEWIW[MXLWXIIPWXVIWWEWEJVEGXMSRSJWXIIP
WXVIRKXL %781 % % ERH %
TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW EVI WXEFMPMÎH JSV PS[ VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW
HYVMRK TVSHYGXMSR 3XLIV WXIIP X]TIW XLEX HS RSX LEZI XLMW
WXEFMPMÊXMSR XVIEXQIRX QE] I\LMFMX GSRWMHIVEFP] LMKLIV
VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW 8LIMV VIPE\EXMSR PSWWIW QYWX FI GEVIJYPP]
EWWIWWIH F] XIWXMRK 8LI PSWW SJ IJJIGXMZI TVIWXVIWW HYI XS
WXVIWW VIPE\EXMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW HITIRHIRX
YTSR XLI PIZIP SJ TVIWXVIWW [LMGL GLERKIW [MXL XMQI
HITIRHIRX TLIRSQIRSR WYGL EW GVIIT WLVMROEKI ERH
QSMWXYVII\TERWMSRSJXLIQEWSRV]%RETTVSTVMEXIJSVQYPE
JSV TVIHMGXMRK TVIWXVIWW PSWW HYI XS VIPE\EXMSR LEW FIIR
HIZIPSTIH { %PXIVREXIP] HMVIGX EHHMXMSR SJ XLI WXIIP
WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSRZEPYITVSZMHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVGERFI
YWIHXSGSQTYXITVIWXVIWWPSWWIWERHKEMRW
*VMGXMSR PSWWIW EVI QMRMQEP SV RSRI\MWXIRX JSV QSWX
TSWXXIRWMSRIH QEWSRV] ETTPMGEXMSRW FIGEYWI TVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXVEMKLX ERH GSRXEMRIH MR GEZMXMIW *SV
ERGLSVEKI PSWWIW QERYJEGXYVIVW MRJSVQEXMSR WLSYPH FI
YWIHXSGSQTYXITVIWXVIWWPSWWIW'LERKIWMRTVIWXVIWWHYI
XS XLIVQEP JPYGXYEXMSRW QE] FI RIKPIGXIH MJ QEWSRV] MW
C-136 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
TVIWXVIWWIH [MXL LMKLWXVIRKXL TVIWXVIWWMRK WXIIPW 0SWW SJ

TVIWXVIWWMRK WLSYPH FI GEPGYPEXIH JSV IEGL HIWMKR XS
HIXIVQMRIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW'EPGYPEXMSRWWLSYPHFIFEWIH
SRXLITEVXMGYPEVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPWERHQIXLSHWEW[IPP
EW XLI GPMQEXI ERH IRZMVSRQIRXEP GSRHMXMSRW 'SQQMXXII
I\TIVMIRGI VIWIEVGL ERH JMIPH I\TIVMIRGI [MXL TSWX
XIRWMSRIH [EPP HIWMKRW JVSQ 7[MXÎVPERH +VIEX &VMXEMR
%YWXVEPME ERH 2I[ >IEPERH LEW MRHMGEXIH XLEX TVIWXVIWW
PSWWIWEVII\TIGXIHXSFIMRXLIJSPPS[MRKVERKIW
E -RMXMEPPSWWEJXIVNEGOMRKz XS
F 8SXEP PSWWIW EJXIV PSRKXIVQ WIVZMGI JSV GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]z XS
G 8SXEP PSWWIW EJXIV PSRKXIVQ WIVZMGI JSV GPE]
QEWSRV]z XS
8LI ZEPYIW MRF ERH G MRGPYHIFSXL XLI WLSVXXIVQ
ERH PSRKXIVQ PSWWIW I\TIGXIH JSV TSWXXIRWMSRMRK 8LI
'SQQMXXII FIPMIZIW XLIWI VERKIW TVSZMHI VIEWSREFPI
IWXMQEXIWJSVX]TMGEP[EPPETTPMGEXMSRWYRPIWWGEPGYPEXMSRW
I\TIVMIRGI SV GSRWXVYGXMSR XIGLRMUYIW MRHMGEXI HMJJIVIRX
PSWWIWEVII\TIGXIH
4.4 — Axial compression and flexure 4.4 — Axial compression and flexure
4.4.1.1 ;EPPW WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
JPI\YVI SV XS GSQFMRIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI WYFNIGXIH XS E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR ERH JPI\YVI EVI WITEVEXIH
WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH EGGSVHMRK XS XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR MRXS XLSWI [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
I\GITX EW RSXIH MR 7IGXMSR ERH XLSWI [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
ERH 8LMWWITEVEXMSR[EWRIGIWWEV]FIGEYWIXLIJPI\YVEPFILEZMSV
SJ E TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPP WMKRMJMGERXP] HITIRHW YTSR
4.4.1.2 8LIEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWHYI XLI PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRX SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR 0EXIVEP
XSE\MEPPSEHWFa ERHJPI\YVIFb ERHXLIEPPS[EFPIE\MEP VIWXVEMRX SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW X]TMGEPP] TVSZMHIH F]
JSVGIMR)UYEXMSR WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIMRGVIEWIH KVSYXMRK XLI GIPP SV ZSMH GSRXEMRMRK XLI XIRHSR FIJSVI SV
F] TIVGIRX JSV XLI WXVIWW GSRHMXMSR MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV EJXIV XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI QEWSRV]
XVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWW %PXIVREXMZIP]PEXIVEPVIWXVEMRXQE]FITVSZMHIHF]FYMPHMRK
4.4.1.3 1EWSRV] WLEPP RSX FI WYFNIGXIH XS XLI QEWSRV]MRXSGSRXEGX[MXLXLI XIRHSRSVXLITVSXIGXMZI
JPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWJVSQXLIGSQFMREXMSRSJTVIWXVIWWMRK WLIEXLMRK SJ XLI XIRHSR EX TIVMSHMG MRXIVZEPW EPSRK XLI
JSVGIERHHIEHPSEH PIRKXLSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
%PPS[EFPI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW JSV TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] EHHVIWW X[S HMWXMRGX PSEHMRK WXEKIW WXVIWWIW
MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI XS XLI
QEWSRV] [EPP ERH WXVIWWIW EJXIV EPP TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH
KEMRW LEZI XEOIR TPEGI 8LI QEKRMXYHI SJ EPPS[EFPI E\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWERHFIRHMRKGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWEJXIVEPP
TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH KEMRW EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLSWI JSV
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR 7IGXMSR -QQIHMEXIP] EJXIV
XVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWMRKEPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWERH
ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH WLSYPH FI FEWIH YTSR f mi ERH QE] FI
MRGVIEWIH F] TIVGIRX 8LMW QIERW XLEX XLI JEGXSVW SJ
WEJIX]EXXLIXMQISJXLIXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWQE]FIPS[IV
XLER XLSWI EJXIV TVIWXVIWW PSWWIW ERH KEMRW SGGYV 8LI JMVWX
VIEWSRJSVXLMWMWXLEXXLIIJJIGXMZITVIGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWEX
XLI XMQI SJ XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK EPQSWX GIVXEMRP]
HIGVIEWIW SZIV XMQI ERH QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
QSWXPMOIP]MRGVIEWIWSZIVXMQI7IGSRHPSEHWEXXLIXMQISJ
CODE COMMENTARY
XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK REQIP] TVIWXVIWW JSVGI ERH HIEH

PSEHWEVIORS[RQSVITVIGMWIP]XLERPSEHWXLVSYKLSYXXLI
VIQEMRHIVSJWIVZMGIPMJI
'VEGOMRKSJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]YRHIVTIVQERIRXPSEHW
MWXSFIEZSMHIH8LITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIERHXLIHIEH[IMKLX
SJXLI [EPPEVITIVQERIRXPSEHW'VEGOMRKYRHIVTIVQERIRX
PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSRW MW RSX HIWMVEFPI HYI XS XLI TSXIRXMEP JSV
WMKRMJMGERX [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR [LMGL QE] TVIGMTMXEXI
GSVVSWMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH EGGIWWSVMIW ERH
HEQEKI XS MRXIVMSV JMRMWLIW 1EWSRV] TVSZMHIW E WMKRMJMGERX
JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI VIWMWXERGI XS GVEGOMRK EW VIJPIGXIH F] XLI
EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWZEPYIWWXEXIHMR7IGXMSR
'SRWIUYIRXP]IPMQMREXMSRSJXIRWMPIWXVIWWYRHIVTVIWXVIWWMRK
JSVGIERHHIEHPSEHWEPSRIMWEGSRWIVZEXMZIQIEWYVIFYXSRI
XLI GSQQMXXII HIIQIH VIEWSREFPI ERH VIJPIGXMZI SJ GYVVIRX
TVEGXMGIJSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]QIQFIVW
4.4.2 Service load requirements 4.4.2 Service load requirements
4.4.2.1 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH 7MRGI QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI Pps WLEPP FI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI IUYMZEPIRX XS QEWSRV] [EPPW
MRGPYHIH MR XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI E\MEP PSEH P MR WYFNIGXIH XS ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEHW XLI HIWMKR ETTVSEGL JSV
)UYEXMSR ERHMR XLI GSQTYXEXMSRSJXLIIGGIRXVMGMX] YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MR 7IGXMSR LEW FIIR EHSTXIH JSV
SJXLIE\MEPPSEHeMR)UYEXMSR GSRZIRMIRGI ERH GSRWMWXIRG] &YGOPMRK SJ QEWSRV] [EPPW
YRHIV TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI QYWX FI EZSMHIH JSV [EPPW [MXL
4.4.2.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
PEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW8LITVIWXVIWWMRK
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIPps WLEPPRSX
JSVGI Pps MW XS FI EHHIH XS XLI HIWMKR E\MEP PSEH P JSV
FIGSRWMHIVIHJSVXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJXLIE\MEPPSEHPMR
WXVIWWERHPSEHGSQTYXEXMSRWERHMRXLIGSQTYXEXMSRSJXLI
)UYEXMSR 8LI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI Pps WLEPP FI
IGGIRXVMGMX]SJXLIE\MEPVIWYPXERXe
GSRWMHIVIH JSV XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLI
E\MEPVIWYPXERXPSEHeMR)UYEXMSR 0EXIVEP VIWXVEMRX SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR MW X]TMGEPP]
TVSZMHIHF]KVSYXMRK XLIGIPPSVZSMHGSRXEMRMRK XLIXIRHSR
FIJSVISVEJXIVXVERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIXSXLIQEWSRV]
%PXIVREXMZIP] PEXIVEP VIWXVEMRX QE] FI TVSZMHIH F] FYMPHMRK
XLI QEWSRV] MRXS GSRXEGX [MXL XLI XIRHSR SV XLI XIRHSRvW
TVSXIGXMZIWLIEXLEXTIVMSHMGMRXIVZEPWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR-RKIRIVEPXLVIIMRXIVQIHMEXIGSRXEGXW
[MXLMR E PEXIVEPP] YRWYTTSVXIH [EPP PIRKXL SV LIMKLX GER FI
GSRWMHIVIHXSTVSZMHIJYPPPEXIVEPWYTTSVXSJXLIXIRHSR
4VIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW VIUYMVI E QSHMJMIH HIWMKR ETTVSEGL
JVSQXLIGVMXIVMEMR7IGXMSR-JXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMW
PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH XLI [EPP GERRSX FYGOPI YRHIV MXW S[R
TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI %R] XIRHIRG] XS FYGOPI YRHIV
TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI MRHYGIW E PEXIVEP HIJSVQEXMSR XLEX MW
VIWMWXIHF]ERIUYEPERHSTTSWMXIVIWXVEMRMRKJSVGITVSZMHIH
F] XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR 7YGL [EPPW EVI WYWGITXMFPI XS
FYGOPMRKYRHIVE\MEPPSEHWSXLIVXLERTVIWXVIWWMRKLS[IZIV
ERH XLMW PSEHMRK GSRHMXMSR QYWX FI GLIGOIH *SV XLMW
GSRHMXMSR [MXL FSXL GSRGIRXVMGEPP] ERH IGGIRXVMGEPP]
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI QYWX FI
GSRWMHIVIH MR XLI GSQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ XLMW
E\MEP VIWYPXERX e MR )UYEXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI 8LI
JPI\YVEP WXVIWW MRHYGIH F] IGGIRXVMG TVIWXVIWWMRK GEYWIW ER
MRGVIEWI SV HIGVIEWI MRXLIE\MEP FYGOPMRKPSEH HITIRHMRK
YTSR XLIPSGEXMSRERH QEKRMXYHI SJ XLIETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH
VIPEXMZIXSXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGI
C-138 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
4.4.3 Strength requirements 4.4.3 Strength requirements

4.4.3.1 6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ XLI QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ TVIWXVIWWIH
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJEGXSVIHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWSJXLIPIKEPP] QEWSRV] [EPPW MW WMQMPEV XS XLI QIXLSH JSV TVIWXVIWWIH
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSRGVIXI *SV FSRHIH XIRHSRW XLI WMQTPMJMGEXMSR SJ
GSHIHSIWRSXTVSZMHIJEGXSVIHPSEHGSQFMREXMSRWWXVYGXYVIW XEOMRKXLIXIRHSRWXVIWWEXRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEP
ERH QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWX XLIGSQFMREXMSRSJ XSXLI]MIPHWXVIWWGERFIQSVIGSRWIVZEXMZIJSVFEVWXLERJSV
PSEHWWTIGMJMIHMR%7')JSVWXVIRKXLHIWMKR;EPPWWYFNIGX WXVERHW FIGEYWI XLI ]MIPH WXVIWW SJ E TVIWXVIWWMRK FEV MW E
XSGSQTVIWWMZI E\MEPPSEHWLEPP FIHIWMKRIHJSVXLIJEGXSVIH WQEPPIVTIVGIRXEKISJXLIYPXMQEXIWXVIRKXLSJXLIXIRHSR
HIWMKR QSQIRX ERH XLI EGGSQTER]MRK JEGXSVIH E\MEP PSEH
8LI VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR GSIJJMGMIRX R ERH
8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu WLEPPMRGPYHIXLIQSQIRXMRHYGIH
HIJPIGXMSREQTPMJMGEXMSR JEGXSVCd YWIHJSVYRVIMRJSVGIH
F]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
QEWSRV] EVI EPWS YWIH MR XLI HIWMKR SJ TVIWXVIWWIH
4.4.3.2 :EPYIW SJ XLI VIWTSRWI QSHMJMGEXMSR QEWSRV] 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX IRWYVIW XLEX XLI WXVYGXYVEP
GSIJJMGMIRX R ERH XLI HIJPIGXMSR EQTPMJMGEXMSR JEGXSV VIWTSRWI SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW HIWMKRIH MR
Cd MRHMGEXIHMR%7')8EFPIJSVSVHMREV]TPEMR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLIWI TVSZMWMSRW [MPP IWWIRXMEPP] VIQEMR
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI YWIH MR MR XLI IPEWXMG VERKI ;LIR QSVI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH JMIPH
HIXIVQMRMRKFEWIWLIEVERHHIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI SR XLI HYGXMPMX] SJ FSXL YRFSRHIH ERH
FSRHIHW]WXIQWR ERHCd JEGXSVWGERFIVIZMI[IH
4.4.3.3 8LI HIWMKR QSQIRX WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI
XEOIREWXLIRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMn QYPXMTPMIHF] 8LI IUYEXMSR JSV XLI YRFSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
EWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV SJ WXVIWW fps EXXLIQSQIRXWXVIRKXLGSRHMXMSR)UYEXMSR
MW FEWIH SR XIWXW SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW [LMGL
4.4.3.4 *SV GVSWW WIGXMSRW [MXL YRMJSVQ [MHXL [IVI PSEHIH SYXSJTPERI )UYEXMSR MW YWIH JSV
bSZIVXLIHITXLSJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIXLIHITXLSJXLI GEPGYPEXMRK YRFSRHIH XIRHSR WXVIWW EX RSQMREP QSQIRX
IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO a WLEPP FI GETEGMX] JSV QIQFIVW PSEHIH SYXSJTPERI GSRXEMRMRK
HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR IMXLIVPEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHSVPEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHXIRHSRW
f ps A ps + f y A s + Pu 8LMWIUYEXMSR TVSZMHIW MQTVSZIHIWXMQEXIW SJ XLIXIRHSR
a= )UYEXMSR WXVIWWIWEXYPXMQEXIGETEGMX]SZIVTVIZMSYWIUYEXMSRWMRXLI
f m b
'SHI )UYEXMSRGERFIWSPZIHMXIVEXMZIP]JSVfps
*SVSXLIVGVSWWWIGXMSRW)UYEXMSR WLEPPFIQSHMJMIH *SV XLI JMVWXMXIVEXMSR fps MR XLI TEVIRXLIXMGEP XIVQ GER FI
XSGSRWMHIVXLIZEVMEFPI[MHXLSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRI XEOIRIUYEPXSfse
4.4.3.5 *SV[EPPW[MXLE YRMJSVQ[MHXL bF 8LIIUYEXMSRJSVXLIRSQMREPQSQIRXWXVIRKXLMn MW
GSRGIRXVMGVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHG JSVXLIKIRIVEPGEWISJEQEWSRV][EPP[MXLGSRGIRXVMGEPP]
GSRGIRXVMG E\MEP PSEH XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL Mn ETTPMIH E\MEP PSEH ERH GSRGIRXVMG XIRHSRW ERH
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHF]XLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LMW MW VITVIWIRXEXMZI SJ QSWX TVIWXVIWWIH
QEWSRV] ETTPMGEXMSRW XS HEXI *SV SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW XLI
a HIWMKRIV WLSYPH VIJIV XS JMVWX TVMRGMTPIW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
M n = f ps Aps + f y As + Pu d )UYEXMSR QIGLERMGW XS HIXIVQMRI XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL SJ

XLI[EPP
4.4.3.5.1 8LI UYERXMX] a WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH 8LIHITXLSJXLIIUYMZEPIRXGSQTVIWWMSRWXVIWWFPSGO
EGGSVHMRK XS 7IGXMSR ERH fps WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH QYWXFIHIXIVQMRIH[MXLGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXLIGVSWWWIGXMSR
EGGSVHMRKXS7IGXMSR SJ XLI [EPP XLI XIRWMPI VIWMWXERGI SJ XIRHSRW ERH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH XLI JEGXSVIHHIWMKR E\MEP PSEH Pu Pu
4.4.3.5.2 8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL JSV MW ER EHHMXMZI UYERXMX] MR 'SHI )UYEXMSRW ERH
SXLIV GSRHMXMSRW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR WXEXMG QSQIRX 4VIWXVIWWMRK EHHW XS XLI VIWMWXERGI JSV YPXMQEXI WXVIRKXL
IUYMPMFVMYQTVMRGMTPIW IZEPYEXMSRWERHMWYWIH[MXLEPSEHJEGXSVSJ)UYEXMSR
4.4.3.5.3 8LI HMWXERGI d WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH HIJMRMRK XLI HITXL SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR
EWXLIEGXYEPHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGIRXIVPMRISJXLIXIRHSRXS WXVIWW FPSGO a MW QSHMJMIH XS QEXGL XLI ZEPYI JSV XLI
XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ XLI QIQFIV *SV [EPPW [MXL IUYMZEPIRXYRMJSVQWXVIWWTEVEQIXIVWTIGMJMIHMR'LETXIV
PEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHPSEHIHSYX 7XVIRKXL (IWMKR SJ 1EWSRV] SJ XLI 'SHI f m %
SJ TPERI d WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI JEGIWLIPP XLMGORIWW TPYW VIZMI[ SJ I\MWXMRK XIWXW SJ TSWXXIRWMSRIH QEWSRV] [EPPW
SRILEPJXLIXIRHSRHMEQIXIVTPYWMRQQ MRHMGEXIW XLEX XLI JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ XLI [EPPW MW QSVI
EGGYVEXIP] GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK YRMJSVQ WXVIWWIW WQEPPIV XLER
4.4.3.5.4 ;LIR XIRHSRW EVI RSX TPEGIH MR XLIZEPYIWTIGMJMIHMR'LETXIVMRTVIZMSYWIHMXMSRWSJXLI
XLI GIRXIV SJ XLI [EPP d WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR IEGL
'SHI f m
HMVIGXMSRJSVSYXSJTPERIFIRHMRK
8LIVEXMSa/dMWPMQMXIHXSEWWYVIHYGXMPITIVJSVQERGI
4.4.3.6 8LIVEXMSa/dWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
MRJPI\YVI[LIR YWMRK XIRHSRW JEFVMGEXIH JVSQ WXIIP [MXL
CODE COMMENTARY
4.4.3.7 Computation of fps for out-of-plane ]MIPH WXVIRKXLW FIX[IIR OWM 14E ERH OWM
bending 14E %W [MXL VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH MR
4.4.3.7.1 *SV[EPPW[MXLFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRK EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVWERHXLIGEPGYPEXIHHITXLMR
XIRHSRW fps WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR WXVEMR GSQTVIWWMSRWLSYPHFIGSQTEVIHXSXLIHITXLEZEMPEFPIXS
GSQTEXMFMPMX]SVWLEPPFIXEOIRIUYEPXSfpy VIWMWX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW *SV WIGXMSRW [MXL YRMJSVQ
[MHXLXLIZEPYISJXLIGSQTVIWWMSRFPSGOHITXLaWLSYPH
4.4.3.7.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL PEXIVEPP] VIWXVEMRIH
FIGSQTEVIHXSXLIWSPMHFIEVMRKHITXLEZEMPEFPIXSVIWMWX
SV PEXIVEPP] YRVIWXVEMRIH YRFSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW *SV LSPPS[ WIGXMSRW XLEX EVI
XLI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI YWIH
YRKVSYXIHSVTEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHXLIEZEMPEFPIHITXLQE]FI
MRWXIEHSJEQSVIEGGYVEXIHIXIVQMREXMSRSJfps
PMQMXIH XS XLI JEGI WLIPP XLMGORIWW SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW
TEVXMGYPEVP] MJ XLI [IFW EVI RSX QSVXEVIH 8LI a/d
E ps d A ps f ps P PMQMXEXMSRMWMRXIRHIHXSIRWYVIWMKRMJMGERX]MIPHMRKSJXLI
f ps f se
lp f m bd TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWTVMSVXSQEWSRV]GSQTVIWWMSRJEMPYVI
-R WYGL E WMXYEXMSR XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL MW
)UYEXMSR HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
[LMGLMWXLIFEWMWJSVEWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVIUYEPXS
4.4.3.7.3 -R )UYEXMSR XLI ZEPYI SJ fps 8LMWHYGXMPMX]PMQMX[EW HIXIVQMRIHJSVWIGXMSRW[MXL
WLEPPFIRSXPIWWXLERfse ERHRSXPEVKIVXLERfpy FSRHIH XIRHSRW ERH [LIR QSVI I\TIVMQIRXEP ERH JMIPH
HEXE EVI EZEMPEFPI SR XLI HYGXMPMX] SJ FSXL YRFSRHIH ERH
4.4.3.8 Computation of fps for shear walls{*SV FSRHIHW]WXIQWXLMWPMQMX[MPPEKEMRFIVIZMI[IH
[EPPW[MXLFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWfps WLEPPFIGSQTYXIH
FEWIHSRWXVEMR GSQTEXMFMPMX]SVWLEPPFI XEOIRIUYEPXSfpy 8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJXLMWPMQMXEWWYQIWXLEXXLIIJJIGXMZI
-RWXIEH SJ E QSVI EGGYVEXI HIXIVQMREXMSR fps JSV QIQFIVW TVIWXVIWWMRK WXVIWW MW IUYMZEPIRX XS fy -J XLI
[MXLYRFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWWLEPPFIfse QEKRMXYHISJXLIMRMXMEPIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWMIfse MWPIWW
XLER fyXLIRXLIWXVEMRMRXLIWXIIPEXYPXMQEXIWXVIRKXL
sWLSYPHFIGSQTEVIHXSXLI]MIPHWXVEMRMI y!fy Es
8LI WXIIP WXVEMR EX YPXMQEXI WXVIRKXL s GER FI
ETTVS\MQEXIHF]EWWYQMRKXLIWXVEMRMRXLIWXIIP MWIUYEP
XSERMRMXMEPWXVEMRHYIXSXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWMRK s,i!fse
/Es TPYW EHHMXMSREP WXVEMR HYI XS JPI\YVI s,flex !
»dza a
4.5 — Axial tension 4.5 — Axial tension

%\MEP XIRWMSR WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LIE\MEPXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MRETVIWXVIWWIH
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWSVFSXL QEWSRV] [EPP MW XS FI RIKPIGXIH [LMGL MW E GSRWIVZEXMZI
QIEWYVI 8LMW VIUYMVIQIRX MW GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLEX SJ
7IGXMSR-JE\MEPXIRWMSRHIZIPSTWJSVI\EQTPIHYIXS
[MRHYTPMJXSRXLIVSSJWXVYGXYVIXLIE\MEPXIRWMSRQYWXFI
VIWMWXIHF]VIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRHSRWSVFSXL
4.6 — Shear 4.6 — Shear

4.6.1 *SV [EPPW [MXLSYX FSRHIH QMPH 8LMWWIGXMSRETTPMIWXSFSXLMRTPERIERHSYXSJTPERI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP FI WLIEV
GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW E F
8LI WLIEV GETEGMX] SJ TVIWXVIWWIH [EPPW MW GEPGYPEXIH
GERHI NuWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW
YWMRKXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLI'LETXIV'EPGYPEXMSRSJWLIEV
JSVGIAps fse
GETEGMX]MWHMGXEXIHF]XLITVIWIRGISVEFWIRGISJFSRHIH
4.6.2 *SV [EPPW [MXL FSRHIH QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX ;LMPI XLI 17.' EGORS[PIHKIW XLEX
RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI VIMRJSVGIH JSV [EPPW
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR [MXLSYX FSRHIH QMPH VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR QEWSRV]WLIEVTVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVEVIYWIHXS
4.6.2.1 2SQMREP QEWSRV] WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vnm
GEPGYPEXIWLIEVGETEGMX];LIRFSRHIHQMPHVIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
MWTVSZMHIHXLIRXLIVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]WLIEVTVSZMWMSRW
PuWLEPPMRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXMZITVIWXVIWWJSVGIAps fse
SJ 'LETXIVEVIYWIHXSGEPGYPEXIWLIEVGETEGMX]
C-140 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
4.6.2.2 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] 2SWLIEVWXVIRKXLIRLERGIQIRXHYIXSEVGLMRKEGXMSR

VIMRJSVGIQIRXVns WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL SJXLIQEWSRV]MWVIGSKRMÎHMRXLMW'SHIJSVTVIWXVIWWIH
7IGXMSR QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LI JSVQEXMSR SJ GSQTVIWWMSR WXVYXW ERH
XIRWMSR XMIW MR TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW TSWWMFPI FYX XLMW
TLIRSQIRSRLEWRSXFIIRGSRWMHIVIH
4.7 — Deflection 4.7 — Deflection

'SQTYXEXMSR SJ QIQFIV HIJPIGXMSR WLEPP MRGPYHI -R EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV]
GEQFIV XLI IJJIGXW SJ XMQIHITIRHIRX TLIRSQIRE ERH [EPP HIJPIGXMSR WLSYPH FI GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR YRGVEGOIH
4HIPXEIJJIGXW WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW 'SQTYXEXMSR SJ [EPP HIJPIGXMSR QYWX
MRGPYHIXLIIJJIGXSJXMQIHITIRHIRXTLIRSQIRSRWYGLEW
GVIIT ERH WLVMROEKI SJ QEWSRV] ERH VIPE\EXMSR SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW 8LIVI EVI RS PMQMXW JSV XLI SYXSJ
TPERI HIJPIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] [EPPW 8LMW MW
FIGEYWI ETTVSTVMEXI SYXSJTPERI HIJPIGXMSR PMQMXW EVI
TVSNIGXWTIGMJMG 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI
TSXIRXMEPJSVHEQEKIXSMRXIVMSVJMRMWLIWERHWLSYPHPMQMX
HIJPIGXMSRWEGGSVHMRKP]
4.8 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, 4.8 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers,

couplers, and end blocks and end blocks
4.8.1 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMWWIGXMSRSJXLI'SHIEVIYWIHXS
WLEPPFIERGLSVIHF]IMXLIV HIWMKRXLIXIRHSRERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVWERHIRHFPSGOWXS
[MXLWXERH XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR ERH IJJIGXMZIP]
E QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI HIZMGIW FIEVMRK HMVIGXP] SR
XVERWJIV TVIWXVIWW JSVGI XS XLI QEWSRV] [EPP [MXLSYX
QEWSRV]SVTPEGIHMRWMHIERIRHFPSGOSJGSRGVIXISV
HMWXVIWW XS XLI QEWSRV] SV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK EGGIWWSVMIW
JYPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]SV
%RGLSVEKIW EVI HIWMKRIH JSV EHIUYEXI TYPPSYX WXVIRKXL
F FSRHMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXIIRHFPSGOWSVQIQFIVW JVSQXLIMVJSYRHEXMSRW
4.8.2 %RGLSVEKIW ERH GSYTPIVW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK &IGEYWI XLI EGXYEP WXVIWWIW EVI UYMXI GSQTPMGEXIH
XIRHSRW WLEPPHIZIPST EX PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI WTIGMJMIH EVSYRH TSWXXIRWMSRMRK ERGLSVEKIW I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE SV
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW[LIRXIWXIHMR E VIJMRIH EREP]WMW WLSYPH FI YWIH [LIRIZIV TSWWMFPI
ERYRFSRHIHGSRHMXMSR[MXLSYXI\GIIHMRKERXMGMTEXIHWIX %TTVSTVMEXI JSVQYPEW JVSQ XLI VIJIVIRGIW WLSYPH FI
YWIH EW E KYMHI XS WMÎ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERGLSVEKIW
4.8.3 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR QEWSRV] [LIR I\TIVMQIRXEP HEXE SV QSVI VIJMRIH EREP]WMW EVI RSX
QIQFIVW RIEV ERGLSVEKIW MJ XIRWMPI WXVIWWIW GVIEXIH F] EZEMPEFPI %HHMXMSREP KYMHERGI SR HIWMKR ERH HIXEMPW JSV
FYVWXMRK WTPMXXMRK ERH WTEPPMRK JSVGIW MRHYGIH F] XLI TSWXXIRWMSRMRK ERGLSVEKI ^SRIW MW KMZIR MR XLI
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRI\GIIHXLIGETEGMX]SJXLIQEWSRV] VIJIVIRGIW
4.8.4 Bearing stresses
4.8.4.1 -R TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERGLSVEKI
^SRIW PSGEP FIEVMRK WXVIWW SR XLI QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
GSQTYXIH FEWIH SR XLIGSRXEGX WYVJEGIFIX[IIR QEWSRV]
ERHXLIQIGLERMGEPERGLSVEKIHIZMGISVFIX[IIRQEWSRV]
ERHXLIIRHFPSGO
4.8.4.2 &IEVMRK WXVIWWIW HYI XS QE\MQYQ
NEGOMRK JSVGI SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
f mi
4.9 — Protection of prestressing tendons and 4.9 — Protection of prestressing tendons and
accessories accessories
4.9.1 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW 'SVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR ERH
ERH IRH JMXXMRKW MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV EGGIWWSVMIWMWVIUYMVIHMRQEWSRV][EPPWWYFNIGXXSEQSMWX
[IEXLIV SV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS E QIER VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] ERH GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRX 1IXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR
I\GIIHMRKTIVGIRXWLEPPFIGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXIH TVSXIGXMSREVIEHHVIWWIHMRXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSR1EWSRV]ERH
KVSYX GSZIV MW RSX GSRWMHIVIH EHIUYEXI TVSXIGXMSR HYI XS
4.9.2 'SVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW
ZEVMEFPI TIVQIEFMPMX] ERH XLI WIRWMXMZMX] SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
CODE COMMENTARY
WLEPPRSXVIP]WSPIP]SRQEWSRV]GSZIV XIRHSRWXSGSVVSWMSR8LIQIXLSHWSJGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR
KMZIR MR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR TVSZMHI E QMRMQYQ PIZIP SJ
4.9.3 4EVXW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW RSX IQFIHHIH MR
GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR 8LI HIWMKRIV QE] [MWL XS MQTSWI
QEWSRV]WLEPPFITVSZMHIH[MXLQIGLERMGEPERHJMVITVSXIGXMSR
QSVI WYFWXERXMEP GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
IUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXSJXLIIQFIHHIHTEVXWSJXLIXIRHSR
IWTIGMEPP]MRLMKLP]GSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXW
4.10 — Development of bonded tendons 4.10 — Development of bonded tendons

(IZIPSTQIRX SJ FSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR 'SRWMWXIRX [MXL HIWMKR TVEGXMGI MR TVIWXVIWWIH
KVSYXIH GSVVYKEXIH HYGXW ERGLSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL GSRGVIXI HIZIPSTQIRX SJ TSWXXIRWMSRIH XIRHSRW E[E]
7IGXMSRHSIWRSXRIIHXSFIGEPGYPEXIH JVSQXLIERGLSVEKIHSIWRSXRIIHXSFIGEPGYPEXIH
C-142 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CHAPTER 5
EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY

5.1.1 Scope )QTMVMGEPVYPIWERHJSVQYPEWJSVXLIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]
8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV IQTMVMGEP WXVYGXYVIW[IVIHIZIPSTIHF]I\TIVMIRGI8LIWIEVITEVXSJ
HIWMKRSJQEWSRV] XLI PIKEG] SJ QEWSRV]W PSRK YWI TVIHEXMRK IRKMRIIVMRK
EREP]WMW(IWMKRMWFEWIHSRXLIGSRHMXMSRXLEXKVEZMX]PSEHW
5.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK
EVIVIEWSREFP]GIRXIVIHSRXLIFIEVMRK[EPPWERHJSYRHEXMSR
7IGXMSRW G ERH WLEPP ETTP] XS
TMIVW *MKYVI '' MPPYWXVEXIW XLI PSGEXMSR SJ XLI
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRI\GITXEWWTIGMJMGEPP]WXEXIHLIVI
VIWYPXERXSJKVEZMX]PSEHWSRJSYRHEXMSRTMIVW8LIIJJIGXSJ
5.1.1.2 %VXMGPI SJ 817%'- %7') ER]WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMJYWIHMWRIKPIGXIH8LIQEWSRV]
WLEPPRSXETTP]XSIQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV] WLSYPH FI PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH 7TIGMJMG PMQMXEXMSRW SR
FYMPHMRK LIMKLX WIMWQMG [MRH ERH LSVM^SRXEP PSEHW I\MWX
5.1.2 Limitations &YMPHMRKWEVI SJPMQMXIH LIMKLX 1IQFIVWRSXTEVXMGMTEXMRK
5.1.2.1 Gravity Loads { 8LI VIWYPXERX SJ MR XLI PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ SJ E FYMPHMRK QE] FI
KVEZMX]PSEHWWLEPPFITPEGIH[MXLMRXLIGIRXIVXLMVHSJXLI IQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHIZIRXLSYKLXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK
[EPP XLMGORIWW ERH [MXLMR XLI GIRXVEP EVIE FSYRHIH F] W]WXIQMWHIWMKRIHYRHIV'LETXIV
PMRIW EX SRIXLMVH SJ IEGL GVSWWWIGXMSREP HMQIRWMSR SJ
JSYRHEXMSRTMIVW 8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW LEZI FIIR GSQTMPIH XLVSYKL XLI
]IEVW 8LI QSWX VIGIRX SJ XLIWI HSGYQIRXW MW XLI
5.1.2.2 Seismic { )QTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FEWMWJSVXLMWGLETXIV
RSX ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SV GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] JSV
FYMPHMRKWTEVXW SJFYMPHMRKW SVSXLIVWXVYGXYVIWMR 7IMWQMG )QTMVMGEP HIWMKR MW E TVSGIHYVI SJ WM^MRK ERH
(IWMKR 'EXIKSVMIW ( ) SV * EW HIJMRIH MR %7') ERH TVSTSVXMSRMRKQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW-XMWRSXHIWMKREREP]WMW
WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKRSJXLI WIMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRK 8LMW TVSGIHYVI MW GSRWIVZEXMZI JSV QSWX QEWSRV]
W]WXIQJSVWXVYGXYVIWMR7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW&SV' GSRWXVYGXMSR)QTMVMGEPHIWMKRSJQEWSRV][EWHIZIPSTIH
JSVFYMPHMRKWSJWQEPPIVWGEPI[MXLQSVIQEWSRV]MRXIVMSV
[EPPWERHWXMJJIVJPSSVW]WXIQWXLERFYMPXXSHE]8LYWXLI
PMQMXWMQTSWIHEVIZEPMH
7MRGI IQTMVMGEPP] HIWMKRIH QEWSRV] MW FEWIH SR XLI
KVSWWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMXWXLIVIMWRSRIIHXS
WTIGMJ]XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
5.1.2.3 Wind { )QTMVMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP 5.1.2.3 Wind { 8LIVI MW E GLERKI MR XLI [MRH
FITIVQMXXIHXSFIETTPMIHXSXLIHIWMKRERH GSRWXVYGXMSR WTIIHZEPYIWPMWXIHMRXLIXEFPIJVSQTVIZMSYWZIVWMSRWSJ
SJ QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW HIJMRIH F] 8EFPI FEWIH SR XLI 'SHI 8LI ZEPYIW PMWXIH [IVI EHNYWXIH XS WXVIRKXL
FYMPHMRKLIMKLXERHFEWMG[MRHWTIIHXLEXEVIETTPMGEFPIXS PIZIPWJSVYWI[MXL%7')[MRHWTIIHQETWERHEVI
XLIFYMPHMRK HIWMKRIHXSQEMRXEMRXLIWXVIRKXLPIZIPZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIW
FIPS[ETTVS\MQEXIP]TWJO4E JSVE[MHIVERKISJ
5.1.2.4 Buildings and other structures in Risk
FYMPHMRKGSRJMKYVEXMSRW
Category IV{)QTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXWWLEPPRSXETTP]XS
XLIHIWMKRSVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]JSVFYMPHMRKWTEVXW
SJ FYMPHMRKW SV SXLIV WXVYGXYVIW MR 6MWO 'EXIKSV] -: EW
HIJMRIHMR%7')
5.1.2.5 Other horizontal loads { )QTMVMGEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS WXVYGXYVIW VIWMWXMRK
LSVM^SRXEP PSEHW SXLIV XLER TIVQMXXIH [MRH SV WIMWQMG
PSEHWSVJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWEWTVSZMHIHMR7IGXMSR
5.1.2.6 Glass unit masonry — 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ
'LETXIVWLEPPRSXETTP]XSKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
5.1.2.7 AAC masonry — 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVWLEPPRSXETTP]XS%%'QEWSRV]
C-144 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
Table 5.1.1 Limitations based on building height and basic wind speed
Basic Wind Speed, mph (mps)1
Building 3ZIV 3ZIV
Element Description 0IWWXLERSV
Height, ft (m) ERHPIWW ERHPIWW 3ZIV
IUYEPXS
XLERSVIUYEP XLERSVIUYEP

XS XS
1EWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVITEVXSJ 2SX
ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH
XLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ 4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV 2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV ERH
-RXIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVI PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
RSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK XS
W]WXIQMRFYMPHMRKWSXLIVXLER 3ZIV ERH
IRGPSWIHEWHIJMRIHF]%7') PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
XS
ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV 2SX4IVQMXXIH
3ZIV ERH
)\XIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXWXLEXEVI PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
RSXTEVXSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK XS
W]WXIQ 3ZIV ERH
PIWWXLERSVIUYEP 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH
XS
)\XIVMSVQEWSRV]IPIQIRXW ERHPIWW 4IVQMXXIH 2SX4IVQMXXIH

&EWMG[MRHWTIIHEWKMZIRMR%7')
COMMENTARY
T/3
T/3 Thickness, T
T/3
W/3 W/3 W/3

Permitted area for
Width, W axial load resultant
Figure CC-5.1-1 - Area for gravity loads applied to foundation piers

CODE COMMENTARY
5.2 — Height 5.2 — Height

&YMPHMRKW VIP]MRK SR QEWSRV] [EPPW EW TEVX SJ XLIMV
PEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ WLEPP RSX I\GIIH JX
Q MRLIMKLX
5.3 — Lateral stability 5.3 — Lateral stability
5.3.1 Shear walls 0EXIVEP WXEFMPMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI E OI] TVSZMWMSR SJ
;LIVI XLI WXVYGXYVI HITIRHW YTSR QEWSRV] [EPPW JSV IQTMVMGEP HIWMKR 3FZMSYWP] WLIEV [EPPW QYWX FI MR X[S
PEXIVEPWXEFMPMX]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHTEVEPPIPXSXLI HMVIGXMSRWXSTVSZMHIWXEFMPMX]&IEVMRK[EPPWGERWIVZIEW
HMVIGXMSRSJXLIPEXIVEPJSVGIWVIWMWXIH WLIEV [EPPW 8LI LIMKLX SJ E [EPP VIJIVW XS XLI WLSVXIWX
YRWYTTSVXIH LIMKLX MR XLI TPERI SJ XLI [EPP WYGL EW XLI
5.3.1.1 -R IEGL HMVIGXMSR MR [LMGL WLIEV [EPPW
WLSVXIVSJE[MRHS[NEQFSRSRIWMHIERHEHSSVNEQFSR
EVI VIUYMVIH JSV PEXIVEP WXEFMPMX] WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI
XLI SXLIV 7II *MKYVI '' JSV GYQYPEXMZI PIRKXL SJ
TSWMXMSRIHMREXPIEWXX[SWITEVEXITPERIWTEVEPPIP[MXLXLI
WLIEV [EPPW 7II *MKYVI '' JSV HMETLVEKQ TERIP
HMVIGXMSR SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI 8LI QMRMQYQ GYQYPEXMZI
PIRKXLXS[MHXLVEXMSHIXIVQMREXMSR
PIRKXL SJ WLIEV [EPPW TVSZMHIH EPSRK IEGL TPERI WLEPP FI
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI PSRK HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI FYMPHMRK
'YQYPEXMZI PIRKXL SJ WLIEV [EPPW WLEPP RSX MRGPYHI
STIRMRKW SV ER] IPIQIRX [LSWI PIRKXL MW PIWW XLER SRI
LEPJMXWLIMKLX
5.3.1.2 7LIEV [EPPW WLEPP FI WTEGIH WS XLEX XLI
PIRKXLXS[MHXL VEXMS SJ IEGL HMETLVEKQ XVERWJIVVMRK
PEXIVEP JSVGIW XS XLI WLIEV [EPPW HSIW RSX I\GIIH ZEPYIW
KMZIRMR8EFPI
5.3.2 Roofs
8LI VSSJ GSRWXVYGXMSR WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH WS EW RSX XS
MQTEVX SYXSJTPERI PEXIVEP XLVYWX XS XLI [EPPW YRHIV VSSJ
KVEZMX]PSEH
Table 5.3.1 — Diaphragm length-to-width ratios

Maximum length-to-width ratio of
Floor or roof diaphragm construction
diaphragm panel
'EWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI
4VIGEWXGSRGVIXI
1IXEPHIGO[MXLGSRGVIXIJMPP
1IXEPHIGO[MXLRSJMPP
;SSH
C-146 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8”
Three Bay Automotive Garage Plan

12 “ (205 mm) Composite Masonry Walls
Wall Height = 12’ (3.7 m)
6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 6’ – 8” 8’ – 0” 5’ – 4” 10’ – 8” 5’ – 4”
50’ – 8”
1 2
Minimum Cumulative Shear Wall Length Along Each Plane = 0.2 x Long Dimension
Min. l = 0.2(50.67') = 10.13' (3.09 m)
Wall line 1: l = (24.67 + 7.33) = 32.0´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (7.52 m + 2.23 m) = 9.75 m > 3.09 m OK
Wall line 2: l = (6.0´ + 6.0´ + 6.0´ + 6.0') = 24.0´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m + 1.83 m) = 7.32 m > 3.09 m OK
Wall line A: Note, 5'-4"(1.62 m) wall segments not included as they are less than ½ of 12' (3.66 m) wall height
l = (6.67´ + 6.67´) = 13.33´ > 10.13´ OK
l = (2.03 m + 2.03 m) = 4.06 m > 3.09 m OK
Wall line B: l = (6.67´ + 6.67´ + 6.67´ + 6.67') = 26.67´ > 10.13´ OK

l = (2.03 m + 2.03 m + 2.03 m + 2.03 m) = 8.13 m > 3.09 m OK
Figure CC-5.3-1 — Cumulative length of shear walls

COMMENTARY
Shear Wall D Shear Wall E
Diaphragm Panel 1 Diaphragm Panel 2
Shear Wall F Shear Wall G
X1 X2
Diaphragm Panel Length = Dimension perpendicular to the resisting shear wall

Diaphragm Panel Width = Dimension parallel to the resisting shear wall
For example:
For Shear Walls A and B, the diaphragm panel length to width ratio is X 1/Y
For Shear Walls D and F, the diaphragm panel length to width ratio is Y/X 1
Note: Shear walls should be placed on all four sides of the diaphragm panel or the resulting torsion should be accounted for.
Figure CC-5.3-2 — Diaphragm panel length to width ratio determination for shear wall spacing
CODE COMMENTARY
5.4 — Compressive stress requirements 5.4 — Compressive stress requirements

5.4.1 Calculations 8LIWI EVI EZIVEKI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW FEWIH SR
(IEH ERH PMZI PSEHW WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI KVSWW EVIE YWMRK WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 8LI JSPPS[MRK
PIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHISJ[LMGLXLMW'SHIJSVQWE GSRHMXMSRW WLSYPH FI YWIH EW KYMHIPMRIW [LIR
TEVX[MXLWYGLPMZIPSEHVIHYGXMSRWEWEVITIVQMXXIHMRXLI GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHWEVITPEGIHSRQEWSRV]
PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW MR
QEWSRV] HYI XS ZIVXMGEP HIEH TPYW PMZI PSEHW I\GPYHMRK *SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW EGXMRK SR XLI JYPP [EPP
[MRHSVWIMWQMGPSEHW WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI XLMGORIWW XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW YRHIV XLI PSEH
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK QE]FIMRGVIEWIHF]TIVGIRX
E 7XVIWWIW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH FEWIH SR WTIGMJMIH *SV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHW EGXMRK SR GSRGIRXVMGEPP]
HMQIRWMSRW TPEGIH FIEVMRK TPEXIW KVIEXIV XLER SRILEPJ FYX
PIWWXLERJYPPEVIEXLIEPPS[EFPIWXVIWWYRHIVXLI
F 'EPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW JSV WMRKPI []XLI FIEVMRKTPEXIQE]FIMRGVIEWIHF]TIVGIRX
[EPPW ERH JSV QYPXM[]XLI GSQTSWMXI QEWSRV] [EPPW
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]HMZMHMRKXLIHIWMKRPSEHF]XLI 8LIGSYVWIMQQIHMEXIP]YRHIVXLITSMRXSJFIEVMRKWLSYPH
KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIQIQFIV8LIEVIESJ FIEWSPMHYRMXSVJYPP]JMPPIH[MXLQSVXEVSVKVSYX
STIRMRKW GLEWIW SV VIGIWWIW MR [EPPW WLEPP RSX FI
MRGPYHIHMRXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI[EPP
5.4.2 Allowable compressive stresses
8LIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPRSXI\GIIH
XLIZEPYIW KMZIR MR 8EFPI -R QYPXM[]XLI [EPPWXLI
EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI [IEOIWX
GSQFMREXMSRSJXLIYRMXWERHQSVXEVYWIHMRIEGL[]XLI
C-148 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
Table 5.4.2 — Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design of masonry
Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Allowable compressive stresses1 based

gross area, psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
7SPMHQEWSRV]SJFVMGOERHSXLIVWSPMHYRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPIWERH
PMQISVGSRGVIXIFVMGO
SVKVIEXIV

+VSYXIHQEWSRV]SJGPE]SVWLEPIWERHPMQISVGSRGVIXI
SVKVIEXIV

7SPMHQEWSRV]SJWSPMHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
SVKVIEXIV

1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKYRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPI
SVKVIEXIV

1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWYTXSERH
MRGPYHMRKMRQQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWW
SVKVIEXIV

1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWKVIEXIV
XLERERHYTXSMRXSQQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWW
SVKVIEXIV

Table 5.4.2 (continued) — Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design

of masonry
Construction; compressive strength of masonry unit, Allowable compressive stresses1 based

gross area, psi (MPa) on gross cross-sectional area,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
1EWSRV]SJLSPPS[PSEHFIEVMRKGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWMR
QQ RSQMREPXLMGORIWWERHKVIEXIV
SVKVIEXIV

1YPXM[]XLIRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW
7SPMHYRMXW
SVKVIEXIV

,SPPS[YRMXWSJGPE]SVWLEPI
,SPPS[YRMXWSJGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]SJRSQMREPXLMGORIWW
YTXSERHMRGPYHMRKMRQQ
KVIEXIVXLERERHYTXSMRQQ
MRQQ ERHKVIEXIV
7XSRIEWLPEVQEWSRV]
+VERMXI
0MQIWXSRISVQEVFPI
7ERHWXSRISVGEWXWXSRI
6YFFPIWXSRIQEWSRV]
'SYVWIHVSYKLSVVERHSQ
0MRIEV MRXIVTSPEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH JSV HIXIVQMRMRK EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW JSV QEWSRV] YRMXW LEZMRK
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLW[LMGLEVIMRXIVQIHMEXIFIX[IIRXLSWIKMZIRMRXLIXEFPI
-RRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPW[LIVIJPSSVERHVSSJPSEHWEVIGEVVMIHYTSRSRI[]XLIXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
MWXLEX SJXLI[]XLIYRHIVPSEHMJFSXL[]XLIWEVIPSEHIHXLIKVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEMWXLEXSJXLI[EPP
QMRYWXLIEVIESJXLIGEZMX]FIX[IIRXLI[]XLIW
C-150 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
5.5 — Lateral support 5.5 — Lateral support

5.5.1 Maximum l/t and h/t 0EXIVEPWYTTSVXVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIMRGPYHIHXSPMQMXXLI
1EWSRV] [EPPW [MXLSYX STIRMRKW WLEPP FI PEXIVEPP] JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIWWHYI XS SYXSJTPERI PSEHW 1EWSRV]
WYTTSVXIH MR IMXLIV XLI LSVM^SRXEP SV XLI ZIVXMGEP HMVIGXMSR WS LIEHIVW VIWMWX WLIEV WXVIWW ERH TIVQMX XLI IRXMVI GVSWW
XLEX l/tSVh/t HSIWRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIRMR8EFPI WIGXMSRXSTIVJSVQEWEWMRKPIIPIQIRX8LMWMWRSXXLIGEWI
JSV RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPPW GSRRIGXIH [MXL [EPP XMIW *SV
1EWSRV][EPPW[MXLWMRKPISVQYPXMTPISTIRMRKWWLEPP
WYGL RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPPW XLI YWI SJ XLI WYQ SJ XLI
FI PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH MR IMXLIV XLI LSVM^SRXEP SV ZIVXMGEP
XLMGORIWWIWSJXLI[]XLIWLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVE
HMVIGXMSRWSXLEXl/tSVh/tHSIWRSXI\GIIHXLIZEPYIWKMZIR
PSRK XMQI ERH MW E XVEHMXMSREP ETTVSEGL XLEX MW EGGITXEFPI
MR8EFPIHMZMHIHF] WT WS [MXLMR XLI PMQMXW MQTSWIH F] 'SHI 8EFPI
6IUYMVIQIRXW [IVI EHHIH MR XLI IHMXMSR XS TVSZMHI
WS MW XLI HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI WXVYGXYVEP [EPP WXVMT VIPEXMZI SYXSJTPERI VIWMWXERGI XLEX PMQMX XLI QE\MQYQ
QIEWYVIH TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI WTER SJ XLI [EPP WXVMT ERH [MHXL SJ STIRMRK ERH TVSZMHI WYJJMGMIRX QEWSRV] WIGXMSRW
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIXLMGORIWWEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI FIX[IIRXLISTIRMRKW
WSMWQIEWYVIHJVSQXLIIHKISJXLISTIRMRKWSWLEPPFI
RSPIWWXLERtSRIEGLWMHISJIEGLSTIRMRK8LIVIJSVIEX
[EPPW[MXLQYPXMTPISTIRMRKWNEQFWWLEPPFIRSPIWWXLER
t FIX[IIR STIRMRKW *SV HIWMKR TYVTSWIW XLI IJJIGXMZI
WS WLEPP RSX FI EWWYQIH XS FI KVIEXIV XLER t %X RSR
QEWSRV] PMRXIPW XLI IHKI SJ XLI STIRMRK WLEPP FI
GSRWMHIVIH XLI IHKI SJ XLI RSRQEWSRV] PMRXIP WS WLEPP
SGGYVYRMRXIVVYTXIHSZIVXLIJYPPWTERSJXLI[EPP
WTMWXLIHMQIRWMSRTEVEPPIPXSWSJVSQXLIGIRXIVSJ
XLISTIRMRKXSXLISTTSWMXIIRHSJWSEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI
;LIVIXLIVIEVI QYPXMTPISTIRMRKWTIVTIRHMGYPEV
XS WS WT WLEPP FI QIEWYVIH JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ E ZMVXYEP
STIRMRK XLEX IRGSQTEWWIW WYGL STIRMRKW 1EWSRV]
IPIQIRXW [MXLMR XLI ZMVXYEP STIRMRK QYWX FI HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVSV
*SV [EPPW [MXL STIRMRKW XLEX WTER RS QSVI XLER
JIIXTEVEPPIPXSWSMJWSMWRSPIWWXLERJIIX XLIRMXWLEPP
FITIVQMXXIHXSMKRSVIXLIIJJIGXSJXLSWISTIRMRKW
8LIWTERSJSTIRMRKWTEVEPPIPXSWSWLEPPFIPMQMXIH
WS XLEX XLI WTER HMZMHIH F] t HSIW RSX I\GIIH XLI ZEPYIW
KMZIRMR8EFPI
-REHHMXMSRXSXLIWIPMQMXEXMSRWPMRXIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIH
JSVKVEZMX]PSEHWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
Table 5.5.1 — Wall lateral support requirements

Construction Maximum l/t or h/t
&IEVMRK[EPPW
7SPMHYRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIH
3XLIVXLERWSPMHYRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIH
2SRFIEVMRK[EPPW
)\XIVMSV
-RXIVMSV
-RGSQTYXMRKXLIVEXMSJSVQYPXM[]XLI[EPPWYWIXLIJSPPS[MRKXLMGORIWW
8LIRSQMREP [EPP XLMGORIWWIWJSV WSPMH[EPPW ERHJSV LSPPS[ [EPPWFSRHIH[MXL QEWSRV]
LIEHIVW7IGXMSR
8LIWYQSJXLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWIWSJXLI[]XLIWJSVRSRGSQTSWMXI[EPPWGSRRIGXIH[MXL
[EPPXMIW7IGXMSR
Length of Span, l
Non-masonry
Lintel
Open
WT WT WT WT
Support Line
Non-masonry
Lintel
WS WS WS Masonry WS
Lintel Masonry
Equal Equal Lintel
Open Open
Open
Support Line
WSERHWTJSV;EPPW7TERRMRK:IVXMGEPP] WSERHWTJSV;EPPW7TERRMRK,SVM^SRXEPP]
Figure 5.5.1-1 — Graphical representation of WS and WT
CODE COMMENTARY
5.5.2 Cantilever walls

)\GITX JSV TEVETIXW XLI VEXMS SJ LIMKLXXSRSQMREP
XLMGORIWWJSVGERXMPIZIV[EPPWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJSVWSPMH
QEWSRV] SV JSV LSPPS[ QEWSRV] *SV TEVETIXW WII
7IGXMSR
5.5.3 Support elements
0EXIVEP WYTTSVX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH F] GVSWW [EPPW
TMPEWXIVW SV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI QIQFIVW [LIR XLI PMQMXMRK
HMWXERGIMWXEOIRLSVM^SRXEPP]SVF]JPSSVWVSSJWEGXMRKEW
HMETLVEKQW SV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQI QIQFIVW [LIR XLI
PMQMXMRKHMWXERGIMWXEOIRZIVXMGEPP]
5.6 — Thickness of masonry 5.6 — Thickness of masonry

1MRMQYQ XLMGORIWW VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR )\TIVMIRGI SJ XLI GSQQMXXII LEW WLS[R XLEX XLI
RSQMREPHMQIRWMSRWSJQEWSRV] TVIWIRX %27- % XLMGORIWW VEXMSW EVI RSX EP[E]W
GSRWIVZEXMZI8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWVITVIWIRXXLIGSRWIRWYW
SJXLIGSQQMXXIIJSVQSVIGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKR
5.6.2 Minimum thickness
5.6.2.1 Bearing Walls — 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWW SJ FIEVMRK [EPPW SJ SRI WXSV] FYMPHMRKW WLEPP FI
MRQQ 8LIQMRMQYQXLMGORIWWSJFIEVMRK[EPPWSJ
FYMPHMRKWQSVIXLERSRIWXSV]LMKLWLEPPFIMRQQ
5.6.2.2 Rubble stone walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWWSJVSYKLVERHSQSVGSYVWIHVYFFPIWXSRI[EPPW
WLEPPFIMRQQ
5.6.2.3 Shear walls{ 8LIQMRMQYQXLMGORIWW
SJQEWSRV]WLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ
C-152 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
5.6.2.4 Foundation walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ

XLMGORIWWSJJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ
5.6.2.5 Foundation piers { 8LI QMRMQYQ 5.6.2.5 Foundation piers — 9WI SJ IQTMVMGEPP]
XLMGORIWWSJJSYRHEXMSRTMIVWWLEPPFIMRQQ HIWMKRIHJSYRHEXMSRTMIVWLEWFIIRGSQQSRTVEGXMGIMRQER]
EVIEWSJXLIGSYRXV]JSVQER]]IEVW%27-%TVSZMWMSRW
JSV IQTMVMGEPP] HIWMKRIH TMIVW 7IGXMSR MRGPYHIW E
VIUYMVIQIRX JSV E QE\MQYQ h/t VEXMS SJ 8LI QMRMQYQ
LIMKLXXSXLMGORIWW VEXMS SJ KVIEXIV XLER JSV GSPYQRW MW
VIUYMVIHXSGPIEVP]HMJJIVIRXMEXIEGSPYQRJVSQETMIV
5.6.2.6 Parapet walls { 8LI QMRMQYQ
XLMGORIWWSJTEVETIX[EPPWWLEPPFIMRQQ
5.6.2.7 Change in thickness — ;LIVI [EPPW SJ
QEWSRV]SJLSPPS[YRMXWSVQEWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPPWEVI
HIGVIEWIH MR XLMGORIWW E GSYVWI SVGSYVWIW SJ WSPMH QEWSRV]
YRMXWSVJYPP]KVSYXIHLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFIMRXIVTSWIH
FIX[IIRXLI[EPPFIPS[ERHXLIXLMRRIV[EPPEFSZISVWTIGMEP
YRMXWSVGSRWXVYGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIHXSXVERWQMXXLIPSEHWJVSQ
JEGIWLIPPWSV[]XLIWEFSZIXSXLSWIFIPS[
5.6.3 Foundation walls 5.6.3 Foundation walls
5.6.3.1 *SYRHEXMSR[EPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI )QTMVMGEP GVMXIVME JSV QEWSRV] JSYRHEXMSR [EPP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ8EFPI[LMGLEVIETTPMGEFPI[LIR XLMGORIWWVIPEXIHXSXLIHITXLSJYRFEPERGIHJMPPLEZIFIIR
GSRXEMRIH MR FYMPHMRK GSHIW ERH JIHIVEP KSZIVRQIRX
E XLI JSYRHEXMSR[EPPHSIWRSXI\GIIHJX Q MR
WXERHEVHWJSVQER]]IEVW8LIYWISJ'SHI8EFPI
LIMKLXFIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXW
[LMGL PMWXW XLI XVEHMXMSREP EPPS[EFPI FEGOJMPP HITXLW MW
F XLIXIVVEMRWYVVSYRHMRK JSYRHEXMSR[EPPWMWKVEHIHXS PMQMXIH F] E RYQFIV SJ VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX [IVI RSX
HVEMRWYVJEGI[EXIVE[E]JVSQJSYRHEXMSR[EPPW WTIGMJMIH MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW 8LIWI
G FEGOJMPPMWHVEMRIHXSVIQSZIKVSYRH[EXIVE[E]JVSQ VIWXVMGXMSRW EVI IRYQIVEXIH MR 7IGXMSR *YVXLIV
JSYRHEXMSR[EPPW TVIGEYXMSRW EVI VIGSQQIRHIH XS KYEVH EKEMRWX EPPS[MRK
LIEZ] IEVXLQSZMRK SV SXLIV IUYMTQIRX RIEV IRSYKL XS
H PEXIVEP WYTTSVX MW TVSZMHIH EX XLI XST SJ JSYRHEXMSR
XLI JSYRHEXMSR [EPP XS HIZIPST LMKL IEVXL TVIWWYVIW
[EPPWTVMSVXSFEGOJMPPMRK
)\TIVMIRGI[MXLPSGEPGSRHMXMSRWWLSYPHFIYWIHXSQSHMJ]
I XLIPIRKXLSJJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWFIX[IIRTIVTIRHMGYPEV XLIZEPYIWMR8EFPI[LIRETTVSTVMEXI
QEWSRV] [EPPW SV TMPEWXIVW MW E QE\MQYQ SJ
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIFEWIQIRX[EPPLIMKLX
J XLIFEGOJMPPMWKVERYPEVERHWSMPGSRHMXMSRWMRXLIEVIE
EVIRSRI\TERWMZIERH
K QEWSRV]MWPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRHYWMRK8]TI1SV7QSVXEV
5.6.3.2 ;LIVI XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR
EVIRSXQIXJSYRHEXMSR[EPPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL'LETXIVERH 'LETXIV SV
Table 5.6.3.1 — Foundation wall construction

Wall construction Nominal wall Maximum depth of
thickness, in. (mm) unbalanced backfill, ft (m)
,SPPS[YRMXQEWSRV]

7SPMHYRMXQEWSRV]

*YPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]

CODE COMMENTARY
5.6.4 Parapet walls

8LI LIMKLX SJ TEVETIX [EPPW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIMVXLMGORIWW
5.7 — Bond 5.7 — Bond

5.7.1 General *MKYVI''HITMGXWXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWPMWXIH;EPP
;]XLIW SJ QYPXMTPI []XLI QEWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP FI XMIW[MXLHVMTWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHFIGEYWISJXLIMVVIHYGIH
FSRHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR PSEHGETEGMX]
7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
5.7.2 Bonding with masonry headers
5.7.2.1 Solid units{;LIVIEHNEGIRX[]XLIWSJ
WSPMH QEWSRV] [EPPW EVI FSRHIH F] QIERW SJ QEWSRV]
LIEHIVWRSPIWWXLERTIVGIRXSJXLI[EPPWYVJEGIEVIESJ
IEGLJEGIWLEPPFIGSQTSWIHSJLIEHIVWI\XIRHMRKRSXPIWW
XLER MR QQ MRXS IEGL []XLI 8LI HMWXERGI
FIX[IIR EHNEGIRX JYPPPIRKXL LIEHIVW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH
MRQQ IMXLIVZIVXMGEPP]SVLSVM^SRXEPP]-R[EPPW
MR[LMGLEWMRKPILIEHIVHSIWRSXI\XIRHXLVSYKLXLI[EPP
LIEHIVWJVSQXLISTTSWMXIWMHIWWLEPPSZIVPETEXPIEWXMR
QQ SV LIEHIVW JVSQ STTSWMXI WMHIW WLEPP FI
GSZIVIH [MXL ERSXLIV LIEHIV GSYVWI SZIVPETTMRK XLI
LIEHIVFIPS[EXPIEWXMRQQ
5.7.2.2 Hollow units { ;LIVI X[S SV QSVI
[]XLIW EVI GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK LSPPS[ YRMXW XLI WXVIXGLIV
GSYVWIWWLEPPFIFSRHIHEXZIVXMGEPMRXIVZEPWRSXI\GIIHMRK
MRQQ F]PETTMRKEXPIEWXMRQQ SZIV
XLI YRMX FIPS[ SV F] PETTMRK EX ZIVXMGEP MRXIVZEPW RSX
I\GIIHMRKMRQQ [MXLYRMXW[LMGLEVIEXPIEWX
TIVGIRXKVIEXIVMRXLMGORIWWXLERXLIYRMXWFIPS[
5.7.3 Bonding with wall ties or joint reinforcement
5.7.3.1 ;LIVI EHNEGIRX []XLIW SJ QEWSRV]
[EPPW EVIFSRHIH[MXL [MVI WMÎ; 1; [EPP XMIW
SV QIXEP [MVI SJ IUYMZEPIRX WXMJJRIWW IQFIHHIH MR XLI
LSVM^SRXEP QSVXEV NSMRXWXLIVI WLEPP FI EX PIEWX SRIQIXEP
XMIJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE8LIQE\MQYQ
ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XMIW WLEPP RSX I\GIIH MR
QQ ERHXLIQE\MQYQLSVM^SRXEPHMWXERGIWLEPPRSX
I\GIIHMR QQ 6SHW SV XMIW FIRX XS VIGXERKYPEV
WLETI WLEPP FI YWIH [MXL LSPPS[ QEWSRV] YRMXW PEMH [MXL
XLIGIPPWZIVXMGEP -RSXLIV[EPPW XLIIRHWSJXMIWWLEPPFI
FIRX XS HIKVII ERKPIW XS TVSZMHI LSSOW RS PIWW XLER
MR QQ PSRK ;EPP XMIW WLEPP FI [MXLSYX HVMTW
%HHMXMSREP FSRHMRK XMIW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX STIRMRKW
WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER JX Q ETEVX EVSYRH XLI
TIVMQIXIVERH[MXLMRMRQQ SJXLISTIRMRK
5.7.3.2 ;LIVI EHNEGIRX []XLIW SJ QEWSRV] EVI
FSRHIH[MXLTVIJEFVMGEXIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLIVIWLEPPFI
EX PIEWX SRI GVSWW [MVI WIVZMRK EW E XMI JSV IEGL JX
Q SJ [EPP EVIE 8LI ZIVXMGEP WTEGMRK SJ XLI NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ 'VSWW[MVIW
SRTVIJEFVMGEXIHNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIRSXWQEPPIVXLER
[MVI WMÎ ; 1; ERH WLEPP FI [MXLSYX HVMTW 8LI
PSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIHMRXLIQSVXEV
C-154 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
Header (4% of
wall area)
Header (4% of
wall area)
Header
Lapping with Units at Least 3 in. Lapping with Units at Least 3 in.
(76.2 mm) over Units Below (76.2 mm) over Units Below
a. Solid Units b. Solid Units
Header Course
Header Course
Header Course Header Course
Lapping with Unit at

Least 50% Greater Lapping with Units
than Units Below
c. Hollow Units d. Hollow Units
Figure CC-5.7-1 — Cross section of wall elevations

CODE COMMENTARY
5.7.4 Natural or cast stone

5.7.4.1 Ashlar masonry — -R EWLPEV QEWSRV]
YRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHFSRHIVYRMXWWLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSXLI
I\XIRX SJ RSX PIWW XLER TIVGIRX SJ XLI [EPP EVIE 7YGL
FSRHIVYRMXWWLEPPI\XIRHRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ MRXS
XLIFEGOMRK[EPP
5.7.4.2 Rubble stone masonry — 6YFFPI WXSRI
QEWSRV] MR QQ SV PIWW MR XLMGORIWW WLEPP LEZI
FSRHIV YRMXW [MXL E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ JX Q
ZIVXMGEPP] ERH JX Q LSVM^SRXEPP] ERH MJ XLI
QEWSRV] MW SJ KVIEXIV XLMGORIWW XLER MR QQ
WLEPPLEZISRIFSRHIVYRMXJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPP
WYVJEGISRFSXLWMHIW
5.8 — Anchorage 5.8 — Anchorage

5.8.1 General 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXW SJ7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL
1EWSRV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI EVI PIWW WXVMRKIRX XLER XLSWI SJ 7IGXMSR
[MXLXLMWWIGXMSR %RGLSVEKIVIUYMVIQIRXWMR7IGXMSREVIMRXIRHIHXS
5.8.2 Intersecting walls GSQTP] [MXL XLI 7XIIP .SMWX -RWXMXYXIvW 7XERHEVH
1EWSRV][EPPWHITIRHMRKYTSRSRIERSXLIVJSVPEXIVEP 7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSVIRHERGLSVEKISJWXIIPNSMWXW
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH SV FSRHIH EX PSGEXMSRW [LIVI
XLI]QIIXSVMRXIVWIGXF]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW
5.8.2.1 *MJX] TIVGIRX SJ XLI YRMXW EX XLI
MRXIVWIGXMSR WLEPP FI PEMH MR ER SZIVPETTMRK QEWSRV]
FSRHMRK TEXXIVR [MXL EPXIVREXI YRMXW LEZMRK E FIEVMRK SJ
RSXPIWWXLERMRQQ SRXLIYRMXFIPS[
5.8.2.2 ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] WXIIP
GSRRIGXSVWLEZMRKEQMRMQYQ WIGXMSRSJ MR QQ
F] MR QQ [MXL IRHW FIRX YT EX PIEWX MR
QQ SV [MXL GVSWW TMRW XS JSVQ ERGLSVEKI 7YGL
ERGLSVW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX MR QQ PSRK ERH XLI
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKWLEPPFIJXQ
5.8.2.3 ;EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH F] NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ HMWXERGI SJ MR
QQ 0SRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJWYGLVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPP
FI EX PIEWX [MVI WMÎ ; 1; ERH WLEPP I\XIRH EX
PIEWXMRQQ MRIEGLHMVIGXMSREXXLIMRXIVWIGXMSR
5.8.2.4 -RXIVMSV RSRPSEHFIEVMRK [EPPW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH EX XLIMV MRXIVWIGXMSR EX ZIVXMGEP MRXIVZEPW SJ RSX
QSVI XLER MR QQ [MXL NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV

MRQQ QIWLKEPZERMÎHLEVH[EVIGPSXL
5.8.2.5 3XLIV QIXEP XMIW NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SV
ERGLSVWMJYWIHWLEPPFIWTEGIHXSTVSZMHIIUYMZEPIRXEVIE
SJERGLSVEKIXSXLEXVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL

5.8.3 Floor and roof anchorage
*PSSV ERH VSSJ HMETLVEKQW TVSZMHMRK PEXIVEP WYTTSVX
XS QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSRRIGXIH XS XLI QEWSRV] F] SRI SJ
XLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW
5.8.3.1 6SSJPSEHMRKWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH [LIVI RIX YTPMJX SGGYVW
YTPMJX WLEPP FI VIWMWXIH IRXMVIP] F] ER ERGLSVEKI W]WXIQ
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRW
C-156 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
ERH7IGXMSRWERHSV'LETXIV
5.8.3.2 ;SSH JPSSV NSMWXW FIEVMRK SR QEWSRV]
[EPPW WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH XS XLI [EPP EX MRXIVZEPW RSX XS
I\GIIHJXQ F]QIXEPWXVETERGLSVW.SMWXWTEVEPPIP
XSXLI[EPPWLEPPFIERGLSVIH[MXLQIXEPWXVETWWTEGIHRSX
QSVIXLERJXQ SRGIRXIVWI\XIRHMRKSZIVSVYRHIV
ERHWIGYVIHXSEXPIEWXNSMWXW&PSGOMRKWLEPPFITVSZMHIH
FIX[IIRNSMWXWEXIEGLWXVETERGLSV
5.8.3.3 7XIIP NSMWXW XLEX EVI WYTTSVXIH F]
QEWSRV] [EPPW WLEPP FIEV SR ERH FI GSRRIGXIH XS WXIIP
FIEVMRK TPEXIW 1E\MQYQ NSMWX WTEGMRK WLEPP FI JX
Q SR GIRXIV )EGL FIEVMRK TPEXI WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH
XS XLI [EPP [MXL E QMRMQYQ SJ X[S ¡ MR QQ
HMEQIXIV FSPXW SV XLIMV IUYMZEPIRX ;LIVI WXIIP NSMWXW EVI
TEVEPPIP XS XLI [EPP ERGLSVW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH [LIVI NSMWX
FVMHKMRK XIVQMREXIW EX XLI [EPP ERH EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVEKI
WLEPPFITVSZMHIHXSGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSR
5.8.3.4 6SSJ ERH JPSSV HMETLVEKQW WLEPP FI
ERGLSVIH XS QEWSRV] [EPPW [MXL E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡MR
QQ HMEQIXIV FSPXW EX E QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ JX
Q SRGIRXIVSVXLIMVIUYMZEPIRX
5.8.3.5 &SPXW ERH ERGLSVW VIUYMVIH F] 7IGXMSRW
ERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E &SPXW ERH ERGLSVW EX WXIIP JPSSV NSMWXW ERH JPSSV
HMETLVEKQW WLEPP FI IQFIHHIHMR XLIQEWSRV]EX PIEWX
MRQQ SVWLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRG
F &SPXWEXWXIIPVSSJNSMWXWERHVSSJHMETLVEKQWWLEPPFI
IQFIHHIHMRXLIQEWSRV]EXPIEWXMRQQ SV
WLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSRG
G -R PMIY SJ XLI IQFIHQIRX PIRKXLW PMWXIH MR 7IGXMSRW
E ERH F FSPXWWLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XSFI
LSSOIHSV[IPHIHXSRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ SJ
FSRH FIEQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH RSX PIWW XLER MR
QQ FIPS[NSMWXFIEVMRKSVFSXXSQSJHMETLVEKQ
5.8.4 Walls adjoining structural framing
;LIVI[EPPWEVIHITIRHIRXYTSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPJVEQIJSV
PEXIVEP WYTTSVX XLI] WLEPP FI ERGLSVIH XS XLI WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW [MXL QIXEP ERGLSVW SV SXLIV[MWI OI]IH XS XLI
WXVYGXYVEP QIQFIVW 1IXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP GSRWMWX SJ MR
QQ FSPXWWTEGIHEXJXQ SRGIRXIVIQFIHHIH
MRQQ MRXSXLIQEWSRV]SVXLIMVIUYMZEPIRXEVIE
5.9 — Miscellaneous requirements

5.9.1 Chases and recesses
1EWSRV]HMVIGXP]EFSZIGLEWIWSVVIGIWWIW[MHIVXLER
MRQQ WLEPPFIWYTTSVXIHSRPMRXIPW
5.9.2 Lintels
8LIHIWMKRSJQEWSRV]PMRXIPWWLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSRSV7IGXMSR
5.9.3 Support on wood
2S QEWSRV] WLEPP FI WYTTSVXIH SR [SSH KMVHIVW SV
SXLIVJSVQWSJ[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR
CHAPTER 6
VENEER
CODE COMMENTARY

8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV HIWMKR ERH %HLIVIH ERH ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR MR
HIXEMPMRK SJ ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV ERH EHLIVIH 7IGXMSR EVI WXVEMKLXJSV[EVH EHETXEXMSRW SJ I\MWXMRK
QEWSRV]ZIRIIV HIJMRMXMSRW 7II *MKYVIW '' ERH '' JSV
X]TMGEP I\EQTPIW SJ ERGLSVIH ERH EHLIVIH ZIRIIV
VIWTIGXMZIP]
8LI XVEHMXMSREP HIJMRMXMSR SJ ZIRIIV EW ER IPIQIRX
[MXLSYX VIWMWXERGI XS MQTSWIH PSEH MW EHSTXIH 8LI
HIJMRMXMSRKMZIRMWEZEVMEXMSRSJXLEXYWIHMRQSHIPFYMPHMRK
GSHIW1SHMJMGEXMSRWLEZI FIIR QEHI XSXLI HIJMRMXMSRW XS
GPIEVP]WXEXILS[XLIZIRIIVMWLERHPIHMRHIWMKR
8LI HIWMKR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLSYPH FI MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIETTVSTVMEXIWXERHEVHJSVXLEXQEXIVMEP
1-in. (25-mm)
Minimum Air Steel Studs
Space
Exterior-grade Sheathing
Building Paper 6-in.

(150-mm) Minimum Lap
Weepholes
Flashing
Foundation
Figure CC-6.1-1 — Anchored veneer

C-158 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
COMMENTARY
Concrete Masonry Wall
Type S Mortar
Neat Portland Cement Paste
Veneer Unit with

Neat Portland Cement Paste
Type S Mortar
Applied to Unit 3/8 to 1-1/2 in. (9.5 to 38.1 mm)
Figure CC-6.1-2 — Adhered veneer
CODE COMMENTARY
6.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK 6.1.1.1 7MRGIXLIVIMWRSGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJWXVIWW
7IGXMSRW G ERH WLEPP ETTP] XS HIWMKR SJ MRXLIZIRIIVXLIVIMWRSRIIHXSWTIGMJ]XLIGSQTVIWWMZI
ERGLSVIHERHEHLIVIHZIRIIVI\GITXEWWTIGMJMGEPP]WXEXIHLIVI WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
6.1.1.2 7IGXMSR WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS EHLIVIH
ZIRIIV
6.1.1.3 %VXMGPIW%ERH&ERH'SJ817 6.1.1.3 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR [EW [VMXXIR JSV
%'- %7') WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS ER] ZIRIIV GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] WYFNIGXIH XS HIWMKR WXVIWWIW MR
%VXMGPIW & ERH * WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI SXLIV GLETXIVW SJ XLMW 'SHI 1EWSRV]
%VXMGPIW & ERH % & ) ERH * WLEPP RSX ETTP] XS ZIRIIVEWHIJMRIHF]XLMW'SHIMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLSWIHIWMKR
EHLIVIHZIRIIV TVSZMWMSRW8LI7TIGMJMGEXMSREVXMGPIWXLEXEVII\GPYHIHGSZIV
QEXIVMEPWERHVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXEVIRSXETTPMGEFPIXSZIRIIV
GSRWXVYGXMSRSVEVIMXIQWGSZIVIHF]WTIGMJMGVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
XLMW'LETXIVERHEVITYXLIVIXSFIMRGPYWMZI
6.1.2 Design of anchored veneer 6.1.2 Design of anchored veneer
%RGLSVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ -QTPMGMX [MXLMR XLIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW MW XLI ORS[PIHKI
7IGXMSR ERH WLEPP FI HIWMKRIHVEXMSREPP] F] 7IGXMSR XLEX XLI ZIRIIV XVERWJIVW SYXSJTPERI PSEHW XLVSYKL XLI
SV HIXEMPIH F] XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ZIRIIV ERGLSVW XS XLI FEGOMRK 8LI FEGOMRK EGGITXW ERH
7IGXMSR VIWMWXWXLIERGLSVPSEHWERHMWHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLISYXSJ
TPERIPSEHW
;LIR YXMPM^MRK ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV XLI
HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI JSPPS[MRK GSRHMXMSRW ERH
EWWYQTXMSRW
E 8LIZIRIIVQE]GVEGOMRJPI\YVIYRHIVWIVZMGIPSEH
F (IJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLSYPH FI PMQMXIH XS
GSRXVSP GVEGO [MHXL MR XLI ZIRIIV ERH XS TVSZMHI ZIRIIV
WXEFMPMX]
CODE COMMENTARY
G 'SRRIGXMSRWSJXLIERGLSVXSXLIZIRIIVERHXSXLI
FEGOMRKWLSYPHFIWYJJMGMIRXXSXVERWJIVETTPMIHPSEHW
H (MJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH MR
XLIHIWMKRHIXEMPMRKERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
I ;EXIV [MPP TIRIXVEXI XLI ZIRIIV ERH XLI [EPP
W]WXIQ WLSYPH FI HIWMKRIH HIXEMPIH ERH GSRWXVYGXIH XS
TVIZIRX[EXIVTIRIXVEXMSRMRXSXLIFYMPHMRK
J 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR ERH JMVI
VIWMWXERGIQYWXFIMRGPYHIH
-J XLI FEGOMRK MW QEWSRV] ERH XLI I\XIVMSV QEWSRV]
[]XLIMWRSXGSRWMHIVIHXSEHHXSXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMR
VIWMWXMRK SYXSJTPERI PSEH XLI I\XIVMSV []XLI MW QEWSRV]
ZIRIIV,S[IZIVMJXLII\XIVMSV[]XLIMWGSRWMHIVIHXSEHH
XSXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMRVIWMWXMRKSYXSJTPERIPSEHXLI
[EPP MW TVSTIVP] XIVQIH E QYPXM[]XLI RSRGSQTSWMXI [EPP
VEXLIVXLEREZIRIIV[EPP
1ERYJEGXYVIVW SJ WXIIP WXYHW ERH WLIEXLMRK QEXIVMEPW
LEZITYFPMWLIHPMXIVEXYVISRXLIHIWMKRSJWXIIPWXYHFEGOMRK
JSVERGLSVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV7SQIVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWLEZI
MRGPYHIHGSQTSWMXIEGXMSRFIX[IIRXLIWXYHERHXLIWLIEXLMRK
ERH PSEH GEVV]MRK TEVXMGMTEXMSR F] XLI ZIRIIV 8LI 1IXEP
0EXL7XIIP *VEQMRK %WWSGMEXMSR LEW TVSQSXIH E HIJPIGXMSR
PMQMX SJ WXYH WTER PIRKXL HMZMHIH F] 8LI &VMGO
-RHYWXV] %WWSGMEXMSR LEW LIPH XLEXERETTVSTVMEXI HIJPIGXMSR
PMQMXWLSYPH FI MR XLIVERKI SJWXYH WTER PIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
XS8LIHIJPIGXMSRMWGSQTYXIHEWWYQMRKXLEXEPPSJ
XLIPSEHMWVIWMWXIHF]XLIWXYHW2IMXLIVWIXSJEWWYQTXMSRW
[MPPRIGIWWEVMP]IRWYVIXLEXXLIZIRIIVVIQEMRWYRGVEGOIHEX
WIVZMGI PSEH -R JEGX XLI TVSFEFMPMX] SJ GVEGOMRK QE] FI
LMKL,S[IZIVTSWXGVEGOMRKTIVJSVQERGIMWWEXMWJEGXSV]MJ
XLI [EPP MW TVSTIVP] HIWMKRIH GSRWXVYGXIH ERH QEMRXEMRIH
[MXLETTVSTVMEXIQEXIVMEPW4PERIJVEQIGSQTYXIVTVSKVEQW
EVI EZEMPEFPI JSV XLI VEXMSREP WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ ERGLSVIH
QEWSRV]ZIRIIV
%HIJPIGXMSRPMQMXSJWXYHWTERPIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH ZIRIIV XLMGORIWW TVSZMHIW E
QE\MQYQ YRMJSVQ GVEGO [MHXL JSV ZEVMSYW LIMKLXW ERH
ZEVMSYWZIRIIVXLMGORIWWIW(IJPIGXMSRPMQMXWHSRSXVIJPIGX
XLIEGXYEPHMWXVMFYXMSRSJPSEH8LI]EVIWMQTP]EQIERWSJ
SFXEMRMRK E QMRMQYQ FEGOMRK WXMJJRIWW 8LI 2EXMSREP
'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR TVSZMHIW E HIWMKR
QIXLSHSPSK] F] [LMGL XLI WXMJJRIWW TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI
QEWSRV] ZIRIIV ERH MXW FEGOMRK EVI TVSTSVXMSRIH XS
EGLMIZIGSQTEXMFMPMX]
1EWSRV] ZIRIIV [MXL [SSH JVEQI FEGOMRK LEW FIIR
YWIH WYGGIWWJYPP] SR SRI ERH X[SJEQMP] VIWMHIRXMEP
GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV QER] ]IEVW 1SWX SJ XLIWI ETTPMGEXMSRW
EVIMRWXEPPIH[MXLSYXEHIJPIGXMSREREP]WMW
C-160 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
6.1.3 Design of adhered veneer 6.1.3 Design of adhered veneer

%HLIVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %HLIVIH ZIRIIV HMJJIVW JVSQ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MR MXW
7IGXMSRERHWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHVEXMSREPP]F]7IGXMSR QIERW SJ EXXEGLQIRX 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV
SV HIXEMPIH F] XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ GSRHMXMSRW ERH EWWYQTXMSRW KMZIR MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR
7IGXMSR [LIRHIWMKRMRKEHLIVIHZIRIIV
6.1.4 Dimension stone 6.1.4 Dimension stone
8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW ERH WLEPP %RGLSVIHHMQIRWMSRWXSRIZIRIIVWLSYPHFIGSZIVIHEW
ETTP] XS HIWMKR SJ EHLIVIH HMQIRWMSR WXSRI ZIRIIV E7TIGMEP7]WXIQSJ'SRWXVYGXMSRYRHIV'SHI7IGXMSR
%RGLSVIH HMQIRWMSR WXSRI ZIRIIV MW RSX GSZIVIH YRHIV
XLMW 'SHI 7YGL E ZIRIIV W]WXIQ WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH E
7TIGMEP7]WXIQERHGSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVETTVSZEPSJMXWYWI
WLEPPFIWYFQMXXIHXSXLI&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEP
6.1.5 Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry veneer 6.1.5 Autoclaved aerated concrete masonry veneer
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] EW E ZIRIIV :IRIIVERGLSVWHIWGVMFIHMR 'LETXIVEVIRSXWYMXEFPI
[]XLI MW RSX GSZIVIH F] XLMW 'LETXIV 7YGL E ZIRIIV JSV YWIMR%%'QEWSRV]FIGEYWI SJXLIREVVS[NSMRXW2S
W]WXIQ WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH E 7TIGMEP 7]WXIQ ERH XIWXMRK SJ WYGL ERGLSVW LEW FIIR TIVJSVQIH JSV %%'
GSRWMHIVEXMSRJSVETTVSZEPSJMXWYWIWLEPPFIWYFQMXXIHXS QEWSRV] 8LIVIJSVI %%' QEWSRV] ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV QYWX
XLI&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEP FI GSRWMHIVIH E 7TIGMEP 7]WXIQ 8LI QIXLSH SJ EHLIVMRK
ZIRIIVEWHIWGVMFIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR %VXMGPI'LEWRSX
FIIR IZEPYEXIH [MXL %%' QEWSRV] ERH WLIEV WXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EHLIWMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] ZIRIIV LEZI
RSX FIIR IWXEFPMWLIH 8LIVIJSVI %%' QEWSRV] EHLIVIH
ZIRIIVQYWXFIGSRWMHIVIHE7TIGMEP7]WXIQ
6.1.6 General design requirements 6.1.6 General design requirements
;EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR XLVSYKL XLI I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV MW
6.1.6.1 (IWMKRERHHIXEMPXLIFEGOMRKW]WXIQSJ
I\TIGXIH 8LI [EPP W]WXIQ QYWX FI HIWMKRIH ERH
I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV XS VIWMWX [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR )\XIVMSV
GSRWXVYGXIHXSTVIZIRX[EXIVJVSQIRXIVMRKXLIFYMPHMRK
WLIEXLMRK WLEPP FI GSZIVIH [MXL E [EXIVVIWMWXERX
QIQFVERIYRPIWWXLIWLIEXLMRKMW[EXIVVIWMWXERXERHXLI 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW KMZIR LIVI ERH XLI QMRMQYQ EMV
NSMRXWEVIWIEPIH WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSRW ERH
EVI XLSWI VIUYMVIH JSV E HVEMREKI [EPP W]WXIQ
6.1.6.2 (IWMKR ERH HIXEMP JPEWLMRK ERH [IIT
4VSTIVHVEMREKIVIUYMVIW[IITLSPIWERHEGPIEVEMVWTEGI-X
LSPIW MR I\XIVMSV ZIRIIV [EPP W]WXIQW XS VIWMWX [EXIV
QE]FIHMJJMGYPXXSOIITEMRQQ EMVWTEGIJVIIJVSQ
TIRIXVEXMSRMRXSXLIFYMPHMRKMRXIVMSV;IITLSPIWWLEPPFI
QSVXEV FVMHKMRK 3XLIV STXMSRW EVI XS TVSZMHI E [MHIV EMV
EXPIEWX MRQQ MRHMEQIXIVERHWTEGIHPIWWXLER
WTEGIEZIRXIHEMVWTEGISVXSYWIXLIVEMRWGVIIRTVMRGMTPI
MRQQ SRGIRXIV
1EWSRV] ZIRIIV GER FI HIWMKRIH [MXL LSVM^SRXEP ERH
6.1.6.3 (IWMKR ERH HIXEMP XLI ZIRIIV XS ZIVXMGEPFERHWSJHMJJIVIRXQEXIVMEPW8LIHMWWMQMPEVTL]WMGEP
EGGSQQSHEXIHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR
HIGMHMRKLS[XSEGGSQQSHEXIHMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX
-RHYWXV] VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW EVI EZEMPEFPI VIKEVHMRK
LSVM^SRXEP FERHW SJ GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] ERH
EHHVIWWWYGLMXIQWEWNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWPMTNSMRXWERH
WIEPERX NSMRXW :IVXMGEP QSZIQIRX NSMRXW GER FI
YWIH XS EGGSQQSHEXI HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX FIX[IIR
ZIVXMGEPFERHWSJHMWWMQMPEVQEXIVMEPW
CODE COMMENTARY
6.2 — Anchored veneer 6.2 — Anchored veneer

6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer 6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer
8LI EPXIVREXMZI HIWMKR SJ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV [LMGL MW 8LIVIEVIRSVEXMSREP HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV ERGLSVIH
TIVQMXXIH YRHIV 7IGXMSR WLEPP WEXMWJ] XLI JSPPS[MRK ZIRIIVMRER]GSHISVWXERHEVH8LIMRXIRXSJ7IGXMSR
GSRHMXMSRW MW XS TIVQMX XLI HIWMKRIV XS YWI EPXIVREXMZI QIERW SJ
WYTTSVXMRK ERH ERGLSVMRK QEWSRV] ZIRIIV 7II
E 0SEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI ZIRIIV XS XLI
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVGSRHMXMSRWERHEWWYQTXMSRW
ERGLSVWERHXLIFEGOMRKYWMRKTVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
XS GSRWMHIV 8LI HIWMKRIV QE] GLSSWI XS RSX GSRWMHIV
F 3YXSJTPERI HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WLEPP FI WXVIWWIW MR XLI ZIRIIV SV QE] PMQMX XLIQ XS E WIPIGXIH
PMQMXIHXSQEMRXEMRZIRIIVWXEFMPMX] ZEPYI WYGL EW XLI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW SJ 7IGXMSR XLI
ERXMGMTEXIH GVEGOMRK WXVIWW SV WSQI SXLIV PMQMXMRK
G 1EWSRV]SXLIVXLERZIRIIVWLEPPQIIXXLITVSZMWMSRW GSRHMXMSR 8LI VEXMSREP EREP]WMW YWIH XS HMWXVMFYXI XLI
SJ7IGXMSRI\GPYHMRKWYFTEVEKVETLWI ERHJ PSEHWQYWX FIGSRWMWXIRX [MXLXLIEWWYQTXMSRWQEHI7II
H 8LIZIRIIVMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRERGLSVW
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR SV XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH TVSZMHI WYTTSVX SJ XLI ZIRIIV
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLTVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR GSRXVSP HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK GSRWMHIV ERGLSV PSEHW
I 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR WXMJJRIWW WXVIRKXL ERH GSVVSWMSR [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR ERH
G 7IGXMSR I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR EMVERHZETSVXVERWQMWWMSR
7IGXMSRERH7IGXMSRWLEPPETTP]
6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored 6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored
masonry veneer masonry veneer
8LI TVSZMWMSRW EVI FEWIH SR XLI WYGGIWWJYP
TIVJSVQERGI SJ ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV 8LIWI LEZI
FIIR GSPPIGXIH JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ WSYVGIW ERH VIJPIGX
GYVVIRX MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGIW 'LERKIW VIWYPX JVSQ PSKMGEP
GSRGPYWMSRW FEWIH SR IRKMRIIVMRK GSRWMHIVEXMSR SJ XLI
FEGOMRKERGLSVERHZIRIIVTIVJSVQERGI
6.2.2.1 )\GITX EW TVSZMHIH MR 7IGXMSR 6.2.2.1 8LI [MRH WTIIH XVMKKIVW YWIH MR XLI
TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ERGLSVIH QEWSRV] ZIRIIV 17.' [IVI VITPEGIH [MXL WXVIRKXL PIZIP ZIPSGMX]
WLEPPRSXFIYWIHMREVIEW[LIVIXLIZIPSGMX]TVIWWYVIqz TVIWWYVIW MR XLI IHMXMSR 8LIWI ZIPSGMX] TVIWWYVI
I\GIIHWTWJO4E EWKMZIRMR%7') XVMKKIVW [IVI FEWIH SR XLI TWJ O4E ZIPSGMX]
TVIWWYVI XLEX LEH FIIR YWIH MR TVIZMSYW IHMXMSRW SJ XLMW
'SHI8LI[SVOMRKWXVIWWPIZIPTVIWWYVI[EWQYPXMTPMIHF]
XSGSRZIVXXSWXVIRKXLPIZIPW
6.2.2.2 'SRRIGX ERGLSVIHZIRIIV XS XLI FEGOMRK
[MXL ERGLSVW XLEXGSQTP] [MXL 7IGXMSR ERH%VXMGPI
SJ817%'-%7')
6.2.2.3 Vertical support of anchored masonry 6.2.2.3 Vertical support of anchored masonry
veneer veneer — 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI FEWIH SR GYVVIRX
6.2.2.3.1 8LI[IMKLXSJERGLSVIHZIRIIVWLEPP MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI ERH GYVVIRX QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW
FIWYTTSVXIHZIVXMGEPP]SRGSRGVIXISVQEWSRV]JSYRHEXMSRWSV 7YTTSVX HSIW RSX RIIH XS SGGYV EX XLI JPSSV PIZIP MX GER
SXLIVRSRGSQFYWXMFPIWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVXWI\GITXEWTIVQMXXIH SGGYVEXE[MRHS[LIEHSVSXLIVGSRZIRMIRXPSGEXMSR
MR7IGXMSRWERH
8LI JYPP TVSZMWMSRW JSV TVIWIVZEXMZIXVIEXIH [SSH
6.2.2.3.1.1 %RGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW TIVQMXXIH JSYRHEXMSRW EVI KMZIR MR XLI 2EXMSREP *SVIWX 4VSHYGXW
XS FI WYTTSVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] F] TVIWIVZEXMZIXVIEXIH [SSH %WWSGMEXMSR8IGLRMGEP6ITSVX
JSYRHEXMSRW 8LI LIMKLX SJ ZIRIIV WYTTSVXIH F] [SSH
8LIVIEVIRSVIWXVMGXMSRWSRXLILIMKLXPMQMXSJZIRIIV
JSYRHEXMSRWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJXQ EFSZIXLIWYTTSVX
FEGOIH F] QEWSRV] SV GSRGVIXI RSV EVI XLIVI ER]
6.2.2.3.1.2 %RGLSVIH ZIRIIV [MXL E VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX XLI ZIRIIV [IMKLX FI GEVVMIH F]
FEGOMRKSJ[SSHJVEQMRKWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLILIMKLXEFSZI MRXIVQIHMEXI WYTTSVXW 8LI HIWMKRIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI
XLIRSRGSQFYWXMFPIJSYRHEXMSRKMZIRMR8EFPI IJJIGXW SJ HMJJIVIRXMEP QSZIQIRX SR XLI ERGLSVW ERH
GSRRIGXMSRSJXLIZIRIIVXSSXLIVFYMPHMRKGSQTSRIRXW
C-162 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
Table 6.2.2.3.1 — Height limit from foundation 7YTTSVX SJ ERGLSVIHZIRIIVSR [SSHMW TIVQMXXIH MR
TVIZMSYW QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW 8LI ZIVXMGEP QSZIQIRX
Height at plate, ft (m) Height at gable, ft (m) NSMRXFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVSRHMJJIVIRXWYTTSVXWVIHYGIWXLI
TSWWMFMPMX] SJ GVEGOMRK HYIXS HMJJIVIRXMEP WIXXPIQIRX 8LI
LIMKLX PMQMX SJ JX Q [EW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI XLI
QE\MQYQ WMRKPI WXSV] LIMKLX ERH MW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI E
VIEWSREFPIJMVIWEJIX]VMWO
6.2.2.3.1.3 -J ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV [MXL E
FEGOMRK SJ GSPHJSVQIH WXIIP JVEQMRK I\GIIHW XLI LIMKLX
EFSZI XLI RSRGSQFYWXMFPI JSYRHEXMSR KMZIR MR 8EFPI
XLI [IMKLX SJ XLI ZIRIIV WLEPP FI WYTTSVXIH F]
RSRGSQFYWXMFPIGSRWXVYGXMSRJSVIEGLWXSV]EFSZIXLILIMKLX
PMQMXKMZIRMR8EFPI
6.2.2.3.1.4 ;LIR ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW
YWIH EW ER MRXIVMSV JMRMWL SR [SSH JVEQMRK MX WLEPP LEZI E
[IMKLX SJ TWJ OKQ SV PIWW ERH FI MRWXEPPIH MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'LETXIV
6.2.2.3.1.5 )\XIVMSV QEWSRV] ZIRIIV
LEZMRK ER MRWXEPPIH [IMKLX SJ TWJ OKQ SV PIWW ERH
LIMKLXSJ RSQSVI XLER JX Q WLEPP FITIVQMXXIH XS FI
WYTTSVXIHSR[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR%ZIVXMGEP QSZIQIRXNSMRXMR
XLIQEWSRV]ZIRIIVWLEPPFIYWIHXSMWSPEXIXLIZIRIIVWYTTSVXIH
F] [SSH GSRWXVYGXMSR JVSQ XLEX WYTTSVXIH F] XLI JSYRHEXMSR
1EWSRV]WLEPPFIHIWMKRIHERHGSRWXVYGXIH WSXLEXQEWSRV]MW
RSX MR HMVIGX GSRXEGX [MXL [SSH 8LI LSVM^SRXEPP] WTERRMRK
IPIQIRXWYTTSVXMRKXLIQEWSRV]ZIRIIVWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHWSXLEX
HIJPIGXMSRHYIXSHIEHTPYWPMZIPSEHWHSIWRSXI\GIIHlSV
MRQQ
6.2.2.3.2 ;LIR ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW
WYTTSVXIH F] JPSSV GSRWXVYGXMSR XLI JPSSV WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH XS PMQMX HIJPIGXMSR EW VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSR

6.2.2.3.3 4VSZMHI RSRGSQFYWXMFPI PMRXIPW SV
WYTTSVXWEXXEGLIH XSRSRGSQFYWXMFPIJVEQMRKSZIVSTIRMRKW
[LIVI XLI ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MW RSX WIPJWYTTSVXMRK 0MRXIPW
WLEPPLEZIEPIRKXLSJFIEVMRKRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
8LIHIJPIGXMSRSJWYGLPMRXIPWSVWYTTSVXWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
6.2.2.4 Masonry units — 1EWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFI
EXPIEWXMRQQ MREGXYEPXLMGORIWW
6.2.2.5 Anchor requirements 6.2.2.5 Anchor requirements — -X GSYPH FI
6.2.2.5.1 Corrugated sheet-metal anchors EVKYIHXLEXXLIHIZMGIFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVERHMXWFEGOMRK
6.2.2.5.1.1'SVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW MW RSX ER ERGLSV EW HIJMRIH MR XLI 'SHI 8LEX HIZMGI MW
WLEPP FI EX PIEWX MR QQ [MHI LEZI E FEWI QIXEP SJXIRVIJIVVIHXSEWEXMI,S[IZIVXLIXIVQERGLSVMWYWIH
XLMGORIWW SJ EX PIEWX MR QQ ERH WLEPP LEZI FIGEYWI SJ XLI [MHIWTVIEH YWI SJ ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV MR
GSVVYKEXMSRW [MXL E [EZIPIRKXL SJ XS MR XS QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW ERH MRHYWXV] TYFPMGEXMSRW ERH XLI
QQ ERH ER EQTPMXYHI SJ XS MR XS HIWMVIXSHMJJIVIRXMEXIJVSQXMIEWYWIHMRSXLIVGLETXIVW
QQ
CODE COMMENTARY
6.2.2.5.1.2'SVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW ;LIR JMVWX MRXVSHYGIH MR 97 MRHYWXV] TVEGXMGI
WLEPPFITPEGIHEWJSPPS[W [EW GSQFMRIH [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 'EREHMER
7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSRXSTVSHYGIXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIR
E ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX
EX XLEX XMQI )EGL ERGLSV X]TI LEW TL]WMGEP VIUYMVIQIRXW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
XLEXQYWXFIQIX1MRMQYQIQFIHQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWLEZI
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV
FIIR WIX JSV IEGL SJ XLI ERGLSV X]TIW XS IRWYVI PSEH
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
VIWMWXERGI EKEMRWX TYWLXLVSYKL SV TYPPSYX SJ XLI QSVXEV
F ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX NSMRX 1E\MQYQ EMV WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW EVI WIX MR 7IGXMSRW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR XLVSYKL
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV SV
8LIVI EVI RS TIVJSVQERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV ZIRIIV
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
ERGLSVW MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW -RHIIH XLIVI EVI RSRI MR XLI
6.2.2.5.2 Sheet-metal anchors MRHYWXV] 8IWXW SR ERGLSVW LEZI FIIR VITSVXIH
6.2.2.5.2.1 7LIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP 1ER] ERGLSV QERYJEGXYVIVW LEZI WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW
FIEXPIEWX MRQQ [MHIWLEPPLEZIEFEWIQIXEP HEXEJSVXLIMVTVSTVMIXEV]ERGLSVW
XLMGORIWWSJEXPIEWXMRQQ ERHWLEPP
:IRIIVERGLSVWX]TMGEPP]EPPS[JSVQSZIQIRXMRXLITPERI
E LEZIGSVVYKEXMSRWEWKMZIRMR7IGXMSRSV SJXLI [EPP FYX VIWMWXQSZIQIRX TIVTIRHMGYPEV XSXLI ZIRIIV
8LIQIGLERMGEPTPE]MREHNYWXEFPIERGLSVWERHXLIWXMJJRIWWSJ
F FI FIRX RSXGLIH SV TYRGLIH XS TVSZMHI IUYMZEPIRX XLIERGLSVMRJPYIRGIPSEHXVERWJIVFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVERHXLI
TIVJSVQERGIMRTYPPSYXSVTYWLXLVSYKL FEGOMRK7XMJJERGLSVW[MXLQMRMQEPQIGLERMGEPTPE]TVSZMHI
6.2.2.5.2.2 7LIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW WLEPP QSVIYRMJSVQXVERWJIVSJPSEHMRGVIEWIXLIWXVIWWMRXLIZIRIIV
FITPEGIHEWJSPPS[W ERHVIHYGIZIRIIVHIJPIGXMSR
E ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX :IRIIV ERGLSVW SJ [MVI [MXL HVMTW EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR FIGEYWISJXLIMVVIHYGIHPSEHGETEGMX]8LIERGLSVWPMWXIH
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV MR 7IGXMSR EVI XLSYKLX XS LEZI PS[IV WXVIRKXL
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI SV WXMJJRIWW XLER XLI QSVI VMKMH TPEXIX]TI ERGLSVW 8LYW
JI[IV TPEXIX]TI ERGLSVW EVI VIUYMVIH 8LIWI TVSZMWMSRW
F ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX QE] VIWYPX MR ER MRGVIEWI MR XLI RYQFIV SJ ERGLSVW
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR VIUYMVIH[LIRGSQTEVIHXSXLIIHMXMSRWSJXLI&3'%ERH
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV SV 7&''-QSHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWTYFPMWLIHMRERH
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI VIWTIGXMZIP] 8LI RYQFIV SJ ERGLSVW VIUYMVIH F]
6.2.2.5.3 Wire anchors XLMW 'SHI MW FEWIH SR XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI
6.2.2.5.3.1 ;MVI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI EX 9&' 8LI RYQFIV SJ VIUYMVIH ERGLSVW MW MRGVIEWIH MR
PIEWX[MVIWMÎ;1; ERHLEZIIRHWFIRXXSJSVQ XLILMKLIV7IMWQMG(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW%RGLSV WTEGMRKMW
ERI\XIRWMSRJVSQXLIFIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ PSRK MRHITIRHIRXSJFEGOMRKX]TI
;MVIERGLSVWWLEPPFI[MXLSYXHVMTW %RGLSVJVIUYIRG]WLSYPHFIGEPGYPEXIHMRHITIRHIRXP]
6.2.2.5.3.2 ;MVI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI JSV XLI [EPP WYVJEGI MR IEGL TPERI 8LEX MW LSVM^SRXEP
TPEGIHEWJSPPS[W WTEGMRK SJ ZIRIIV ERGLSVW WLSYPH RSX FI GSRXMRYIH JVSQ
SRITPERISJXLIZIRIIVXSERSXLIV
E ;MXL WSPMH YRMXW IQFIH ERGLSVW MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR 8LI XIVQ wSJJWIXx MR 'SHI 7IGXMSR VIJIVW
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV XS XLI ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR E [MVI I]I ERH XLI
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI LSVM^SRXEPPIKSJEFIRX[MVIXMI MRWIVXIHMRXSXLEXI]ISV
XLI ZIVXMGEP HMWXERGI FIX[IIR JYRGXMSREPP] WMQMPEV
F ;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX GSQTSRIRXWSJETMRXPIERGLSV
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV SV
KVSYXGSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
6.2.2.5.4 Joint reinforcement
6.2.2.5.4.1 0EHHIVX]TISVXEFX]TINSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TIVQMXXIH 'VSWW [MVIW YWIH XS ERGLSV
QEWSRV] ZIRIIV WLEPP FI EX PIEWX [MVI WMÎ ; 1;
ERHWLEPPFIWTEGIHEXE QE\MQYQSJ MR QQ SR
GIRXIV 'VSWW [MVIW WLEPP FI [IPHIH XS PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW
[LMGLWLEPPFIEXPIEWX[MVIWMÎ;1; 'VSWW[MVIW
C-164 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
ERHXEFWWLEPPFI[MXLSYXHVMTW
6.2.2.5.4.2 )QFIH PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW
SJ NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI QSVXEV NSMRX [MXL EX PIEWX

MRQQ QSVXEVGSZIVSRIEGLWMHI
6.2.2.5.5 Adjustable anchors
6.2.2.5.5.1 7LIIXQIXEP ERH [MVI
GSQTSRIRXW SJ EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR SV
%HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW [MXL NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP EPWS
QIIXXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
6.2.2.5.5.2 1E\MQYQGPIEVERGIFIX[IIR
GSRRIGXMRKTEVXWSJXLIXMIWLEPPFIMRQQ
6.2.2.5.5.3 %HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW WLEPP FI
HIXEMPIHXSTVIZIRXHMWIRKEKIQIRX
6.2.2.5.5.4 4MRXPI ERGLSVW WLEPP LEZI
SRI SV QSVI TMRXPI PIKW SJ [MVI WMÎ ; 1; ERH
WLEPPLEZIERSJJWIXRSXI\GIIHMRK MRQQ
6.2.2.5.5.5 %HNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW SJ
IUYMZEPIRX WXVIRKXL ERH WXMJJRIWW XS XLSWI WTIGMJMIH MR
7IGXMSRWXLVSYKLEVITIVQMXXIH
6.2.2.5.6 Anchor spacing
6.2.2.5.6.1 *SV EHNYWXEFPI X[STMIGI
ERGLSVWERGLSVWSJ[MVIWMÎ;1; ERH KEKI
QQ GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW TVSZMHI EX PIEWX
SRIERGLSVJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
6.2.2.5.6.2 *SV SXLIV ERGLSVW TVSZMHI
EXPIEWXSRIERGLSVJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
6.2.2.5.6.3 7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E
QE\MQYQ SJ MR QQ LSVM^SRXEPP] ERH MR
QQ ZIVXMGEPP] FYX RSX XS I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRSV
6.2.2.5.6.4 4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW
EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV XLER MR QQ MR IMXLIV
HMQIRWMSR7TEGIERGLSVWEVSYRHTIVMQIXIVSJSTIRMRKEX
E QE\MQYQ SJ JX Q SR GIRXIV 4PEGI ERGLSVW
[MXLMRMRQQ SJSTIRMRKW
6.2.2.5.7 Joint thickness for anchors {
1SVXEV FIH NSMRX XLMGORIWW WLEPP FI EX PIEWX X[MGI XLI
XLMGORIWWSJXLIIQFIHHIHERGLSV
6.2.2.6 Masonry veneer anchored to wood backing 6.2.2.6 Masonry veneer anchored to wood backing
— 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI WMQMPEV XS XLSWI YWIH F]
6.2.2.6.1 :IRIIV WLEPP FI EXXEGLIH[MXL ER]
MRHYWXV]ERHKMZIRMRQSHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWJSV]IEVW8LI
ERGLSVTIVQMXXIHMR7IGXMSR
PMQMXEXMSRSRJEWXIRMRKGSVVYKEXIHERGLSVWEXEQE\MQYQ
6.2.2.6.2 %XXEGL IEGL ERGLSV XS[SSH WXYHW HMWXERGIJVSQXLIFIRHMWRI[-XMWEHHIHXSEGLMIZIFIXXIV
SV [SSH JVEQMRK [MXL E GSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERX H GSQQSR TIVJSVQERGI8LIQE\MQYQHMWXERGIWFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIV
REMP SV [MXL E JEWXIRIV LEZMRK IUYMZEPIRX SV KVIEXIV ERH XLI WLIEXLMRK SV [SSH WXYH MW TVSZMHIH MR SVHIV XS
TYPPSYX WXVIRKXL *SV GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSVW SFXEMRQMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMSRGETEGMX]SJERGLSVW
PSGEXIXLIREMPSVJEWXIRIV[MXLMR MR QQ SJ XLI
HIKVIIFIRHMRXLIERGLSV
CODE COMMENTARY
6.2.2.6.3 ;LIR GSVVYKEXIH WLIIX QIXEP

ERGLSVWEVIYWIHEQE\MQYQHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHI
JEGISJXLIZIRIIVERHSYXWMHIJEGISJXLIWSPMHWLIEXLMRK
SJMRQQ WLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH;LIRSXLIVERGLSVW
EVIYWIHEQE\MQYQHMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHIJEGISJ
XLIZIRIIVERHXLI[SSHWXYHSV[SSHJVEQMRKSJ¡ MR
QQ WLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH%MRQQ QMRMQYQ
EMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.7 Masonry veneer anchored to steel backing 6.2.2.7 Masonry veneer anchored to steel
6.2.2.7.1 %XXEGL ZIRIIV [MXL EHNYWXEFPI backing — 1SWX SJ XLIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIRI[ FYX XLI]
ERGLSVW KIRIVEPP] JSPPS[ VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW MR GYVVIRX YWI
8LI QMRMQYQ FEWI QIXEP XLMGORIWW MW KMZIR XS TVSZMHI
6.2.2.7.2 %XXEGL IEGL ERGLSV XS WXIIP
WYJJMGMIRXTYPPSYXVIWMWXERGISJWGVI[W
JVEQMRK [MXL EX PIEWX E 2S GSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERX WGVI[
RSQMREPWLEROHMEQIXIVSJMRQQ SV[MXLE
JEWXIRIVLEZMRKIUYMZEPIRXSVKVIEXIVTYPPSYXWXVIRKXL
6.2.2.7.3 'SPHJSVQIHWXIIPJVEQMRKWLEPPFI
GSVVSWMSR VIWMWXERX ERH LEZI E QMRMQYQ FEWI QIXEP
XLMGORIWWSJMRQQ
6.2.2.7.4 % ¡ MR QQ QE\MQYQ
HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI MRWMHI JEGI SJ XLI ZIRIIV ERH XLI
WXIIP JVEQMRK WLEPP FI WTIGMJMIH % MR QQ
QMRMQYQEMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.8 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry or 6.2.2.8 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry or
concrete backing concrete backing — 8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIWMQMPEVXSXLSWI
6.2.2.8.1 %XXEGLZIRIIVXSQEWSRV]FEGOMRK YWIH F] MRHYWXV] ERH LEZI FIIR KMZIR MR QSHIP FYMPHMRK
[MXL [MVI ERGLSVW EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW SV NSMRX GSHIWJSVQER]]IEVW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX %XXEGL ZIRIIV XS GSRGVIXI FEGOMRK [MXL
EHNYWXEFPIERGLSVW
6.2.2.8.2 % ¡ MR QQ QE\MQYQ
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRXLIMRWMHIJEGISJXLIZIRIIVERHXLISYXWMHI
JEGISJXLIQEWSRV]SVGSRGVIXIFEGOMRKWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH%
MR-QQ QMRMQYQEMVWTEGIWLEPPFIWTIGMJMIH
6.2.2.9 Veneer not laid in running bond { 6.2.2.9 Veneer not laid in running bond —
%RGLSVIH ZIRIIV RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH WLEPP LEZI 1EWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH LEW WMQMPEV
NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ EX PIEWX SRI [MVI SJ WMÎ ; VIUYMVIQIRXW MR 7IGXMSR 8LI EVIE SJ NSMRX
1; WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ SJ MR QQ SR VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIHMR 7IGXMSRMWIUYMZEPIRX XS
GIRXIVZIVXMGEPP] XLEXMR7IGXMSRJSVERSQMREPMRQQ []XLI
6.2.2.10 Requirements in seismic areas 6.2.2.10 Requirements in seismic areas — 8LIWI
6.2.2.10.1 Seismic Design Category C VIUYMVIQIRXW TVSZMHI WIZIVEP GYQYPEXMZI IJJIGXW XS
6.2.2.10.1.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW MQTVSZIZIRIIVTIVJSVQERGIYRHIVWIMWQMGPSEH1ER]SJ
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG XLIQEVI FEWIH SR WMQMPEVVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIR MR 'LETXIV
(IWMKR'EXIKSV]' SJ XLI 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI 8LI MWSPEXMSR JVSQ
XLIWXVYGXYVIVIHYGIWEGGMHIRXEPPSEHMRKERHTIVQMXWPEVKIV
6.2.2.10.1.2 -WSPEXIXLIWMHIWERHXSTSJ
FYMPHMRK HIJPIGXMSRW XS SGGYV [MXLSYX ZIRIIV HEQEKI
ERGLSVIH ZIRIIV JVSQ XLI WXVYGXYVI WS XLEX ZIVXMGEP ERH
7YTTSVX EX IEGL JPSSV EVXMGYPEXIW XLI ZIRIIV ERH VIHYGIW
PEXIVEP WIMWQMG JSVGIW VIWMWXIH F] XLI WXVYGXYVI EVI RSX
XLI WMÎ SJ TSXIRXMEPP] HEQEKIH EVIEW %R MRGVIEWIH
MQTEVXIHXSXLIZIRIIV
RYQFIVSJERGLSVWMRGVIEWIWZIRIIV WXEFMPMX]ERHVIHYGIW
6.2.2.10.2 Seismic Design Category D XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ JEPPMRK HIFVMW .SMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
6.2.2.10.2.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TVSZMHIW HYGXMPMX] ERH TSWXGVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL %HHIH
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ' ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW I\TERWMSR NSMRXW JYVXLIV EVXMGYPEXI XLI ZIRIIV TIVQMX
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG KVIEXIV FYMPHMRK HIJPIGXMSR [MXLSYX ZIRIIV HEQEKI ERH
(IWMKR'EXIKSV]( PMQMXWXVIWWHIZIPSTQIRXMRXLIZIRIIV
C-166 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
6.2.2.10.2.2 6IHYGI XLI QE\MQYQ [EPP 7LEOI XEFPI XIWXW SJ TERIP ERH JYPPWGEPI [SSH
EVIEWYTTSVXIHF]IEGLERGLSVXSTIVGIRXSJXLEXVIUYMVIH JVEQIFVMGOZIRIIVFYMPHMRKWLEZIHIQSRWXVEXIHXLEXH
MR 7IGXMSRWERH1E\MQYQLSVM^SRXEP REMPW EVI RSX WYJJMGMIRX XS VIWMWX WIMWQMG PSEHMRK YRHIV
ERHZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKWEVIYRGLERKIH GIVXEMR GSRHMXMSRW 6MRKWLERO REMPW SV WGVI[W [IVI
VIGSQQIRHIH F] XLI VIWIEVGLIVW JSV YWI MR EVIEW SJ
6.2.2.10.2.3 *SV QEWSRV] ZIRIIV
WMKRMJMGERXWIMWQMGPSEHMRK
ERGLSVIH XS [SSH FEGOMRK EXXEGL IEGL ZIRIIV ERGLSV XS
[SSHWXYHWSV[SSHJVEQMRK[MXLEGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERXH
VMRKWLEROREMPE2SGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERXWGVI[[MXLE
QMRMQYQ RSQMREP WLERO HMEQIXIV SJ MR QQ
SV [MXL E JEWXIRIV LEZMRK IUYMZEPIRX SV KVIEXIV TYPPSYX
WXVIRKXL
6.2.2.10.3 Seismic Design Categories E and F
6.2.2.10.3.1 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
7IMWQMG (IWMKR 'EXIKSV] ( ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW
WIGXMSRETTP]XSERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVFYMPHMRKWMR7IMWQMG
(IWMKR'EXIKSVMIW)ERH*
6.2.2.10.3.2 7YTTSVX XLI [IMKLX SJ
ERGLSVIHZIRIIVJSVIEGLWXSV]MRHITIRHIRXSJSXLIVWXSVMIW
6.2.2.10.3.3 4VSZMHI GSRXMRYSYW WMRKPI
[MVI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX SJ [MVI WMÎ ; 1; EX E
QE\MQYQWTEGMRKSJMRQQ SRGIRXIVZIVXMGEPP]
1IGLERMGEPP] EXXEGL ERGLSVW XS XLI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
[MXLGPMTWSVLSSOW
6.2.2.11 Requirements in areas of high winds 6.2.2.11 Requirements in areas of high winds
{ 8LI JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] MR EVIEW [LIVI XLI —8LIWI VIHYGXMSRW [IVI LMWXSVMGEPP] FEWIH SR XLI VEXMS SJ
ZIPSGMX] TVIWWYVI qz I\GIIHW TWJ O4E FYX HSIW XLI WUYEVI SJ XLI VEXMS SJ [MRH WTIIH MR XLI X[S
RSXI\GIIHTWJO4E ERHXLIFYMPHMRKvWQIERVSSJ PSGEXMSRW8LITVSZMWMSRWMRXLMWWIGXMSRMRXLIIHMXMSREVI
LIMKLXMWPIWWXLERSVIUYEPXSJXQ FEWIH SR E VIHYGXMSR MR XVMFYXEV] EVIE F] 8LI ZIPSGMX]
TVIWWYVIXVMKKIV[EWXLIVIJSVIVEMWIHF]ERHVSYRHIHXS
E 6IHYGI XLI QE\MQYQ [EPP EVIE WYTTSVXIH F] IEGL
TWJO4E
ERGLSV XS TIVGIRX SJ XLEX VIUYMVIH MR 7IGXMSRW
ERH
F 7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E QE\MQYQ MR QQ
LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHZIVXMGEPP]
G 4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV
XLER MR QQ MR IMXLIV HMVIGXMSR 7TEGI
ERGLSVW EVSYRH TIVMQIXIV SJ STIRMRK EX E QE\MQYQ
SJMRQQ SRGIRXIV4PEGIERGLSVW[MXLMR
MRQQ SJSTIRMRKW
CODE COMMENTARY
6.3 — Adhered veneer 6.3 — Adhered veneer

6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry veneer 6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry veneer
8LI EPXIVREXMZI HIWMKR SJ EHLIVIH ZIRIIV [LMGL MW 8LIVI EVI RS VEXMSREP HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV EHLIVIH
TIVQMXXIH YRHIV 7IGXMSR WLEPP WEXMWJ] XLI JSPPS[MRK ZIRIIVMRER]GSHISVWXERHEVH8LIMRXIRXSJ7IGXMSR
GSRHMXMSRW MWXSTIVQMXXLIHIWMKRIVXSYWIEPXIVREXMZIYRMXXLMGORIWWIW
ERHEVIEWJSVEHLIVIHZIRIIV8LIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHTVSZMHI
E 0SEHW WLEPP FI HMWXVMFYXIH XLVSYKL XLI ZIRIIV XS XLI
JSVEHLIWMSRSJXLIYRMXWGSRXVSPGYVZEXYVISJXLIFEGOMRK
FEGOMRKYWMRKTVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
ERH GSRWMHIV JVIIÎXLE[ G]GPMRK [EXIV TIRIXVEXMSR ERH
F 3YXSJTPERI GYVZEXYVI WLEPP FI PMQMXIH XS TVIZIRX EMV ERHZETSV XVERWQMWWMSR 8LI8MPI 'SYRGMPSJ%QIVMGE
ZIRIIVYRMXWITEVEXMSRJVSQXLIFEGOMRK PMQMXW XLI HIJPIGXMSR SJ XLI FEGOMRK WYTTSVXMRK GIVEQMG
XMPIWXSWTERPIRKXLHMZMHIHF]
G 1EWSRV]SXLIVXLERZIRIIVWLEPPQIIXXLITVSZMWMSRW
SJ7IGXMSRI\GPYHMRKWYFTEVEKVETLWI ERHJ
H 8LIZIRIIVMWRSXWYFNIGXXSXLIJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIWXVIWW
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR SV XLI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
XIRWMPIWXVIRKXLTVSZMWMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
I 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR
G ERH 7IGXMSR I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSR
WLEPPETTP]
6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered 6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered
masonry veneer masonry veneer
7MQMPEVVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVEHLIVIHZIRIIVLEZIFIIRMR
XLI 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI WMRGI 8LI
GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV EHLIVIH ZIRIIV MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRLEZITIVJSVQIHWYGGIWWJYPP]
6.3.2.1 Unit sizes{%HLIVIHZIRIIVYRMXWWLEPP 6.3.2.1 Unit sizes — 8LI HMQIRWMSR EVIE ERH
RSXI\GIIH MRQQ MRWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWMR [IMKLX PMQMXW EVI MQTSWIH XS VIHYGI XLI HMJJMGYPXMIW SJ
QQ MR ER] JEGI HMQIRWMSR RSV QSVI XLER JX LERHPMRKERHMRWXEPPMRKPEVKIYRMXWERHXSEWWYVIKSSHFSRH
Q MRXSXEPJEGIEVIEERHWLEPPRSX[IMKLQSVIXLER
TWJOKQ
6.3.2.2 Wall area limitations { 8LI LIMKLX 6.3.2.2 Wall area limitations{7IPIGXMRKTVSTIV
PIRKXL ERH EVIE SJ EHLIVIH ZIRIIV WLEPP RSX FI PMQMXIH PSGEXMSRJSVQSZIQIRXNSMRXWMRZSPZIWQER]ZEVMEFPIW8LIWI
I\GITX EW VIUYMVIH XS GSRXVSP VIWXVEMRIH HMJJIVIRXMEP MRGPYHIGLERKIWMRQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXMRLIVIRXQSZIQIRXSJ
QSZIQIRXWXVIWWIWFIX[IIRZIRIIVERHFEGOMRK QEXIVMEPW XIQTIVEXYVI I\TSWYVI XIQTIVEXYVI HMJJIVIRXMEPW
WXVIRKXLSJYRMXWERHWXMJJRIWWSJXLIFEGOMRK
6.3.2.3 Backing { &EGOMRK WLEPP TVSZMHI E 6.3.2.3 Backing { 8LIWI WYVJEGIW LEZI
GSRXMRYSYW QSMWXYVIVIWMWXERX WYVJEGI XS VIGIMZI XLI HIQSRWXVEXIHXLIEFMPMX]XSTVSZMHIXLIRIGIWWEV]EHLIWMSR
EHLIVIH ZIRIIV &EGOMRK MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI QEWSRV] [LIR YWMRK XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR QIXLSH HIWGVMFIH MR XLI
GSRGVIXISVQIXEPPEXLERHTSVXPERHGIQIRXTPEWXIVETTPMIH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR1SHIPFYMPHMRKGSHIWGSRXEMRTVSZMWMSRWJSV
XSQEWSRV]GSRGVIXIWXIIPJVEQMRKSV[SSHJVEQMRK QIXEP PEXL ERH TSVXPERH GIQIRX TPEWXIV *SV QEWSRV] SV
GSRGVIXIFEGOMRKMXQE]FI HIWMVEFPIXSETTP]QIXEP PEXL
ERHTPEWXIV%PWS VIJIVXS %'- 6 w+YMHI XS 4SVXPERH
'IQIRX 4PEWXIVMRKx JSV QIXEP PEXL EGGIWWSVMIW ERH
XLIMV MRWXEPPEXMSR 8LIWI TYFPMGEXMSRW EPWS GSRXEMR
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRWJSVGSRXVSPSJGVEGOMRK
6.3.2.4 %HLIWMSR HIZIPSTIH FIX[IIR EHLIVIH 6.3.2.4 8LI VIUYMVIH WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ TWM
ZIRIIVYRMXWERHFEGOMRKWLEPPLEZIEWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJEX O4E MW ER IQTMVMGEP ZEPYI FEWIH SR NYHKQIRX HIVMZIH
PIEWX TWM O4E FEWIH SR KVSWW YRMX WYVJEGI EVIE JVSQLMWXSVMGEPYWISJEHLIVIHZIRIIVW]WXIQWWMQMPEVXSXLSWI
[LIR XIWXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL %781'SVWLEPP FI TIVQMXXIHF]%VXMGPI'SJ817%'-%7')
EHLIVIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL %VXMGPI ' SJ 817 8LMW ZEPYI MW IEWMP] SFXEMRIH [MXL [SVOQERWLMT GSQTP]MRK
%'-%7') [MXL XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR -X MW ERXMGMTEXIH XLEX XLI TWM
O4E [MPP EGGSYRX JSV HMJJIVIRXMEP WLIEV WXVIWW FIX[IIR
XLI ZIRIIV ERH MXW FEGOMRK MR EHLIVIH ZIRIIV W]WXIQW
C-168 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
TIVQMXXIHF]XLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
8LI XIWX QIXLSH MW YWIH XS ZIVMJ] WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ
EHLIVIH ZIRIIV W]WXIQW XLEX HS RSX GSQTP] [MXL XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR SV EW E
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGIXIWXJSVW]WXIQWXLEXHSGSQTP]
CHAPTER 7
GLASS UNIT MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY

8LMW GLETXIV TVSZMHIW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV IQTMVMGEP +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] MW YWIH EW E RSRPSEHFIEVMRK
HIWMKRSJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]EWRSRPSEHFIEVMRKIPIQIRXW IPIQIRX MR MRXIVMSV ERHI\XIVMSV[EPPWTEVXMXMSRW[MRHS[
MRI\XIVMSVSVMRXIVMSV[EPPW STIRMRKW ERH EW ER EVGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVI (IWMKR
TVSZMWMSRWMRXLI'SHIEVIIQTMVMGEP8LIWITVSZMWMSRWEVI
GMXIH MR TVIZMSYW GSHIW EVI FEWIH SR WYGGIWWJYP
TIVJSVQERGIERHEVIVIGSQQIRHIHF]QERYJEGXYVIVW
7.1.1.1 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK 7.1.1.1 7MRGIXLIVIMWRSGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJWXVIWW
7IGXMSRW G ERH WLEPP ETTP] XS HIWMKR MR KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] XLIVI MW RS RIIH XS WTIGMJ] XLI
SJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]I\GITXEWWXEXIHMRXLMW'LETXIV GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
7.1.1.2 %VXMGPI SJ 817 %'-

%7')WLEPPRSXETTP]XSKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
7.1.2 General design requirements
(IWMKRERHHIXEMPKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]XSEGGSQQSHEXI
HMJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX
7.1.3 Units
7.1.3.1 ,SPPS[ SV WSPMH KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW WLEPP
FIWXERHEVHSVXLMRYRMXW
7.1.3.2 8LIWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWSJWXERHEVHYRMXW
WLEPPFIEXPIEWXMRQQ
7.1.3.3 8LI WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ XLMR YRMXW
WLEPP FI MR QQ JSV LSPPS[ YRMXW SV MR
QQ JSVWSPMHYRMXW
7.2 — Panel size 7.2 — Panel size

8LI 'SHI PMQMXEXMSRW SR TERIP WMÎ EVI FEWIH SR
WXVYGXYVEPERHTIVJSVQERGIGSRWMHIVEXMSRW,IMKLX PMQMXWEVI
QSVI VIWXVMGXMZI XLER PIRKXL PMQMXW FEWIH SR LMWXSVMGEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW VEXLIV XLER EGXYEP JMIPH I\TIVMIRGI SV
IRKMRIIVMRK TVMRGMTPIW *MVI VIWMWXERGI VEXMRK XIWXW SJ
EWWIQFPMIW QE] EPWS IWXEFPMWL PMQMXEXMSRW SR TERIP WMÎ
'SRXEGXKPEWWFPSGOQERYJEGXYVIVW JSVXIGLRMGEPHEXESRXLI
JMVIVIWMWXERGIVEXMRKWSJTERIPWSVVIJIVXSXLIPEXIWXMWWYISJ
90 *MVI 6IWMWXERGI (MVIGXSV] z :SPYQI ERH XLI PSGEP
FYMPHMRKGSHI
7.2.1 Exterior standard-unit panels 7.2.1 Exterior standard-unit panels
8LI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL MRHMZMHYEP WXERHEVHYRMX 8LI [MRH PSEH VIWMWXERGI GYVZI *MKYVI
TERIP WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI MR '' MWVITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLIYPXMQEXIPSEHPMQMXWJSVE
EGGSVHERGI [MXL *MKYVI 8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR ZEVMIX] SJ TERIP GSRHMXMSRW ,MWXSVMGEPP] E JX
FIX[IIR WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI JX Q Q EVIEPMQMXLEWFIIRVIJIVIRGIHMRFYMPHMRKGSHIW
LSVM^SRXEPP]SVJXQ ZIVXMGEPP] EW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE TIVQMXXIH MR I\XIVMSV ETTPMGEXMSRW
[MXLSYX VIJIVIRGI XS ER] WEJIX] JEGXSV SV HIWMKR [MRH
TVIWWYVI 8LI JXQ EVIE EPWSVIJPIGXW XLIWMÎ
SJ TERIPW XIWXIH F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
C-170 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
%WWSGMEXMSR 8LI JX Q EVIE PMQMXEXMSR

TVSZMHIW E WEJIX] JEGXSV SJ [LIR XLI HIWMKR [MRH
TVIWWYVIMWTWJ4E
%7') [MRH WTIIH QETW [IVI GLERKIH JVSQ
XLSWI MR %7') %7') [MRH WTIIH QETW
MRGSVTSVEXIEWXVIRKXLHIWMKRETTVSEGL[LIVIXLIPSEH
JEGXSVMWMRGPYHIHMRXLIQETW8LI17.'ETTPMIHE
JEGXSV XS XLI [MRH TVSZMWMSRW MR XLI 17.'
IHMXMSR XS GSRZIVX WIVZMGI PIZIP HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI XS
JEGXSVIH PIZIP HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI -R XLI 'SHI
IHMXMSR XLI VIJIVIRGIH [MRH WTIIHW JVSQ %7') EVI
WXVIRKXL PIZIPW XLYW XS YWI *MKYVI '' XLI JEGXSVIH
HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVIW [SYPH LEZI XS FIHMZMHIH F] XS
HIXIVQMRIERIJJIGXMZIJEGXSVSJWEJIX]
112
(5.8)
96
(4.6)
80
(3.8)
64
(3.0)
48
(2.2)
32
(1.5)
16
(0.8)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 (ft2)
4.6 9.3 13.9 18.6 23.2 27.9 (m2)
Area of Panel
Figure 7.2-1 — Factored design wind pressure for glass unit masonry
COMMENTARY
160
(7.7) 5’ x 10’
140
(6.7)
120
(5.7)
100
(4.8)
10’ x 10’ 14’ x 7’
7 -4”
80
(3.8)
60 12’ x 12’
(2.9)
40
(1.9)
10’ x 20’
20 16’ x 16’
(.96)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 (ft 2)
1.9 3.7 5.6 7.4 9.3 11.1 13.0 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.4 22.3 24.2 (m 2)
Area of Panel, ft 2 (m 2)
Example of how to use wind-load resistance curve: If using a factored strength level design wind pressure of 32 psf
(1,532 Pa), divide this by 1.6 to give 20 psf (958 Pa), then multiply by a safety factor of 2.7. Locate 54 psf (2,586 Pa)
2 2
wind pressure (on vertical axis), read across to curve and read corresponding 144 -ft (13.37-m ) maximum area per
panel (on horizontal axis).
Figure CC-7.2-1 — Glass masonry ultimate wind load resistance
CODE COMMENTARY
7.2.2 Exterior thin-unit panels 7.2.2 Exterior thin-unit panels

8LIQE\MQYQEVIESJIEGLMRHMZMHYEPXLMRYRMXTERIP 8LIVIMWPMQMXIHLMWXSVMGEPHEXEJSVHIZIPSTMRKEGYVZI
WLEPP FI JX Q 8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR JSV XLMR YRMXW 8LI 'SQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW PMQMXMRK XLI
FIX[IIRWXVYGXYVEPWYTTSVXWWLEPPFIJXQ [MHISV I\XIVMSV YWI SJ XLMR YRMXW XS EVIEW [LIVI XLI JEGXSVIH
JX Q LMKL 8LMR YRMXW WLEPP RSX FI YWIH MR HIWMKR[MRHTVIWWYVIHSIWRSXI\GIIHTWJ4E
ETTPMGEXMSRW [LIVI XLI JEGXSVIH HIWMKR [MRH TVIWWYVI
TIV%7')I\GIIHWTWJ4E
7.2.3 Interior panels
7.2.3.1 ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH [MRH TVIWWYVI HSIW
RSX I\GIIH TWJ 4E XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL
MRHMZMHYEP WXERHEVHYRMX TERIP WLEPP FI JX Q
ERH XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ IEGL XLMRYRMX TERIP WLEPP FI
JX Q 8LI QE\MQYQ HMQIRWMSR FIX[IIR
WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI JX Q [MHI SV JX
Q LMKL
7.2.3.2 ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH [MRH TVIWWYVI
I\GIIHW TWJ 4E WXERHEVHYRMX TERIPW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR ERH XLMRYRMX
TERIPWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
C-172 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
7.2.4 Curved panels

8LI [MHXL SJ GYVZIH TERIPW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW ERH I\GITX
EHHMXMSREP WXVYGXYVEP WYTTSVXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH EX
PSGEXMSRW [LIVI E GYVZIH WIGXMSR NSMRW E WXVEMKLX WIGXMSR
ERHEXMRJPIGXMSRTSMRXWMRQYPXMGYVZIH[EPPW
7.3 — Support 7.3 — Support

7.3.1 General requirements 7.3.1 General requirements
+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPFIMWSPEXIHWSXLEXMR
TPERIPSEHWEVIRSXMQTEVXIHXSXLITERIP
7.3.2 Vertical 7.3.2 Vertical
7.3.2.1 1E\MQYQ XSXEP HIJPIGXMSR SJ WXVYGXYVEP 7YTTSVX SJ KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] SR [SSH LEW
QIQFIVW WYTTSVXMRK KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX I\GIIH LMWXSVMGEPP] FIIR TIVQMXXIH MR QSHIP FYMPHMRK GSHIW 8LI
l 'SHI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV I\TERWMSR NSMRXW ERH JSV EWTLEPX
IQYPWMSR EX XLI WMPP MWSPEXI XLI KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] [MXLMR
7.3.2.2 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] LEZMRK ER MRWXEPPIH
XLI [SSH JVEQMRK 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW EPWS VIHYGI XLI
[IMKLX SJ TWJ OKQ SV PIWW ERH E QE\MQYQ
TSWWMFMPMX]SJGSRXEGXSJXLIKPEWWYRMXWERHQSVXEV[MXLXLI
LIMKLXSJJXQ WLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSFIWYTTSVXIH
[SSH JVEQMRK 8LI LIMKLX PMQMX SJ JX Q [EW
SR[SSHGSRWXVYGXMSR
GSRWMHIVIHXSFIXLIQE\MQYQWMRKPIWXSV]LIMKLX
7.3.2.3 % ZIVXMGEP I\TERWMSR NSMRX MR XLI KPEWW
YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP FI YWIH XS MWSPEXI XLI KPEWW YRMX
QEWSRV] WYTTSVXIH F] [SSH GSRWXVYGXMSR JVSQ XLEX
WYTTSVXIHF]SXLIVX]TIWSJGSRWXVYGXMSR
7.3.3 Lateral 7.3.3 Lateral
7.3.3.1 +PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWQSVIXLERSRI 8LI 'SHI VIUYMVIW KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XS FI
YRMX[MHISVSRIYRMXLMKLWLEPPFIPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHEPSRK PEXIVEPP] WYTTSVXIH F] TERIP ERGLSVW SV GLERRIPX]TI
XLI XST ERH WMHIW SJ XLI TERIP 0EXIVEP WYTTSVX WLEPP FI VIWXVEMRXW 7II *MKYVIW '' ERH '' JSV TERIP
TVSZMHIHF]TERIPERGLSVWEPSRKXLIXSTERHWMHIWWTEGIHRSX ERGLSV GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH GLERRIPX]TI VIWXVEMRX
QSVI XLER MR QQ SR GIRXIV SV F] GLERRIPX]TI GSRWXVYGXMSRVIWTIGXMZIP]+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWQE]
VIWXVEMRXW+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPFIVIGIWWIHEXPIEWX FIPEXIVEPP]WYTTSVXIHF] IMXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRX]TISVF]E
MR QQ [MXLMR GLERRIPW ERH GLEWIW 'LERRIPX]TI GSQFMREXMSR SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR X]TIW 8LI GLERRIPX]TI
VIWXVEMRXW QYWX FI SZIVWMÎH XS EGGSQQSHEXI I\TERWMSR VIWXVEMRXGSRWXVYGXMSRGERFIQEHISJER]GLERRIPWLETIH
QEXIVMEPMRXLISTIRMRKERHTEGOMRKERHWIEPERXFIX[IIRXLI GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] QIXEP SV [SSH IPIQIRXW WS PSRK EW
JVEQMRKVIWXVEMRXWERHXLIKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TIVMQIXIVYRMXW XLI]TVSZMHIXLIVIUYMVIHPEXIVEPWYTTSVX
0EXIVEP WYTTSVXW JSV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXETTPMIHPSEHWSVEQMRMQYQSJPFTIV
PMRIEPJX2Q SJTERIP[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
7.3.3.2 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI RS
QSVIXLERSRIYRMX[MHIWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ7IGXMSRI\GITXXLEXPEXIVEPWYTTSVXEXXLIXSTSJ
XLITERIPMWRSXVIUYMVIH
7.3.3.3 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI RS

QSVIXLERSRIYRMXLMKLWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ 7IGXMSR I\GITXXLEX PEXIVEP WYTTSVXEXXLIWMHIW
SJXLITERIPWMWRSXVIUYMVIH
7.3.3.4 +PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW XLEX EVI E
WMRKPI KPEWW QEWSRV] YRMX WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRI\GITXXLEXPEXIVEPWYTTSVX
WLEPPRSXFITVSZMHIHF]TERIPERGLSVW
COMMENTARY
16 in. (406 mm) o. c. max.
spacing at head and jamb
Expansion Strip
Two fasteners per Sealant (both sides)

Panel Anchor
Sealant (both sides)

Panel Reinforcement at
16 in. o. c. (406 mm)
Maximum Spacing
Expansion strip
Panel Anchor with 12-in.

(305-mm) Minimum Glass Unit
Embedment into Mortar Masonry
Joint
Asphalt Emulsion
Mortar
Figure CC-7.3-1 — Panel anchor construction
Expansion strip
Recess unit 1 in. (25.4 mm)
Channel-type Minimum into Restraint
Restraint
Packing and Sealant
(Both Sides)
Packing and Sealant

(Both Sides) Joint Reinforcement
at 16 in. (406 mm)
Maximum Spacing
Expansion strip
Channel fastener Asphalt emulsion
Mortar
Figure CC-7.3-2 — Channel-type restraint construction

C-174 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
7.4 — Expansion joints 7.4 — Expansion joints

+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [MXL
I\TERWMSR NSMRXW EPSRK XLI XST ERH WMHIW EX WXVYGXYVEP
WYTTSVXW)\TERWMSR NSMRXW WLEPP LEZIWYJJMGMIRX XLMGORIWW
XS EGGSQQSHEXI HMWTPEGIQIRXW SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK
WXVYGXYVI FYX WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER MR QQ MR
XLMGORIWW)\TERWMSRNSMRXWWLEPPFIIRXMVIP]JVIISJQSVXEV
SVSXLIVHIFVMWERHWLEPPFIJMPPIH[MXLVIWMPMIRXQEXIVMEP
7.5 — Base surface treatment 7.5 — Base surface treatment

8LI WYVJEGI SR [LMGL KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW EVI 'YVVIRXMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGIERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWF]KPEWW
TPEGIH WLEPP FI GSEXIH [MXL E [EXIVFEWIH EWTLEPXMG FPSGO QERYJEGXYVIVW WXEXI XLEX WYVJEGIW SR [LMGL KPEWW YRMX
IQYPWMSR SV SXLIV IPEWXMG [EXIVTVSSJMRK QEXIVMEP TVMSV XS QEWSRV] MWTPEGIH FI GSEXIH [MXLER EWTLEPXIQYPWMSR
PE]MRKXLIJMVWXGSYVWI 8LIEWTLEPXIQYPWMSRTVSZMHIWEWPMTTPERIEXXLITERIPFEWI
8LMW MW MR EHHMXMSR XS XLI I\TERWMSR TVSZMWMSRW EXLIEH ERH
NEQF PSGEXMSRW 8LI EWTLEPX IQYPWMSR EPWS [EXIVTVSSJW
TSVSYWTERIPFEWIW
+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] TERIPW WYFNIGXIH XS WXVYGXYVEP
MRZIWXMKEXMSR XIWXW F] XLI 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSRXSGSRJMVQXLIZEPMHMX]ERHYWISJXLI+PEWW9RMX
1EWSRV] (IWMKR ;MRH 0SEH 6IWMWXERGI GLEVX *MKYVI
'' SJXLI'SHI[IVIGSRWXVYGXIHSRFEWIWGSEXIH[MXL
EWTLEPX IQYPWMSR %WTLEPX IQYPWMSR SR KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV]
TERIPFEWIWMWRIIHIHXSFIGSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLIWIXIWXW
7.6 — Mortar
+PEWW YRMX QEWSRV] WLEPP FI PEMH [MXL 8]TI 7 SV 2
QSVXEV
7.7 — Reinforcement
+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TERIPWWLEPPLEZILSVM^SRXEPNSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTEGIH RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ SR
GIRXIVPSGEXIHMRXLIQSVXEVFIHNSMRXERHI\XIRHMRKXLI
IRXMVIPIRKXLSJXLITERIPFYXRSXEGVSWWI\TERWMSRNSMRXW
0SRKMXYHMREP [MVIW WLEPP FI PETTIH E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ EXWTPMGIW.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFITPEGIHMR
XLI FIH NSMRX MQQIHMEXIP] FIPS[ ERH EFSZI STIRMRKW MR
XLITERIP8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPLEZIRSXPIWWXLERX[S
TEVEPPIPPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJWMÎ;1; ERHLEZI
[IPHIHGVSWW[MVIWSJWMÎ;1;
CHAPTER 8
STRENGTH DESIGN OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE (AAC)
MASONRY
CODE COMMENTARY

8LMW 'LETXIV TVSZMHIW QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IJIV XS 7IGXMSR JSV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSVFIPW
HIWMKRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXIHSJ%%'QEWSRV]
8.1.1.1 )\GITX EW WXEXIH IPWI[LIVI MR XLMW
'LETXIV HIWMKR SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV I\GPYHMRK 7IGXMSRW
H ERH
8.1.1.2 (IWMKR SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL 7IGXMSRW XLVSYKL ERH IMXLIV 7IGXMSR
SV
8.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLI WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW SJ XLI PIKEPP]
EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ;LIR XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW WXVYGXYVIW ERH
QIQFIVWWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXXLIGSQFMREXMSRSJPSEHW
WTIGMJMIHMR%7')1IQFIVWWYFNIGXXSGSQTVIWWMZIE\MEP
PSEH WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH JSV XLI QE\MQYQ HIWMKR QSQIRX
EGGSQTER]MRKXLIE\MEPPSEH8LIJEGXSVIHQSQIRXMu,WLEPP
MRGPYHIXLIQSQIRXMRHYGIHF]VIPEXMZIPEXIVEPHMWTPEGIQIRX
8.1.3 Design strength
%%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVWWLEPPFITVSTSVXMSRIHWSXLEX
XLI HIWMKR WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH
WXVIRKXL (IWMKR WXVIRKXL MW XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL
QYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIH
MR 7IGXMSR
8.1.4 Strength of joints 8.1.4 Strength of joints
%%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI QEHI SJ %%' (IWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ 'LETXIV ERH TVIWGVMTXMZI
QEWSRV]YRMXW8LIXIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV] WIMWQMG VIMRJSVGIQIRX VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR EVI
NSMRXW WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER XLI PMQMXW SJ 7IGXMSR FEWIH SR QSRSPMXLMG FILEZMSV SJ %%' QEWSRV] 8LI
;LIR%%'QEWSRV]YRMXW[MXLEQE\MQYQLIMKLX VIHYGXMSR MR WLIEV WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW
SJMRQQ RSQMREP EVIYWIHLIEHNSMRXWWLEPPFI PEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLYRJMPPIHLIEHNSMRXWMWEGGSYRXIH
TIVQMXXIH XS FI PIJX YRJMPPIH FIX[IIR %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW JSV MR )UYEXMSR F %%' QEWSRV] [EPPW GSRWXVYGXIH
PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH TVSZMHIH XLEX WLIEV GETEGMX] MW [MXL %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW KVIEXIV MR LIMKLX XLER MR
GEPGYPEXIHYWMRKXLIJSVQYPEWSJXLMW'SHIGSVVIWTSRHMRKXS QQ RSQMREP [MXL YRJMPPIH LIEH NSMRXW ERH %%'
XLEX GSRHMXMSR 3TIR LIEH NSMRXW WLEPP RSX FI TIVQMXXIH MR QEWSRV][EPPWRSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH[MXLYRJMPPIHLIEH
%%'QEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH NSMRXW HS RSX LEZI WYJJMGMIRX XIWX HEXE XS HIZIPST HIWMKR
TVSZMWMSRWERHXLYWEVIRSXTIVQMXXIHEXXLMWXMQI
C-176 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
8.1.5 Strength-reduction factors 8.1.5 Strength-reduction factors

8LIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMRGSVTSVEXIWXLIHMJJIVIRGI
FIX[IIR XLI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
XLITVSZMWMSRWSJ'LETXIVERHXLII\TIGXIHWXVIRKXLSJXLI
EWFYMPX %%' QEWSRV] 8LI WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EPWS
EGGSYRXW JSV XLI YRGIVXEMRXMIW MR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEP
TVSTIVXMIW GEPGYPEXIH ZIVWYW EGXYEP QIQFIV WXVIRKXLW ERH
ERXMGMTEXIHQSHISJJEMPYVI
8.1.5.1 Anchor bolts { *SV GEWIW [LIVI XLI 8.1.5.1 Anchor bolts{%RGLSVFSPXWIQFIHHIH
RSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJER ERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH F]%%' MRKVSYX MR%%'QEWSRV]FILEZIPMOI XLSWIEHHVIWWIHMR
QEWSRV] FVIEOSYX WLEPP FI XEOIR EW *SV GEWIW 'LETXIVERHEVIHIWMKRIHMHIRXMGEPP]%RGLSVWJSVYWIMR
[LIVIXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ
F] ERGLSV FSPX WXIIP WLEPP FI XEOIR EW *SV GEWIW QERYJEGXYVIVWERHRSQMREPVIWMWXERGIWLSYPHFIFEWIHSR
[LIVIXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLSJERERGLSVFSPXMWGSRXVSPPIH XIWXIHGETEGMXMIW
F]ERGLSVTYPPSYX WLEPPFIXEOIREW
8.1.5.2 Bearing {*SVGEWIW MRZSPZMRKFIEVMRK 8.1.5.2 Bearing { 8LI ZEPYI SJ XLI WXVIRKXL
SR%%'QEWSRV] WLEPPFIXEOIREW VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV YWIH MR FIEVMRK EWWYQIW XLEX WSQI
HIKVEHEXMSRLEWSGGYVVIH[MXLMRXLIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEP
in unreinforced AAC masonry{8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFI in unreinforced AAC masonry { 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXL
XEOIREWJSVYRVIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]HIWMKRIHXS VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEP
VIWMWXJPI\YVIE\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR
YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI PS[IV WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVEWWSGMEXIH[MXLYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXWMR
GSQTEVMWSRXSVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW VIJPIGXWERMRGVIEWIMR
XLI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI QIEWYVIH WXVIRKXLW SJ
YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
in reinforced AAC masonry { 8LI ZEPYI SJ WLEPP FI in reinforced AAC masonry { 8LI WEQI WXVIRKXL
XEOIR EW JSV VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] HIWMKRIH XS VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMWYWIHJSVXLIE\MEPPSEHERHXLIJPI\YVEP
VIWMWXJPI\YVIE\MEPPSEHSVGSQFMREXMSRWXLIVISJ XIRWMSR SV GSQTVIWWMSR MRHYGIH F] FIRHMRK QSQIRX MR
VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW 8LI LMKLIV WXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV EWWSGMEXIH [MXL VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW MR
GSQTEVMWSR XS YRVIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW VIJPIGXW E HIGVIEWI
MRXLIGSIJJMGMIRXSJZEVMEXMSRSJXLIQIEWYVIHWXVIRKXLWSJ
VIMRJSVGIH IPIQIRXW [LIR GSQTEVIH XS WMQMPEVP]
GSRJMKYVIHYRVIMRJSVGIHIPIQIRXW
8.1.5.5 Shear { 8LIZEPYISJ WLEPP FI XEOIR 8.1.5.5 Shear { 7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSR JEGXSVW JSV
EWJSV%%'QEWSRV]HIWMKRIHXSVIWMWXWLIEV GEPGYPEXMRKXLIHIWMKR WLIEVWXVIRKXL EVIGSQQSRP]QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZIXLERXLSWIEWWSGMEXIH[MXLXLIHIWMKRJPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXL ,S[IZIV XLI GETEGMX] HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW SJ
'LETXIVVIUYMVIXLEXWLIEVGETEGMX]WMKRMJMGERXP]I\GIIH
JPI\YVEPGETEGMX],IRGIXLIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVJSV
WLIEV MWXEOIREW EZEPYI TIVGIRX PEVKIV XLERXLI
LMWXSVMGEPZEPYI
8.1.6 Deformation requirements 8.1.6 Deformation requirements
8.1.6.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain) AAC 8.1.6.1 Deflection of unreinforced (plain) AAC
masonry { (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV YRVIMRJSVGIH masonry { 8LI HIJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEMR %%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR QEWSRV]EVIFEWIHSRIPEWXMGTIVJSVQERGISJXLIQEWSRV]
YRGVEGOIHWIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW EWWIQFPEKI EW SYXPMRIH MR XLI HIWMKR GVMXIVME SJ 7IGXMSR

CODE COMMENTARY
8.1.6.2 Deflection of reinforced AAC masonry 8.1.6.2 Deflection of reinforced AAC

{ (IJPIGXMSR GEPGYPEXMSRW JSV VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] masonry {:EPYIWSJIeffEVIX]TMGEPP]EFSYXSRILEPJSJIg
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR GVEGOIH WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW JSV GSQQSR GSRJMKYVEXMSRW SJ IPIQIRXW XLEX EVI JYPP]
MRGPYHMRK XLI VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH KVSYX 8LI JPI\YVEP ERH KVSYXIH'EPGYPEXMRKEQSVIEGGYVEXIIJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJ
WLIEV WXMJJRIWW TVSTIVXMIW EWWYQIH JSV HIJPIGXMSR MRIVXME YWMRK E QSQIRX GYVZEXYVI EREP]WMW QE] FI
GEPGYPEXMSRWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHSRILEPJSJXLIKVSWWWIGXMSR HIWMVEFPI JSV WSQI GMVGYQWXERGIW ,MWXSVMGEPP] ER
TVSTIVXMIWYRPIWWEGVEGOIHWIGXMSREREP]WMWMWTIVJSVQIH IJJIGXMZIQSQIRXSJMRIVXMELEWFIIRGEPGYPEXIHYWMRKRIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE TVSTIVXMIW ERH XLI VEXMS SJ XLI
GVEGOMRK QSQIRX WXVIRKXL FEWIH SR ETTVSTVMEXI QSHYPYW
SJ VYTXYVI ZEPYIW XS XLI ETTPMIH QSQIRX VIWYPXMRK JVSQ
YRJEGXSVIHPSEHWEWWLS[RMRXLIJSPPS[MRKIUYEXMSR8LMW
IUYEXMSR LEW WYGGIWWJYPP] FIIR YWIH JSV IWXMQEXMRK XLI
TSWXGVEGOMRK JPI\YVEP WXMJJRIWW SJ FSXL GSRGVIXI ERH
QEWSRV]

M cr M cr
I eff In I cr In I g
Ma Ma
8.1.7 Anchor bolts 8.1.7 Anchor bolts
,IEHIHERHFIRXFEVERGLSVFSPXWWLEPPFIIQFIHHIH ,IEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX
MRKVSYXERHWLEPPFIHIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR MR%%'QEWSRV]FILEZIPMOIXLSWIEHHVIWWIHMR'LETXIV
YWMRK f K MRWXIEH SJ f m ERH RIKPIGXMRK XLI ERH EVI HIWMKRIH MHIRXMGEPP] %RGLSVW JSV YWI MR %%'
GSRXVMFYXMSRSJ%%'XSXLIIHKIHMWXERGIERHIQFIHQIRX QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ E ZEVMIX] SJ
HITXL%RGLSVWIQFIHHIHMR%%'[MXLSYXKVSYXWLEPPFI QERYJEGXYVIVW
HIWMKRIHYWMRKRSQMREPGETEGMXMIWTVSZMHIHF]XLIERGLSV
QERYJEGXYVIV ERH ZIVMJMIH F] ER MRHITIRHIRX XIWXMRK
EKIRG]
8.1.8 Material properties 8.1.8 Material properties
8.1.8.1 Compressive strength 8.1.8.1 Compressive strength
8.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength{ 8.1.8.1.1 Masonry compressive strength{
8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV] 6IWIEVGL LEW FIIR GSRHYGXIH SR WXVYGXYVEP
f AAC WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E GSQTSRIRXWSJ%%'QEWSRV][MXLEGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
SJXSTWMXS14E (IWMKRGVMXIVMEEVI
FEWIHSRXLIWIVIWIEVGLVIWYPXW
8.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength { 8.1.8.1.2 Grout compressive strength {
8LI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX f g WLEPP 7MRGIQSWXIQTMVMGEPP]HIVMZIHHIWMKRIUYEXMSRWVIPEXIXLI
IUYEPSVI\GIIHTWM14E ERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIH GEPGYPEXIHRSQMREPWXVIRKXLEWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIWTIGMJMIH
TWM14E GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI QEWSRV] XLI WTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIKVSYXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIEXPIEWX
IUYEPXSXLIWTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL%HHMXMSREPP]
HYI XS XLI L]HVSTLMPMG REXYVI SJ %%' QEWSRV] GEVI
WLSYPHFIXEOIRXSGSRXVSPKVSYXWLVMROEKIF]TVI[IXXMRK
GIPPWXSFIKVSYXIHSVF]YWMRKSXLIVQIERWWYGLEWRSR
WLVMROEHQM\XYVIW&SRHFIX[IIRKVSYXERH%%'YRMXWMW
IUYMZEPIRX XS FSRH FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH SXLIV QEWSRV]
YRMXW
8.1.8.2 Masonry splitting tensile strength {8LI 8.1.8.2 Masonry splitting tensile strength — 8LI
WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL ft AAC WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F] IUYEXMSR JSV WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR %781
)UYEXMSR 'XIWXW
f t AAC f AAC )UYEXMSR
8.1.8.3 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI 8.1.8.3 Masonry modulus of rupture { 8LI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC JSV %%' QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI MW FEWIH SR XIWXW GSRHYGXIH MR
WLEPP FI XEOIR EW X[MGI XLI QEWSRV] WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' SR %%' QEWSRV] [MXL
WXVIRKXL ftAAC -J E WIGXMSR SJ %%' QEWSRV] GSRXEMRW E HMJJIVIRX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW 1SHYPYW SJ
C-178 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
8]TI1 SV8]TI7LSVM^SRXEPPIZIPMRKFIHSJQSVXEVXLI VYTXYVI XIWXW WLS[ XLEX E XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRX GER JEMP
ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TWM O4E EX XLEX FIJSVI XLI %%' QEXIVMEP MRHMGEXMRK XLEX XLI XIRWMPIFSRH
WIGXMSR-JEWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV]GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP WXVIRKXLSJXLIXLMRFIHQSVXEVMWPIWWXLERXLIQSHYPYWSJ
FIHNSMRX SJ XLMRFIH QSVXEV ERH%%' XLIZEPYI SJ frAAC VYTXYVISJXLI%%'8LMWGVMXMGEPZEPYIMWTWMO4E
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWMO4E EXXLEXWIGXMSR 8LI HEXE EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI JSVQEXMSR SJ GVEGOW MR
XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRXW SFWIVZIH MR %%' WLIEV [EPP
XIWXW 7LIEV [EPP XIWXW WLS[ XLEX [LIR E PIZIPMRK
FIH MW TVIWIRX JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK GETEGMX] QE] FI
GSRXVSPPIHF]XLIXIRWMPIFSRHWXVIRKXLEGVSWWXLIMRXIVJEGI
FIX[IIR XLI %%' ERH XLI PIZIPMRK QSVXEV [LMGL MW
YWYEPP] PIWW XLER XLI QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI SJ XLI %%'
QEXIVMEPMXWIPJ
8.1.8.4 Masonry direct shear strength { 8LI 8.1.8.4 Masonry direct shear strength — 8LI
HMVIGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL fv EGVSWW ER MRXIVJEGI SJ %%' IUYEXMSR JSV HMVIGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR WLIEV
QEXIVMEPWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSRERHWLEPPFI XIWXW &EWIH SR XIWXW F] /MRKWPI] IX EP MRXIVJEGI
XEOIR EW TWM O4E EGVSWW ER MRXIVJEGI FIX[IIR WLIEV WXVIRKXL FIX[IIR KVSYX ERH GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV]
KVSYXERH%%'QEXIVMEP YRMXW ZEVMIW JVSQ XS TWM XS O4%

&EWIH SR XIWXW F] 8ERRIV MRXIVJEGI WLIEV WXVIRKXL
fv f AAC )UYEXMSR FIX[IIRKVSYXERH%%'QEXIVMEPLEHE JVEGXMPIPS[IV
GLEVEGXIVMWXMG ZEPYI SJ TWM O4E &EWIH SR
/MRKWPI]vW[SVOXLIZEPYISJTWMO4E MWTVSFEFP]
EGSRWIVZEXMZIFSYRHXSXLIEGXYEPZEPYIMXGERWEJIP]ERH
ETTVSTVMEXIP]FIYWIHJSV%%'QEWSRV]
8.1.8.5 Coefficient of friction { 8LIGSIJJMGMIRX 8.1.8.5 Coefficient of friction — 8LIGSIJJMGMIRX
SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH %%' WLEPP FI 8LI SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH %%' MW FEWIH SR HMVIGX
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ JVMGXMSR FIX[IIR %%' ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV WLIEVXIWXWTIVJSVQIHEX8LI9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR
SVFIX[IIR%%'ERHPIZIPMRKFIHQSVXEVWLEPPFI ERHXLIGSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRFIX[IIR%%'ERHPIZIPMRK
QSVXEV MW FEWIH SR XIWXW SR WLIEV [EPPW EX XLI WEQI
MRWXMXYXMSR
8.1.8.6 Reinforcement strength { 1EWSRV] 8.1.8.6 Reinforcement strength { 6IWIEVGL
HIWMKRWLEPPFIFEWIHSREVIMRJSVGIQIRXWXVIRKXLIUYEPXS GSRHYGXIHSRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]GSQTSRIRXWYWIH+VEHI
XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX fy [LMGL WXIIP 8S FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL PEFSVEXSV] HSGYQIRXIH
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHTWM14E 8LIEGXYEP]MIPH MRZIWXMKEXMSRWHIWMKRMWFEWIHSRERSQMREPWXIIP]MIPHWXVIRKXL
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI WTIGMJMIH SJ TWM 14E 8LI PMQMXEXMSR SR XLI WXIIP ]MIPH
]MIPHWXVIRKXL WXVIRKXLSJTIVGIRXSJXLIRSQMREP]MIPHWXVIRKXLPMQMXWXLI
SZIVWXVIRKXLXLEXQE]FITVIWIRXMRXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR
8.1.9 Nominal bearing strength 8.1.9 Nominal bearing strength
8.1.9.1 8LI RSQMREP FIEVMRK WXVIRKXL SJ %%' 8.1.9.1 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRKMZIWJYVXLIV
QEWSRV] WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH EW f AAC QYPXMTPMIH F] XLI MRJSVQEXMSR
FIEVMRKEVIEAbrEWHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSR
8.1.9.2 Bearing for simply supported precast 8.1.9.2 Bearing for simply supported precast
floor and roof members on AAC masonry shear walls { floor and roof members on AAC shear walls { &IEVMRK
8LIJSPPS[MRK QMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPPETTP]WS XLEX WLSYPHFIGLIGOIH[LIVIZIVJPSSVSVVSSJIPIQIRXWVIWXSR
EJXIVXLIGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIWXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLI %%'[EPPW8LIGVMXMGEPIHKIHMWXERGIJSVFIEVMRKERHXLI
IHKI SJ XLI WYTTSVXMRK [EPP XS XLI IRH SJ XLI TVIGEWX GVMXMGEPWIGXMSRJSVWLIEVXSFIYWIHMRXLMWGEPGYPEXMSREVI
QIQFIVMRXLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIWTERMWRSXPIWWXLER WLS[RMR*MKYVI''
*SV%%'JPSSVTERIPW MRQQ
*SVWSPMHSVLSPPS[GSVIWPEFW MRQQ
*SVFIEQWSVWXIQQIHQIQFIVW MRQQ
COMMENTARY
Ru
AAC floor or roof panel
Critical
section
Vu 45o angle
AAC wall
Vnu
critical edge distance for bearing
Figure CC-8.1-1 Critical section at bearing of AAC floor or roof panel on AAC wall
CODE COMMENTARY
8.1.10 Corbels { 0SEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%' 8.1.10 Corbels { 0SEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%'
QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX FITIVQMXXIH 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK GSVFIPW QEWSRV] EVI RSX TIVQMXXIH HYI XS XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ E
SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ FVMXXPI WLIEV JEMPYVI 2SRPSEH FIEVMRK GSVFIPW SJ %%'
7IGXMSR E XLVSYKL G 8LI FEGO WIGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] EVITIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI FEGO WIGXMSRSJ
XLIGSVFIPPIHWIGXMSRWLEPPVIQEMR[MXLMR MRGLSJTPERI XLI GSVFIPPIH [EPP VIQEMRW TPERI [MXLMR XLI GSHI PMQMXW
8LIVIPEXMZIIEWIMR [LMGL%%'QEWSRV]GER FIGYX ERH
WLETIHQEOIWXLMWVIUYMVIQIRXTVEGXMGEP
8.2 —Unreinforced (plain) AAC masonry 8.2 —Unreinforced (plain) AAC masonry
8.2.1 Scope
8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV ERH 7IGXMSR ERH KSZIVR
QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL %%' QEWSRV] MWYWIH XS VIWMWX
XIRWMPIJSVGIW
8.2.1.1 Strength for resisting loads {
9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR %%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHYWMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERH
KVSYXMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
8.2.1.2 Strength contribution from
reinforcement { 7XVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP RSX FI
GSRWMHIVIHIJJIGXMZIMRVIWMWXMRKHIWMKRPSEHW
8.2.1.3 Design criteria { 9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR
%%' QEWSRV] QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIQEMR
YRGVEGOIH
8.2.2 Flexural strength of unreinforced (plain)
AAC masonry members
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW WLEPP ETTP] [LIR
HIXIVQMRMRK XLI JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR
%%'QEWSRV]QIQFIVW
E 7XVIRKXL HIWMKRSJQIQFIVW JSVJEGXSVIH JPI\YVI ERH
E\MEP PSEH WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL TVMRGMTPIW SJ
IRKMRIIVMRKQIGLERMGW
C-180 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
F 7XVEMRMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIHMVIGXP]TVSTSVXMSREPXSXLI
HMWXERGIJVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
G *PI\YVEP XIRWMSR MR QEWSRV] WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
H *PI\YVEPGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLE\MEP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWMRQEWSRV]WLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFI
HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS WXVEMR 2SQMREP GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX I\GIIH E WXVIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS
f AAC
I 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ %%'
QEWSRV]WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHJVSQ7IGXMSR
8.2.3 Nominal axial strength of unreinforced
(plain) AAC masonry members
2SQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL Pn WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK
)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSR

h
Pn An f AAC
r
)UYEXMSR
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERh/rVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER

r
Pn An f AAC )UYEXMSR
h
8.2.4 Axial tension 8.2.4 Axial tension

8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV] 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRTVSZMHIWJYVXLIVMRJSVQEXMSR
WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH MR HIWMKR [LIR XLI QEWSRV] MW
WYFNIGXIHXSE\MEPXIRWMSRJSVGIW
8.2.5 Nominal shear strength of unreinforced
(plain) AAC masonry members
8LIRSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV]VnAAC
WLEPP FI XLI PIEWX SJ XLI ZEPYIW GSQTYXIH F] 7IGXMSRW
XLVSYKL -R IZEPYEXMRK RSQMREP
WLIEV WXVIRKXL F] 7IGXMSR IJJIGXW SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
WLEPP ETTP] XS %%' WLIEV [EPPW RSX PEMH MR
VYRRMRKFSRH
8.2.6 Flexural cracking
8LI JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR
CODE COMMENTARY
8.3 — Reinforced AAC masonry 8.3 — Reinforced AAC masonry

4VSZMWMSRW EVI MHIRXMGEP XS XLSWI SJ GSRGVIXI SV GPE]
QEWSRV] [MXL E JI[ I\GITXMSRW 3RP] XLSWI I\GITXMSRW
EVIEHHVIWWIHMRXLMW'SQQIRXEV]
8.3.1 Scope
8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIMREHHMXMSRXSXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV ERH 7IGXMSR ERH KSZIVR
%%' QEWSRV] HIWMKR MR [LMGL VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW YWIH XS
VIWMWXXIRWMPIJSVGIW
8LI JSPPS[MRK EWWYQTXMSRW ETTP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ *SV %%' XIWX VIWYPXW MRHMGEXI XLEX mu JSV 'PEWW
VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV] %%' QEWSRV] ERH LMKLIV MW ERH XLI ZEPYI SJ XLI
WXVIWW MR XLI IUYMZEPIRX VIGXERKYPEV WXVIWW FPSGO MW
E 8LIVI MW WXVEMR GSQTEXMFMPMX] FIX[IIR XLI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXKVSYXERH%%'QEWSRV] f AAC [MXL a ! c %HHMXMSREP XIWXMRK LEW
MRHMGEXIHE muSJJSV'PEWW%%'QEWSRV]
F 8LI RSQMREP WXVIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIH %%' QEWSRV]
GVSWW WIGXMSRW JSV GSQFMRIH JPI\YVI ERH E\MEP PSEH
WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ETTPMGEFPI GSRHMXMSRW SJ
IUYMPMFVMYQ
G 8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu EX XLI I\XVIQI %%'
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI

H 7XVEMR MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
EWWYQIH XS FI HMVIGXP] TVSTSVXMSREP XS XLI HMWXERGI
JVSQXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
I 8IRWMSR ERH GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWWIW MR VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIHEWXLITVSHYGXSJWXIIPQSHYPYWSJ
IPEWXMGMX] Es ERH WXIIP WXVEMR s FYX WLEPP RSX FI
KVIEXIVXLERfy )\GITXEWTIVQMXXIHMR7IGXMSR
JSV HIXIVQMREXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ JPI\YVEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW SJ WXIIP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI RIKPIGXIH YRPIWW PEXIVEP
VIWXVEMRMRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW TVSZMHIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
J 8LI XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL SJ %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP FI
RIKPIGXIHMRGEPGYPEXMRKE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXL
K 8LI VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR %%' QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIWWERHQEWSRV]WXVEMRWLEPPFIEWWYQIHXSFIHIJMRIH
F] XLI JSPPS[MRK %%' QEWSRV] WXVIWW SJ f AAC
WLEPP FI EWWYQIH YRMJSVQP] HMWXVMFYXIH SZIV ER
IUYMZEPIRX GSQTVIWWMSR WXVIWW FPSGO FSYRHIH F] IHKIW
SJ XLI GVSWW WIGXMSR ERH E WXVEMKLX PMRI TEVEPPIP XS XLI
RIYXVEPE\MWERHPSGEXIHEXEHMWXERGIa !cJVSQXLI
JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVEMR 8LI HMWXERGI c
JVSQ XLI JMFIV SJ QE\MQYQ WXVEMR XS XLI RIYXVEP E\MW
WLEPPFIQIEWYVIHTIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIRIYXVEPE\MW
8.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details 8.3.3 Reinforcement requirements and details
8.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations { 8.3.3.1 Reinforcing bar size limitations {
6IMRJSVGMRK FEVW YWIH MR %%' QEWSRV] WLEPP RSX FI PEVKIV +VSYX WTEGIW QE] MRGPYHI FYX EVI RSX PMQMXIH XS GSVIW
XLER 2S 1 8LI RSQMREP FEV HMEQIXIV WLEPP RSX FSRH FIEQW ERH GSPPEV NSMRXW %X WIGXMSRW GSRXEMRMRK PET
I\GIIH SRIIMKLXL SJ XLI RSQMREP QIQFIV XLMGORIWW ERH WTPMGIW XLI QE\MQYQ EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX WTIGMJMIH MR
WLEPPRSX I\GIIH SRIUYEVXIVSJXLI PIEWX GPIEVHMQIRWMSRSJ
C-182 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
XLIKVSYXWTEGIMR[LMGLMXMWTPEGIH-RTPEWXMGLMRKI^SRIW XLI'SHIQE]FIHSYFPIH
XLIEVIESJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWTPEGIHMREKVSYXWTEGIWLEPPRSX
I\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIKVSYXWTEGIEVIE-RSXLIVXLERTPEWXMG
LMRKI ^SRIW XLI EVIE SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW TPEGIH MR E KVSYX
WTEGIWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIKVSYXWTEGIEVIE
8.3.3.2 Standard hooks { 8LI IUYMZEPIRX
IQFIHQIRX PIRKXL XS HIZIPST WXERHEVH LSSOW MR XIRWMSR
le WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR
le d b )UYEXMSR
8.3.3.3 Development
8.3.3.3.1 Development of tension and 8.3.3.3.1 Development of tension and
compression reinforcement { 8LI VIUYMVIH XIRWMSR SV compression reinforcement {(IZIPSTQIRXERHPETWTPMGI
GSQTVIWWMSR VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH MR HIXEMPMRK TVSZMWMSRW JSV GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV] EVI
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRW GEPMFVEXIH XS XLI QEWSRV] EWWIQFP] WXVIRKXL f m [LMGL
MRGPYHIW XLI GSRXVMFYXMSR SJ IEGL GSRWXMXYIRX QEXIVMEP
8LI VIUYMVIH HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ VIMRJSVGIQIRX
YRMX KVSYX ERH QSVXEV (YI XS XLI PS[ GSQTVIWWMZI
WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF])UYEXMSR FYXWLEPPRSXFIPIWW
WXVIRKXLSJ%%'LS[IZIVXLI%%'QEWSRV]GSQTSRIRX
XLERMRQQ
MWMKRSVIHERHXLIGEPMFVEXMSRMWFEWIHSRf g
d b f y
ld )UYEXMSR
K AAC f g
KAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH XLI WQEPPIWX SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK

XLI QMRMQYQ KVSYX GSZIV XLI GPIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR
EHNEGIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWTPMGIWERHdb
!JSV2S1 XLVSYKL2S1 FEVW
ERH
8.3.3.3.2 Development of shear
reinforcement { 7LIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH XLI
HITXLSJXLIQIQFIVPIWWGSZIVHMWXERGIW
8.3.3.3.2.1 )\GITXEX[EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRW
XLIIRHSJELSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVRIIHIHXSWEXMWJ]WLIEV
WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP FI FIRX
EVSYRH XLI IHKI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV [MXL E HIKVII
LSSO8LIIRHWSJWMRKPIPIKSV9WXMVVYTWWLEPPFIERGLSVIH
F]SRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIERW
E %WXERHEVHLSSOTPYWERIJJIGXMZIIQFIHQIRXSJld
8LI IJJIGXMZI IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI
XEOIR EW XLI HMWXERGI FIX[IIR XLI QMHHITXL SJ XLI
QIQFIV d ERH XLI WXEVX SJ XLI LSSO TSMRX SJ
XERKIRG]
F *SV2S1 FEVWERHWQEPPIVFIRHMRKEVSYRH
PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX XLVSYKL EX PIEWX
HIKVIIW TPYW ER IQFIHQIRX SJ ld 8LI ld
IQFIHQIRX SJ E WXMVVYT PIK WLEPP FI XEOIR EW XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRQMHHITXL SJ XLIQIQFIV dERH
XLIWXEVXSJXLILSSOTSMRXSJXERKIRG]
CODE COMMENTARY
G &IX[IIR XLI ERGLSVIH IRHW IEGL FIRH MR XLI

GSRXMRYSYW TSVXMSR SJ E XVERWZIVWI 9WXMVVYT WLEPP
IRGPSWIEPSRKMXYHMREPFEV
8.3.3.3.2.2 %X [EPP MRXIVWIGXMSRW
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWRIIHIHXSWEXMWJ]WLIEVWXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP FI FIRX EVSYRH XLI
IHKI ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK FEV [MXL E HIKVII WXERHEVH
LSSOERHWLEPPI\XIRHLSVM^SRXEPP]MRXSXLIMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPP
E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI EX PIEWX IUYEP XS XLI HIZIPSTQIRX
PIRKXL
8.3.3.4 Splices { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WTPMGIW WLEPP
GSQTP][MXLSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK
E 8LI QMRMQYQ PIRKXL SJ PET JSV FEVW WLEPP FI MR
QQ SV XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL HIXIVQMRIH F]
)UYEXMSR[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
F %[IPHIHWTPMGIWLEPPLEZIXLIFEVWFYXXIHERH[IPHIH
XSHIZIPST EX PIEWX TIVGIRX SJ XLI ]MIPHWXVIRKXL
fy SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH
G 1IGLERMGEP WTPMGIW WLEPP LEZI XLI FEVW GSRRIGXIH XS
HIZIPSTEXPIEWX TIVGIRXSJXLI]MIPH WXVIRKXLfy
SJXLIFEVMRXIRWMSRSVGSQTVIWWMSREWVIUYMVIH
8.3.3.5 Maximum reinforcement percentages {
8LIVEXMSSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPPFIGEPGYPEXIHMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL7IGXMSR[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKI\GITXMSRW
8LI QE\MQYQ YWEFPI WXVEMR mu EX XLI I\XVIQI
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV WLEPP FI EWWYQIH XS FI
JSV'PEWW%%'QEWSRV]ERHJSV'PEWW
%%'QEWSRV]ERHLMKLIV
8LI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI GSQTVIWWMSR ^SRI WLEPP FI
GEPGYPEXIH EW TIVGIRX SJ f AAC QYPXMTPMIH F]
TIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIGSQTVIWWMSR^SRI
8.3.3.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars {
6IMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIFYRHPIH
8.3.4 Design of beams, piers, and columns
1IQFIV HIWMKR JSVGIW WLEPP FI FEWIH SR ER
EREP]WMW XLEX GSRWMHIVW XLI VIPEXMZI WXMJJRIWW SJ WXVYGXYVEP
QIQFIVW8LIGEPGYPEXMSRSJPEXIVEPWXMJJRIWWWLEPPMRGPYHI
XLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJFIEQWTMIVWERHGSPYQRW8LIIJJIGXW
SJGVEGOMRKSRQIQFIVWXMJJRIWWWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIH
8.3.4.1 Nominal strength
8.3.4.1.1 Nominal axial and flexural
strength{8LIRSQMREPE\MEPWXVIRKXLPn ERHXLIRSQMREP
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLMn SJEGVSWWWIGXMSRWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH
MREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIHIWMKREWWYQTXMSRWSJ7IGXMSR
ERH XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR *SV ER] ZEPYI SJ
RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK GEPGYPEXIH
RSQMREP E\MEP WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI QSHMJMIH JSVXLIIJJIGXW SJ
WPIRHIVRIWW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL )UYEXMSR SV 8LI
RSQMREP JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL EX ER] WIGXMSR EPSRK E QIQFIV
WLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERSRIJSYVXLSJXLIQE\MQYQRSQMREP
C-184 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLEXXLIGVMXMGEPWIGXMSR
8LI RSQMREP E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL WLEPP RSX
I\GIIH)UYEXMSR SV)UYEXMSREWETTVSTVMEXI
E *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSRSXKVIEXIVXLER

h
Pn f AAC An Ast f y Ast
r
)UYEXMSR
F *SVQIQFIVWLEZMRKERhrVEXMSKVIEXIVXLER
r
Pn f AAC An Ast f y Ast
h
)UYEXMSR
8.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 8.3.4.1.2 Nominal shear strength { 8LI
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL Vn WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH YWMRK RSQMREPWLIEVWXVIRKXLSJ%%'[EPPWMWFEWIHSRXIWXMRKEX
)UYEXMSR XLVSYKL)UYEXMSR EWETTVSTVMEXI 98 %YWXMR 8IWX VIWYPXW WLS[XLEX JEGXSV]MRWXEPPIH
[IPHIH[MVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW HIZIPSTIH TVMQEVMP] F]
Vn V nAAC V ns )UYEXMSR FIEVMRK SJ XLI GVSWW[MVIW SR XLI %%' QEXIVMEP [LMGL
[LIVIVnWLEPPRSXI\GIIHXLIJSPPS[MRK RSVQEPP] GVYWLIW FIJSVI XLI PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW HIZIPST
WMKRMJMGERXWXVIWW8LIVIJSVIXLIEHHMXMSREPWLIEVWXVIRKXL
E V n AAC Pu )UYEXMSR TVSZMHIH F] XLI LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI
RIKPIGXIH .SMRXX]TI VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MPP TVSFEFP] FILEZI
%X ER MRXIVJEGI SJ %%' ERH XLMRFIH QSVXEV SV WMQMPEVP] ERH MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH -R GSRXVEWX HIJSVQIH
PIZIPMRKFIH QSVXEV XLI RSQMREP WPMHMRK WLIEV WXVIRKXL VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIH MR KVSYXIH FSRH FIEQW MW IJJIGXMZI
WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR ERH YWMRK XLI ERHWLSYPHFIMRGPYHIHMRGSQTYXMRKVns
GSIJJMGMIRXSJJVMGXMSRJVSQ7IGXMSR
8LI YTTIV PMQMX SR Vn HIJMRIH F] )UYEXMSR MW
F ;LIVIMuVu dv FEWIHSRWPMHMRKWLIEV*PI\YVEPGVEGOMRKGERVIWYPXMRER
YRFSRHIHMRXIVJEGI[LMGLX]TMGEPP]SGGYVWEXELSVM^SRXEP
Vn An f AAC )UYEXMSR NSMRXMREWLIEV[EPP*SVXLMWVIEWSRXLIWLIEVGETEGMX]SJ
ER %%' FIH NSMRX MW GSRWIVZEXMZIP] PMQMXIH XS XLI
G ;LIVIMuVu dv JVMGXMSREPVIWMWXERGI [MXLSYX GSRWMHIVMRK MRMXMEP EHLIWMSR
8LI WPMHMRK WLIEV GETEGMX] WLSYPH FI FEWIH SR XLI
Vn An f AAC )UYEXMSR JVMGXMSREPGETEGMX]GSRWMWXIRX[MXLXLITIVTIRHMGYPEVJSVGI
SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW FPSGO MRGPYHMRK XLI
H 8LI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI SJ Vn JSV Mu/Vu dv FIX[IIR GSQTVIWWMZIJSVGIVIUYMVIHXSIUYMPMFVEXIXLIXIRWMPIJSVGI
ERH WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI PMRIEVP] MRXLIJPI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX(S[IPEGXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI
MRXIVTSPEXIH MRGPYHIH
8LIRSQMREPQEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIXEOIREW
XLIPIEWXSJXLIZEPYIWGSQTYXIHYWMRK7IGXMSR
ERH
8.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry shear 8.3.4.1.2.1 Nominal masonry
strength as governed by web-shear cracking { 2SQMREP shear strength as governed by web-shear cracking {
QEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXLEWKSZIVRIHF][IFWLIEVGVEGOMRK )UYEXMSRW E ERH F [IVI HIZIPSTIH FEWIH SR
VnAAC WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR E JSV%%' SFWIVZIH [IF WLIEV GVEGOMRK MR WLIEV [EPPW XIWXIH EX XLI
QEWSRV] [MXL QSVXEVIH LIEH NSMRXW ERH )UYEXMSR F 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 8I\EW EX %YWXMR ERH ,IFIP %+ MR
JSVQEWSRV][MXLYRQSVXEVIHLIEHNSMRXW +IVQER] (YVMRK XIWXMRK EX XLI 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 8I\EW EX
%YWXMR JPI\YVWLIEV GVEGOMRK SJ %%' WLIEV [EPPW [EW
Pu SFWIVZIH EW TVIHMGXIH MR WLIEV [EPP XIWXW 8LI
VnAAC l w t f AAC

f AAC lw t TVIWIRGISJJPI\YVWLIEVGVEGOWHMHRSXVIHYGIXLIWXVIRKXL
SV WXMJJRIWW SJ XIWXIH %%' WLIEV [EPPW %RSXLIV %%'
)UYEXMSR E WLIEV [EPP XIWXIH F] 'ERGMRS TIVJSVQIH MR E WMQMPEV
QERRIV 8LI VIWYPXW MR FSXL XIWXMRK IJJSVXW MRHMGEXI XLI
CODE COMMENTARY
Pu L]WXIVIXMGFILEZMSV[EWRSXGLERKIHEJXIVXLIJSVQEXMSRSJ
V nAAC l w t f AAC

JPI\YVIWLIEV GVEGOW 8LYW JPI\YVIWLIEV GVEGOMRK HSIW

f AAC lw t RSX GSRWXMXYXI E PMQMX WXEXI MR %%' QEWSRV] ERH HIWMKR
IUYEXMSRWEVIRSXTVSZMHIH
)UYEXMSR F
1EWSRV] YRMXW RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH QE] I\LMFMX
*SV %%' QEWSRV] RSX PEMH MR VYRRMRK FSRH RSQMREP HMWGSRXMRYMXMIWEXLIEHNSMRXW8LIRSQMREPQEWSRV]WLIEV
QEWSRV]WLIEVWXVIRKXL EWKSZIVRIHF][IFWLIEVGVEGOMRK WXVIRKXLGEPGYPEXMSRJSV%%'QEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRK
VnAAC WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR G FSRHGSRWMHIVWXLIPMOIPMLSSHSJZIVXMGEPHMWGSRXMRYMXMIWEX
LIEH NSMRXW ERH MW FEWIH SR XIWX VIWYPXW JSV %%' [EPPW

V nAAC f AAC An Pu )UYEXMSR G QEHISJZIVXMGEPTERIPW[MXLSTIRZIVXMGEPNSMRXWFIX[IIR
WSQITERIPW
8.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength as 8.3.4.1.2.2 Nominal shear strength as
governed by crushing of diagonal compressive strut { governed by crushing of diagonal compressive strut —
*SV [EPPW [MXL Mu/Vu dv RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL 8LMWQIGLERMWQPMQMXWXLIWLIEVWXVIRKXLEXPEVKIPIZIPWSJ
VnAAC EW KSZIVRIH F]GVYWLMRK SJ E HMEKSREP WXVYX WLEPP E\MEPPSEH-X[EWFEWIHSRXIWXVIWYPXWYWMRKEHMEKSREP
FIGSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W WXVYX[MHXLSJlw FEWIHSRXIWXSFWIVZEXMSRW
h lw
V nAAC f AAC t )UYEXMSR
h l w
*SV [EPPW [MXL Mu/Vu dv IUYEP XS SV I\GIIHMRK

GETEGMX] EW KSZIVRIH F] GVYWLMRK SJ XLI HMEKSREP
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVYXRIIHRSXFIGEPGYPEXIH
8.3.4.1.2.3 Nominal shear strength 8.3.4.1.2.3 Nominal shear strength
provided by shear reinforcement { 2SQMREP WLIEV provided by shear reinforcement { )UYEXMSR MW
WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX Vns WLEPP FI FEWIH SR )UYEXMSR )UYEXMSR [EW HIZIPSTIH
GSQTYXIHEWJSPPS[W FEWIHSRVIWYPXWSJVIZIVWIHG]GPMGPSEHXIWXWSRQEWSRV]
[EPP WIKQIRXW [MXL LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX HMWXVMFYXIH
Av SZIVXLIMVLIMKLXW8LIVIEWSRJSVXLIIJJMGMIRG]JEGXSV
V ns f y dv )UYEXMSR
s MW XLI RSRYRMJSVQ HMWXVMFYXMSR SJ XIRWMPI WXVEMR MR XLI
LSVM^SRXEP VIMRJSVGIQIRX SZIV XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI IPIQIRX
2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL TVSZMHIH F] VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LI JSVQEXMSR SJ ER MRGPMRIH HMEKSREP GSQTVIWWMZI WXVYX
Vns WLEPPMRGPYHISRP]HIJSVQIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXIQFIHHIH JVSQ SRI GSVRIV SJ XLI [EPP WIKQIRX XS XLI HMEKSREPP]
MRKVSYXJSV%%'WLIEV[EPPW STTSWMXI GSVRIV GVIEXIW E WXVEMR JMIPH MR [LMGL XLI
LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ
XLIWIKQIRXQE]RSX]MIPH*SVXLEXVIEWSRRSXEPPSJXLI
LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI [EPP QE] FI JYPP]
IJJIGXMZISVIJJMGMIRXMRVIWMWXMRKWLIEVJSVGIW
%%' QEWSRV] [EPPW HMJJIV JVSQ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV]
[EPPW ERH GPE] QEWSRV] [EPPW MR XLEX LSVM^SRXEP NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW RSX YWIH JSV LSVM^SRXEP WLIEV
VIMRJSVGIQIRX *SV VIEWSRW SJ GSRWXVYGXEFMPMX] %%' [EPPW
EVIXVEHMXMSREPP]VIMRJSVGIHLSVM^SRXEPP][MXLHIJSVQIHWXIIP
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWMRKVSYXJMPPIHFSRHFIEQW-REHHMXMSRXLI
WXVIRKXLSJXLIXLMRWIX%%'QSVXEVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJ
XLI %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW [LMGL [SYPH WYKKIWX XLEX %%'
[EPPW [MPP FILEZI MR E QERRIV WMQMPEV XS VIMRJSVGIH
GSRGVIXI %WWIQFPEKIXIWXMRKGSRHYGXIH SR%%'QEWSRV]
[EPPW EPWS WYKKIWXIH XLEX LSVM^SRXEP NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX
TVSZMHIHMRGSRGVIXIFSRHFIEQWGSYPHFIJYPP]IJJIGXMZIMR
VIWMWXMRKWLIEV*SVXLMWVIEWSRIEVPMIVEHHMXMSRWSJXLI'SHI
TVIWIRXIH )UYEXMSR [MXLSYX XLI IJJMGMIRG] JEGXSV
QMQMGOMRK XLI VIMRJSVGIH GSRGVIXI HIWMKR IUYEXMSR JSV
WXVIRKXLTVSZMHIHF]WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
C-186 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
%PXLSYKL XLMW ETTIEVIH VIEWSREFPI MR XLI SVMKMREP

NYHKQIRXSJXLIGSQQMXXIIRSXIWXWLEZIFIIRTIVJSVQIH
[MXL %%' QEWSRV] [EPPW LEZMRK HIJSVQIH LSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR GSRGVIXI FSRH FIEQW 9RXMP WYGL XIWXMRK
MWTIVJSVQIHXLIIJJMGMIRG]JEGXSVMWFIMRKMRGPYHIHMR
)UYEXMSR XS FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL HIWMKR TVSGIHYVIW
EWWSGMEXIH [MXL GSRGVIXIQEWSRV] ERH GPE] QEWSRV] ERH
XSTVSZMHIEGSRWIVZEXMZIHIWMKRETTVSEGL
8.3.4.1.2.4 2SQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL
KSZIVRIH F] SYXSJTPERI PSEHMRK WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH EW
JSPPS[W
V nAAC f AAC bd )UYEXMSR
8.3.4.2 Beams { (IWMKR SJ FIEQW WLEPP QIIX

XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH XLI EHHMXMSREP
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWXLVSYKL
8.3.4.2.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMZI
JSVGISREFIEQWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f AAC
8.3.4.2.2 Longitudinal reinforcement
8.3.4.2.2.1 8LI ZEVMEXMSR MR
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLEPPRSXFIKVIEXIVXLERSRIFEV
WMÎ2SXQSVIXLERX[SFEVWMÎWWLEPPFIYWIHMREFIEQ
8.3.4.2.2.2 8LI RSQMREP JPI\YVEP
WXVIRKXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERQYPXMTPMIHF]
XLI RSQMREP GVEGOMRK QSQIRX SJ XLI FIEQ Mcr 8LI
QSHYPYW SJ VYTXYVI frAAC JSV XLMW GEPGYPEXMSR WLEPP FI
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8.3.4.2.3 Transverse reinforcement {
8VERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH [LIVI Vu
I\GIIHW VnAAC 8LIJEGXSVIHWLIEVVu WLEPPMRGPYHIXLI
IJJIGXW SJ PEXIVEP PSEH ;LIR XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX MW
VIUYMVIHXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSZMWMSRWWLEPPETTP]
E 8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIEWMRKPIFEV[MXLE
HIKVIILSSOEXIEGLIRH
F 8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFILSSOIHEVSYRHXLI
PSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ XVERWZIVWI VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FIbdv
H 8LIJMVWXXVERWZIVWIFEVWLEPPRSXFIPSGEXIHQSVIXLER
SRIJSYVXLSJXLIFIEQHITXLdv JVSQXLIIRHSJXLI
FIEQ
I 8LIQE\MQYQWTEGMRKWLEPP RSXI\GIIHXLIPIWWIVSJ
SRILEPJXLIHITXLSJXLIFIEQSVMRQQ
8.3.4.2.4 Construction { &IEQW WLEPP FI
JYPP]KVSYXIH
8.3.4.2.5 Dimensional limits{8LIRSQMREP
HITXLSJEFIEQWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLERMRQQ
8.3.4.3 Piers
8.3.4.3.1 8LI JEGXSVIH E\MEP GSQTVIWWMSR
CODE COMMENTARY
JSVGISRXLITMIVWWLEPPRSXI\GIIHAn f AAC
8.3.4.3.2 Longitudinal reinforcement { %

TMIV WYFNIGXIH XS MRTPERI WXVIWW VIZIVWEPW WLEPP FI
VIMRJSVGIHW]QQIXVMGEPP]EFSYXXLIKISQIXVMGGIRXIVSJXLI
TMIV8LIPSRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXSJTMIVWWLEPPGSQTP]
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E %XPIEWXSRIFEVWLEPPFITVSZMHIHMRIEGLIRHGIPP
F 8LI QMRMQYQ EVIE SJ PSRKMXYHMREP VIMRJSVGIQIRX
WLEPPFIbd
8.3.4.3.3 Dimensional limits { (MQIRWMSRW
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E 8LIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJETMIVWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER
MRQQ ERHWLEPPRSXI\GIIHMRQQ
F 8LI HMWXERGIFIX[IIR PEXIVEP WYTTSVXW SJ E TMIV WLEPP
RSXI\GIIHQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJ
ETMIVI\GITXEWTVSZMHIHJSVMR7IGXMSRG
G ;LIRXLIHMWXERGI FIX[IIRPEXIVEPWYTTSVXWSJETMIV
I\GIIHWQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIRSQMREPXLMGORIWWSJXLI
TMIV HIWMKR WLEPP FI FEWIH SR XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
7IGXMSR
H 8LI RSQMREP PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER
XLVII QYPXMTPMIH F] MXW RSQMREP XLMGORIWW RSV KVIEXIV
XLERWM\QYPXMTPMIHF]MXWRSQMREPXLMGORIWW8LIGPIEV
LIMKLXSJETMIVWLEPPRSXI\GIIHJMZIQYPXMTPMIHF]MXW
RSQMREPPIRKXL
Exception ;LIR XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP JSVGI EX XLI
PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRX MW PIWW XLER
f AAC Ag XLI PIRKXL SJ E TMIV WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH
XSFIXEOIRIUYEPXSXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLITMIV
8.3.5 Wall design for out-of-plane loads
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW
8.3.5.2 Maximum reinforcement { 8LI
QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F]
7IGXMSR
8.3.5.3 Moment and deflection calculations { 8.3.5.3 Moment and deflection calculations{
1SQIRXERHHIJPIGXMSRGEPGYPEXMSRWMR7IGXMSRERH 8LMW WIGXMSR SRP] MRGPYHIW HIWMKR IUYEXMSRW FEWIH SR
EVI FEWIH SR WMQTPI WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW XST ERH [EPPW LEZMRK WMQTPI WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI XST ERH
FSXXSQ*SVSXLIVWYTTSVXERHJM\MX]GSRHMXMSRWQSQIRXW FSXXSQ SJ XLI [EPPW -R EGXYEP HIWMKR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR
ERH HIJPIGXMSRW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK IWXEFPMWLIH XLIVI QE] FI ZEV]MRK WYTTSVX GSRHMXMSRW XLYW GLERKMRK
TVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW XLI GYVZEXYVI SJ XLI [EPP YRHIV PEXIVEP PSEHMRK 8LVSYKL
TVSTIVGEPGYPEXMSRERHYWMRK XLITVMRGMTPIWSJQIGLERMGW
XLI TSMRXW SJ MRJPIGXMSR GER FI HIXIVQMRIH ERH EGXYEP
QSQIRXWERHHIJPIGXMSRGERFIGEPGYPEXIHYRHIVHMJJIVIRX
WYTTSVXGSRHMXMSRW8LIHIWMKRIVWLSYPHI\EQMRIQSQIRX
ERH HIJPIGXMSR GSRHMXMSRW XS PSGEXI XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR
YWMRKXLIEWWYQTXMSRWSYXPMRIHMR7IGXMSR
C-188 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
8.3.5.4 Walls with factored axial stress of 8.3.5.4 Walls with factored axial stress of
0.20 f AAC or less { 8LI TVSGIHYVIW WIX JSVXL MR XLMW 0.20 f AAC or less zz*SVh/tVEXMSWKVIEXIVXLERXLIVIMW
WIGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIH[LIRXLIJEGXSVIHE\MEPPSEHWXVIWWEX ER EHHMXMSREP PMQMXEXMSR SR XLI E\MEP WXVIWW 8LIVI EVI
XLI PSGEXMSR SJ QE\MQYQ QSQIRX WEXMWJMIW XLI GYVVIRXP] RS WXVIRKXL HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV E\MEP WXVIWW
VIUYMVIQIRXGSQTYXIHF])UYEXMSR KVIEXIV XLER f AAC . 8LI VIUYMVIH QSQIRX HYI XS
PEXIVEP PSEHW IGGIRXVMGMX] SJ E\MEP PSEH ERH PEXIVEP
Pu HIJSVQEXMSRWEVIEWWYQIHQE\MQYQEX QMHLIMKLXSJXLI
f AAC )UYEXMSR
Ag [EPP -R GIVXEMR HIWMKR GSRHMXMSRW WYGL EW PEVKI
IGGIRXVMGMXMIW EGXMRK WMQYPXERISYWP] [MXL WQEPP PEXIVEP
;LIR XLI VEXMS SJ IJJIGXMZI LIMKLX XS RSQMREP PSEHWXLIHIWMKRQE\MQYQQSQIRXQE]SGGYVIPWI[LIVI
XLMGORIWW h/t I\GIIHW XLI JEGXSVIH E\MEP WXVIWW WLEPP ;LIR XLMWSGGYVW XLI HIWMKRIVWLSYPH YWI XLI QE\MQYQ
RSXI\GIIHf AAC QSQIRX EX XLI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR VEXLIV XLER XLI QSQIRX
HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ )UYEXMSR 8LI HIWMKR JSVQYPEW
*EGXSVIHQSQIRXERHE\MEPJSVGIWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIH TVSZMHI TVSGIHYVIW JSV HIXIVQMRMRK XLI RSQMREP QSQIRX
EXXLIQMHLIMKLXSJXLI[EPPERHWLEPPFIYWIHJSVHIWMKR WXVIRKXL 8LIWI JSVQYPEW XEOI MRXS EGGSYRX XLI IJJIGX SJ
8LI JEGXSVIH QSQIRX Mu EX XLI QMHLIMKLX SJ XLI [EPP ZIVXMGEPPSEHWMRGVIEWMRKXLIGETEGMX]SJXLIWIGXMSR
WLEPPFIGSQTYXIHYWMRK)UYEXMSR
wu h eu
Mu Puf Pu u )UYEXMSR

;LIVI
Pu Puw Puf )UYEXMSR
8LI HIJPIGXMSR HYI XS JEGXSVIH PSEHW u WLEPP FI

SFXEMRIH YWMRK )UYEXMSRW ERH ERH VITPEGMRK
Mser[MXLMuERH s[MXL u
8LI HIWMKR WXVIRKXL JSV SYXSJTPERI [EPP PSEHMRK
WLEPPFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL)UYEXMSR
Mu Mn )UYEXMSR
8LI RSQMREP QSQIRX WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK
)UYEXMSRW ERHMJXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPMWTPEGIH
MRXLIGIRXIVSJXLI[EPP
a
Mn As f y Pu d )UYEXMSR

Pu As f y
a )UYEXMSR
f AAC b
8LI RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL JSV SYXSJTPERI PSEHW

WLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHF]7IGXMSR
8.3.5.5 Deflections{8LILSVM^SRXEPQMHLIMKLX
HIJPIGXMSR s YRHIVWIVZMGIPEXIVEPERHWIVZMGIE\MEPPSEHW
[MXLSYXPSEHJEGXSVW WLEPPFIPMQMXIHF]XLIVIPEXMSR
s h )UYEXMSR

4HIPXE IJJIGXW WLEPP FI MRGPYHIH MR HIJPIGXMSR
GEPGYPEXMSR 8LI QMHLIMKLX HIJPIGXMSR WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH
YWMRK IMXLIV )UYEXMSR SV )UYEXMSR EW
ETTPMGEFPI
E ;LIVIMser Mcr
CODE COMMENTARY
M ser h
s )UYEXMSR
E AAC I g
F ;LIVIMcr Mser Mn
M cr h M ser M cr h
s
E AAC I g E AAC I cr
)UYEXMSR
8LIGVEGOMRKQSQIRX SJ XLI [EPP WLEPP FIGSQTYXIH
YWMRK )UYEXMSR [LIVI frAAC MW KMZIR F] 7IGXMSR

P
M cr S n f rAAC )UYEXMSR
An
-JXLIWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP
PIZIPMRK FIH XLI ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TWM
O4E
8.3.6 Wall design for in-plane loads
EVIJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ[EPPWXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHW
8.3.6.2 Reinforcement { 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP
FIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK
E 6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS XLI
WLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWLEPPFIEXPIEWXIUYEPXSSRIXLMVH
Av8LIVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIYRMJSVQP]HMWXVMFYXIHERH
WLEPPRSXI\GIIHEWTEGMRKSJJXQ
F 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX VEXMS WLEPP FI
HIXIVQMRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
8.3.6.3 Flexural and axial strength { 8LI
RSQMREPJPI\YVEPERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLWLEPPFIHIXIVQMRIHMR
8.3.6.4 Shear strength { 8LI RSQMREP WLIEV
WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR

8.3.6.5 Flexural cracking strength { 8LI
JPI\YVEP GVEGOMRK WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI GSQTYXIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL )UYEXMSR [LIVI frAAC MW KMZIR F]
7IGXMSR
Sn P
Vcr f rAAC )UYEXMSR
h An
-JXLIWIGXMSRSJ%%'QEWSRV] GSRXEMRWELSVM^SRXEP
PIZIPMRK FIH XLI ZEPYI SJ frAAC WLEPP RSX I\GIIH TWM
O4E
C-190 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
8.3.6.6 8LI QE\MQYQ VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8.3.6.6 ;LMPI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV GSRJMRIH

VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP RSX ETTP] MJ E WLIEV FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW LEZI RSX FIIR HIZIPSTIH JSV %%'
[EPP MW HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW WLIEV [EPPW XLI] LEZI RSX FIIR HIZIPSTIH JSV
XLVSYKL GSRZIRXMSREP QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW IMXLIV ERH XLI
QSRSPMXLMG REXYVI SJ %%' WLIEV [EPPW JEZSVW TSWWMFPI
ETTPMGEXMSRW MRZSPZMRK FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW %PWS WII
'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
8.3.6.6.1 8LI RIIH JSV WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] 8.3.6.6.1 7II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
IPIQIRXWEXXLIIHKIWSJWLIEV[EPPWWLEPPFIIZEPYEXIHMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR SV 8LI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRWLEPPEPWSFIWEXMWJMIH
8.3.6.6.2 8LMW 7IGXMSR ETTPMIW XS [EPPW 8.3.6.6.2 7II 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
FIRHMRK MR WMRKPI GYVZEXYVI MR [LMGL XLI JPI\YVEP PMQMX
WXEXI VIWTSRWI MW KSZIVRIH F] ]MIPHMRK EX XLI FEWI SJ XLI
[EPP ;EPPW RSX WEXMWJ]MRK XLSWI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP FI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR
E 7TIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH SZIV
TSVXMSRWSJGSQTVIWWMSR^SRIW[LIVI
lw
c
C d ne hw
ERHc MWGEPGYPEXIHJSVXLIPu KMZIRF]%7')0SEH

'SQFMREXMSR D E L S SV XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK WXVIRKXL HIWMKR PSEH GSQFMREXMSR SJ
XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH XLI
GSVVIWTSRHMRK RSQMREP QSQIRX WXVIRKXL Mn EX XLI
FEWI GVMXMGEP WIGXMSR 8LI PSEH JEGXSV SR L MR 0SEH
'SQFMREXMSR MW VIHYGMFPI XS EW TIV I\GITXMSRW
XS7IGXMSRSJ%7')
F ;LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EVI VIUYMVIH F]
7IGXMSR E XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH ZIVXMGEPP] JVSQ XLI GVMXMGEP
WIGXMSR E HMWXERGI RSX PIWW XLER XLI PEVKIV SJ lw SV
MuVu
8.3.6.6.3 7LIEV [EPPW RSX HIWMKRIH XS XLI 8.3.6.6.37II'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
TVSZMWMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR WLEPP LEZI WTIGMEP
FSYRHEV] IPIQIRXW EX FSYRHEVMIW ERH IHKIW EVSYRH
STIRMRKWMRWLIEV[EPPW[LIVIXLIQE\MQYQI\XVIQIJMFIV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW GSVVIWTSRHMRK XS JEGXSVIH JSVGIW
MRGPYHMRK IEVXLUYEOI IJJIGX I\GIIHW f AAC 8LI
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI
HMWGSRXMRYIH [LIVI XLI GEPGYPEXIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWW MW
PIWW XLER f AAC 7XVIWWIW WLEPP FI GEPGYPEXIH JSV XLI
JEGXSVIH JSVGIW YWMRK E PMRIEVP] IPEWXMG QSHIP ERH KVSWW
WIGXMSR TVSTIVXMIW *SV [EPPW [MXL JPERKIW ER IJJIGXMZI
JPERKI[MHXLEWHIJMRIHMR7IGXMSRWLEPPFIYWIH
8.3.6.6.4 ;LIVIWTIGMEPFSYRHEV] IPIQIRXWEVI 8.3.6.6.4 7II 'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSR
VIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSRSVE XLVSYKLH
WLEPPFIWEXMWJMIHERHXIWXWWLEPPFITIVJSVQIHXSZIVMJ]XLI
WXVEMRGETEGMX]SJXLIIPIQIRX
E 8LI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH
LSVM^SRXEPP] JVSQ XLI I\XVIQI GSQTVIWWMSR JMFIV E
HMWXERGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIPEVKIVSJc lw ERHc
CODE COMMENTARY
F -R JPERKIH WIGXMSRW XLI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX

WLEPP MRGPYHI XLI IJJIGXMZI JPERKI [MHXL MR
GSQTVIWWMSRERHWLEPPI\XIRHEXPIEWXMRQQ
MRXSXLI[IF
G 7TIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXXVERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXEX
XLI[EPPFEWIWLEPPI\XIRHMRXSXLIWYTTSVXEXPIEWXXLI
HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL SJ XLI PEVKIWX PSRKMXYHMREP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX MR XLI FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX YRPIWW XLI
WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XIVQMREXIW SR E JSSXMRK SV
QEX [LIVI WTIGMEP FSYRHEV] IPIQIRX XVERWZIVWI
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLEPP I\XIRH EX PIEWX MR QQ
MRXSXLIJSSXMRKSVQEX
H ,SVM^SRXEPWLIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLI[EPP[IFWLEPP
FI ERGLSVIH XS HIZIPST XLI WTIGMJMIH ]MIPH WXVIRKXL
fy [MXLMRXLIGSRJMRIHGSVISJXLIFSYRHEV]IPIQIRX
C-192 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
APPENDIX A
%TTIRHM\%MWMRXIRXMSREPP]PIJXFPERO
-RXLITVIZMSYWIHMXMSRSJXLMWWXERHEVHTVSZMWMSRWJSVXLIHIWMKRSJ%%'1EWSRV][IVIMRGPYHIHMR%TTIRHM\%
8LSWITVSZMWMSRWLEZIFIIRQSZIHMRXS'LETXIVMRXLMWIHMXMSR
%WWYGLXLMW%TTIRHM\LEWFIIRQEMRXEMRIHXSVIHMVIGXYWIVWXS'LETXIVJSV%%'1EWSRV]TVSZMWMSR
APPENDIX B
DESIGN OF MASONRY INFILL
CODE COMMENTARY
B.1 — General B.1 — General
B.1.1 Scope B.1.1 Scope

8LMWGLETXIVTVSZMHIWQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLI 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ %TTIRHM\ & SYXPMRI E FEWMG WIX SJ
WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR SJ GSRGVIXI ERH GPE] QEWSRV] MRJMPPW HIWMKR TVSZMWMSRW JSV QEWSRV] MRJMPP FEWIH YTSR
IMXLIV RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK SV TEVXMGMTEXMRK -RJMPPW WLEPP I\TIVMQIRXEPVIWIEVGLERHERIGHSXEPTIVJSVQERGISJXLIWI
GSQTP][MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ 'LETXIV 7IGXMSR & QEWSRV] EWWIQFPMIW 8LI TVSZMWMSRW EHHVIWW FSXL RSR
ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR&SV& TEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW [LMGL EVI WXVYGXYVEPP] MWSPEXIH JVSQ
XLIPEXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ EW [IPP EW TEVXMGMTEXMRK
B.1.1.1 )\GITX EW WXEXIH IPWI[LIVI MR XLMW
MRJMPPW[LMGLEVIYWIHXSVIWMWXMRTPERIJSVGIWHYIXS[MRH
%TTIRHM\HIWMKRSJQEWSRV]MRJMPPWLEPPGSQTP][MXLXLI
ERHIEVXLUYEOI;LMPIQEWSRV]MRJMPPWLEZIFIIRETEVXSJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ'LETXIVI\GPYHMRK7IGXMSRW
GSRXIQTSVEV] GSRWXVYGXMSR JSV RIEVP] E GIRXYV] VIWIEVGL
ERH
MRZIWXMKEXMSRW MRXS XLIMV TIVJSVQERGI TEVXMGYPEVP] HYVMRK
B.1.1.2 (IWMKR SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP WLEPP GSQTP] WIMWQMG IZIRXW MW WXMPP SRKSMRK % GSQTVILIRWMZIVIZMI[
[MXL7IGXMSR&ERHIMXLIV7IGXMSR&SV& SJEZEMPEFPIVIWIEVGLHEXESRXLITIVJSVQERGISJQEWSRV]
MRJMPPWMWTVSZMHIHF]8YGOIV&
%W [MXL QEWSRV] W]WXIQW HIWMKRIH F] SXLIV GLETXIVW
SJXLI'SHIQEWSRV]MRJMPPQYWXEPWSFIHIWMKRIHTIVXLI
ETTPMGEFPI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV &] VIJIVIRGI XS
'LETXIV QEWSRV] MRJMPP QYWX GSQTP] [MXL XLI
TVIWGVMTXMZI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR JSV WIMWQMG
HIWMKR ERH HIXEMPMRK 8LMW MRGPYHIW XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI
HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR JSV RSR
TEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW ERH 7IGXMSR JSV TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPW 4VSTIVP] HIXEMPIH QEWSRV] MRJMPPW LEZI WLS[R
GSRWMHIVEFPI W]WXIQ HYGXMPMX]& ;LIR TEVXMGMTEXMRK
MRJMPPWEVIYWIHXSVIWMWXMRTPERIPSEHWEWTEVXSJEGSRGVIXI
SV WXIIP JVEQI WXVYGXYVI E L]FVMH W]WXIQ MW IJJIGXMZIP]
GVIEXIHXLEXQE]RSXSXLIV[MWIFIHIJMRIHMR8EFPI
SJ %7') JSV WIMWQMG JSVGIVIWMWXERGI 9RXMP JYVXLIV
VIWIEVGL MW GSQTPIXIHXLI 'SQQMXXII VIGSQQIRHW YWMRK
XLI WQEPPIWX R ERH Cd ZEPYI JSV XLI GSQFMREXMSR SJ XLI
JVEQIERHQEWSRV]MRJMPPFIYWIHXSHIWMKRXLIW]WXIQ
3ZIVXMQIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWI\TERHERHGSRXVEGXHYI
XS JPYGXYEXMSRW MR XIQTIVEXYVI ERH QSMWXYVI GSRXIRX EW
HMWGYWWIHMR'SHI'SQQIRXEV]7IGXMSRW ERH
:SPYQIXVMGGLERKIWMRXLIQEWSRV]MRJMPP[MPPSTIR
ERH GPSWI XLI KET FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI FSYRHMRK
JVEQI[LMGLGERLEZIEWMKRMJMGERXMQTEGXSRXLIWXVIRKXL
ERH TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI MRJMPP EWWIQFP] 7YGL ZSPYQIXVMG
GLERKIWQYWXFIGSRWMHIVIHEWVIUYMVIHF]7IGXMSR
8LITVSZMWMSRWERHHIWMKRIUYEXMSRWSJXLMW%TTIRHM\
EVI ETTPMGEFPI SRP] XS GPE] ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPP
8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW LEZI RSX FIIR ZIVMJMIH JSV XLIMV
ETTPMGEFMPMX] XS SXLIV MRJMPP QEXIVMEPW MRGPYHMRK %%'
QEWSRV]
B.1.2 Required strength B.1.2 Required strength
6IUYMVIH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FIHIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXLXLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKR PSEHGSQFMREXMSRWSJXLIPIKEPP]
C-194 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI;LIRXLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRK
GSHI HSIW RSX TVSZMHI PSEH GSQFMREXMSRW WXVYGXYVIW ERH
QIQFIVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX XLI GSQFMREXMSR SJ
PSEHWWTIGMJMIHMR%7')JSVWXVIRKXLHIWMKR
B.1.3 Design strength
-RJMPPW WLEPP FI TVSTSVXMSRIH WS XLEX XLI HIWMKR
WXVIRKXL IUYEPW SV I\GIIHW XLI VIUYMVIH WXVIRKXL (IWMKR
WXVIRKXLMWXLIRSQMREPWXVIRKXLQYPXMTPMIHF]XLIWXVIRKXL
VIHYGXMSRJEGXSV EWWTIGMJMIHMR7IGXMSR&
B.1.4 Strength-reduction factors B.1.4 Strength-reduction factors
8LIZEPYISJ WLEPPFIXEOIREWERHETTPMIHXSXLI 7II 'SHI 'SQQIRXEV] 7IGXMSR 8LI WXVIRKXL
WLIEVJPI\YVIERHE\MEPWXVIRKXLSJEQEWSRV]MRJMPPTERIP VIHYGXMSR JEGXSV ETTPMIW SRP] XS XLI HIWMKR SJ XLI QEWSRV]
MRJMPP8LIWXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVWJSVXLIERGLSVEKI7IGXMSR
ERHFIEVMRK7IGXMSR VIQEMRYRGLERKIH
B.1.5 Limitations B.1.5 Limitations
4EVXMEP MRJMPPW ERH MRJMPPW [MXL STIRMRKW WLEPP RSX FI 7XVYGXYVIW [MXL TEVXMEPLIMKLX MRJMPPW LEZI KIRIVEPP]
GSRWMHIVIH EW TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI VIWMWXMRK W]WXIQ TIVJSVQIH ZIV] TSSVP] HYVMRK WIMWQMG IZIRXW 4EVXMEP
8LIMV IJJIGX SR XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI LS[IZIV WLEPP FI LIMKLX MRJMPPW GVIEXI WLSVX GSPYQRW [LMGL EXXVEGX
GSRWMHIVIH EHHMXMSREP PSEH HYI XS XLIMV MRGVIEWIH WXMJJRIWW 8LMW LEW
PIH XS TVIQEXYVI GSPYQR JEMPYVI 'SRGVIXI GSPYQRW
FSYRHMRK TEVXMEPLIMKLX MRJMPPW EVI TEVXMGYPEVP] ZYPRIVEFPI
XSWLIEVJEMPYVI&
B.2 — Non-participating infills B.2 – Non-participating infills

2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW&ERH&
B.2.1 In-plane isolation joints for non-participating B.2.1 In-plane isolation joints for non-participating
infills infills
B.2.1.1 -RTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW WLEPP FI 8S TVIGPYHI XLI YRMRXIRXMSREP XVERWJIV SJ MRTPERI
HIWMKRIH FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI WMHIW ERH XST SJ XLI PSEHW JVSQ XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI XS XLI RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK
FSYRHMRKJVEQI MRJMPP KETW EVI VIUYMVIH FIX[IIR XLIXSTERH WMHIWSJ XLI
QEWSRV] MRJMPP EWWIQFP] 8LIWI KETW QYWX FI JVII SJ
B.2.1.2 -RTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW WLEPP FI
QEXIVMEPW XLEX GSYPH XVERWJIV PSEHW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH
WTIGMJMIHXSFIEXPIEWXMRQQ [MHIMRXLITPERI
FSYRHMRK JVEQI ERH QYWX FI GETEFPI SJ EGGSQQSHEXMRK
SJXLIMRJMPPERHWLEPPFIWMÎHXSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIHIWMKR
JVEQI HMWTPEGIQIRXW MRGPYHMRK MRIPEWXMG HIJSVQEXMSR
HMWTPEGIQIRXWSJXLIFSYRHMRKJVEQI
HYVMRKWIMWQMGIZIRXW
B.2.1.3 -RTPERIMWSPEXMSRNSMRXWWLEPPFIJVII
SJ QSVXEV HIFVMW ERH SXLIV VMKMH QEXIVMEPW ERH WLEPP FI
TIVQMXXIH XS GSRXEMR VIWMPMIRX QEXIVMEP TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI
GSQTVIWWMFMPMX] SJ XLEX QEXIVMEP MW GSRWMHIVIH MR
IWXEFPMWLMRKXLIVIUYMVIHWMÎSJXLINSMRX
B.2.2 Design of non-participating infills for out-of- B.2.2 Design of non-participating infills for out-of-
plane loads plane loads
'SRRIGXSVW WYTTSVXMRK RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW 1IGLERMGEP GSRRIGXMSR FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH
EKEMRWX SYXSJTPERI PSEHW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS QIIX XLI FSYRHMRKJVEQIMWVIUYMVIHJSVSYXSJTPERIWYTTSVXSJXLI
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSRW & XLVSYKL & 8LI QEWSRV] 1EWSRV] MRJMPP GER FI QSHIPIH EW WTERRMRK
MRJMPP WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ZIVXMGEPP] LSVM^SRXEPP] SV FSXL 'SRRIGXSVW EVI VIUYMVIH
7IGXMSR& SRP] EPSRK XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ XLI MRJMPP TEVEPPIP XS XLI
HMVIGXMSRSJXLIHIWMKRWTER
B.2.2.1 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPPFI EXXEGLIH XS XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
B.2.2.2 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP RSX XVERWJIV MR
TPERIJSVGIW
CODE COMMENTARY
B.2.2.3 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS

WEXMWJ]XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%7')
B.2.2.4 8LI GSRRIGXSVW WLEPP FI WTEGIH EX E
QE\MQYQSJJXQ EPSRKXLIWYTTSVXIHTIVMQIXIV
SJXLIMRJMPP
B.2.2.5 8LI MRJMPP WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS VIWMWX
SYXSJTPERI FIRHMRK FIX[IIR GSRRIGXSVW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL 7IGXMSRJSVYRVIMRJSVGIHMRJMPPSV7IGXMSRJSV
VIMRJSVGIHMRJMPP
B.3 — Participating infills B.3 — Participating infills
4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSRW&XLVSYKL&
B.3.1 General B.3.1 General
-RJMPPW [MXL MRTPERI MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW RSX QIIXMRK XLI *PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX E & XIWXIH ER MRJMPPIH
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 7IGXMSR & WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH EW JVEQI[MXLEMRGLKETFIX[IIRXLIMRJMPPERHGSPYQR
TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPW*SVWYGLMRJMPPWXLIHMWTPEGIQIRXWLEPP 3RGIXLIKET[EWGPSWIHXLIWTIGMQIRTIVJSVQIHPMOIER
FI XEOIR EW XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI HMWTPEGIQIRX QMRYW XLI MRJMPPIHJVEQI[MXLRSKET
WTIGMJMIH[MHXLSJXLIKETFIX[IIRXLIFSYRHMRKGSPYQR
ERHMRJMPP
B.3.1.1 8LI QE\MQYQ VEXMS SJ XLI RSQMREP B.3.1.1 8LIQE\MQYQTIVQMXXIHVEXMSSJLIMKLX
ZIVXMGEP HMQIRWMSR XS RSQMREP XLMGORIWW SJ TEVXMGMTEXMRK XSXLMGORIWWMWFEWIHSRTVEGXMGEPGSRHMXMSRWJSVWXEFMPMX]
MRJMPPWWLEPPRSXI\GIIH
B.3.1.2 4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW XLEX EVI RSX

GSRWXVYGXIH MR GSRXEGX [MXL XLI FSYRHMRK FIEQ SV WPEF
EHNEGIRX XS XLIMV YTTIV IHKI WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL7IGXMSR&SV&
B.3.1.2.1 ;LIVI XLI WTIGMJMIH KET B.3.1.2.1 (E[IERH7IELE &RSXIH
FIX[IIRXLIFSYRHMRKFIEQSVWPEFEXXLIXSTSJXLIMRJMPP E WPMKLX HIGVIEWI MR WXMJJRIWW ERH WXVIRKXL [LIR E FSRH
MW PIWW XLER MR QQ SV XLI KET MW RSX WMÎH XS FVIEOIV E TSP]IXL]PIRI WLIIX [EW YWIH EX XLI XST
EGGSQQSHEXI HIWMKR HMWTPEGIQIRXW XLI MRJMPP WLEPP FI MRXIVJEGI 6MHHMRKXSR & WLS[IH ER ETTVS\MQEXI
HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSRW & ERH & HIGVIEWIMRWXMJJRIWWFYXPMXXPIVIHYGXMSRMRTIEOPSEH
I\GITX XLEX XLI GEPGYPEXIH WXMJJRIWW ERH WXVIRKXL WLEPP FI [MXL E XST KET XLEX [EW SJ XLI LIMKLX SJ XLI MRJMPP
QYPXMTPMIHF]EJEGXSVSJ (E[I ERH 7IEL E & WLS[IH ER ETTVS\MQEXI
VIHYGXMSRMRWXMJJRIWWERHE VIHYGXMSRMRWXVIRKXL[MXL
EXSTKETXLEX[EW SJXLILIMKLXSJXLIMRJMPP%XST
KETXLEXMWMRGSQTPMERGI[MXL 7IGXMSR&MWKIRIVEPP]
PIWWXLER SJXLIMRJMPPLIMKLX8LYWE VIHYGXMSR
MRWXVIRKXLERHWXMJJRIWWWIIQWETTVSTVMEXI
B.3.1.2.2 -JXLIKETFIX[IIRXLIMRJMPPERH B.3.1.2.2 -RGEWIW[LIVIXLIKETEXXLIXST
XLISZIVP]MRKFSYRHMRKFIEQSVWPEFMWWMÎHWYGLXLEXMR SJ XLI MRJMPP MW WYJJMGMIRXP] PEVKI WS XLEX JSVGIW GERRSX FI
TPERI JSVGIW GERRSX FI XVERWJIVVIH FIX[IIR XLI FSYRHMRK XVERWJIVVIHFIX[IIR XLIFSYRHMRK JVEQI SV FIEQ ERH XLI
FIEQSVWPEFERHXLIMRJMPPXLIMRJMPPWLEPPFIGSRWMHIVIHE QEWSRV] MRJMPP XLI MRJMPP MW GSRWMHIVIH XS FI TEVXMEP MRJMPP
TEVXMEPMRJMPPERHWLEPPGSQTP][MXL7IGXMSR& ERHRSX TIVQMXXIH XS GSRWMHIVIH TEVX SJ XLI PEXIVEP JSVGI
VIWMWXMRKW]WXIQ
B.3.2 In-plane connection requirements for B.3.2 In-plane connection requirements for
participating infills participating infills
1IGLERMGEP GSRRIGXMSRW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI 8LI QSHIPMRK TVSZMWMSRW SJ %TTIRHM\ & JSV
FSYRHMRK JVEQI WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI] HS TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWEWWYQIXLEXMRTPERIPSEHWEVIVIWMWXIH
RSX XVERWJIV MRTPERI JSVGIW FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH XLI F]XLIMRJMPPF]EHMEKSREPGSQTVIWWMSRWXVYX[LMGLHSIW
FSYRHMRKJVEQI RSX VIP] YTSR QIGLERMGEP GSRRIGXSVW XS XVERWJIV MRTPERI
PSEH;LMPIQIGLERMGEPGSRRIGXMSRWMRGPYHMRKXLIYWISJ
C-196 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI TIVQMXXIH XLI] QYWX FI HIXEMPIH XS

TVIGPYHI PSEH XVERWJIV FIX[IIR XLI MRJMPP ERH FSYRHMRK
JVEQI8LMWMWFIGEYWIQIGLERMGEPGSRRIGXSVWFIX[IIRXLI
MRJMPP ERH JVEQI GER GEYWI TVIQEXYVI HEQEKI EPSRK XLI
FSYRHEVMIW SJ XLI MRJMPP YRHIV MRTPERI PSEHMRK & 8LMW
HEQEKI EGXYEPP] VIHYGIW XLI SYXSJTPERI GETEGMX] SJ XLI
MRJMPP EW XLI EFMPMX] SJ XLI MRJMPP XS LEZIEVGLMRK EGXMSRMW
VIHYGIH
B.3.3 Out-of-plane connection requirements for B.3.3 Out-of-plane connection requirements for
participating infills participating infills
B.3.3.1 4EVXMGMTEXMRK MRJMPPW WLEPP FI
WYTTSVXIH SYXSJTPERI F] GSRRIGXSVW EXXEGLIH XS XLI
FSYRHMRKJVEQI
B.3.3.2 'SRRIGXSVW TVSZMHMRK SYXSJTPERI
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH XS WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%7')
B.3.3.3 'SRRIGXSVW TVSZMHMRK SYXSJTPERI
WYTTSVX WLEPP FI WTEGIH EX E QE\MQYQ SJ JX Q
EPSRKXLIWYTTSVXIHTIVMQIXIVSJXLIMRJMPP
B.3.4 Design of participating infills for in-plane forces
B.3.4.1 9RPIWW XLI WXMJJRIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP MW
SFXEMRIH F] E QSVI GSQTVILIRWMZI EREP]WMW E
TEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPPWLEPPFIEREP]ÎHEWERIUYMZEPIRXWXVYX
GETEFPI SJ VIWMWXMRK GSQTVIWWMSR SRP] [LSWI [MHXL MW
GEPGYPEXIH YWMRK )UYEXMSR & [LSWI XLMGORIWW MW XLI
WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ XLI MRJMPP ERH [LSWI IPEWXMG
QSHYPYWMWXLIIPEWXMGQSHYPYWSJXLIMRJMPP

w inf )UYEXMSR&
strut GSW strut
[LIVI
E m t net MRJ WMR strut

strut
)UYEXMSR&
Ebc I bc hMRJ
B.3.4.2 (IWMKRJSVGIWMRIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXWEW
HIJMRIH MR 7IGXMSR & WLEPP FI HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ ER
IPEWXMG EREP]WMW SJ E FVEGIH JVEQI MRGPYHMRK WYGL
IUYMZEPIRXWXVYXW
B.3.4.3 Vn infWLEPPFIXLIWQEPPIWXSJE F B.3.4.38LIGETEGMX]SJXLIMRJMPPQEXIVMEPMWSJXIR

ERHG VIJIVVIH XS EW GSVRIV GVYWLMRK EPXLSYKL XLI JEMPYVI QE]
SGGYVIPWI[LIVIEW[IPP*PEREKERERH&IRRIXXE &
E MR tnet inf f’m )UYEXMSR&
GSQTEVIHWM\QIXLSHWJSVHIXIVQMRMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
F XLI GEPGYPEXIH LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI JSVGI MR MRJMPPQEXIVMEPXSI\TIVMQIRXEPVIWYPXWSJWXVYGXYVEPGPE]XMPI
XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX EX E LSVM^SRXEP VEGOMRK MRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIW8LIQIXLSHKMZIRMRXLI'SHIMWXLI
HMWTPEGIQIRXSJMRQQ WMQTPIWX QIXLSH ERH EPWS UYMXI EGGYVEXI [MXL E
GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS SJ XLI QIEWYVIH
Vn WXVIRKXL XS XLI TVIHMGXIH WXVIRKXL SJ XLI MRJMPP SJ
G )UYEXMSR&
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX & I\EQMRIH XLI
[LIVI Vn MW XLI WQEPPIWX RSQMREP WLIEV WXVIRKXL JVSQ TIVJSVQERGISJXLMWQIXLSHJSVTVIHMGXMRKXLIWXVIRKXLSJ
MRJMPP XIWXW VITSVXIH MR XLI PMXIVEXYVI 'PE] XMPI GPE]
7IGXMSR GEPGYPEXIH EPSRK E FIH NSMRX SJ XLI
FVMGO ERH GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MR FSXL WXIIP ERH
CODE COMMENTARY
IUYMZEPIRXJVEQI GSRGVIXIFSYRHMRKJVEQIW[IVII\EQMRIH*SVXLIXIWXW
GSRWMHIVIH XLI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ XLI VEXMS SJ
QIEWYVIHXSTVIHMGXIHWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRJMPP[EW
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX E & HIXIVQMRIH XLEX MR
TPERI HMWTPEGIQIRX MW E FIXXIV MRHMGEXSV SJ MRJMPP
TIVJSVQERGIXLER MRTPERIHVMJX HMWTPEGIQIRX HMZMHIH F]
LIMKLX 8LMW [EW FEWIH SR GSQTEVMRK XLI VIWYPXW SJ
ETTVS\MQEXIP]JXLMKLQ MRJMPPXIWXWXSJXQ
LMKLMRJMPPXIWXWSRWMQMPEVQEXIVMEP 8LYWEHMWTPEGIQIRX
PMQMX VEXLIV XLER E HVMJX PMQMX MW KMZIR MR XLI 'SHI %W E
KIRIVEPVYPIXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIMRJMPPMWVIEGLIHEXWQEPPIV
HMWTPEGIQIRXW JSV WXMJJIV GSPYQRW *SV QSVI JPI\MFPI
GSPYQRW XLI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI MRJMPP MW GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI
HMWTPEGIQIRXPMQMXSJMRGLQQ
)UYEXMSR&MWMRXIRHIHXSEHHVIWWWLIEVJEMPYVIEPSRK
EFIHNSMRX8LIYWISJEJSVQYPEJVSQ7IGXMSRMWRSX
MRXIRHIHXSMQTP]XLEXMRJMPPWEVIRIGIWWEVMP]YRVIMRJSVGIH
7LIEV VIWMWXERGI EPSRK E FIH NSMRX MW WMQMPEV JSV XLI
IUYEXMSRW SJ 7IGXMSR ERH 7IGXMSR ERH XLI JSVQIV
EVIQSVIGPIEVP]VIPEXIHXSJEMPYVIEPSRKEFIHNSMRX
B.3.5 Design of frame elements with participating
infills for in-plane loads
B.3.5.1 (IWMKR IEGL JVEQI QIQFIV RSX MR
GSRXEGX [MXL ER MRJMPP JSV WLIEV QSQIRX ERH E\MEP JSVGI
RSX PIWW XLER XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JVEQI
EREP]WMW
B.3.5.2 (IWMKR IEGL FSYRHMRK GSPYQR ERH
FIEQ SV WPEF MR GSRXEGX [MXL ER MRJMPP JSV WLIEV ERH
QSQIRX IUYEP XS RSX PIWWXLER XMQIW XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ
XLIIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXJVEQIEREP]WMWERHJSVE\MEPJSVGIRSX
PIWW XLER XLI VIWYPXW JVSQ XLEX EREP]WMW -R EHHMXMSR
EYKQIRXXLIHIWMKRWLIEVEXIEGLIRHSJXLIGSPYQRF]XLI
LSVM^SRXEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLIIUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JSVGI EGXMRK
SRXLEXIRHYRHIVHIWMKRPSEHW
B.3.5.3 (IWMKR IEGL FIEQ MR GSRXEGX [MXL ER
MRJMPPJSVWLIEVERHQSQIRXIUYEPXSRSXPIWWXLERXMQIW
XLIVIWYPXWJVSQXLIIUYMZEPIRXWXVYXJVEQIEREP]WMWERHJSV
ERE\MEPJSVGIRSXPIWWXLERXLIVIWYPXWJVSQXLEXEREP]WMW-R
EHHMXMSREYKQIRXXLIHIWMKRWLIEVEXIEGLIRHSJXLIFIEQ
F] XLI ZIVXMGEP GSQTSRIRX SJ XLI IUYMZEPIRX WXVYX JSVGI
EGXMRKSRXLEXIRHYRHIVHIWMKRPSEHW
B.3.6 Design of participating infills for out-of-plane B.3.6 Design of participating infills for out-of-plane
forces forces
8LI RSQMREP SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] XS VIWMWX -X MW RSX ETTVSTVMEXI XS GEPGYPEXI XLI SYXSJTPERI
SYXSJTPERI JSVGIW SJ XLI MRJMPP TIV YRMX EVIE WLEPP FI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ YRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] MRJMPPW YWMRK
HIXIVQMRIHEW ZEPYIWJSVJPI\YVEPXIRWMPIGETEGMX]8LITVIHSQMRERXSYX
SJTPERI VIWMWXMRK QIGLERMWQ JSV QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MW
q n MRJ f m
t MRJ arch arch EVGLMRK )ZIR MRJMPPW [MXL HV]WXEGOIH FPSGO LEZI FIIR
l MRJ hMRJ WLS[RXSLEZIWMKRMJMGERXSYXSJTPERIWXVIRKXL(E[IERH
7IELF &
)UYEXMSR&
8LI SYXSJTPERI VIWMWXERGI SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP EW
[LIVI GEPGYPEXIH F] )UYEXMSR & MW FEWIH YTSR ER EVGLMRK
C-198 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CODE COMMENTARY
QSHIP SJ XLI MRJMPP MR XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI ERH XLIVIJSVI
arch Ebc I bc hMRJ RIKPIGXWXLIGSRXVMFYXMSRSJER]VIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXQE]FI
hMRJ
TVIWIRX MR XLI MRJMPP MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI SYXSJTPERI
)UYEXMSR& JPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPP1EWSRV]MRJMPPQE]
VIUYMVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX LS[IZIV XS VIWMWX SYXSJTPERI
JPI\YVI FIX[IIR TSMRXW SJ GSRRIGXMSR [MXL XLI FSYRHMRK
arch Ebb I bb lMRJ JVEQI SV XS QIIX XLI TVIWGVMTXMZI WIMWQMG HIXEMPMRK
lMRJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7IGXMSR
)UYEXMSR& 8LI XLMGORIWW YWIH MR GSQTYXEXMSRW SJ SYXSJTPERI
-R )UYEXMSR & tinf WLEPP RSX FI XEOIR KVIEXIV XLER JPI\YVEP VIWMWXERGI MW PMQMXIH FIGEYWI MRJMPPW [MXL PS[
hinf ;LIR GSPYQRW SJ HMJJIVIRX GVSWWWIGXMSREP LIMKLXXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSWEVIPIWWMRJPYIRGIHF]QIQFVERI
TVSTIVXMIW EVI YWIH SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI MRJMPP EZIVEKI GSQTVIWWMSRERHQSVIMRJPYIRGIHF]TPEXIFIRHMRK
TVSTIVXMIW WLEPP FI YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX] ;LIR 8LI SYXSJTPERI JPI\YVEP GETEGMX] SJ XLI QEWSRV]
FIEQW SJ HMJJIVIRX GVSWWWIGXMSREP TVSTIVXMIW EVI YWIH MRJMPPMWHIXIVQMRIHFEWIHSRXLI[SVOSJ(E[IERH7IEL
EFSZIERHFIPS[XLIMRJMPPEZIVEKITVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIYWIH &
8LI] JMVWX HIZIPSTIH E GSQTYXIV TVSKVEQ FEWIH SR E
XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX] -R XLI GEWI SJ E WMRKPI WXSV] QSHMJMIH]MIPHPMRIEREP]WMWXLEXMRGPYHIHXLIJPI\MFMPMX]SJ
JVEQIXLIGVSWWWIGXMSREPTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIFSYRHMRKFIEQ XLI FSYRHMRK JVEQI 8LI TVSKVEQ GSMRGMHIH UYMXI [IPP
EFSZI XLI MRJMPP WLEPP FI YWIH XS GEPGYPEXI XLMW GETEGMX] [MXL XLIMV I\TIVMQIRXEP VIWYPXW [MXL ER EZIVEKI VEXMS SJ
;LIR E WMHI KET MW TVIWIRX arch WLEPP FI XEOIR EW ÎVS SFWIVZIHXSTVIHMGXIHGETEGMX]SJERHEGSIJJMGMIRXSJ
;LIREXSTKETMWTVIWIRX archWLEPPFIXEOIREWÎVS ZEVMEXMSRSJ (E[IERH7IELXLIRYWIHXLITVSKVEQJSV
ER I\XIRWMZI TEVEQIXVMG WXYH] XLEX VIWYPXIH MR XLI
IQTMVMGEPIUYEXMSRKMZIRLIVI
8[S SXLIV IUYEXMSRW EVI EZEMPEFPI 8LI JMVWX TVSTSWIH
F] %FVEQW IX EP & MW YWIH MR %7') & 8LI
WIGSRH [EW TVSTSWIH F] /PMRKRIV IX EP & -R
*PEREKER ERH &IRRIXX F & IEGL SJ XLIWI XLVII
TVSTSWIH IUYEXMSRW MW GLIGOIH EKEMRWX XLI VIWYPXW SJ
I\TIVMQIRXEP XIWXW JVSQ WIZIR HMJJIVIRX XIWX TVSKVEQW
MRGPYHMRK GPE] FVMGO MRJMPPW MR GSRGVIXI JVEQIW GPE] XMPI
MRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIWGPE]FVMGOMRJMPPWMRWXIIPJVEQIWERH
GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPW MR WXIIP JVEQIW *PEREKER ERH
&IRRIXX F & HIXIVQMRIH XLEX (E[I ERH 7IELvW
IUYEXMSRMWXLIFIWXTVIHMGXSVSJSYXSJTPERIWXVIRKXL[MXL
EREZIVEKI VEXMS SJSFWIVZIH XSTVIHMGXIHWXVIRKXLSJ
ERH E GSIJJMGMIRX SJ ZEVMEXMSR SJ 8LI GSIJJMGMIRX SJ
ZEVMEXMSR SJ SFWIVZIH XS TVIHMGXIH GETEGMX] [EW
6IWYPXW EVI WYQQEVMÎH MR *MKYVI ''& 8LI
I\TIVMQIRXEP XIWXW MRZSPZIH MRJMPPW [MXLLIMKLXXSXLMGORIWW
VEXMSW VERKMRK JVSQ XS 7SQI MRJMPPW LEH NSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXFYXXLMWHMHRSXEJJIGXXLIVIWYPXW8[SSJXLI
WTIGMQIRW LEH E XST KET %VGLMRK WXMPP SGGYVVIH FYX [EW
SRI[E]EVGLMRK8LIGSHIIUYEXMSRMWXLYWUYMXIVSFYWX
COMMENTARY
Figure CC-B.3-1: Ratios of observed to predicted strengths for infills loaded out-of-plane
(Flanagan and Bennett 1999b) B.8
C-200 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
CONVERSION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS
8LIIUYEXMSRWMRXLMW'SHIEVIJSVYWI[MXLXLIWTIGMJMIHMRGLTSYRH
YRMXWSRP]8LIIUYMZEPIRXYRMXWJSVYWI[MXL7-YRMXWJSPPS[
Code Equation No. SI Unit

Units
or Section No. Equivalent Equation
Em! f 'mJSVGPE]QEWSRV]
f 'mMR14E
Em! f 'mJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]
EAAC!f 'AAC f AAC MR14E
f g f 'gMR14E
Ieff MRQQ
M cr

M cr
In MRQQ
I eff In I cr In Icr MRQQ
Ma Ma McrMR2QQ
MaMR2QQ
leff leff MRQQ
E ;LIR z l eff d v dv MRQQ
dv z MRQQ

l eff leff MRQQ
F ;LIR z l eff dv MRQQ
dv
z MRQQ
l eff leff MRQQ
E ;LIR z l eff d v dv MRQQ
dv
z MRQQ
l eff leff MRQQ
F ;LIR z l eff dv MRQQ
dv
z MRQQ
A pt lb AptMRQQ

lbMRQQ
l be Apv MRQQ
A pv lbe MRQQ

AptMRQQ
BabMR2I[XSRW
Bab A pt f m
f m MR14E
Ab MRQQ
B as Ab f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
AptMRQQ
Bab A pt f m BabMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
f 'mMR14E
ebMRQQ
B ap f m e b d b lb eb db db dbMRQQ
lbMRQQ
BapMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
B as Ab f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
C-202 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Units
ApvMRQQ
B ab A pv f m
BabMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
BabMR2I[XSRW
B ab f m Ab f m Ab MR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
B vpry B ab A pt f m BabMR2I[XSRW
BvpryMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AbMRQQ
B vs A b f y BasMR2I[XSRW
fyMR14E
baMR2I[XSRW
ba bv bvMR2I[XSRW

Ba Bv BaMR2I[XSRW
BvMR2I[XSRW
G WTIGMJMIH YRMX GSQTVIWWMZ I WXVIRKXLSJ LIEHIV MR14E
dbMRQQ
l d = d d Fs FsMR14E
ldMRQQ
bw s AvMRQQ
Av
fy bwMRQQ
sMRQQ
F
fyMR14E
d dMRQQ
s
b bMWHMQIRWMSRPIWW
dbMRQQ
d b f y f m MR14E
ld
fyMR14E
K f m
KMRQQ
ldMRQQ
Asc Asc AscMRQQ
[LIVI
d b d b dbMRQQ
FaMR14E
fa fb FbMR14E
+
Fa Fb faMR14E
fbMR14E
P PMR2I[XSRW
Pe PeMR2I[XSRW
2
FaMR14E
h f 'mMR14E
F a = f ’m 1 -
r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
FaMR14E
2
r f 'mMR14E
Fa=
f ’m
hMRQQ
h
rMRQQ
Fb = fm FbMR14E

f 'mMR14E

Units
EmMR14E
eMRQQ
2
Em I n e hMRQQ
Pe =
h r IMRQQ
PeMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
bMRQQ
VQ fvMR14E
fv = InMRQQ
In b
QMRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
E f m
%RW[IVMR14E
AnMRQQ
G Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
H Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
I Nv /An NvMR2I[XSRW
%RW[IVMRO4E
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
FsMR14E
h f 'mMR14E
Pa f m An Ast Fs
r hMRQQ
PaMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
2
FsMR14E
r f 'mMR14E
P a = (0.25 ü m’ An + A st F s )
h hMRQQ
PaMR2I[XSRW
rMRQQ
nf m fyMR14E
QE\
fy f 'mMR14E

fy n
fm
bn in mm
V dv in mm
fv =
Anv fvMR14E
VMR2I[XSRW
FvMR14E
Fv Fvm Fvs FvmMR14E
FvsMR14E
C-204 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Units
dMRQQ
FvMR14E
Fv f m *SVMVd) MMR2I[XSRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
dMRQQ
FvMR14E
Fv = f m *SVMVd) MMR2I[XSRQQ
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
dMRQQ
FvmMR14E
M P MMR2I[XSRQQ
Fvm fm
Vd An PMR2I[XSRW
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
dMRQQ
FvmMR14E
M P MMR2I[XSRQQ
Fvm fm
Vd An PMR2I[XSRW
VMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnMRQQ
AvMRQQ
Av Fs d dMRQQ
Fvs =
An s FsMR14E
FvsMR14E
sMRQQ
AptMRQQ
Banb Apt f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
Bans Ab f y fyMR14E
BansMR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
Banb Apt f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW
f 'mMR14E
ebMRQQ
Banp f m eb d b l b eb d b db dbMRQQ
lbMRQQ
BanpMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
Bans Ab f y fyMR14E
BansMR2I[XSRW
ApvMRQQ
B anb A pv f m f m MR14E
BanbMR2I[XSRW

Units
AbMRQQ
BvncMR2I[XSRW
B vnc f m Ab

f 'mMR14E f m Ab MR2I[XSRW
AptMRQQ
f m MR14E
Bvnpry Banb A pt f m
BanbMR2I[XSRW
BvnpryMR2I[XSRW
AbMRQQ
B vns Ab f y fyMR14E
BvnsMR2I[XSRW
bafMR2I[XSRW
baf bvf bvfMR2I[XSRW

B an B vn BanMR2I[XSRW
BvnMR2I[XSRW
PnMR2I[XSRW
h

h AnMRQQ
Pn An f m *SV f 'mMR14E
r r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
PnMR2I[XSRW
r

h AnMRQQ
Pn An f m *SV f 'mMR14E
h r hMRQQ
rMRQQ
Mc Mu McMR2QQ

MuMR2QQ
AnMRQQ
Pu f 'mMR14E
PuMR2I[XSRW
r hMRQQ
An f m
h rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
E An f m MR2
f 'mMR14E
F An MR2 AnMRQQ
An N u MR2 AnMRQQ

G
NuMR2I[XSRW
An N u MR2 AnMRQQ
H
NuMR2I[XSRW
An N u MR2 AnMRQQ
I
NuMR2I[XSRW
J An MR2 AnMRQQ
le d b leMRQQ

dbMRQQ
dbMRQQ
d b f y f m MR14E
ld
K fm fyMR14E
KMRQQ
ldMRQQ
Asc A sc AscMRQQ
[LIVI
d b d b dbMRQQ
C-206 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11

Units
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
h
f 'mMR14E
Pn f m An Ast f y Ast fyMR14E
r PnMR2I[XSRW
hMRQQ
rMRQQ
AnMRQQ
AstMRQQ
f 'mMR14E
r
Pn f m An Ast f y Ast fyMR14E
h PnMR2I[XSRW
hMRQQ
rMRQQ
VnmMR2I[XSRW
Vn Vnm V ns VnsMR2I[XSRW
VnMR2I[XSRW
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
VuMR2I[XSRW
Mu dvMRQQ
Vn Anv fm *SV v
Vu d v VnMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
Mu VuMR2I[XSRW
Vn Anv fm *SV v dvMRQQ
Vu d v
VnMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AnvMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
VuMR2I[XSRW
Mu dvMRQQ
Vnm Anv fm Pu
Vu d v PuMR2I[XSRW
VnmMR2I[XSRW
f m MR14E
AvMRQQ
Av fyMR14E
Vns f y dv dvMRQQ
s sMRQQ
VnsMR2I[XSRW
Pu PuMR2I[XSRW
f m AgMRQQ
Ag f 'mMR14E
hMRQQ
wuMR2QQ
PufMR2I[XSRW
wu h eu
Mu Puf Pu u euMRQQ
PuMR2I[XSRW
uMRQQ
MuMR2QQ
PuMR2I[XSRW
Pu Puw Puf PufMR2I[XSRW
PuwMR2I[XSRW
&9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7') '
'SHI)UYEXMSR2S 7-9RMX
9RMXW
SV7IGXMSR2S )UYMZEPIRX)UYEXMSR
MRQQ

MRQQ
MRQQ

MRQQ
MR14E
! *SV
MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MRQQ

n MRQQ
! MR14E
MRQQ

MR2QQ
*SV MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
! n
MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
!
MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

MRQQ
MR14E
1Y MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
:Y H Z
MRQQ
MRQQ
1Y MR14E
ERH
:Y H Z MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MRQQ
MR14E

MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
MRQQ
' &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')
9RMXW
MR2QQ
MR14E
MRQQ
n MR14E

MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
n MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E

!
MR14E

MR14E
!
MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
! n MRQQ

MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ

MRQQ
! MRQQ
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
! MRQQ

MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

! MRQQ
MR14E

MR14E
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

! n n MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

MRQQ
! n MR14E
MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
! MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
&9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7') '
9RMXW
! MR2I[XSRW

MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

E !
MR14E

MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

F !
MR14E

MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW

G !
MR14E
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

MR14E
! MRQMRQ
MRQQ

MRQQ

MR2I[XSRW
MR14E
! MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW

MR14E
!
MRQQ
MRQQ
4Y MR2I[XSRW
J %%' MR14E
%K MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
! MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
! MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
' &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')
9RMXW
MR2QQ

MR2QQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
! n MRQQ

MRQQ
MR14E
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
!
MRQQ
MR14E
MR14E
MRQQ

MRQQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
! MRQQ

MR14E
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MRQQ

n MRQQ
! MRQQ

MR14E
MR2QQ
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
! MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MR2QQ
MRQQ
MRQQ
!
MRQQ

MR14E
MR2I[XSRW
MR2I[XSRW
MRQQ
MRQQ
E
MRQQ
MRQQ

MRQQ
& MRJ ! MRHIKVIIW
GSW
!QQ
!QQ
MR14E
WMR MR14E
MRJ
& ! MRQQ
MRJ MRQQ
MRJ MRQQ
MRHIKVIIW
QQ MR14E
& MRJ
MRJ MRQQ
&9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7') '
9RMXW
& MR2

MRJMR4E
MR14E
MRQQ

& MRJ ! MRJ

MRQQ
MRJ MRJ MRJMRQQ
MR2
MR2
MR2
MR14E
& ! MRJ
MRJ MRQQ
MRQQ
MR2
MR14E
& ! MRJ
MRJ MRQQ
MRQQ
' &9-0(-2+'3()6)59-6)1)287*361%7326=7869'896)7817%'-%7')
REFERENCES FOR THE CODE COMMENTARY
References, Chapter 1 1.13. w'VEGO 'SRXVSP MR 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx

2'1% 8)/ % 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
1.1. w+PSWWEV] SJ 8IVQW 6IPEXMRK XS &VMGO 1EWSRV]x %WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW SR&VMGO 'SRWXVYGXMSR 2S6IZMWIH
&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%TT 1.14. w'SRXVSP .SMRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx
2'1% 8)/ % 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
1.2. w+PSWWEV]SJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]8IVQWx2'1% %WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
8)/ &YPPIXMR 2S 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT 1.15. w%PP ;IEXLIV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 'SRWXVYGXMSRx
2'1% 8)/ ' 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
1.3. w8LI1EWSRV] +PSWWEV]x -RXIVREXMSREP1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
-RWXMXYXI;EWLMRKXSR('TT
1.16. 0IRG^RIV ( ERH 7EPELYHHMR . w'VIIT ERH
1.4. Structural Design of Tall Concrete and Masonry 1SMWXYVI 1SZIQIRXW MR 1EWSRV] 4MIVW ERH ;EPPWx
Buildings 1SRSKVETL SR 4PERRMRK ERH (IWMKR SJ 8EPP Proceedings WX 'EREHMER 1EWSRV] 7]QTSWMYQ
&YMPHMRKW:'&'SYRGMPSR8EPP&YMPHMRKWERH9VFER 9RMZIVWMX]SJ'EPKEV].YRITT
,EFMXEX%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW2I[=SVO
2=TT 1.17. 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK -RWXMXYXI w'LETXIV 4SWX
8IRWMSRMRK 7]WXIQWx Post-Tensioning Manual XL
1.5. ;SPHI8MRWEI%1%XOMRWSR6,ERH,EQMH )HMXMSR4LSIRM\%>TT
%% w7XEXISJXLI%VX 1SHYPYW SJ )PEWXMGMX]x XL
2SVXL%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI4LMPEHIPTLME4% 1.18. w7IGXMSR 4VSTIVXMIW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x
.YRI TT 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] NCMA-TEK 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
&SYPHIV'3 %WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%
1.6. 'SPZMPPI . 1MPXIRFIVKIV 1% ERH ;SPHI 1.19. ,I 0 ERH 4VMIWXPI] 1.2 7IMWQMG &ILEZMSV
8MRWEI %QHI %1 w,SPPS[ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] SJ *PERKIH 1EWSRV] 7LIEV ;EPPW *MREP 6ITSVX
1SHYPYW SJ )PEWXMGMX]x XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 8''1%66ITSVX2S2SZIQFIVTT
'SRJIVIRGI 4LMPEHIPTLME 4% .YRI TT
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 1.20. (MGOI] ; ERH 1EG-RXSWL % w6IWYPXW SJ
:EVMEXMSRSJb'SV)JJIGXMZI;MHXLMR*PI\YVIMR'SRGVIXI
1.7. 'STIPERH 6) w7LVMROEKI ERH 8IQTIVEXYVI &PSGO 4ERIPWx 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE 0SW
7XVIWWIW MR 1EWSRV]x %'- .SYVREP Proceedings : %RKIPIW'%
2S %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI (IXVSMX 1- *IF
TT 1.21. %VSVE 7/ w4IVJSVQERGI SJ QEWSRV]
[EPPW YRHIV GSRGIRXVEXIH PSEHx 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI
1.8. 4PYQQIV ,' Brick and Tile Engineering &VMXMWL1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
&VMGO -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE RS[ &VMGO -RHYWXV]
%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWXSR:%TT 1.22. 4EKI %; ERH 7LVMZI 2+ w'SRGIRXVEXIH
PSEHWSRLSPPS[QEWSRV]zPSEHHMWTIVWMSRXLVSYKLFSRH
1.9. +VMQQ'8w4VSFEFMPMWXMG(IWMKRSJ)\TERWMSR FIEQWx TMS Journal : 2S 88 TT 8LI
.SMRXW MR &VMGO 'PEHHMRKx Proceedings : XL 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
'EREHMER 1EWSRV] 7]QTSWMYQ 9RMZIVWMX] SJ
*VIHIVMGXSRTT 1.23. ,ERWIPP ; ERH ;MRXIV + w0EXIVEP
7XEFMPMX] SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI &IEQWx ACI Journal
1.10. /EPSYWIF 0 w6IPEXMSR SJ 7LVMROEKI XS 1SMWXYVI 4VSGIIHMRKW:2STT
'SRXIRXMR'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXWxPaper2S,SYWMRK
ERH,SQI*MRERGI%KIRG];EWLMRKXSR(' 1.24. 6IZERXLM4ERH1IRSR( w)WXMQEXMSR
SJ 'VMXMGEP &YGOPMRK 1SQIRXW MR 7PIRHIV 6IMRJSVGIH
1.11. “Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Properties, Testing 'SRGVIXI&IEQWxACI Structural Journal:2S
and Design,” 6-0)1 6IGSQQIRHIH 4VEGXMGI 6-0)1 TT
8IGLRMGEP'SQQMXXIIW1'%ERH%0')HMXIHF]7
%VSRM +. HI +VSSH 1* 6SFMRWSR + 7ZERLSPQ ERH 1.25. +EPEQFSW 8: ERH )PPMRK[SSH &
*,;MXXQER)
*274320SRHSR w7IVZMGIEFMPMX] PMQMX WXEXIW HIJPIGXMSRx Journal of
Structural Engineering%7')
1.12. 7QMXL 6+ w1SMWXYVI )\TERWMSR SJ 7XVYGXYVEP
'IVEQMGW z 0SRK 8IVQ 9RVIWXVEMRIH )\TERWMSR SJ 8IWX 1.26. Design of Masonry Structures '7% 7
&VMGOWx .SYVREP SJ XLI &VMXMWL 'IVEQMG 7SGMIX] 7XSOI 'EREHMER7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSR
SR8VIRX)RKPERH.ERTT
C-214 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
1.27. &VERWSR () w-RWXERXERISYW ERH 8MQI 1.40. 4VMIWXPI] 1.2 ERH &VMHKIQER (3
(ITIRHIRX (IJPIGXMSRW SR 7MQTPI ERH 'SRXMRYSYW w7IMWQMG6IWMWXERGI SJ &VMGO1EWSRV];EPPWxBulletin
6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXI&IEQWx,466ITSVX2S4EVX 2I[ >IEPERH 2EXMSREP 7SGMIX] JSV )EVXLUYEOI
%PEFEQE,MKL[E](ITEVXQIRX&YVIEYSJ4YFPMG6SEHW )RKMRIIVMRK ;IPPMRKXSR : 2S (IG TT
%YKYWXTT
1.28. ,SVXSR 68 ERH 8EHVSW 1/ 1.41. (MGOI] ;0 w.SMRX 6IMRJSVGIQIRX ERH
w(IJPIGXMSR SJ VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] QIQFIVWx ACI 1EWSRV]x Proceedings RH 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV]
Structural Journal 'SRJIVIRGI'SPPIKI4EVO1(%YK8LI1EWSRV]
7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
1.29. 0II 6 0SRK[SVXL . ;EV[EVYO .
w&ILEZMSV SJ VIWXVEMRIH QEWSRV] FIEQWx VH 'EREHMER 1.42. 6EH*2;MRRIR.1ERH1YIPPIV;,w%R
1EWSRV]7]QTSWMYQ)HQSRXSR%PFIVXE )\TIVMQIRXEP7XYH]SRXLI7XVIRKXLSJ+VSYXIH%RGLSVWMR
1EWSRV] ;EPPWx 6ITSVX WYFQMXXIH XS XLI 1EWSRV]

1.30. &IRRIXX 61 1G+MRPI] ;1 ERH &V]NE . 'IVEQMG8MPI-RWXMXYXISJ3VIKSR4SVXPERH7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]
w(IJPIGXMSR 'VMXIVME JSV 1EWSRV] &IEQWx 4SVXPERH36
Journal of ASTM International 4ETIV -(
.%- 1.43. 8YFFW . & 4SPPSGO ( + ERH 1G0IER ( -
w8IWXMRK SJ %RGLSV &SPXW MR 'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1EWSRV]x
1.31. 4EVO 6SFIVX ERH 4EYPE] 8LSQEW Reinforced TMS Journal : 2S TT 8LI 1EWSRV]
Concrete Structures.SLR;MPI]
7SRW 7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
1.32. %'- 'SQQMXXII Building Code 1.44. &VS[R 6, ERH ;LMXPSGO %6 w7XVIRKXL SJ
Requirements for Structural Concrete %'- ERH %RGLSV &SPXW MR 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x Journal of the
Commentary %'- 6 %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI Structural Division : 2S TT
-RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1- %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 2I[ =SVO 2=

1.33. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990: Design Code.
'SQMXÍ )YVS-RXIVREXMSREP HY &ÍXSR )YVS-RXIVREXMSREP 1.45. %PPIR 6 &SVGLIPX . + /PMRKRIV 6 ) ERH
'SQQMXXII JSV 'SRGVIXI ')& ERH XLI *ÍHÍVEXMSR >SFIP 6 w4VSTSWIH 4VSZMWMSRW JSV (IWMKR SJ
-RXIVREXMSREP HI PE 4VÍGSRXVEMRXI -RXIVREXMSREP %RGLSVEKIXS1EWSRV]xTMS Journal:2STT
*IHIVEXMSR JSV 4VIWXVIWWMRK *-4 8LSQEW 8IPJSVH 0XH 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3

1.46. +YPOER 4 1E]IW 60 ERH 'PSYKL 6;
1.34. Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other w7LEOMRK 8EFPI 7XYH] SJ 7MRKPI7XSV] 1EWSRV] ,SYWIW
Structures %7') 7XERHEVH %7')7)- %QIVMGER :SPYQIW ERH x Report 2S 9'&))6' ERH
7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW6IWXSR:% )EVXLUYEOI)RKMRIIVMRK6IWIEVGL'IRXIV9RMZIVWMX]
SJ'EPMJSVRME&IVOIPI]'%7ITX
1.35. 6SEVO 6E]QSRH . ERH =SYRK ;EVVIR '
Formulas for Stress and Strain XL IH 1G+VE[ ,MPP 1.47. 'LV]WPIV . 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
'SQTERMIW 'SRWXVYGXMSR -RWTIGXSVW ,ERHFSSO XL )HMXMSR
1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE ERH -RXIVREXMSREP 'SHI
1.36. (V]WHEPI 6SFIVX + ERH ,EQMH %LQEH % 'SYRGMP8SVVERGI'%
Masonry Structures: Behavior and Design, Third
Edition&SYPHIV'38LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX] 1.48. -RWTIGXMSR ERH 8IWXMRK SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
'SRWXVYGXMSR 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR
1.37. Code of practice for the use of masonry. ERH-RXIVREXMSREP'SHI'SYRGMP,IVRHSR:%
Structural use of reinforced and prestressed masonry.
&7&VMXMWL7XERHEVHW-RWXMXYXMSR 1.49. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW wTesting for Engineered
Brick Masonry—Brick and Mortarx &VMGO -RHYWXV]
1.38. 4JMWXIV .* w-RJPYIRGI SJ 8MIW SR XLI &ILEZMSV %WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%2SZ
SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 'SPYQRWx %'- .SYVREP
Proceedings : 2S %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 1.50. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW & wTesting for Engineered
(IXVSMX1-1E]TT Brick Masonry—Quality Controlx &VMGO -RHYWXV]
%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%1EV
1.39. %'- 'SQQMXXII w&YMPHMRK 'SHI
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI %'- x 1.51. %781 ' VIETTVSZIH 7XERHEVH
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI(IXVSMX1-TT 4VEGXMGI JSV %GGVIHMXEXMSR SJ 8IWXMRK %KIRGMIW JSV 9RMX
1EWSRV]%781;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4IRRW]PZERME
References, Chapter 2 2.12. %LQIH 1, 4SVXIV 10 ERH ;SPHI8MRWEI

%1 w&ILEZMSV SJ 6IMRJSVGIH &VMGOXS&PSGO ;EPPWx
2.1. )PPMJVMX(7w8LI1]WXIVMSYW7XVIWW-RGVIEWIx 4L(HMWWIVXEXMSR1,%LQIH-S[E7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]
Engineering Journal%7-'XL5YEVXIV %QIW-%4EVX&
2.2. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other 2.13. %RERH7'ERH=SYRK(8w%*MRMXI)PIQIRX
Structures %7') 7XERHEVH %7')7)- %QIVMGER 1SHIPJSV'SQTSWMXI1EWSRV]xProceedings%QIVMGER
7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW6IWXSR:% 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW : 78 2I[ =SVO
2=(IGTT
2.3. International Building Code 2012 -RXIVREXMSREP
'SHI'SYRGMP;EWLMRKXSR(' 2.14. %RERH 7' w7LIEV 7XVIWWIW MR 'SQTSWMXI
1EWSRV];EPPWxNew Analysis Techniques for Structural
2.4. 1G'EVXL].%&VS[R6,ERH'SYWMRW8)
Masonry %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 2I[
w%R)\TIVMQIRXEP7XYH]SJXLI7LIEV7XVIRKXLSJ'SPPEV
=SVO2=7ITXTT
.SMRXW MR +VSYXIH ERH 7PYWLIH 'SQTSWMXI 1EWSRV]
;EPPWx Proceedings VH 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 2.15. 7XIZIRW(.ERH%RERH7'w7LIEV7XVIWWIWMR
'SRJIVIRGI%VPMRKXSR8<.YRITTXLVSYKL 'SQTSWMXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPW 9WMRK E ( 1SHIWx
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 Proceedings VH2SVXL%QIVMGER1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
%VPMRKXSR 8< .YRI T XLVSYKL 8LI
2.5. ;MPPMEQW6ERH+IWGL[MRHIV0w7LIEV7XVIWW 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
%GVSWW 'SPPEV .SMRXW MR 'SQTSWMXI 1EWSRV]x TVIWIRXIH
EX Proceedings RH 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 2.16. %RERH 7' ERH 6ELQER 1% w8IQTIVEXYVI
'SRJIVIRGI'SPPIKI4EVO1(Paper2S8LI ERH 'VIIT 7XVIWWIW MR 'SQTSWMXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 Advances in Analysis of Structural Masonry %QIVMGER
7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 2I[ =SVO 2= TT
2.6. 'SPZMPPI . 1EXX] 7% ERH ;SPHI8MRWEI
%1 w7LIEV 'ETEGMX] SJ 1SVXEVIH 'SPPEV .SMRXWx
Proceedings XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 2.17. w%RGLSVW ERH 8MIW JSV 1EWSRV]x 2'1% 8)/
0SW %RKIPIW '% %YK : TT XLVSYKL 2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 :%TT
2.7. 4SVXIV 10 ;SPHI8MRWEI %1 ERH %LQIH 2.18. w'SRRIGXSVWJSV1EWSRV]x'%2%1
1, w7XVIRKXL %REP]WMW SJ 'SQTSWMXI ;EPPWx 'EREHMER7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSR6I\HEPI3RXEVMS
Advances in Analysis of Structural Masonry4VSGIIHMRKW
SJ 7XVYGXYVIW 'SRKVIWW %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP 2.19. w(IZIPSTQIRX SJ %HNYWXEFPI ;EPP 8MIWx ARF
)RKMRIIVW2I[=SVO2= Project 2S & -PPMRSMW -RWXMXYXI SJ 8IGLRSPSK]
'LMGEKS-01EV
2.8. 4SVXIV 10 ;SPHI8MRWEI %1 ERH %LQIH
1, w7XVIRKXL (IWMKR 1IXLSH JSV &VMGO 'SQTSWMXI 2.20. +EPPEKLIV )* w&SRH &IX[IIR 6IMRJSVGMRK
;EPPWx Proceedings XL -RXIVREXMSREP 1EWSRV] 7XIIPERH&VMGO1EWSRV]xBrick and Clay Record:
'SRJIVIRGI0SRHSR%YK 'ELRIVW 4YFPMWLMRK 'S 'LMGEKS -0 1EV TT

2.9. ;SPHI8MRWEI %1 4SVXIV 10 ERH %LQIH
1, w7LIEV 7XVIRKXL SJ 'SQTSWMXI &VMGOXS&VMGO 2.21. 6MGLEVX *) w&SRH 8IWXW &IX[IIR 7XIIP ERH
4ERIPWx Proceedings VH 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 1SVXEVx 7XVYGXYVEP 'PE] 4VSHYGXW -RWXMXYXI RS[ &VMGO
'SRJIVIRGI%VPMRKXSR8<.YRITTXLVSYKL -RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWXSR:%
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
2.22. 8VIIGI 6% w&SRH 7XVIRKXL SJ )TS\]'SEXIH
2.10. ;SPHI8MRWEI %1 4SVXIV 10 ERH %LQIH 6IMRJSVGMRK &EVWx 1EWXIVW8LIWMW(ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP
1, w&ILEZMSV SJ 'SQTSWMXI &VMGO ;EPPWx )RKMRIIVMRK9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR%YWXMR8<
Proceedings XL -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO 1EWSRV] 1E]
'SRJIVIRGI 1IPFSYVRI 2I[ 7SYXL ;EPIW *IF
:TT 2.23. *IVKYWSR 41 ERH 1EXPSSF *2 w)JJIGX SJ
&EV 'YXSJJ SR &SRH ERH 7LIEV 7XVIRKXL SJ 6IMRJSVGIH
2.11. %LQIH 1, 4SVXIV 10 ERH ;SPHI8MRWEI 'SRGVIXI&IEQWx%'-.SYVREPProceedings,:2S
%1 w&ILEZMSV SJ 6IMRJSVGIH &VMGOXS&PSGO ;EPPWx %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI (IXVSMX 1- .YP]
4L(HMWWIVXEXMSR1,%LQIH-S[E7XEXI9RMZIVWMX] TT
%QIW-%4EVX%
C-216 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
2.24. .SMRX 4'-;6- %H ,SG 'SQQMXXII SR ;IPHIH 2.36. =SOIP *= ERH (MOOIVW 6( 'PSWYVI XS
;MVI *EFVMG JSV 7LIEV 6IMRJSVGIQIRX w;IPHIH ;MVI w7XVIRKXL SJ 0SEH&IVMRK 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx
*EFVMG JSV 7LIEV 6IMRJSVGIQIRXx Journal 4VIWXVIWWIH Proceedings %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ )RKMRIIVW :
'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI:2S'LMGEKS-0.YP]%YK 782I[=SVO2=1E]TT
TT
2.37. /MQ=7ERH&IRRIXX61w*PI\YVEP8IRWMSR
2.25. %'- 'SQQMXXII w'SQQIRXEV] SR&YMPHMRK MR 9RVIMRJSVGIH 1EWSRV] )ZEPYEXMSR SJ 'YVVIRX
'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI %'- 7TIGMJMGEXMSRWx TMS Journal : 2S TT
x %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI (IXVSMX 1- 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
TT
2.38. )PPMRK[SSH & +EPEQFSW 8: 1EG+VIKSV
2.26. 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR w)JJIGXW .+ ERH 'SVRIPP '% w(IZIPSTQIRX SJ E 4VSFEFMPMX]
SJ'SRJMRIQIRX6IMRJSVGIQIRXSR&EV7TPMGI4IVJSVQERGI &EWIH 0SEH 'VMXIVME JSV %QIVMGER 2EXMSREP 7XERHEVH
z 7YQQEV] SJ 6IWIEVGL ERH (IWMKR 6IGSQQIRHEXMSRWx %x2&77TIGMEP4YFPMGEXMSR2EXMSREP&YVIEYSJ
166IWIEVGL6ITSVX,IVRHSR:%.YP] 7XERHEVHW
2.27. 1NIPHI > 1G0IER (- 8LSQTWSR . . ERH 2.39. 7XI[EVX1+ERH0E[VIRGI7w&SRH7XVIRKXL
1G+MRPI];1w4IVJSVQERGISJ0ET7TPMGIWMR'SRGVIXI :EVMEFMPMX] ERH 7XVYGXYVEP 6IPMEFMPMX] SJ 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
1EWSRV] 7LIEV ;EPPWx TMS Journal : 2S 8LI MR *PI\YVIx 4VSG XL -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO&PSGO
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 1EWSRV]'SRJ1EHVMH7TEMR
2.28. %'- 'SQQMXXII w&YMPHMRK 'SHI 2.40. 1IPERHIV .1 ERH +LSWL7/ w(IZIPSTQIRX
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW %'- SJ 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV 1SVXEV 'IQIRXx 1EWSRV]
6IZMWIH x %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI )WXLIXMGW )RKMRIIVMRK ERH )GSRSQ] 784 ( ,
(IXVSMX1-TT 8EYFIVX ERH .8 'SR[E] )H %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV
8IWXMRKERH1EXIVMEPW4LMPEHIPTLME
2.29. 'SPZMPPI . w7MQTPMJMIH (IWMKR SJ 0SEH &IEVMRK
1EWSRV] ;EPPWx Proceedings XL -RXIVREXMSREP 2.41. ,IHWXVSQ )+ 8EVLMRM /1 8LSQEW 6(
7]QTSWMYQ SR 0SEHFIEVMRK &VMGO[SVO Publication 2S (YFSZS] :7/PMRKRIV6) ERH'SSO6%w*PI\YVEP
&VMXMWL'IVEQMG7SGMIX]0SRHSR(IGTT &SRH7XVIRKXLSJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]4VMWQWYWMRK4SVXPERH
'IQIRX ERH ,]HVEXIH 0MQI 1SVXEVWxTMS Journal :
2STT8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
2.30. 'SPZMPPI.w7XVIWW6IHYGXMSR(IWMKR*EGXSVWJSV
1EWSRV] ;EPPWx Proceedings %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 2.42. &SVGLIPX.+ERH.%8ERRw&SRH7XVIRKXLERH
'MZMP )RKMRIIVW : 78 2I[ =SVO 2= 3GX ;EXIV 4IRIXVEXMSR SJ 0S[ -6% &VMGO ERH 1SVXEVx
TT 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI 7IZIRXL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV]
'SRJIVIRGI 7SYXL &IRH -2 TT 8LI
2.31. =SOIP *= w7XEFMPMX] ERH 0SEH 'ETEGMX] SJ 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
1IQFIVW [MXL RS 8IRWMPI 7XVIRKXLx Proceedings
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW : 78 2I[ 2.43. &VS[R6ERH4EPQ&w*PI\YVEP7XVIRKXLSJ&VMGO
=SVO2=.YP]TT 1EWSRV]9WMRKXLI&SRH;VIRGLxProceedingsRH2SVXL
%QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 'SPPIKI 4EVO 1( %YK
2.32. 'SPZMPPI.w7IVZMGI0SEH(IWMKR)UYEXMSRWJSV 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
9RVIMRJSVGIH 1EWSRV] 'SRWXVYGXMSRx TMS Journal :
2STT8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 2.44. ,EQMH %% w&SRH 'LEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ
7ERH1SPHIH &VMGO 1EWSRV]x TMS Journal : 2S
TT888LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
2.33. ,EX^MRMOSPEW10SRK[SVXL.ERH;EV[EVYO
. w'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx Structural Engineering 2.45. 6MFEV . w;EXIV 4IVQIERGI SJ 1EWSRV] %
Report 2S (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 0EFSVEXSV] 7XYH]x Masonry: Properties and
9RMZIVWMX]SJ%PFIVXE'EREHE7ITX Performance784%7814LMPEHIPTLME4%
2.34. *EXXEP 7+ ERH 'EXXERIS 0) w7XVYGXYVEP 2.46. ,EQMH%%w)JJIGXSJ%WTIGX6EXMSSJXLI9RMX

4IVJSVQERGISJ1EWSRV];EPPW9RHIV'SQTVIWWMSRERH SR XLI *PI\YVEP 8IRWMPI 7XVIRKXL SJ &VMGO 1EWSRV]x
*PI\YVIx Building Science Series 2S 2EXMSREP TMS Journal:2S8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV
&YVIEYSJ7XERHEVHW;EWLMRKXSR('TT '3
2.35. =SOIP *= ERH (MOOIVW 6( w7XVIRKXL SJ 2.47. (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH ,EQMH %% w)JJIGX SJ
0SEH&IEVMRK 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx Proceedings %QIVMGER +VSYXMRK SR XLI *PI\YVEP 8IRWMPI 7XVIRKXL SJ 'SRGVIXI
7SGMIX]SJ)RKMRIIVW:782I[=SVO2=D1E] &PSGO1EWSRV]xTMS Journal:2STT88
TT 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
2.48. &VS[R 6, ERH 1IPERHIV .1 w*PI\YVEP &SRH 3.5. %PPIR 6 &SVGLIPX .+ /PMRKRIV 6) ERH
7XVIRKXLSJ9RVIMRJSVGIH+VSYXIH1EWSRV]YWMRK4'0ERH >SFIP 6 w4VSTSWIH 4VSZMWMSRW JSV (IWMKR SJ
1' 1SVXEVWx 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER %RGLSVEKIXS1EWSRV]xTMS Journal:2STT
1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX] 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
2.49. ;SSH[EVH / ERH 6EROMRK * w-RJPYIRGI SJ 3.6. &VS[R6,&SVGLIPX.+ERH&YVKIWW6)
:IVXMGEP 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIWW SR 7LIEV 6IWMWXERGI SJ w7XVIRKXL SJ %RGLSV &SPXW MR XLI 8ST SJ 'PE] 1EWSRV]
'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx 97 (ITEVXQIRX SJ ;EPPWx 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI XL 'EREHMER 1EWSRV]
'SQQIVGI 2EXMSREP &YVIEY SJ 7XERHEVHW ;EWLMRKXSR 7]QTSWMYQ*VIHIVMGXSR2I[&VYRW[MGO'EREHE.YRI
('3GXTT
2.50. 4SSO 00 7X]PMERSY 1% ERH (E[I .0 3.7. ;IMKIP8%1SLWIR.4&YVOI%)VHQERR
w)\TIVMQIRXEP -RZIWXMKEXMSR SJ XLI -RJPYIRGI SJ / ERH 7GLEH % w8IRWMPI 7XVIRKXL SJ ,IEHIH %RGLSV
'SQTVIWWMSRSR XLI7LIEV7XVIRKXL SJ1EWSRV] .SMRXWx &SPXWMR8STWSJ'19;EPPWxTMS Journal:2S
Proceedings XL 'EREHMER 1EWSRV] 7]QTSWMYQ TT8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
*VIHIVMGXSR2I[&VYRW[MGO.YRITT
3.8. %'- 'SQQMXXII w&YMPHMRK 'SHI
2.51. 2YWW 0/ 2SPERH .0 ERH 'LMRR . w8LI 6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI%'- ERH
4EVEQIXIVW -RJPYIRGMRK 7LIEV 7XVIRKXL &IX[IIR 'PE] 'SQQIRXEV] %'- 6 x %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI
1EWSRV] 9RMXW ERH 1SVXEVx Proceedings 2SVXL -RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS
&SYPHIV'3%YK 3.9. 1EPMO .& 1IRHSRGE .% ERH /PMRKRIV 6)
w)JJIGXSJ6IMRJSVGMRK(IXEMPWSRXLI7LIEV6IWMWXERGISJ
2.52. ,EQMH %% (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH ,IMHIFVIGLX 7LSVX %RGLSV &SPXW YRHIV 6IZIVWIH ']GPMG 0SEHMRKx
%' w7LIEV 7XVIRKXL SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] .SMRXWx .SYVREP SJ XLI %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI 4VSGIIHMRKW
Proceedings %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW : :2S.ERYEV]*IFVYEV]TT
782I[=SVO2=.YP]TT
3.10. (EZMW '0 w )ZEPYEXMSR SJ (IWMKR 4VSZMWMSRW
2.53. w6IGSQQIRHIH 4VEGXMGIW JSV )RKMRIIVIH &VMGO JSV-R4PERI7LIEVMR1EWSRV];EPPWx1EWXIVSJ7GMIRGI
1EWSRV]x &VMGO -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE RS[ &VMGO 8LIWMW;EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]
-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWXSR:%TT
3.11. 8LI JSPPS[MRK 8IGLRMGEP 'SSVHMREXMRK 'SQQMXXII
2.54. (EZMW'0)ZEPYEXMSRSJ(IWMKR4VSZMWMSRWJSV-R JSV 1EWSRV] 6IWIEVGL 8''1E6 XEWO VITSVXW RSX
4PERI 7LIEV MR 1EWSRV] ;EPPW 1EWXIV SJ 7GMIRGI 8LIWMW WTIGMJMGEPP]GMXIHMRXLMW'LETXIVTVSZMHIXLIWYFWXERXMEXMRK
;EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX] HEXEJSVXLIWXVIRKXLHIWMKRGVMXIVMETVIWIRXIH
6ITSVX2S %XOMRWSR ERH /MRKWPI]

Comparison of the Behavior of Clay & Concrete
References, Chapter 3 Masonry in Compression7ITXIQFIVTT
3.1. &VS[R 6, ERH ;LMXPSGO %6 w7XVIRKXL SJ 6ITSVX2SE P ,EQMH%%%WWMW+*
%RGLSV &SPXW MR 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x .SYVREP SJ XLI ERH ,EVVMW ,+ Material Models for Grouted
7XVYGXYVEP(MZMWMSR%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW Block Masonry%YKYWXTT
2I[=SVO2=:2S.YRITT
6ITSVX2SE %WWMW + * ,EQMH %%
3.2. ,EX^MRMOSPSW10SRK[SVXL.ERH;EV[EVYO ERH ,EVVMW,+ Material Models for Grouted Block
.w7XVIRKXLERH&ILEZMSVSJ%RGLSV&SPXW)QFIHHIHMR Masonry%YKYWXTT
'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 4VSGIIHMRKW RH 'EREHMER
1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 'EVPIXSR 9RMZIVWMX] 3XXE[E 6ITSVX2SF P =SYRK. 1 ERH &VS[R
3RXEVMS.YRITT 6, Compressive Stress Distribution of Grouted
Hollow Clay Masonry Under Strain Gradient 1E]
3.3. 6EH*21YPPIV;,ERH;MRRIR.1%R TT
)\TIVMQIRXEP7XYH]SRXLI7XVIRKXLSJ+VSYXIH%RGLSVW
MR 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx 6ITSVX XS XLI 1EWSRV]
'IVEQMG 6ITSVX2S %XOMRWSR 6, An
8MPI -RWXMXYXI SJ 3VIKSR 4SVXPERH 7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] Assessment of Current Material Test Standards for
4SVXPERH3VIKSR3GXSFIV Masonry Limit States Design Methods .YRI
TT
3.4. 8YFFW .& 4SPPSGO (+ .V 1G0IER (- ERH
=SYRK 8' 4IVJSVQERGI SJ %RGLSV &SPXW MR 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + ERH &EWLEVOLEL
'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1EWSRV] 4VSGIIHMRKW XL 2SVXL 1 Slender Wall Structural Engineering Analysis
%QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI %YWXMR 8I\EW .YRI Computer Program Shwall :IVWMSR
7ITXIQFIVTT
C-218 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
6ITSVX2S ,EVX+ERH&EWLEVOLEL 6ITSVX2S )[MRK 6 ( Parametric

1 Shear Wall Structural Engineering Analysis Studies on Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls Using
Computer Program Shwall :IVWMSR FEM/I, A Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis
7ITXIQFIVTT Program1EVGL
6ITSVX2S 2EOEOM ( ERH + ,EVX 6ITSVX2S )[MRK 6( Finite
Uplifting Response of Structures Subjected to Element Analysis of Reinforced Masonry Building
Earthquake Motions%YKYWXTT Components Designed by a Tentative Masonry Limit
States Design Standard1EVGLTT
6ITSVX2S ,EVX + 7ENNEH 2 ERH
&EWLEVOLEL 1 Inelastic Column Analysis 6ITSVX2S )[MRK6./EVMSXMWERH
Computer Program INCAP :IVWMSR 1EVGL % )P1YWXETLE LPM/I, A Computer Program for
the Nonlinear, Dynamic Analysis of Lumped
Parameter Models%YKYWXTT
6ITSVX2S ,SRK ;/ ,EVX +'
ERH )RKPIOMVO 6) *SVGI(IJPIGXMSR )ZEPYEXMSR ERH 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW . )P1YWXETLE
1SHIPW JSV 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 'SPSVEHS *PI\YVEP ;EPPW % ERH )[MRK 6 Influence of Foundation Model
(IGIQFIV on the Uplifting of Structures.YP]TT
6ITSVX2S ,EVX+ ' .E[ .; ERH 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW . 6ELQER %
0S[ =/ 7'M Model for University of Colorado ERH )P1YWXETLE % Investigation of Current
Flexural Walls(IGIQFIVTT Seismic Design Provisions for Reinforced Masonry
Shear Walls.ERYEV]TT
6ITSVX2S ,EVX+'7ENNEH2ERH
&EWLEVOLEL1Inelastic Masonry Flexural Shear 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW . 6ELQER %
Wall Analysis Computer Program *IFVYEV] ;EUJM 3 ERH )[MRK 6 Version 1.03 LPM/I - A
TT Computer Program for the Nonlinear, Dynamic
Analysis of Lumped Parameter Models *IFVYEV]
6ITSVX2S ,EVX +' )RKPIOMVO TT
6)7VMRMZEWER 1,YERK7' ERH(VEK(.
Seismic Performance Study, DPC Gymnasium, 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW.;EUJM3ERH
Elastic Time History Analysis Using SAP90 )[MRK 6 A Computer Program Using Beam
*IFVYEV]TT Elements for the Nonlinear, Dynamic Analysis of
Lumped Parameter Models*IFVYEV]TT
6ITSVX2S ,EVX +' )RKPIOMVO
6) 7VMRMZEWER 1 ,YERK 7' ERH (VEK (. 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW.ERH;EUJM3
Seismic Performance Study, TMS Shopping Center, Comparison of the Dynamic Response of a Damped
Elastic Time History Analysis Using SAP90 MDOF Nonlinear Beam Model with an Equivalent
*IFVYEV]TT SDOF Hysteretic Model%TVMPTT
6ITSVX2S,EVX+')RKPIOMVO6) 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW.ERH;EUJM3

.E[ .; 7VMRMZEWER 1 ,YERK 7' ERH (VEK Recommended Procedure for Calculation of the
(. Seismic Performance Study, RCJ Hotel Balanced Reinforcement Ratio*IFVYEV]TT
*IFVYEV]TT
6ITSVX2SF &YXXSR 16 ERH 1E]IW
6ITSVX2S,EVX+')RKPIOMVO6) 60 Out-of-Plane Seismic Response of Reinforced
7VMRMZEWER 1 ,YERK 7' ERH (VEK (. Masonry Walls: Correlation of Full-Scale Test and
Performance Study, 2-Story Masonry Wall-Frame Analytical Model Results1EVGLTT
Building*IFVYEV]TT
6ITSVX2SE 7GVMZIRIV . 7YQQEV] SJ
6ITSVX2S,EVX+')RKPIOMVO6) *MRHMRKWSJ']GPMG8IWXWSR1EWSRV]4MIVW.YRI
.E[ .; 7VMRMZEWER 1 ,YERK 7' ERH (VEK TT
(. Seismic Performance Study, Designed by
Tentative Limit Sates Design Standard *IFVYEV] 6ITSVX2SE 7LMRK 4& 2SPERH .
TT 7TEIL,/PEQIVYW)ERH7GLYPPIV1Response of
Single-Story Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls to In-
6ITSVX2S )[MRK 6( % )P Plane Lateral Loads.ERYEV]TT
1YWXETLE ERH /EVMSXMW . FEM/I - A Finite
Element Computer Program for the Nonlinear Static 6ITSVX2SF 7IMFPI*ERH0E6SZIVI,
Analysis of Reinforced Masonry Building 7YQQEV] SJ 4WIYHS(]REQMG 8IWXMRK *IFVYEV]
Components (IGIQFIV 6IZMWIH .YRI TT
TT
6ITSVX2SF -KEVEWLM %7IMFPI* ERH Intersections in Concrete Masonry Construction:

,IKIQMIV + (IZIPSTQIRX SJ XLI +IRIVEXIH Part II: Theoretical.
7IUYIRXMEP HMWTPEGIQIRX 4VSGIHYVI ERH XLI 7MQYPEXIH
7IMWQMG8IWXMRKSJXLI8''1E68LVII7XSV]-R4PERI 6ITSVX2S 4SVXIV 1 ERH 7EFVM %
;EPPW.YRI Plank Diaphragm Characteristics.YP]TT
6ITSVX2SG 1IVV]QER / 0IMZE + 6ITSVX2S 4SVXIV1=ISQERW*ERH

%RXVSFYW & ERH /PMRKRIV 6 In-Plane Seismic .SLRW%%WWIQFP]SJ)\MWXMRK(METLVEKQ(EXE.YP]
Resistance of Two-Story Concrete Masonry Coupled TT
Shear Walls7ITXIQFIVTT
6ITSVX2S 7GVMZIRIV . Bond of
6ITSVX2SG 0IMZE + ERH /PMRKRIV Reinforcement in Grouted Hollow Unit Masonry: A
6 In-plane Seismic Resistance of Two-story State-of-the-Art.YRITT
Concrete Masonry Shear Walls with Openings
%YKYWXTT 6ITSVX2S 7SVMG > ERH 8YPMR 0
Bond Splices in Reinforced Masonry %YKYWX
6ITSVX2SE ,EQMH % %FFSYH & TT
*EVEL 1 ,EXIQ / ERH ,EVVMW , Response of
Reinforced Block Masonry Walls to Out-of-Plane 6ITSVX2S 4EYPWSR8ERH%FVEQW(
Static Loads7ITXIQFIVTT 1IEWYVIH -RIPEWXMG 6IWTSRWI SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 1EWSRV]
&YMPHMRK 7XVYGXYVIW XS )EVXLUYEOI 1SXMSRW 3GXSFIV
6ITSVX2SF %KFEFMER 1 %HLEQ 7 TT
1EWVM 7 %ZERIWWMER : ERH 8VEMRE : Out-of-
Plane Dynamic Testing of Concrete Masonry Walls 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + A Limit State
:ERH.YP]TT Design Method for Reinforced Masonry.YRI
6ITSVX2SF &PSRHIX 1 ERH 1E]IW 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + Expected Value
60 The Transverse Response of Clay Masonry Design in the Context of a Limit Sate Design
Walls Subjected to Strong Motion Earthquakes, V. 1: Methodology*IFVYEV]
General Information%TVMPTT 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + ERH >SVETETIP
6ITSVX2SF &PSRHIX 1 ERH 1E]IW +8 Reliability of Concrete Masonry Wall
60 The Transverse Response of Clay Masonry Structures(IGIQFIVTT
Walls Subjected to Strong Motion Earthquakes, V. 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + ERH 7ENNEH 2
2: Walls No. 4 and 6 (Group 1)%TVMPTT Confinement in Concrete Masonry(IGIQFIV
6ITSVX2SF &PSRHIX 1 ERH 1E]IW 6ITSVX2S ,EVX + ERH .ERK .
60 The Transverse Response of Clay Masonry Seismic Performance of Masonry Wall Frames
Walls Subjected to Strong Motion Earthquakes, V. (IGIQFIV
3: Walls No. 8, 9, 10 and 11 (Group 2)%TVMP
TT 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW .' ERH
.SLRWSR %; Design of Reinforced Masonry
6ITSVX2SF &PSRHIX 1 ERH 1E]IW Research Building7ITXIQFIVTT
60 The Transverse Response of Clay Masonry Walls
Subjected to Strong Motion Earthquakes, V. 4: Walls 6ITSVX2S /EVMSXMW .' ERH ;EUJM
No. 3, 5, and 7 (Group 3)%TVMPTT 31 Trial Designs Made in Accordance with
Tentative Limit States Design Standards for
6ITSVX2S ,I 0 ERH 4VMIWXPI] Reinforced Masonry Buildings *IFVYEV]
1.2Seismic Behavior of Flanged Masonry Shear TT
Walls1E]TT
6ITSVX2S 7IMFPI * Report on
6ITSVX2S ,I 0 ERH 4VMIWXPI] Large Structures Testing Facilities in Japan
1.2Seismic Behavior of Flanged Masonry Shear 7ITXIQFIVTT
Walls -Final Report2SZIQFIVTT
6ITSVX2S 7IMFPI * Design and
6ITSVX2S ,IKIQMIV + ERH Construction of the Charles Lee Powell Structural
1YVEOEQM , On the Behavior of Floor-to-Wall Systems Laboratory2SZIQFIVTT
Intersections in Concrete Masonry Construction: Part
I: Experimental. 6ITSVX2S 7IMFPI * The Japanese
Five-story Full Scale Reinforced Masonry Building
6ITSVX2S ,IKIQMIV + ERH Test.ERYEV]TT
1YVEOEQM , On the Behavior of Floor-to-Wall
C-220 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
6ITSVX2S 7IMFPI*,IKIQMIV+% 3.22. 7GLYPX^ % ) w%R )ZEPYEXMSR SJ 6IMRJSVGMRK
4VMIWXPI] 1.2 /MRKWPI] +6 /YVOGLYFEWGLI &EV7TPMGI6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV7XVIRKXL(IWMKRSJ1EWSRV]
%ERH-KEVEWLM%The U.S. - TCCMAR Five-story 7XVYGXYVIWx 'SYRGMP JSV 1EWSRV] 6IWIEVGL ,IVRHSR
Full Scale Masonry Research Building Test - :%(IGIQFIVTT
Preliminary Report3GXSFIVTT
3.23. 7GLYPX^ % ) w% 6IIZEPYEXMSR SJ
6ITSVX2S TCCMaR, Summary Report: 6IMRJSVGMRK &EV 7TPMGI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV]
U. S. Coordinated Program for Masonry Building 7XVYGXYVIWEGGSVHMRKXSXLI17.'7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
Research7ITXIQFIVXS%YKYWXTT 4VSZMWMSRWx -RXIVREXMSREP 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI %RRETSPMW
1(1E]TT
6ITSVX2S TCCMaR, Status Report -
U.S. Coordinated Program for Masonry Building 3.24. &PEOI . ( w0ET 7TPMGI &ILEZMSV MR 'SRGVIXI
Research2SZIQFIVTT 1EWSRV] ;EPPW YRHIV *PI\YVEP 0SEHMRKx 17 XLIWMW
(ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP ERH )RZMVSRQIRXEP )RKMRIIVMRK
3.12. 1MVÊ7% 0II41 ERH 1SVKER(0 ;EWLMRKXSR7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]4YPPQER;%TT
w%'-WXEFMPMX]VIWMWXERGIJEGXSVJSV6'GSPYQRWx.SYVREPSJ
7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK%7') 3.25. &PEOI . ( 1EVWL 1 0 ERH 1G0IER ( -
w0ET7TPMGIWMR*PI\YVEPP]0SEHIH1EWSRV];EPPWxTMS
3.13. 1EG+VIKSV .+ &VIIR .) ERH 4JVERK )3 Journal : 2S TT 8LI 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
w(IWMKR SJ WPIRHIV GSRGVIXI GSPYQRWx %'- &SYPHIV'3
.SYVREP
3.26. 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR
3.14. %WWMW +* ERH ,EQMH %% Compression w)ZEPYEXMSR SJ XLI )JJIGXW SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
Behavior of Concrete Masonry Prisms Under Strain 7XVYGXYVEP 'SZIV SZIV 7TPMGIH 6IMRJSVGMRK &EVWx
Gradient TMS Journal : 2S 8LI 1EWSRV] ,IVRHSR:%(IGIQFIVTT
7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
3.27. 7SVMG>8YPMR0+w&SRH7XVIWWERH7PMTMR
3.15. &VS[R6,Compressive Stress Distribution of 1EWSRV]6IMRJSVGIH[MXL7TPMGIH6IMRJSVGIQIRXx817
Grouted Hollow Clay Masonry Under Strain Gradient .SYVREP:2STT888LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]
817 .SYVREP : 2S 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV'3
&SYPHIV'3
3.28. 7YXIV+8*IRXSR+%w7TPMGI0IRKXL8IWXW
3.16. 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPWx 8LI 1EWSRV]
w)ZEPYEXMSR SJ 6IMRJSVGMRK &EV 7TPMGI 'VMXIVME JSV 7SGMIX].YRIT
,SPPS[ 'PE] &VMGO ERH ,SPPS[ 'SRGVIXI &PSGO
1EWSRV]x,IVRHSR:%1E] 3.29. 2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSRw)JJIGXW
SJ 'SRJMRIQIRX 6IMRJSVGIQIRX SR &EV 7TPMGI
3.17. 8LSQTWSR .. w&ILEZMSV ERH (IWMKR SJ 4IVJSVQERGI z 7YQQEV] SJ 6IWIEVGL ERH (IWMKR
8IRWMSR 0ET 7TPMGIW MR 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 6IGSQQIRHEXMSRWx 6IWIEVGL 6ITSVX ,IVRHSR :%
1EWXIVW 8LIWMW(ITEVXQIRXSJ'MZMPERH)RZMVSRQIRXEP *IFVYEV]
)RKMRIIVMRK ;EWLMRKXSR 7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX] 4YPPQER
;EWLMRKXSR 3.30. ,SKER 1& 7EQFPERIX 4. ERH 8LSQEW
6( w6IWIEVGL )ZEPYEXMSR SJ 6IMRJSVGMRK &EV 7TPMGIW
3.18. ,EQQSRW1-%XOMRWSR6,7GLYPPIV14 MR 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI XL
8MOEPWO] 4. w1EWSRV] 6IWIEVGL JSV 0MQMX7XEXIW -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO&PSGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 8SRKNM
(IWMKRx 'SRWXVYGXMSR 4VSHYGXMZMX] %HZERGIQIRX 9RMZIVWMX]7LERKLEM'LMRE3GXSFIVTT
6IWIEVGL 4VSKVEQ 8IGLRMGEP 6ITSVX '4%670
3GXSFIVTT 3.31. %QVLIMR .) ERH 0II () w(IWMKR SJ
6IMRJSVGIH1EWSRV]8EPP7PIRHIV;EPPWx;IWXIVR
3.19. &SVGLIPX .+ ERH .0 )PHIV w6IMRJSVGMRK &EV 7XEXIW'PE]4VSHYGXW%WWSGMEXMSRTT
7TPMGIWMR,SPPS[&VMGO1EWSRV]x4VSGIIHMRKWSJXLIXL
-RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO&PSGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 8SRKNM 3.32. ;EPPEGI .; ERH 3VEOGEP / w%'-
9RMZIVWMX]7LERKLEM'LMRE3GXSFIVTT 4VSZMWMSRWJSV7IMWQMG(IWMKRSJ7XVYGXYVEP;EPPWx%'-
7XVYGXYVEP.SYVREP:2S.YP]%YKYWX
3.20. 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR w)JJIGXW
SJ'SRJMRIQIRX6IMRJSVGIQIRXSR&EV7TPMGI4IVJSVQERGI 3.33. 4EYPE] 8 w8LI (IWMKR SJ (YGXMPI 6IMRJSVGIH
z 7YQQEV] SJ 6IWIEVGL ERH (IWMKR 6IGSQQIRHEXMSRWx 'SRGVIXI 7XVYGXYVEP ;EPPW JSV )EVXLUYEOI 6IWMWXERGIx
166IWIEVGL6ITSVX,IVRHSR:%.YP] )EVXLUYEOI7TIGXVE))6-:2STT
3.21. 1NIPHI > 1G0IER (- 8LSQTWSR . . ERH 3.34. ;EPPEGI.;w%2I[1IXLSHSPSK]JSV7IMWQMG
1G+MRPI];1w4IVJSVQERGISJ0ET7TPMGIWMR'SRGVIXI (IWMKR SJ 6' 7LIEV ;EPPWx .SYVREP SJ 7XVYGXYVEP
1EWSRV] 7LIEV ;EPPWx TMS Journal : 2S 8LI )RKMRIIVMRK%7'):2STT
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
3.35. ;EPPEGI .; ERH 1SILPI .4 w(YGXMPMX] ERH 4.12. 0IRG^RIV ( 'VIIT ERH 7XVIWW 6IPE\EXMSR MR
(IXEMPMRK 6IUYMVIQIRXW SJ &IEVMRK ;EPP &YMPHMRKWx 7XEGO&SRHIH &VMGO 1EWSRV] 4VMWQW % 4MPSX 7XYH]
.SYVREPSJ7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK%7'):2S (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 'PIQWSR 9RMZIVWMX]
TT 'PIQWSR7'1E]TT
4.13. 0IRG^RIV('VIITERH0SWWSJ4VIWXVIWWMR7XEGO
&SRHIH &VMGO 1EWSRV] 4VMWQW 4MPSX 7XYH] 7XEKI --
References, Chapter 4 (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 9RMZIVWMX] SJ -PPMRSMW
9VFERE'LEQTEMKR-0%YKYWXTT
4.1. 7GLYPX^%)ERH7GSPJSVS1.%R3ZIVZMI[
SJ4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]TMS Journal:2STT 4.14. 7LVMZI 2+ )JJIGXW SJ 8MQI (ITIRHIRX
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 1SZIQIRXWMR'SQTSWMXIERH4SWX8IRWMSRIH1EWSRV]
Masonry International : 2S &VMXMWL 1EWSRV]
4.2. ;SSHLEQ (& ERH ,EQMPXSR --- ,6
7SGMIX]0SRHSR)RKPERH7TVMRKTT
w1SRMXSVMRK 4VIWXVIWW 0SWWIW MR 4SWX8IRWMSRIH
'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x Proceedings XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 4.15. %781%Standard Specification for Steel
1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 'PIQWSR 7SYXL 'EVSPMRE .YRI Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
%QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK ;IWX
'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
4.3. Code of Practice for the Use of Masonry, Part 2:
Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry &7 &VMXMWL 4.16. %781 % 7XEndard Specification for
7XERHEVHW-RWXMXYXMSR0SRHSR)RKPERH Uncoated Stress-Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed
Concrete %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK
4.4. 4LMTTW 1) 8LI 'SHMJMGEXMSR SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
1EWSRV](IWMKRProceedings7M\XL'EREHMER1EWSRV]
7]QTSWMYQ 7EWOEXSSR 7EWOEXGLI[ER 'EREHE .YRI 4.17. %781 % Standard Specification for
TT Uncoated High-Strength Steel Bars for Prestressing
Concrete %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH 8IWXMRK
4.5. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS 1. )RKMRIIVMRK ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
(IWMKR 4VSZMWMSRW JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] 4EVX
1EWSRV] 7XVIWWIW TMS Journal : 2S TT 4.18. ,EQMPXSR --- ,6 ERH &EHKIV ''6 w'VIIT
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3 0SWWIW MR 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x TMS
Journal : 2S TT 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX]
4.6. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS 1. )RKMRIIVMRK &SYPHIV'3
(IWMKR4VSZMWMSRWJSV4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]4EVX7XIIP
7XVIWWIWERH3XLIV'SRWMHIVEXMSRWTMS Journal: 4.19. &MKKW (8 ERH +ER^ ,6 w8LI 'SHMJMGEXMSR
2S TT 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV '3 SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH 1EWSRV] MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIWx
Proceedings, *MJXL -RXIVREXMSREP 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
0SRHSR9/3GXSFIVTT
4.7. Post-Tensioned Masonry Structures :70
-RXIVREXMSREP 0XH :70 6ITSVX 7IVMIW &IVRI 4.20. 2'1% 8)/% w4SWXXIRWMSRIH 'SRGVIXI
7[MXÎVPERHTT 1EWSRV] ;EPP (IWMKRx 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSR
4.8. 'YVXMR ;+ 7LE[ + ERH&IGO ./ Design
of Reinforced and Prestressed Masonry8LSQEW8IPJSVH 4.21. 7XMIV[EPX (( ERH ,EQMPXSR --- ,6
0XH0SRHSR)RKPERHTT w6IWXVEMRX)JJIGXMZIRIWWMR9RFSRHIH8IRHSRWJSV4SWX
XIRWMSRIH 1EWSRV]x ACI Structural Journal 2SZ(IG
4.9. 4LMTTW 1) ERH 1SRXEKYI 8- 8LI (IWMKR SJ :2STT
4VIWXVIWWIH 'SRGVIXI &PSGO[SVO (METLVEKQ ;EPPW
Aggregate Concrete Block Association )RKPERH 4.22. 7GSPJSVS 1. ERH &SVGLIPX .+ (IWMKR SJ
TT 6IMRJSVGIH ERH 4VIWXVIWWIH 7PIRHIV 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
Proceedings -RRSZEXMZI 0EVKI 7TER 7XVYGXYVIW 8LI
4.10 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced 'EREHMER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW1SRXVIEP'EREHE
Concrete %'- %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI .YP]TT
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
4.23. 7GLYPX^ %) &IER .6 ERH 7XSPEVWOM , /
4.11. 6IGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV )WXMQEXMRK 4VIWXVIWW w6IWMWXERGI SJ 7PIRHIV 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
0SWWIW 6ITSVX SJ 4'- 'SQQMXXIISR 4VIWXVIWW 0SWWIW
[MXL 9RFSRHIH 8IRHSRW XS 8VERWZIVWI 0SEHMRKx
Journal of the Prestressed Concrete Institute:2S
Proceedings XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
'LMGEKS-0.YP]%YKYWXTT 'PIQWSR7SYXL'EVSPMRE.YRI
C-222 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
4.24. &IER .6 ERH 7GLYPX^%) w*PI\YVEP 'ETEGMX] References, Chapter 6

SJ 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW'SHI 6IZMI[ ERH
6IGSQQIRHIH 4VSGIHYVIx 48- .SYVREP : 2S 6.1. &VS[R 6, ERH %VYQYPE .3 w&VMGO :IRIIV
.ERYEV]TT [MXL 1IXEP 7XYH &EGOYT %R )\TIVMQIRXEP ERH
%REP]XMGEP7XYH]x4VSGIIHMRKW7IGSRH2SVXL%QIVMGER
4.25. &IER 4STILR . 6 ERH 7GLYPX^ %) w(IWMKR 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV
4VSZMWMSRWJSV4SWX8IRWMSRIH1EWSRV];EPPW7YFNIGXXS '3%YKYWXTTXS
0EXIVEP 0SEHMRKx Proceedings XL -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO
ERH &PSGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI 7]HRI] %YWXVEPME 6.2. w&VMGO :IRIIV 7XIIP 7XYH ;EPPWx 8IGLRMGEP 2SXI
*IFVYEV] SR&VMGO'SRWXVYGXMSR2S&&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR
6IWXSR:%(IGIQFIV
4.26. &IER 4STILR .IRRMJIV 6 w1IGLERMGW ERH
&ILEZMSV SJ 7PIRHIV 4SWX8IRWMSRIH 1EWSRV] ;EPPW XS 6.3. +VMQQ '8 ERH /PMRKRIV 6) w'VEGO
8VERWZIVWI 0SEHMRKx 4L( HMWWIVXEXMSR 9RMZIVWMX] SJ 4VSFEFMPMX] MR &VMGO :IRIIV SZIV 7XIIP 7XYHWx
1MRRIWSXE 4VSGIIHMRKW *MJXL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3.YRITT
4.27. +YMHI 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK
1EXIVMEPW Post-Tensioning Manual XL )HMXMSR 4SWX
8IRWMSRMRK-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT 6.4. /IPP] 8 +SSHWSR 1 1E]IW 6 ERH %WLIV .
w%REP]WMWSJXLI&ILEZMSVSJ%RGLSVIH&VMGO:IRIIVSR1IXEP
4.28. 7ERHIVW(,&VIIR.)ERH(YRGER66--- 7XYH 7]WXIQW 7YFNIGXIH XS ;MRH ERH )EVXLUYEOI *SVGIWx
7XVIRKXL ERH &ILEZMSV SJ 'PSWIP] 7TEGIH 4SWX 4VSGIIHMRKW*MJXL2SVXL%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI8LI
8IRWMSRIH 1SRSWXVERH %RGLSVEKIW 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3.YRITT
-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT
6.5. w7XVYGXYVEP &EGOYT 7]WXIQW JSV 'SRGVIXI
1EWSRV] :IRIIVWx 2'1% 8)/ % 2EXMSREP
'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%
References, Chapter 5
6.6. 2'1%8)/% 'PE]ERH'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
5.1. &EOIV-3A Treatise on Masonry Construction &ERHMRK (IXEMPW 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
9RMZIVWMX]SJ-PPMRSMW'LEQTEMKR-0 %WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%
%PWSXL)HMXMSR.SLR;MPI]
7SRW2I[=SVO2=
TT 6.7. &-%)
6(MKIWXSR'SQFMREXMSRWSJ1EXIVMEPW
&VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%
5.2. w6IGSQQIRHIH 1MRMQYQ 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
1EWSRV] ;EPP 'SRWXVYGXMSRx Publication 2S &, 6.8. &-% 8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW % %GGSQQSHEXMRK
2EXMSREP&YVIEYSJ7XERHEVHW;EWLMRKXSR(' &VMGO[SVO )\TERWMSR &VMGO -RHYWXV] %WWSGMEXMSR
6IWXSR:%2SZIQFIV
5.3. w1SHMJMGEXMSRW MR 6IGSQQIRHIH 1MRMQYQ
6IUYMVIQIRXWJSV1EWSRV];EPP'SRWXVYGXMSRx2EXMSREP 6.9. w8LI 4IVQERIRX ;SSH *SYRHEXMSR 7]WXIQx
&YVIEYSJ7XERHEVHW;EWLMRKXSR(' 8IGLRMGEP 6ITSVX 2S 2EXMSREP *SVIWX 4VSHYGXW
%WWSGMEXMSR RS[ XLI %QIVMGER *SVIWX ERH 4ETIV
5.4. w%QIVMGER 7XERHEVH &YMPHMRK 'SHI %WWSGMEXMSR ;EWLMRKXSR('.ERYEV]
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV]x %7% % %QIVMGER
7XERHEVHW%WWSGMEXMSR2I[=SVO2= 6.10. w'SRRIGXSVW JSV 1EWSRV]x '%2%1
'EREHMER 7XERHEVHW %WWSGMEXMSR 6I\HEPI 3RXEVMS
5.5. w%QIVMGER 7XERHEVH &YMPHMRK 'SHI 'EREHE
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1EWSRV]x %27- % %QIVMGER
2EXMSREP 7XERHEVHW -RWXMXYXI 2I[ =SVO 2= 6.11. w&VMGO :IRIIV 2I[ *VEQI 'SRWXVYGXMSR
)\MWXMRK*VEQI'SRWXVYGXMSRx8IGLRMGEP2SXIWSR&VMGO
ERH 8MPI 'SRWXVYGXMSR 2S 7XVYGXYVEP 'PE] 4VSHYGXW
5.6. w7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW ERH 0SEH 8EFPIW JSV -RWXMXYXIRS[&VMGO-RHYWXV] %WWSGMEXMSR 6IWXSR :%
7XIIP .SMWXW ERH .SMWX +MVHIVWx 7XIIP .SMWX -RWXMXYXI %YKYWX
1]VXPI&IEGL7'
6.12. 2EXMSREP &YMPHMRK 'SHI &YMPHMRK 3JJMGMEPW ERH
'SHI%HQMRMWXVEXSVW'SYRXV]'PYF,MPPW-0
6.13. 7XERHEVH&YMPHMRK'SHI7SYXLIVR&YMPHMRK'SHI
'SRKVIWW-RXIVREXMSREP&MVQMRKLEQ%0
6.14. 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI -RXIVREXMSREP References, Chapter 8

'SRJIVIRGISJ&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEPW;LMXXMIV'%
8.1. :EVIPE .0 8ERRIV .) ERH /PMRKRIV 6)
6.15. (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH 7YXIV +8 w)\XIVMSV ;EPP w(IZIPSTQIRX SJ 7IMWQMG *SVGI6IHYGXMSR ERH
'SRWXVYGXMSR MR ,MKL6MWI &YMPHMRKW &VMGO :IRIIV SR (MWTPEGIQIRX%QTPMJMGEXMSR*EGXSVWJSV%%'7XVYGXYVIWx
'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]SV7XIIP7XYH;EPP7]WXIQx'EREHE EERI Spectra:2S*IFVYEV]TT
1SVXKEKI ERH ,SYWMRK 'SVTSVEXMSR 3XXE[E 3RXEVMS
'EREHE 8.2. 8ERRIV .) :EVIPE .0 /PMRKRIV 6)
&VMKLXQER 1 . ERH 'ERGMRS 9 w7IMWQMG 8IWXMRK SJ
6.16. /PMRKRIV6)7LMRK4&1G+MRPI];1 %YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%' 7LIEV ;EPPW %
1G0IER ( 1 3OEMP , ERH .S 7 w7IMWQMG 'SQTVILIRWMZI 6IZMI[x Structures Journal %QIVMGER
4IVJSVQERGI 8IWXW SJ 1EWSRV] ERH 1EWSRV] :IRIIVx 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER :
%7811EWSRV]7]QTSWMYQ.YRI 2S1E].YRITT
6.17. 6IRIGOMW ( ERH 0E*EZI . 1 7IMWQMG 8.3. 8ERRIV .) :EVIPE .0 /PMRKRIV 6)
4IVJSVQERGI SJ %RGLSVIH &VMGO :IRIIV 2I[QEVO w(IWMKR ERH 7IMWQMG 8IWXMRK SJ E 8[SWXSV] *YPPWGEPI
7XVYGXYVEP 0EFSVEXSV] 6ITSVX 7IVMIW 2S 27)0 %YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI %%' %WWIQFPEKI
9RMZIVWMX]SJ-PPMRSMW9VFERE-0%YKYWX 7TIGMQIRx Structures Journal %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI
-RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER : 2S
6.18. w,ERHFSSO JSV 'IVEQMG 8MPI -RWXEPPEXMSRx 8MPI .ERYEV]*IFVYEV]TT
'SYRGMPSJ%QIVMGE%RHIVWSR7'.ERYEV]
8.4. %VKYHS .EMQI w)ZEPYEXMSR ERH 7]RXLIWMW SJ
6.19. (MGOI] ;0 w%HLIVIH :IRIIV MR )EVXLUYEOI )\TIVMQIRXEP (EXE JSV %YXSGPEZIH %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXIx
7XSVQ ERH 4VIJEFVMGEXMSRx 4VSGIIHMRKW RH 2SVXL 17 8LIWMW (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 8LI
%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI 'SPPIKI4EVO1(8LI 9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR%YKYWX
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3%YKYWX
8.5. %781 ' Test Method for Flexural
6.20. +YMHI XS 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX 4PEWXIVMRK %'- 6 Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-
%QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1- Point Loading) %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 1EXIVMEPW ERH
8IWXMRK;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
8.6. *SYEH *SYEH (IQFS[WOM .SIP 2I[QER

(EZMH w1EXIVMEP 4VSTIVXMIW ERH 7XVYGXYVEP &ILEZMSV SJ
References, Chapter 7
4PEMRERH6IMRJSVGIH'SQTSRIRXWx(ITEVXQIRXSJ'MZMP
7.1. w*MVI 6IWMWXERGI (MVIGXSV] z :SPYQI x *MPI 2S ERH )RZMVSRQIRXEP )RKMRIIVMRK EX 8LI 9RMZIVWMX] SJ
6 9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW -RG 2SVXLFVSSO -0 %PEFEQEEX&MVQMRKLEQ*IFVYEV]
8.7. /MRKWPI] +6 8YPMR 0 + ERH 2SPERH .0
7.2. w4' +PEWW &PSGO 4VSHYGXWx -RWXEPPEXMSR &VSGLYVI w8LI -RJPYIRGI SJ ;EXIV 'SRXIRX ERH 9RMX %FWSVTXMSR
+& 4MXXWFYVKL'SVRMRK'SVT4MXXWFYVKL4% 4VSTIVXMIW SR +VSYX 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL ERH &SRH
7XVIRKXL MR ,SPPS[ 'PE] 9RMX 1EWSRV]x 4VSGIIHMRKW
7.3. w;)'/+PEWW&PSGOWx+PEWLEYW-RG%VPMRKXSR 8LMVH 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI %VPMRKXSR
,IMKLXW-0 8I\EW
7.4. 7QSPIRWOM 'LIWXIV 4 w% 7XYH] SJ 1SVXEVIH 8.8. 'ERGMRS 9PMWIW w&ILEZMSV SJ %YXSGPEZIH
4'' +PEWW &PSGO 4ERIP 0EXIVEP 0SEH 6IWMWXERGI %IVEXIH'SRGVIXI7LIEV;EPPW[MXL0S[7XVIRKXL%%'x
,MWXSVMGEP 4IVWTIGXMZI ERH (IWMKR -QTPMGEXMSRW x 17 8LIWMW (ITEVXQIRX SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVMRK 8LI
4MXXWFYVKL'SVRMRK'SVTSVEXMSR4MXXWFYVKL4% 9RMZIVWMX]SJ8I\EWEX%YWXMR(IGIQFIV
7.5. 7XVYGXYVEP -RZIWXMKEXMSR SJ 4MXXWFYVKL 'SVRMRK 8.9. :VEXWERSY : 0ERKIV 4 w9RXIVWYGLYRK HIW
+PEWW &PSGO 1EWSRV] 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 7GLYFXVEKZIVLEPXIRW ZSR ;ÈRHIR EYW 4SVIRFIXSR
%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWIEVGL ERH (IZIPSTQIRX 0EFSVEXSV] 4PERWXIMRQEYIV[IVOx6IWIEVGL SR 7LIEV &ILEZMSV SJ
,IVRHSR:%%YKYWX %IVEXIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPW 1EYIV[IVO :
2STT
C-224 TMS 402-11/ACI 530-11/ASCE 5-11
References, Appendix B B.7. (E[I .0 ERH 7IEL '/ F w3YXSJ
TPERI VIWMWXERGI SJ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH TERIPWx
B.1. 'LMSY = 8ÎRK . ERH 0MSY = Can. J. Civ. Engrg3XXE[E
w)\TIVMQIRXEPERH%REP]XMGEP7XYH]SJ1EWSRV]-RJMPPIH
*VEQIWx .SYVREP SJ 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK B.8. *PEREKER 6( ERH &IRRIXX 61 F
w%VGLMRK SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH JVEQIW GSQTEVMWSR SJ
EREP]XMGEP QIXLSHWx Practice Periodical on Structural
B.2. *PEREKER6(ERH&IRRIXX61E w-R Design and Construction%7')
TPERIFILEZMSV SJWXVYGXYVEPGPE] XMPI MRJMPPIH JVEQIWx J.
Struct. Engrg%7') B.9. /PMRKRIV6)6YFMERS26&EWLERH]8ERH
7[IIRI] 7 w)ZEPYEXMSR ERH %REP]XMGEP :IVMJMGEXMSR SJ
B.3. (E[I.0ERH7IEL'/E w&ILEZMSVSJ -RJMPPIH*VEQI8IWX(EXExTMS Journal:2S8LI
QEWSRV] MRJMPPIH WXIIP JVEQIWx Can. J. Civ. Engrg., 1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
3XXE[E
B.10. %7') 7IMWQMG6ILEFMPMXEXMSRSJ)\MWXMRK
B.4. 6MHHMRKXSR.6 w8LIMRJPYIRGISJMRMXMEP &YMPHMRKW 7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVMRK -RWXMXYXI SJ XLI
KETW SR MRJMPPIH JVEQI FILEZMSVx Proc. Instn. Civ. %QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ'MZMP)RKMRIIVW6IWXSR:%
Engrs.,
B.11. 8YGOIV ' w4VIHMGXMRK XLI -RTPERI
B.5. *PEREKER 6( ERH &IRRIXX 61 w-R 'ETEGMX] SJ 1EWSRV] -RJMPPIH *VEQIWx 4L(
TPERI EREP]WMW SJ QEWSRV] MRJMPP QEXIVMEPWx Practice (MWWIVXEXMSR8IRRIWWII8IGLRSPSKMGEP9RMZIVWMX]
Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
%7') B.12. ,IRHIVWSR 6 ' 4SVXIV 10 .SRIW ;(
&YVHIXXI )+ w4VMSV 3YXSJTPERI (EQEKI SR
B.6. %FVEQW(4%RKIP6ERH9ÊVWOM. XLI-RTPERI&ILEZMSVSJ1EWSRV]-RJMPPIH*VEQIWxTMS
8VERWZIVWI 7XVIRKXL SJ (EQEKIH 961 -RJMPPWx Journal 817 : 2S TT 8LI 1EWSRV]
4VSGIIHMRKW SJ XLI 7M\XL 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
'SRJIVIRGI4LMPEHIPTLME4%
(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS AND KEYWORDS, pg. S-iii
PREFACE, S-1
PART 1 — GENERAL, pg. S-3

{7YQQEV]7
{(IJMRMXMSRW7
{6IJIVIRGIWXERHEVHW7
{7]WXIQHIWGVMTXMSR7
{7YFQMXXEPW7
{5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI7
{(IPMZIV]WXSVEKIERHLERHPMRK7
{4VSNIGXGSRHMXMSRW7
PART 2 — PRODUCTS, pg. S-31

{1SVXEVQEXIVMEPW7
{+VSYXQEXIVMEPW7
{1EWSRV]YRMXQEXIVMEPW7
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW7
{%GGIWWSVMIW7
{1M\MRK7
{*EFVMGEXMSR7
PART 3 — EXECUTION, pg. S-51

{-RWTIGXMSR7
{4VITEVEXMSR7
{1EWSRV]IVIGXMSR7
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXXMIERHERGLSVMRWXEPPEXMSR7
{+VSYXTPEGIQIRX7
{4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMRWXEPPEXMSRERHWXVIWWMRKTVSGIHYVI7
{*MIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7
{'PIERMRK7
FOREWORD TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLISTS, pg. S-71

1ERHEXSV]6IUYMVIQIRXW'LIGOPMWX7
3TXMSREP6IUYMVIQIRXW'LIGOPMWX7
REFERENCES FOR THE SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY, pg. S-77

S-ii TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES S-iii

(TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11)
SYNOPSIS
8LMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817%'-%7') MW

[VMXXIR EW E QEWXIV WTIGMJMGEXMSR ERH MW VIUYMVIH F] &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817%'-%7') XSGSRXVSPQEXIVMEPWPEFSV
ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR 8LYW XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR GSZIVW QMRMQYQ GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
JSVQEWSRV]MRWXVYGXYVIW-RGPYHIHEVIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVQEXIVMEPWXLI
TPEGMRK FSRHMRK ERH ERGLSVMRK SJ QEWSRV] ERH XLI TPEGIQIRX SJ KVSYX ERH SJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 8LMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MW QIERX XS FI VIJIVIRGIH MR XLI 4VSNIGX 1ERYEP
-RHMZMHYEPTVSNIGXVIUYMVIQIRXWQE]WYTTPIQIRXXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
Keywords%%'QEWSRV]ERGLSVWEYXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXI%%' QEWSRV]GPE]

FVMGO GPE] XMPI GSRGVIXI FPSGO GSRGVIXI FVMGO GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRWXVYGXMSR QEXIVMEPW
GYVMRK KVSYX KVSYXMRK MRWTIGXMSR NSMRXW QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW LERHPMRK QSVXEVW
QEXIVMEP ERH TPEGIQIRX UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI ERH UYEPMX] GSRXVSP VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXMIWXIWXWXSPIVERGIW
S-iv TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
SPECIFICATION FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY S-1
SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY
PREFACE INTRODUCTION
P1. 8LMW4VIJEGIMWMRGPYHIHJSVI\TPEREXSV]TYVTSWIW 'LETXIV SJ XLI Building Code Requirements for
SRP] MX HSIW RSX JSVQ E TEVX SJ 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 Masonry Structures 817 %'- %7')
%'-%7') QEOIWXLISpecification for Masonry Structures817
%'- %7') ER MRXIKVEP TEVX SJ XLI
P2. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR817%'-%7') 'SHI 817 %'- %7')
MWEVIJIVIRGIWXERHEVH[LMGLXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQE] 7TIGMJMGEXMSR WIXW QMRMQYQ GSRWXVYGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
GMXIMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWJSVER]TVSNIGXXSKIXLIV[MXL VIKEVHMRK XLI QEXIVMEPW YWIH MR ERH XLI IVIGXMSR SJ
WYTTPIQIRXEV]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSVXLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGX QEWSRV] WXVYGXYVIW 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW EVI [VMXXIR XS WIX
QMRMQYQ EGGITXEFPI PIZIPW SJ TIVJSVQERGI JSV XLI
P3. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7') GSRXVEGXSV 8LMW GSQQIRXEV] MW HMVIGXIH XS XLI
MW [VMXXIR MR XLI XLVIITEVX WIGXMSR JSVQEX SJ XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV[VMXMRKXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
'SRWXVYGXMSR 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW -RWXMXYXI EW EHETXIH F] %'-
8LMW 'SQQIRXEV] GSZIVW WSQISJXLITSMRXW XLEX XLI
8LIPERKYEKIMWKIRIVEPP]MQTIVEXMZIERHXIVWI
1EWSRV] 7XERHEVHW .SMRX 'SQQMXXII 17.' GSRWMHIVIH
MR HIZIPSTMRK XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLI 'SHI [LMGL EVI
P4. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7')
[VMXXIR MRXS XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR *YVXLIV I\TPEREXMSR ERH
MW MRXIRHIH XS FI YWIH MR MXW IRXMVIX] F] VIJIVIRGI MR
HSGYQIRXEXMSR SJ WSQI SJ XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW
XLI TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW -RHMZMHYEP WIGXMSRW EVXMGPIW SV
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI MRGPYHIH 'SQQIRXW SR WTIGMJMG
TEVEKVETLW WLSYPH RSX FI GSTMIH MRXS XLI TVSNIGX
TVSZMWMSRW EVI QEHI YRHIV XLI GSVVIWTSRHMRK TEVX SV
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWWMRGIXEOMRKXLIQSYXSJGSRXI\XQE]GLERKI
WIGXMSRERHEVXMGPIRYQFIVWSJXLMW'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
XLIMVQIERMRK
%W WXEXIH MR XLI 4VIJEGI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817
P5. 8LIWI QERHEXSV] VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH HIWMKREXI %'- %7') MW E VIJIVIRGI WXERHEVH
XLI WTIGMJMG UYEPMXMIW TVSGIHYVIW QEXIVMEPW ERH [LMGL XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] GMXI MR XLI GSRXVEGX
TIVJSVQERGIGVMXIVMEJSV[LMGLEPXIVREXMZIWEVITIVQMXXIHSV HSGYQIRXW JSV ER] TVSNIGX 3[RIVW XLVSYKL XLIMV
JSV [LMGL TVSZMWMSRW [IVIRSX QEHI MR XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR VITVIWIRXEXMZIW %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] [VMXI
)\GITXMSRW XS XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR WLSYPH FI QEHI MR XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW MRXS GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW XLEX EVI QSVI
TVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRWMJVIUYMVIH WXVMRKIRX XLERXLSWI SJ 817%'- %7')
8LMW GER FI EGGSQTPMWLIH [MXL WYTTPIQIRXEP
P6 % WXEXIQIRX WYGL EW XLI JSPPS[MRK [MPP WIVZI XS WTIGMJMGEXMSRWXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
QEOI7TIGMJMGEXMSR817%'- %7')
8LI GSRXVEGXSV WLSYPH RSX FI VIUYMVIH XLVSYKL GSRXVEGX
ERSJJMGMEPTEVXSJXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
HSGYQIRXW XS GSQTP] [MXL XLI 'SHI SV XS EWWYQI
VIWTSRWMFMPMX] VIKEVHMRK HIWMKR 'SHI VIUYMVIQIRXW 8LI
1EWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRERHQEXIVMEPWWLEPPGSRJSVQXSXLI
'SHI MW RSX MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI E TEVX SJ XLI GSRXVEGX
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW817
HSGYQIRXW
%'- %7') TYFPMWLIH F] 8LI
1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'SPSVEHSXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI 8LI 4VIJEGI ERH XLI *SVI[SVH XS 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
-RWXMXYXI *EVQMRKXSR ,MPPW 1MGLMKER ERH XLI %QIVMGER 'LIGOPMWXWGSRXEMRMRJSVQEXMSRXLEXI\TPEMRWXLIJYRGXMSRERH
7SGMIX] SJ 'MZMP )RKMRIIVW 6IWXSR :MVKMRME I\GITX EW YWISJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR8LI'LIGOPMWXWEVIEWYQQEV]SJXLI
QSHMJMIHF]XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLIWIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW %VXMGPIW XLEX VIUYMVI E HIGMWMSR F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
TVITEVMRK XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW 4VSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
WLSYPHMRGPYHIXLIMRJSVQEXMSRXLEXVIPEXIWXSXLSWI'LIGOPMWX
MXIQW XLEXEVI TIVXMRIRX XSXLITVSNIGX)EGL TVSNIGXVIUYMVIW
VIWTSRWIXSXLIQERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXW
S-2 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
PART 1 — GENERAL
1.1 — Summary 1.1 — Summary

1.1 A.8LMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR GSZIVW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
QEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]WXVYGXYVIW7-ZEPYIW
WLS[RMRTEVIRXLIWIWEVITVSZMHIHJSVMRJSVQEXMSRSRP]ERH
EVIRSXTEVXSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
1.1 B. 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR WYTTPIQIRXW XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRK GSHI ERH KSZIVRW XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV]
IPIQIRXW HIWMKRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI 'SHI I\GITX
[LIVI XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MW MR GSRJPMGX [MXL VIUYMVIQIRXW MR
XLIPIKEPP]EHSTXIHFYMPHMRKGSHI8LMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRHIJMRIW
XLIQMRMQYQEGGITXEFPIWXERHEVHWSJGSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGI
1.1 C. 8LMWEVXMGPIGSZIVWXLIJYVRMWLMRKERHGSRWXVYGXMSR 1.1 C. 8LI WGSTI SJ XLI [SVO MW SYXPMRIH MR XLMW
SJQEWSRV]MRGPYHMRKXLIJSPPS[MRK EVXMGPI%PPSJXLIWIXEWOWERHQEXIVMEPW[MPPRSXETTIEVMR
IZIV]TVSNIGX
*YVRMWLMRKERHTPEGMRKQEWSRV]YRMXWKVSYXQSVXEV
QEWSRV]PMRXIPWWMPPWGSTMRKWXLVSYKL[EPPJPEWLMRK
ERHGSRRIGXSVW
*YVRMWLMRK IVIGXMRK ERH QEMRXEMRMRK SJ FVEGMRK
JSVQMRKWGEJJSPHMRKVMKKMRKERHWLSVMRK
*YVRMWLMRK ERH MRWXEPPMRK SXLIV IUYMTQIRX JSV
GSRWXVYGXMRKQEWSRV]
'PIERMRK QEWSRV] ERH VIQSZMRK WYVTPYW QEXIVMEP
ERH[EWXI
-RWXEPPMRKPMRXIPWREMPMRKFPSGOWMRWIVXW[MRHS[ERH
HSSV JVEQIW GSRRIGXSVW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR MXIQW XS
FIFYMPXMRXSXLIQEWSRV]ERHFYMPHMRKMRZIRXTMTIW
GSRHYMXW ERH SXLIV MXIQW JYVRMWLIH ERH PSGEXIH F]
SXLIVXVEHIW
1.2 — Definitions 1.2 — Definitions
A. Acceptable, accepted — %GGITXEFPI XS SVEGGITXIH *SV GSRWMWXIRX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR MX MW
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV RIGIWWEV]XSHIJMRIXIVQWXLEXLEZITEVXMGYPEVQIERMRKMR
XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI HIJMRMXMSRW KMZIR EVI JSV YWI MR
B. Architect/Engineer — 8LI EVGLMXIGX IRKMRIIV
ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR SRP] ERH HS RSX EP[E]W
EVGLMXIGXYVEP JMVQ IRKMRIIVMRK JMVQ SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP ERH
GSVVIWTSRH XS SVHMREV] YWEKI (IJMRMXMSRW LEZI FIIR
IRKMRIIVMRK JMVQ MWWYMRK HVE[MRKW ERH WTIGMJMGEXMSRW SV
GSSVHMREXIHFIX[IIRXLI'SHIERH7TIGMJMGEXMSR
EHQMRMWXIVMRK XLI [SVO YRHIV TVSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW ERH
TVSNIGXHVE[MRKWSVFSXL
C. Area, gross cross-sectional — 8LIEVIEHIPMRIEXIH
F] XLI SYXXSSYX HMQIRWMSRW SJ QEWSRV] MR XLI TPERI
YRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
D. Area, net cross-sectional — 8LI EVIE SJ QEWSRV]
YRMXW KVSYX ERH QSVXEV GVSWWIH F] XLI TPERI YRHIV
GSRWMHIVEXMSRFEWIHSRSYXXSSYXHMQIRWMSRW
E. Autoclaved aerated concrete — PS[HIRWMX]
GIQIRXMXMSYWTVSHYGXSJGEPGMYQWMPMGEXIL]HVEXIW
S-4 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.2 — Definitions'SRXMRYIH

F. Autoclaved aerated concrete AAC) masonry —
%YXSGPEZIH EIVEXIH GSRGVIXI YRMXW QERYJEGXYVIH [MXLSYX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX WIX SR E QSVXEV PIZIPMRK FIH FSRHIH [MXL
XLMRFIH QSVXEV TPEGIH [MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX ERH TPEGIH
[MXLSV[MXLSYXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G. Bond beam{%LSVM^SRXEPSVWPSTIHIPIQIRXXLEX G. Bond beam — 8LMWVIMRJSVGIH QIQFIV MW YWYEPP]
MWJYPP]KVSYXIHLEWPSRKMXYHMREPFEVVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHMW GSRWXVYGXIH LSVM^SRXEPP] FYX QE] FI WPSTIH XS QEXGL ER
GSRWXVYGXIH[MXLMREQEWSRV][EPP EHNEGIRXVSSJJSVI\EQTPI
H. Bonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR
XLEXMWIRGETWYPEXIHF]TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXMREGSVVYKEXIHHYGX
XLEXMWFSRHIHXSXLIWYVVSYRHMRKQEWSRV]XLVSYKLKVSYXMRK
I. Cleanouts {3TIRMRKWXLEXEVI WMÎHERHWTEGIHXS
EPPS[VIQSZEPSJHIFVMWJVSQXLIFSXXSQSJXLIKVSYXWTEGI
J. Collar joint — :IVXMGEPPSRKMXYHMREPWTEGIFIX[IIR
[]XLIW SJ QEWSRV] SV FIX[IIR QEWSRV] ERH FEGO YT
GSRWXVYGXMSR [LMGL MW TIVQMXXIH XS FI JMPPIH [MXL QSVXEV
SVKVSYX
K. Compressive strength of masonry — 1E\MQYQ
GSQTVIWWMZI JSVGI VIWMWXIH TIV YRMX SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREP
EVIESJQEWSRV]HIXIVQMRIHF]XIWXMRKQEWSRV]TVMWQWSV
EJYRGXMSRSJMRHMZMHYEPQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYXMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
L. Contract Documents — (SGYQIRXWIWXEFPMWLMRKXLI
VIUYMVIH ;SVO ERH MRGPYHMRK MR TEVXMGYPEV XLI 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKWERH4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
M. Contractor — 8LITIVWSRJMVQSVGSVTSVEXMSR[MXL
[LSQXLI3[RIVIRXIVWMRXSEREKVIIQIRXJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR
SJXLI;SVO
N. Cover, grout — XLMGORIWWSJKVSYXWYVVSYRHMRK XLI
SYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
O. Cover, masonry — XLMGORIWW SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW
QSVXEV ERH KVSYX WYVVSYRHMRK XLI SYXIV WYVJEGI SJ
IQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
P. Cover, mortar — XLMGORIWW SJ QSVXEV WYVVSYRHMRK
XLISYXIVWYVJEGISJIQFIHHIHVIMRJSVGIQIRXERGLSVSVXMI
Q. Dimension, nominal — 8LI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSR Q & R. 8LITIVQMXXIHXSPIVERGIWJSVYRMXWEVIKMZIRMR
TPYWEREPPS[ERGIJSVXLINSMRXW[MXL[LMGLXLIYRMXWEVIXS XLI ETTVSTVMEXI QEXIVMEPW WXERHEVHW 4IVQMXXIH XSPIVERGIW
FI PEMH 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] WXEXIH MR [LSPI JSV NSMRXW ERH QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR EVI KMZIR MR XLMW
RYQFIVW 8LMGORIWW MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2SQMREP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWYEPP] YWIH XS
XLIRPIRKXL MHIRXMJ]XLIWMÎSJEQEWSRV]YRMX8LIXLMGORIWWSV[MHXL
MW KMZIR JMVWX JSPPS[IH F] LIMKLX ERH PIRKXL 2SQMREP
R. Dimensions, specified — (MQIRWMSRWWTIGMJMIHJSV
HMQIRWMSRWEVIRSVQEPP]KMZIRMR[LSPIRYQFIVWRIEVIWX
XLIQERYJEGXYVISVGSRWXVYGXMSRSJEYRMXNSMRXSVIPIQIRX
XS XLI WTIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW 7TIGMJMIH HMQIRWMSRW EVI
QSWXSJXIRYWIHJSVHIWMKRGEPGYPEXMSRW
S. Glass unit masonry — 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIHSJKPEWWYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV

T. Grout { % TPEWXMG QM\XYVI SJ GIQIRXMXMSYW
QEXIVMEPW EKKVIKEXIW ERH [EXIV [MXL SV [MXLSYX
EHQM\XYVIW MRMXMEPP] TVSHYGIH XS TSYVMRK GSRWMWXIRG]
[MXLSYX WIKVIKEXMSR SJ XLI GSRWXMXYIRXW HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX
8LILEVHIRIHIUYMZEPIRXSJWYGLQM\XYVIW
U. Grout, self-consolidating { % LMKLP] JPYMH ERH
WXEFPI KVSYX X]TMGEPP] [MXL EHQM\XYVIW XLEX VIQEMRW
LSQSKIRISYW [LIR TPEGIH ERH HSIW RSX VIUYMVI TYHHPMRK
SVZMFVEXMSRJSVGSRWSPMHEXMSR
V. Grout lift — %RMRGVIQIRXSJKVSYXLIMKLX[MXLMREXSXEP
KVSYXTSYV%KVSYXTSYVGSRWMWXWSJSRISVQSVIKVSYXPMJXW
W. Grout pour — 8LI XSXEP LIMKLX SJ QEWSRV] XS FI
KVSYXIHTVMSVXSIVIGXMSRSJEHHMXMSREPQEWSRV]%KVSYXTSYV
GSRWMWXWSJSRISVQSVIKVSYXPMJXW
X. Inspection, continuous{8LI-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vW X & Y. 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG] MW VIUYMVIH XS FI SR
JYPPXMQI SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO F] FIMRKTVIWIRX MR XLIEVIE XLI TVSNIGX WMXI [LIRIZIV QEWSRV] XEWOW VIUYMVMRK
[LIVIXLI[SVOMWFIMRKTIVJSVQIH GSRXMRYSYW MRWTIGXMSR EVI MR TVSKVIWW (YVMRK
GSRWXVYGXMSRVIUYMVMRKTIVMSHMGMRWTIGXMSR XLI-RWTIGXMSR
Y. Inspection, periodic { 8LI -RWTIGXMSR %KIRG]vW
%KIRG] MW SRP] VIUYMVIH XS FI SR XLI TVSNIGX WMXI
TEVXXMQI SV MRXIVQMXXIRX SFWIVZEXMSR SJ [SVO HYVMRK
MRXIVQMXXIRXP]ERHMWVIUYMVIHXSSFWIVZIGSQTPIXIH[SVO
GSRWXVYGXMSR F] FIMRK TVIWIRX MR XLI EVIE [LIVI XLI [SVO
8LI JVIUYIRG] SJTIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSRW WLSYPH FI HIJMRIH
LEW FIIR SV MW FIMRK TIVJSVQIH ERH SFWIVZEXMSR YTSR
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVEWTEVXSJXLIUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
GSQTPIXMSRSJXLI[SVO
TPER ERH WLSYPH FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI GSQTPI\MX] ERH
WMÎSJXLITVSNIGX
Z. Masonry unit, hollow — % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ PIWW XLER TIVGIRX SJ MXW KVSWW
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRER]TPERITEVEPPIPXS
XLIWYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
AA. Masonry unit, solid — % QEWSRV] YRMX [MXL RIX
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJTIVGIRXSVQSVISJMXWKVSWWGVSWW
WIGXMSREPEVIE[LIRQIEWYVIHMRIZIV]TPERITEVEPPIPXSXLI
WYVJEGIGSRXEMRMRKZSMHW
AB. Mean daily temperature — 8LI EZIVEKI HEMP]
XIQTIVEXYVI SJ XIQTIVEXYVI I\XVIQIW TVIHMGXIH F] E PSGEP
[IEXLIVFYVIEYJSVXLIRI\XLSYVW
AC. Minimum daily temperature — 8LIPS[XIQTIVEXYVI
JSVIGEWXF]EPSGEP[IEXLIVFYVIEYXSSGGYV[MXLMRXLIRI\X
LSYVW
AD. Minimum/maximum (not less than . . . not more
than) — 1MRMQYQ SV QE\MQYQ ZEPYIW KMZIR MR XLMW
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI EFWSPYXI (S RSX GSRWXVYI XLEX XSPIVERGIW
EPPS[PS[IVMRKEQMRMQYQSVMRGVIEWMRKEQE\MQYQ
AE. Otherwise required — 7TIGMJMIH HMJJIVIRXP] MR
VIUYMVIQIRXWWYTTPIQIRXEPXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
AF. Owner — 8LI TYFPMG FSH] SV EYXLSVMX]
GSVTSVEXMSR EWWSGMEXMSR TEVXRIVWLMT SV MRHMZMHYEP JSV
[LSQXLI;SVOMWTVSZMHIH
S-6 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

AG. Partition wall — %RMRXIVMSV[EPP[MXLSYXWXVYGXYVEP
JYRGXMSR
AH. Post-tensioning — 1IXLSHSJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI XIRWMSRIH EJXIV XLI QEWSRV] LEW
FIIRTPEGIH
AI. Prestressed masonry { 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL MRXIVREP
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIWWIW LEZI FIIR MRXVSHYGIH F] TVIWXVIWWIH
XIRHSRWXSGSYRXIVEGXTSXIRXMEPXIRWMPIWXVIWWIWVIWYPXMRKJVSQ
ETTPMIHPSEHW
AJ. Prestressing grout — % GIQIRXMXMSYW QM\XYVI YWIH
XSIRGETWYPEXIFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
AK. Prestressing tendon { 7XIIP IPIQIRX WYGL EW [MVI
FEVSVWXVERHSVEFYRHPISJWYGLIPIQIRXWYWIHXSMQTEVX
TVIWXVIWWXSQEWSRV]
AL. Pretensioning { 1IXLSH SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK MR [LMGL
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI XIRWMSRIH FIJSVI XLI XVERWJIV SJ
WXVIWWMRXSXLIQEWSRV]
AM. Prism { %R EWWIQFPEKI SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW ERH
QSVXEV [MXL SV [MXLSYX KVSYX YWIH EW E XIWX WTIGMQIR JSV
HIXIVQMRMRKTVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQEWSRV]
AN. Project Drawings — 8LI(VE[MRKWXLEXEPSRK[MXL
XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW GSQTPIXI XLI HIWGVMTXMZI
MRJSVQEXMSRJSVGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI;SVOVIUYMVIHSVVIJIVVIH
XSMRXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
AO. Project Specifications — 8LI [VMXXIR HSGYQIRXW
XLEX WTIGMJ] VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E TVSNIGX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
XLI WIVZMGI TEVEQIXIVW ERH SXLIV WTIGMJMG GVMXIVME
IWXEFPMWLIHF]XLI3[RIVSVLMWEKIRX
AP. Quality assurance { 8LI EHQMRMWXVEXMZI ERH
TVSGIHYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW IWXEFPMWLIH F] XLI 'SRXVEGX
(SGYQIRXW XS EWWYVI XLEX GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] MW MR
GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
AQ. Reinforcement{2SRTVIWXVIWWIHWXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
AR. Running bond — 8LI TPEGIQIRX SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW
WYGLXLEXLIEHNSMRXWMRWYGGIWWMZIGSYVWIWEVILSVM^SRXEPP]
SJJWIXEXPIEWXSRIUYEVXIVXLIYRMXPIRKXL
AS. Slump flow { 8LI GMVGYPEV WTVIEH SJ TPEWXMG WIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX[LMGLMWIZEPYEXIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL
%781''1
AT. Specified compressive strength of masonry, f m —
1MRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLI\TVIWWIHEW JSVGITIVYRMX
SJ RIX GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE VIUYMVIH SJ XLIQEWSRV] YWIH MR
GSRWXVYGXMSR F] XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW SV 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKWERHYTSR[LMGLXLITVSNIGXHIWMKRMWFEWIH

AU. Stone masonry — 1EWSRV] GSQTSWIH SJ JMIPH
UYEVVMIHSVGEWXWXSRIYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, ashlar — 7XSRI QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIH SJ VIGXERKYPEV YRMXW LEZMRK WE[IH HVIWWIH SV
WUYEVIHFIHWYVJEGIWERHFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
Stone masonry, rubble — 7XSRI QEWSRV]
GSQTSWIHSJMVVIKYPEVWLETIHYRMXWFSRHIHF]QSVXEV
AV. Submit, submitted — 7YFQMX WYFQMXXIH XS XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVJSVVIZMI[
AW. Tendon anchorage { -R TSWXXIRWMSRMRK E HIZMGI
YWIH XS ERGLSV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XS XLI QEWSRV] SV
GSRGVIXIQIQFIVMRTVIXIRWMSRMRKEHIZMGIYWIHXSERGLSV
XLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRHYVMRKLEVHIRMRKSJQEWSRV]QSVXEV
KVSYXTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXSVGSRGVIXI
AX. Tendon coupler — % HIZMGI JSV GSRRIGXMRK X[S
XIRHSRIRHWXLIVIF]XVERWJIVVMRKXLITVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIJVSQ
IRHXSIRH
AY. Tendon jacking force — 8IQTSVEV]JSVGII\IVXIHF]
HIZMGIXLEXMRXVSHYGIWXIRWMSRMRXSTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
AZ. Unbonded prestressing tendon — 4VIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRXLEXMWRSXFSRHIHXSQEWSRV]
BA. Veneer, adhered — 1EWSRV]ZIRIIV WIGYVIH XS ERH
WYTTSVXIHF]XLIFEGOMRKXLVSYKLEHLIWMSR
BB. Visual stability index (VSI) — %RMRHI\HIJMRIHMR
%781 ''1 XLEX UYEPMXEXMZIP] MRHMGEXIW XLI
WXEFMPMX]SJWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
BC. Wall — %ZIVXMGEP IPIQIRX [MXL ELSVM^SRXEP PIRKXL
XSXLMGORIWWVEXMSKVIEXIVXLERYWIHXSIRGPSWIWTEGI
BD. Wall, load-bearing — % [EPP WYTTSVXMRK ZIVXMGEP
PSEHW KVIEXIV XLER PF TIV PMRIEP JSSX 2Q MR
EHHMXMSRXSMXWS[R[IMKLX
BE. Wall, masonry bonded hollow — %QYPXM[]XLI[EPP
FYMPX [MXL QEWSRV] YRMXW EVVERKIH XS TVSZMHI ER EMV WTEGI
FIX[IIR XLI []XLIW ERH [MXL XLI []XLIW FSRHIH XSKIXLIV
[MXLQEWSRV]YRMXW
BF. When required — 7TIGMJMIH MR VIUYMVIQIRXW
WYTTPIQIRXEPXSXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
BG. Work — 8LI JYVRMWLMRK ERH TIVJSVQERGI SJ
IUYMTQIRX WIVZMGIW PEFSV ERH QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH F] XLI
'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXWJSVXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRSJQEWSRV]JSVXLI
TVSNIGXSVTEVXSJTVSNIGXYRHIVGSRWMHIVEXMSR
BH. Wythe — )EGLGSRXMRYSYWZIVXMGEPWIGXMSRSJE[EPP
SRIQEWSRV]YRMXMRXLMGORIWW
S-8 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.3 — Reference standards 1.3 — Reference standards

7XERHEVHW VIJIVVIH XS MR XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI PMWXIH 8LMW PMWX SJ WXERHEVHW MRGPYHIW QEXIVMEP WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
FIPS[ [MXL XLIMV WIVMEP HIWMKREXMSRW MRGPYHMRK ]IEV SJ WEQTPMRK XIWX QIXLSHW HIXEMPMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW HIWMKR
EHSTXMSR SV VIZMWMSR ERH EVI HIGPEVIH XS FI TEVX SJ XLMW TVSGIHYVIW ERH GPEWWMJMGEXMSRW 7XERHEVHW TVSHYGIH F]
7TIGMJMGEXMSREWMJJYPP]WIXJSVXLMRXLMWHSGYQIRXI\GITXEW %781 -RXIVREXMSREP %781 EVI VIJIVIRGIH [LIRIZIV
QSHMJMIHLIVI TSWWMFPI 1EXIVMEP QERYJEGXYVIVW ERH XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSVMIW
EVIJEQMPMEV[MXL%781WXERHEVHWXLEXEVIXLIVIWYPXSJE
GSRWIRWYW TVSGIWW -R XLI JI[ GEWIW RSX GSZIVIH F]
American Concrete Institute
I\MWXMRK WXERHEVHW XLI GSQQMXXII KIRIVEXIH MXW S[R
A. %'- 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV VIUYMVIQIRXW 7TIGMJMG HEXIW EVI KMZIR WMRGI GLERKIW XS
8SPIVERGIW JSV 'SRGVIXI 'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH 1EXIVMEPW XLI WXERHEVHW EPXIV XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 1ER] SJ XLIWI
6IETTVSZIH WXERHEVHWVIUYMVIGSQTPMERGI[MXLEHHMXMSREPWXERHEVHW
'SRXEGX MRJSVQEXMSR JSV XLIWI SVKERMÊXMSRW MW KMZIR
American National Standards Institute FIPS[
B. %27- % 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
'IVEQMG8MPI 'SYRXV]'PYF(VMZI
*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
[[[EGMMRXSVK
ASTM International
C. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV %QIVMGER2EXMSREP7XERHEVHW-RWXMXYXI
'EVFSR7XVYGXYVEP7XIIP ;IWXVH7XVIIX
2I[=SVO2=
D. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV [[[ERWMSVK
7XIIP;MVI4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
E. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR %781-RXIVREXMSREP
JSV >MRG,SX(MT +EPZERMÎH 'SEXMRKW SR -VSRERH7XIIP &EVV,EVFSV(VMZI
4VSHYGXW ;IWX'SRWLSLSGOIR4%
[[[EWXQSVK
F. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV>MRG'SEXMRK,SX(MT SR-VSRERH7XIIP,EVH[EVI %QIVMGER;IPHMRK7SGMIX]
G. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 2;0I.IYRI6SEH
JSV7XIIP;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX4PEMRJSV'SRGVIXI 1MEQM*PSVMHE
[[[E[WSVK
H. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV'LVSQMYQERH'LVSQMYQ2MGOIP7XEMRPIWW7XIIP4PEXI *IHIVEP8IWX1IXLSH7XERHEVHJVSQ
7LIIX ERH 7XVMT JSV 4VIWWYVI :IWWIPW ERH JSV +IRIVEP 97%VQ]+IRIVEP1EXIVMEPERH4EVXW'IRXIV
%TTPMGEXMSRW 4IXVSPIYQ*MIPH3JJMGI)EWX
I. %781 %F 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 2I['YQFIVPERH%VQ](ITSX
'EVFSR7XIIP&SPXWERH7XYHW47-8IRWMPI7XVIRKXL 2I['YQFIVPERH4%
J. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
7XIIP7XVERH9RGSEXIH7IZIR;MVIJSV4VIWXVIWWIH'SRGVIXI
K. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 9RGSEXIH 7XVIWW6IPMIZIH 7XIIP ;MVI JSV 4VIWXVIWWIH
'SRGVIXI
L. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV +IRIVEP 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV *PEX6SPPIH 7XEMRPIWW ERH
,IEX6IWMWXMRK7XIIP4PEXI7LIIXERH7XVMT
M. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XIIP;MVI(IJSVQIHJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
1.3 — Reference standards'SRXMRYIH

N. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP ;IPHIH ;MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX (IJSVQIH JSV
'SRGVIXI
O. %781%7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+IRIVEP
6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV ;MVI 6SHW ERH 'SEVWI 6SYRH ;MVI
'EVFSR7XIIP
P. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XEMRPIWW7XIIP;MVI
Q. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
(IJSVQIH ERH 4PEMR 'EVFSR7XIIP &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
R. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV>MRG'SEXIH+EPZERMÎH 'EVFSR7XIIP;MVI
S. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP 7LIIX >MRG'SEXIH +EPZERMÎH SV >MRG-VSR
%PPS]'SEXIH+EPZERIEPIH F]XLI,SX(MT4VSGIWW
T. %781 % 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
%RRIEPIHSV'SPH;SVOIH%YWXIRMXMG7XEMRPIWW7XIIP7LIIX
7XVMT4PEXIERH*PEX&EV
U. %781 %%1E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV0S[%PPS]7XIIP(IJSVQIHERH4PEMR&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
V. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
9RGSEXIH ,MKL7XVIRKXL 7XIIP &EVW JSV 4VIWXVIWWMRK
'SRGVIXI
W. %781%%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV >MRG'SEXIH +EPZERMÎH 7XIIP &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
X. %781 %%1F 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV)TS\]'SEXIH7XIIP6IMRJSVGMRK&EVW
Y. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
)TS\]'SEXIH7XIIP;MVIERH;IPHIH;MVI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
Z. %781 % 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XIIP;MVI)TS\]'SEXIH
AA. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XIIP;MVI1EWSRV].SMRX6IMRJSVGIQIRX
AB. %781%%17XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
6EMP7XIIP ERH %\PI7XIIP (IJSVQIH &EVW JSV 'SRGVIXI
6IMRJSVGIQIRX
AC. %781 %%1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV 7XIIP 7LIIX 'SPH6SPPIH 'EVFSR 7XVYGXYVEP ,MKL
7XVIRKXL0S[%PPS],MKL7XVIRKXL0S[%PPS][MXL-QTVSZIH
*SVQEFMPMX]7SPYXMSR,EVHIRIHERH&EOI,EVHIREFPI
AD. %781& 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV 3TIVEXMRK
7EPX7TVE]*SK %TTEVEXYW
S-10 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

AE. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XVYGXYVEP'PE]0SEH&IEVMRK;EPP8MPI
AF. %781 'I 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'SRGVIXI&YMPHMRK&VMGO
AG. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
7XVYGXYVEP'PE]2SRPSEHFIEVMRK8MPI
AH. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
&YMPHMRK &VMGO 7SPMH 1EWSRV] 9RMXW 1EHI JVSQ 'PE] SV
7LEPI
AI. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7EQTPMRKERH8IWXMRK&VMGOERH7XVYGXYVEP'PE]8MPI
AJ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV'EPGMYQ
7MPMGEXI&VMGO7ERH0MQI&VMGO
AK. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
0SEHFIEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
AL. %781''17XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX1SVXEVW9WMRK
MRSV?QQA'YFI7TIGMQIRW
AM. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'IVEQMG+PEÎH7XVYGXYVEP'PE]*EGMRK8MPI*EGMRK&VMGO
ERH7SPMH1EWSRV]9RMXW
AN. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
2SRPSEHFIEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
AO. %781''17XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
7PYQTSJ,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX'SRGVIXI
AP. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
%KKVIKEXIJSV1EWSRV]1SVXEV
AQ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV4SVXPERH
'IQIRX
AR. %781' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR
JSV7XVYGXYVEP'PE]*EGMRK8MPI
AS. %781 'E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
*EGMRK &VMGO 7SPMH 1EWSRV] 9RMXW 1EHI JVSQ 'PE] SV
7LEPI
AT. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV1SVXEV
JSV9RMX1EWSRV]
AU. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+VSYXJSV
1EWSRV]
AV. %781' 7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV
&SRH7XVIRKXLSJ'IVEQMG8MPIXS4SVXPERH'IQIRX4EWXI
AW. %781 'E 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
1EVFPI(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
AX. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
0MQIWXSRI(MQIRWMSR7XSRI

AY. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+VERMXI
(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
AZ. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV5YEVX^
&EWIH(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
BA. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 7PEXI
(MQIRWMSR7XSRI
BB. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV,SPPS[
&VMGO,SPPS[1EWSRV]9RMXW1EHIJVSQ'PE]SV7LEPI
BC. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJEGIH'SRGVIXIERH'EPGMYQ7MPMGEXI1EWSRV]9RMXW
BD. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJEFVMGEXIH1EWSRV]4ERIPW
BE. %781' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
)PEWXSQIVMG.SMRX7IEPERXW
BF. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7TPMXXMRK8IRWMPI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]9RMXW
BG. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7EQTPMRKERH8IWXMRK+VSYX
BH. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH
JSV1IEWYVIQIRXSJ1EWSRV]*PI\YVEP&SRH7XVIRKXL
BI. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 8LMR
:IRIIV&VMGO9RMXW1EHIJVSQ'PE]SV7LEPI
BJ. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]4VMWQW
BK. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 4VIGEWX
%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%%' ;EPP'SRWXVYGXMSR9RMXW
BL. %781'7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV+PEÎH
&VMGO7MRKPI*MVIH&VMGO9RMXW
BM. %781 ' 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV 7IPIGXMSR
6IQSZEP ERH 7LMTQIRX SJ 1EWSRV] %WWIQFPEKI 7TIGMQIRW
JVSQ)\MWXMRK'SRWXVYGXMSR
BN. %781 ''1 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
7PYQT*PS[SJ7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK'SRGVIXI
BO. %781(E7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV*PEWLERH
*MVI4SMRXWF]'PIZIPERH3TIR'YT8IWXIV
BP. %781 (I 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV ;EXIV
MR 4IXVSPIYQ 4VSHYGXW ERH &MXYQMRSYW 1EXIVMEPW F]
(MWXMPPEXMSR
BQ. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
'LPSVMHI-SRMR;EXIV
BR. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
(VSTTMRK4SMRXSJ0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWI
BS. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV )ZEPYEXMRK
(IKVIISJ6YWXMRKSR4EMRXIH7XIIP7YVJEGIW
S-12 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11

BT. %781( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 8IRWMPI
4VSTIVXMIWSJ4PEWXMGW
BU. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
4VIJSVQIH )\TERWMSR .SMRX *MPPIV JSV 'SRGVIXI &MXYQMRSYW
8]TI
BV. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
*PI\MFPI'IPPYPEV1EXIVMEPW{7TSRKISV)\TERHIH6YFFIV
BW. %781( I7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
%WTLEPX&EWI)QYPWMSRWJSV9WIEW4VSXIGXMZI'SEXMRKWJSV1IXEP
BX. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
)QYPWMJMIH%WTLEPX9WIHEWE4VSXIGXMZI'SEXMRKJSV6SSJMRK
BY. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 'PEWWMJMGEXMSR 7]WXIQ
JSV6YFFIV4VSHYGXWMR%YXSQSXMZI%TTPMGEXMSRW
BZ. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
(VSTTMRK 4SMRX SJ 0YFVMGEXMRK +VIEWI 3ZIV ;MHI
8IQTIVEXYVI6ERKI
CA. %781( 7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV
2SRVMKMH :MR]P 'LPSVMHI 4SP]QIV ERH 'STSP]QIV 1SPHMRK
ERH)\XVYWMSR'SQTSYRHW
CB. %781 ( 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
)PEWXSQIV'SQTEXMFMPMX]SJ0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWIWERH*PYMHW
CC. %781 ) 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW SJ 'SRHYGXMRK
7XVIRKXL8IWXWSJ4ERIPWJSV&YMPHMRK'SRWXVYGXMSR
CD. %781 ) 7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSHW JSV
7XVIWW6IPE\EXMSR8IWXWJSV1EXIVMEPWERH7XVYGXYVIW
CE. %781)7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHWJSV*PI\YVEP
&SRH7XVIRKXLSJ1EWSRV]
CF. %781)7XERHEVH8IWX1IXLSHJSV(MEKSREP
8IRWMSR7LIEV MR1EWSRV]%WWIQFPEKIW
CG. %781 *1 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV
'SQTVIWWMFPI;EWLIV8]TI (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSVW JSV
9WI[MXL7XVYGXYVEP*EWXIRIVW?1IXVMGA
American Welding Society

CH. %;7 ( 7XVYGXYVEP ;IPHMRK 'SHI z
6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP
Federal Test Method Standard
CI. *817 & 3MP 7ITEVEXMSR JVSQ
0YFVMGEXMRK+VIEWI7XEXMG8IGLRMUYI *IHIVEP8IWX1IXLSH
7XERHEVH JVSQ XLI 97 %VQ] +IRIVEP 1EXIVMEP ERH 4EVXW
'IRXIV 4IXVSPIYQ *MIPH 3JJMGI )EWX 2I[ 'YQFIVPERH
%VQ](ITSX2I['YQFIVPERH4%
1.4 — System description 1.4 — System description

1.4 A. Compressive strength requirements — 'SQTVIWWMZI 1.4 A. Compressive strength requirements{(IWMKRMW
WXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]MRIEGLQEWSRV][]XLIERHKVSYXIHGSPPEV FEWIH SR E GIVXEMR f m SV f AAC ERH XLMW GSQTVIWWMZI
NSMRX WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI f m SV f AAC *SV WXVIRKXL ZEPYI QYWX FI EGLMIZIH SV I\GIIHIH -R E
TEVXMEPP]KVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJFSXLXLI QYPXM[]XLI [EPP HIWMKRIH EW E GSQTSWMXI [EPP XLI
KVSYXIH ERH YRKVSYXIH QEWSRV] WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] JSV IEGL []XLI SV
ETTPMGEFPI f m . %X XLI XVERWJIV SJ TVIWXVIWW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI KVSYXIHGSPPEVNSMRXQYWXIUYEPSVI\GIIHf mSVf AAC
WXVIRKXLSJXLIQEWSRV]WLEPPIUYEPSVI\GIIHf mi.
1.4 B. Compressive strength determination 1.4 B. Compressive strength determination
Alternatives for determination of compressive Alternatives for determination of compressive
strength — (IXIVQMRIXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLJSV strength — 8LIVI EVI X[S WITEVEXI QIXLSHW XS HIXIVQMRI
IEGL []XLI F] XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV F] XLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]8LIYRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHEWWTIGMJMIHLIVI IPMQMREXIW XLI I\TIRWI SJ TVMWQ XIWXW FYX MW QSVI
GSRWIVZEXMZI XLER XLITVMWQXIWX QIXLSH8LIYRMX WXVIRKXL
QIXLSH[EWKIRIVEXIHF]YWMRKTVMWQXIWXHEXEEWWLS[RMR
*MKYVIW 7' ERH 7' 8LI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR TIVQMXW XLI
GSRXVEGXSV XS WIPIGX XLI QIXLSH SJ HIXIVQMRMRK XLI
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] YRPIWW E QIXLSH MW
WXMTYPEXIHMRXLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSRWSV4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW
Unit strength method 2. Unit strength method { 'SQTPMERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRX JSV f m FEWIH SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW KVSYX ERH QSVXEV X]TI MW TIVQMXXIH
MRWXIEHSJTVMWQXIWXMRK
8LIMRJPYIRGI SJ QSVXEV NSMRX XLMGORIWW MW RSXIH F]
XLIQE\MQYQNSMRXXLMGORIWW+VSYXWXVIRKXLKVIEXIVXLER
SVIUYEPXSf mJYPJMPPWXLI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR
%VXMGPI%ERH'SHI7IGXMSR
EClay masonry — 9WI 8EFPI XS HIXIVQMRI XLI E Clay masonry { 8LI ZEPYIW SJ RIX EVIE
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV] MR 8EFPI [IVI
WXVIRKXL SJ XLI YRMXW ERH XLIX]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH HIVMZIH YWMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK IUYEXMSR XEOIR JVSQ
8LIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXWETTP]XSQEWSRV] 6IJIVIRGI
9RMXW EVI WEQTPIH ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ] fm A B fu
GSRJSVQERGI [MXL %781' %781 ' SV
%781' [LIVI
8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH MR A ! MRWTIGXIHQEWSRV]
QQ B ! JSV8]TI2TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
*SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIKVSYXQIIXWSRISJXLI JSV8]TI7SV1TSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW fu ! EZIVEKIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL SJ GPE] QEWSRV]
E +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI YRMXWTWM
F +VSYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLIUYEPWSVI\GIIHW f m ! WTIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
f 'm FYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW RSX PIWW XLER
TWM 14E (IXIVQMRI 6IEVVERKMRKXIVQWERHPIXXMRKA!
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ KVSYX MR EGGSVHERGI
f m
[MXL%781' fu
B
8LIWIIUYEXMSRWEVIJSVMRGLTSYRHYRMXWSRP]
8LIWI ZEPYIW [IVI FEWIH SR XIWXMRK SJ WSPMH GPE]
QEWSRV]YRMXWERHTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV*YVXLIV
XIWXMRK LEW WLS[R XLEX XLI ZEPYIW EVI ETTPMGEFPI JSV
LSPPS[GPE]QEWSRV]YRMXWERHJSVFSXLX]TIWSJGPE]
S-14 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.4 B.2a. Clay masonry'SRXMRYIH QEWSRV] YRMXW[MXL EPP QSVXEV X]TIW %TPSX SJ XLI HEXE MW
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
6IJIVIRGIYWIWELIMKLXXSXLMGORIWWVEXMSSJJMZI
EW E FEWMW XS IWXEFPMWL TVMWQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL 8LI
'SHIYWIWEHMJJIVIRXQIXLSHXSHIWMKRJSVE\MEPWXVIWWWS
MX [EW RIGIWWEV] XS GLERKI XLI FEWMG TVMWQ h/t VEXMS XS
X[S 8LMW GSVVIWTSRHW XS XLI h/t VEXMS YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI
QEWSRV]MRXLI'SHIERHJSVEPPQEWSRV]MRSXLIVGSHIW
8LI RIX IJJIGX MW XS MRGVIEWI XLI RIX EVIE GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL SJ FVMGO QEWSRV] F] TIVGIRX SZIV XLEX MR
6IJIVIRGI
Table 1 — Compressive strength of masonry based on the compressive

strength of clay masonry units and type of mortar used in
construction
Net area compressive strength of Net area compressive

clay masonry units, psi (MPa) strength of masonry,
psi (MPa)
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar

{
{
1.4 B.2. Unit strength method'SRXMRYIH

FConcrete masonry — 9WI 8EFPI XS HIXIVQMRI XLI F Concrete masonry{-RFYMPHMRKGSHIWTVMSV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XS XLMW 'SHI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ GSRGVIXI
XLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMXERHX]TISJQSVXEVWTIGMJMIH QEWSRV][EWFEWIHSRXLIRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLI
8LIJSPPS[MRK%VXMGPIWQYWXFIQIX QEWSRV] YRMX VIKEVHPIWW SJ [LIXLIV XLI TVMWQ [EW
GSRWXVYGXIH YWMRK JYPP SV JEGI WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK
9RMXW EVI WEQTPIH ERH XIWXIH XS ZIVMJ]
*YVXLIVQSVI MR XLSWI TVIZMSYW GSHIW XLI HIWMKRIV [EW
GSRJSVQERGI[MXL%781'SV%781'
VIUYMVIHXSFEWIE\MEPWXVIWWGEPGYPEXMSRWSRXLIRIXEVIESJ
8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH MR XLI YRMX VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI X]TI SJ QSVXEV FIHHMRK 8LMW
QQ 'SHI MR GSRXVEWX GSQTYXIW XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ
QEWSRV] FEWIH SR XLI QMRMQYQ GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE SJ
*SV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] XLI KVSYX QIIXW SRI SJ XLI XLEX QEWSRV] -J XLI QEWSRV] MW JYPP] KVSYXIH QEWSRV]
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH GVSWWWIGXMSREP EVIE
E +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI MRGPYHMRK XLI KVSYXIH EVIE MJ MX MW YRKVSYXIH FYX JYPP]
FIHHIH QEWSRV] WXVIRKXL MW FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMIH RIX
F +VSYX GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL IUYEPW SVI\GIIHW GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIESJXLIYRMXERHMJMXMWYRKVSYXIHERH
f 'm FYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW RSX PIWW XLER JEGIWLIPPFIHHIHSRP]QEWSRV]WXVIRKXLMWFEWIHSRXLI
TWM 14E (IXIVQMRI WTIGMJMIHEVIESJXLIJEGIWLIPPWSRP]
[MXL%781' %GGSVHMRK XS %781 ' GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] MW RS[
HIXIVQMRIH YWMRK EJYPP]FIHHIHTVMWQ IMXLIV KVSYXIH SV
YRKVSYXIH XS QEXGL XLI WTIGMJMIH GSRWXVYGXMSR ;LMPI
IEGL SJ XLIWI GLERKIW QEOIW XLMW 'SHI ERH XLMW
7TIGMJMGEXMSR IEWMIV XS YWI E VIGEPMFVEXMSR SJ IEVPMIV
LSPPS[ YRMX TVMWQ XIWX HEXE [EW VIUYMVIH XS EGGSYRX JSV
HMJJIVIRGIW FIX[IIR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ TVMWQW
[MXLJYPPFIHHMRKERHXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJTVMWQW
[MXLJEGIWLIPPFIHHMRK
8EFPI PMWXW GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] EW
VIPEXIHXSGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXWXVIRKXLERHQSVXEVX]TI
8LIWIVIPEXMSRWLMTWEVITPSXXIHMR*MKYVI7'EPSRK[MXL
HEXEJVSQXIWXW8LIGYVZIWMR*MKYVI7'EVI
WLS[RXSFIGSRWIVZEXMZI[LIRQEWSRV]WXVIRKXLMWFEWIH
SRYRMXWXVIRKXLERHQSVXEVX]TI-RSVHIVXSYWIJEGIWLIPP
FIHHIH TVMWQ HEXE MR HIXIVQMRMRK XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL XS
QEWSRV] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL VIPEXMSRWLMT YWIH MR XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR E GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV FIX[IIR JEGI WLIPP
TVMWQWERHJYPPFIHHIHTVMWQW[EWHIZIPSTIH&EWIHSR
WTIGMQIRW XIWXIH [MXL JYPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK ERH JEGI
WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK XLI GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV [EW
HIXIVQMRIH XS FI 8LI JEGI WLIPP FIHHIH
TVMWQ WXVIRKXL QYPXMTPMIH F] XLMW GSVVIPEXMSR JEGXSV
HIXIVQMRIWXLIJYPPQSVXEVFIHHIHTVMWQWXVIRKXL[LMGLMW
YWIHMRXLI'SHI
8LIYRMXLIMKLX[MPPEJJIGXXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV]8LIPEXIVEPI\TERWMSRSJXLIYRMXHYIXSYRMXERH
QSVXEV MRGSQTEXMFMPMX] MRGVIEWIW [MXL VIHYGIH YRMX
LIMKLX%VIHYGXMSRJEGXSVMRXLIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJ
QEWSRV] MWVIUYMVIHJSVQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXIHSJYRMXWPIWW
XLERMRQQ MRLIMKLXFYXRIIHRSXFIETTPMIHXS
QEWSRV]MR[LMGLSGGEWMSREPYRMXWEVIGYXXSJMX
S-16 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
Table 2 — Compressive strength of masonry based on the compressive strength

of concrete masonry units and type of mortar used in construction
Net area compressive strength of Net area compressive

concrete masonry units, psi (MPa) strength of masonry,
psi1 (MPa)
Type M or S mortar Type N mortar
{

*SVYRMXWSJPIWWXLERMRQQ LIMKLXTIVGIRXSJXLIZEPYIWPMWXIH
COMMENTARY
&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu 14E

%WWYQIHf’m

&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu OWM
(a) Prism Strength vs. Brick Strength

8]TI71SVXEV'SQQIVGMEP0EFSVEXSVMIW
&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu 14E

%WWYQIHf’m

&VMGO'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLfu OWM
(b) Prism Strength vs. Brick Strength

8]TI71SVXEV7'4-0EFSVEXSV]
Figure SC-1 — Compressive strength of masonry versus clay masonry unit strength
COMMENTARY
'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXW14E

8]TI1SV71SVXEV
8]TI21SVXEV

+VSYXIH

8]TI1SV71SVXEV
8]TI21SVXEV

'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXLSJ'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]9RMXWTWM
Figure SC-2 — Compressive strength of concrete masonry versus compressive strength of concrete masonry units
1.4 B.2. Unit strength method'SRXMRYIH

G AAC masonry — (IXIVQMRIXLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL G AAC masonry —8LIWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV]
SJQEWSRV]FEWIHSRXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI%%'QEWSRV] f AAC MW GSRXVSPPIH F] XLI WXVIRKXL GPEWW SJ XLI %%'
YRMX SRP] 8LI JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] XS XLI YRMX EW HIJMRIH F] %781 ' 8LI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI
QEWSRV] XLMRFIH QSVXEV ERH MXW FSRH MR GSQTVIWWMSR ERH WLIEV
[MPPI\GIIHXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIYRMX
9RMXWGSRJSVQXS%VXMGPI)
8LMGORIWW SJ FIH NSMRXW HSIW RSX I\GIIH MR
QQ
*SVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]XLIKVSYXQIIXWSRISJXLI
JSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E +VSYXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI
F +VSYX GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL IUYEPW SVI\GIIHW
f 'AACFYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLMWRSXPIWWXLER
TWM 14E (IXIVQMRI
[MXL%781'
S-18 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.4 B. Compressive strength determination'SRXMRYIH

Prism test method — (IXIVQMRI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI Prism test method { 8LI TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH
WXVIRKXLSJGPE]QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]F]XLI HIWGVMFIH MR %781 ' [EW WIPIGXIH EW E YRMJSVQ
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781' QIXLSHSJXIWXMRKGPE]QEWSRV]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]XS
HIXIVQMRI XLIMV GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLW 1EWSRV] HIWMKR
MW FEWIH SR XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL IWXEFPMWLIH EX
HE]W8LITVMWQXIWXQIXLSHMWYWIHEWEREPXIVREXMZIXS
XLIYRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH
%781 ' TVSZMHIW JSV XIWXMRK QEWSRV]
TVMWQW EX HE]W SV EX ER] HIWMKREXIH XIWX EKI
8LIVIJSVI E WLSVXIV XMQI TIVMSH WYGL EW E HE] XIWX
GSYPHFIYWIHXSIWXMQEXIXLIHE]WXVIRKXLFEWIHSRE
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT FIX[IIR XLI VIWYPXW
SJXIWXWGSRHYGXIHEXXLIWLSVXIVXMQITIVMSHERHVIWYPXW
SJ XLI HE] XIWXW 1EXIVMEPW ERH [SVOQERWLMT SJ XLI
TVIZMSYWP] IWXEFPMWLIH VIPEXMSRWLMT QYWX FI
VITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLITVMWQWFIMRKXIWXIH
'SQTPMERGI [MXL XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV] GER FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI TVMWQ
QIXLSH MRWXIEH SJ XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH %781
' YWIW XLI WEQI QEXIVMEPW ERH [SVOQERWLMT XS
GSRWXVYGXXLITVMWQWEWXLSWIXSFIYWIHMRXLIWXVYGXYVI
6IJIVIRGIW XLVSYKL HMWGYWW TVMWQ XIWXMRK
1ER] QSVI VIJIVIRGIW SR XLI TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH
TEVEQIXIVW ERH VIWYPXW GSYPH FI EHHIH 8LI EHSTXMSR SJ
%781 ' EPPIZMEXIW QSWX SJ XLI GSRGIVRW WXEXIH MR
XLI EFSZI VIJIVIRGIW %781 ' VITPEGIH %781
) [LMGL [EW VIJIVIRGIH MR IHMXMSRW SJ XLI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRTVMSVXS
Testing prisms from constructed masonry — ;LIR Testing prisms from constructed masonry {
ETTVSZIH F] XLI FYMPHMRK SJJMGMEP EGGITXERGI SJ ;LMPI YRGSQQSR XLIVI EVI XMQIW [LIR XLI
QEWSRV] XLEX HSIW RSX QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]HIXIVQMRIHF]XLIYRMX
%VXMGPI&SV&MWTIVQMXXIHXSFIFEWIHSR WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV TVMWQ XIWX QIXLSH QE] FI
XIWXWSJTVMWQWGYXJVSQXLIQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSR UYIWXMSRIHSVQE]FIPS[IVXLERXLIWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXL
7MRGI PS[ WXVIRKXLW GSYPH FI E VIWYPX SJ MRETTVSTVMEXI
XIWXMRK TVSGIHYVIW SV YRMRXIRXMSREP HEQEKI XS XLI XIWX
WTIGMQIRW TVMWQW QE]FI WE[GYX JVSQXLI GSQTPIXIH
QEWSRV] [EPP ERH XIWXIH 8LMW WIGXMSR TVIWGVMFIW
TVSGIHYVIWJSVWYGLXIWXW
7YGLXIWXMRKMWHMJJMGYPX VIUYMVIWQEWSRV][EPPWXS
FI GSRWXVYGXIH EX PIEWX HE]W FIJSVI XLI XIWX ERH
VIUYMVIW VITPEGIQIRX SJ XLI WEQTPIH [EPP EVIE
8LIVIJSVI GSRGIVXIH IJJSVXW WLSYPH FI XEOIR WS XLEX
WXVIRKXLW HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI YRMX WXVIRKXL QIXLSH SV
TVMWQXIWXQIXLSHEVIEHIUYEXI
E Prism sampling and removal { *SV IEGL E Prism sampling and removal { 6IQSZEP SJ
WUYEVIJIIXQ SJ[EPPEVIEMRUYIWXMSRWE[ TVMWQW JVSQ E GSRWXVYGXIH [EPP VIUYMVIW GEVI WS XLEX
GYX XLVII TVMWQW JVSQ QEWSRV] XLEX MW EX PIEWX XLITVMWQ MWRSXHEQEKIHERHXLEXHEQEKIXSXLI[EPP
HE]W SPH3FXEMRE QMRMQYQ SJXLVIITVMWQWJVSQ MW QMRMQEP4VMWQWQYWXFIVITVIWIRXEXMZISJXLI[EPP
XLITVSNIGX7IPIGXVIQSZIERHXVERWTSVXTVMWQWMR ]IXRSXGSRXEMRER]VIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP[LMGL[SYPHFMEW
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' (IXIVQMRI XLI XLI VIWYPXW %W [MXL E TVMWQ XIWX XEOIR HYVMRK
PIRKXL [MHXL ERH LIMKLX HMQIRWMSRW SJ XLI TVMWQ GSRWXVYGXMSR E TVMWQ XIWX JVSQ I\MWXMRK QEWSRV]
ERHXIWXMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781' VIUYMVIWXLVIITVMWQWTIGMQIRW
1.4 B.4. Testing prisms from constructed masonry

'SRXMRYIH
F Compressive strength calculations { F Compressive strength calculations {
'EPGYPEXI XLI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ TVMWQW 'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL GEPGYPEXMSRW JVSQ WE[GYX
MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%781' WTIGMQIRWQYWXFIFEWIHSRXLIRIXQSVXEVFIHHIHEVIE
SV XLIRIXQSVXEVFIHHIHEVIE TPYWXLI KVSYXIHEVIEJSV
KVSYXIHTVMWQW8LIRIXEVIEQYWXFIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLI
XIWXMRKEKIRG]FIJSVIXLITVMWQMWXIWXIH
G Compliance { 7XVIRKXLW HIXIVQMRIH JVSQ
WE[GYX TVMWQW WLEPP IUYEP SV I\GIIH XLI
WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ QEWSRV]
%HHMXMSREP XIWXMRK SJ WTIGMQIRW GYX JVSQ
GSRWXVYGXMSRMRUYIWXMSRMWTIVQMXXIH
1.4 C. Adhered veneer requirements { ;LIR EHLIVIH 1.4 C. Adhered veneer requirements { %HLIWMSR
ZIRIIV MW RSX TPEGIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI ' WLSYPH FI ZIVMJMIH MJ E JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRX ER ETTPMIH
HIXIVQMRIXLIEHLIWMSRSJEHLIVIHZIRIIVYRMXXSFEGOMRKMR GSEXMRKSVEWQSSXLWYVJEGIMWTVIWIRXSRXLIFEGOMRK
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
S-20 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.5 — Submittals 1.5 — Submittals

1.5 A.3FXEMR[VMXXIREGGITXERGISJWYFQMXXEPWTVMSVXSXLI 7YFQMXXEPW ERH XLIMV WYFWIUYIRX EGGITXERGI SV
YWISJXLIQEXIVMEPWSVQIXLSHWVIUYMVMRKEGGITXERGI VINIGXMSRSREXMQIP]FEWMW[MPPOIITXLITVSNIGXQSZMRK
WQSSXLP] -J XLI WTIGMJMIV [MWLIW XS VIUYMVI E LMKLIV
1.5 B.7YFQMXXLIJSPPS[MRK
PIZIPSJUYEPMX]EWWYVERGIXLERXLIQMRMQYQVIUYMVIHF]
1M\HIWMKRWERHXIWXVIWYPXW XLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSRWYFQMXXEPWQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSVSRISV
QSVI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK WLST HVE[MRKW JSV VIMRJSVGIH
E 3RI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK JSV IEGL QSVXEV QM\ QEWSRV] ERH PMRXIPW WEQTPI WTIGMQIRW SJ QEWSRV]
I\GPYHMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%' YRMXW GSPSVIH QSVXEV IEGL X]TI SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRX
1M\ HIWMKRW MRHMGEXMRK X]TI ERH TVSTSVXMSRW SJ EGGIWWSV] ERGLSV XMI JEWXIRIV ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSV]
MRKVIHMIRXW MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLI TVSTSVXMSR ERHXIWXVIWYPXWJSVQEWSRV]YRMXWQSVXEVERHKVSYX
WTIGMJMGEXMSRSJ%781'SV
1M\ HIWMKRW ERH QSVXEV XIWXW TIVJSVQIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSR SJ
%781'
F 3RISJXLIJSPPS[MRKJSVIEGLKVSYXQM\
1M\ HIWMKRW MRHMGEXMRK X]TI ERH TVSTSVXMSRW SJ
XLI MRKVIHMIRXW EGGSVHMRK XS XLI TVSTSVXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'SV
1M\HIWMKRWERH KVSYXWXVIRKXLXIWXTIVJSVQIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'SV
'SQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL XIWXW TIVJSVQIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' ERH WPYQT JPS[
ERH:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- EWHIXIVQMRIHF]
%781''1
1EXIVMEP GIVXMJMGEXIW { 1EXIVMEP GIVXMJMGEXIW JSV XLI
JSPPS[MRK GIVXMJ]MRK XLEX IEGL QEXIVMEP MW MR
GSQTPMERGI
E 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
F %RGLSVWXMIWJEWXIRIVWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW
G 1EWSRV]YRMXW
H 1SVXEV XLMRFIH QSVXEV JSV %%' ERH KVSYX
QEXIVMEPW
I 7IPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX
'SRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
E 'SPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
F ,SX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
1.6 — Quality assurance 1.6 — Quality assurance

5YEPMX] EWWYVERGI GSRWMWXW SJ XLI EGXMSRW XEOIR F]
ER S[RIV SV S[RIVvW VITVIWIRXEXMZI MRGPYHMRK
IWXEFPMWLMRK XLI UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW XS
TVSZMHIEWWYVERGIXLEXQEXIVMEPWERH[SVOQERWLMTEVIMR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI GSRXVEGX HSGYQIRXW 5YEPMX]
EWWYVERGI MRGPYHIW UYEPMX] GSRXVSP QIEWYVIW EW [IPP EW
XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR XS ZIVMJ] GSQTPMERGI 8LI XIVQ
UYEPMX]GSRXVSP[EWRSXYWIHMRXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRFIGEYWI
MXW QIERMRK ZEVMIW [MXL XLI TIVWTIGXMZI SJ XLI TEVXMIW
MRZSPZIHMRXLITVSNIGX
8LI S[RIV ERH %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] VIUYMVI E
XIWXMRK PEFSVEXSV] XS TVSZMHI WSQI SV EPP SJ XLI XIWXW
QIRXMSRIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR8EFPIWERH
8LIUYEPMX]SFNIGXMZIWEVIQIX[LIRXLIFYMPHMRKMW
TVSTIVP]HIWMKRIHGSQTPIXIHYWMRKQEXIVMEPWGSQTP]MRK
[MXL TVSHYGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW YWMRKEHIUYEXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
TVEGXMGIW ERH MW EHIUYEXIP]QEMRXEMRIH-RWTIGXMSR ERH
XIWXMRK EVI MQTSVXERX GSQTSRIRXW SJ XLI UYEPMX]
EWWYVERGITVSKVEQ[LMGLMWYWIHXSQIIXXLISFNIGXMZI
SJUYEPMX]MRGSRWXVYGXMSR
0EFSVEXSVMIW XLEX GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
%781 ' EVI QSVI PMOIP] XS FI JEQMPMEV [MXL
QEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERHXIWXMRK7TIGMJ]MRKXLEXXLIXIWXMRK
EKIRGMIWGSQTP][MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'
MWWYKKIWXIH
1.6 A. Testing Agency’s services and duties 1.6 A. Testing Agency’s services and duties {
-QTPIQIRXEXMSR SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
7EQTPIERHXIWXMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPISVEW
GSRXEMRIH MR XLI 5YEPMX] %WWYVERGI 8EFPIW VIUYMVIW
WTIGMJMIHJSVXLITVSNIGX
HIXEMPIH ORS[PIHKI SJ XLI ETTVSTVMEXI TVSGIHYVIW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH VITSVX XIWX VIWYPXW XS XLI 'SQTVILIRWMZI D ERH WYQQEV]
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]ERH'SRXVEGXSV XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW EVI EZEMPEFPI JVSQ
TVSQTXP] EJXIV XLI] EVI TIVJSVQIH -RGPYHI MR XIWX VIGSKRMÎH MRHYWXV] WSYVGIW [LMGL QE] FI VIJIVIRGIH
VITSVXW E WYQQEV] SJ GSRHMXMSRW YRHIV [LMGL XIWX JSV EWWMWXERGI MR GSQTP]MRK [MXL XLI WTIGMJMIH 5YEPMX]
WTIGMQIRW [IVI WXSVIH TVMSV XS XIWXMRK ERH WXEXI [LEX %WWYVERGITVSKVEQ
TSVXMSRSJXLIGSRWXVYGXMSRMWVITVIWIRXIHF]IEGLXIWX
;LIR XLIVI MW VIEWSR XS FIPMIZI XLEX ER] QEXIVMEP
JYVRMWLIHSV[SVOTIVJSVQIHF]XLI'SRXVEGXSVJEMPWXS
JYPJMPP XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI 'SRXVEGX (SGYQIRXW
VITSVX WYGL HMWGVITERG] XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]ERH'SRXVEGXSV
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XLI 3[RIV [MPP VIXEMR XLI
8IWXMRK%KIRG]
Table 3 — Level A Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
2SRI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
:IVMJ]GSQTPMERGI[MXLXLIETTVSZIHWYFQMXXEPW
S-22 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
Table 4 — Level B Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSR
I\GITX[LIVIWTIGMJMGEPP]I\IQTXIHF]XLI'SHI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
817 817
'SRXMRYSYW 4IVMSHMG %'- %'-
%7') %7')
%WQEWSRV]GSRWXVYGXMSRFIKMRWZIVMJ]XLEXXLI
JSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHQSVXEV < %VX%
F 'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
G +VEHIERHWMÎSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH < %VX&
ERGLSVEKIW ,
H 0SGEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < %VX %

TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
I 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIGLRMUYI < %VX&
J 4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] < F <G %VX'
4VMSVXSKVSYXMRKZIVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMR
GSQTPMERGI
E +VSYXWTEGI < %VX(
*
F +VEHIX]TIERHWMÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERH < 7IG %VX
ERGLSVFSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERH
ERGLSVEKIW
G 4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < 7IG %VX)
H 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXITVITEVIHKVSYXERH < %VX&
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW +F
I 'SRWXVYGXMSRSJQSVXEVNSMRXW < %VX&
Table 4 — Level B Quality Assurance (Continued)

MINIMUM INSPECTION
817 817
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
E 7MÎERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW < %VX*
F 8]TIWMÎERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK < 7IG
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR
G ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G
F
H 4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJQEWSRV] < %VX' (
HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIFIPS[ *
' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVIEFSZI *
'
I %TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
J 4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV < %VX
FSRHIHXIRHSRWMWMRGSQTPMERGI '
K 4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH <F <G %VX&
&G
&&
E *VIUYIRG]VIJIVWXSXLIJVIUYIRG]SJMRWTIGXMSR[LMGLQE]FIGSRXMRYSYWHYVMRKXLIXEWOPMWXIHSVTIVMSHMGEPP]HYVMRK
XLIPMWXIHXEWOEWHIJMRIHMRXLIXEFPI
F 6IUYMVIHJSVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
G 6IUYMVIHEJXIVXLIJMVWXWUYEVIJIIXWUYEVIQIXIVW SJ%%'QEWSRV]
S-24 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
Table 5 — Level C Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJf 'm ERHf 'AAC MREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI&TVMSVXSGSRWXVYGXMSRERHJSV
IZIV]WUJXWUQ HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
:IVMJMGEXMSRSJTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWMRTVIQM\IHSVTVIFPIRHIHQSVXEVTVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYXERHKVSYXSXLIVXLERWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXEWHIPMZIVIHXSXLITVSNIGXWMXI
MINIMUM INSPECTION
817 817
%7') %7')
:IVMJ]XLEXXLIJSPPS[MRKEVIMRGSQTPMERGI
E 4VSTSVXMSRWSJWMXIQM\IHQSVXEVKVSYXERH < %VX %
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSVFSRHIHXIRHSRW &'
+F
F +VEHIX]TIERHWMÎSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHERGLSV < 7IG %VX
FSPXWERHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHERGLSVEKIW
G 4PEGIQIRXSJQEWSRV]YRMXWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRSJ < %VX&
QSVXEVNSMRXW
H 4PEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXGSRRIGXSVWERH < 7IG %VX)
I +VSYXWTEGITVMSVXSKVSYXMRK < %VX(
*
J 4PEGIQIRXSJKVSYXERHTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXJSV < %VX '
FSRHIHXIRHSRW
K 7MÎERHPSGEXMSRSJWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW < %VX*
L 8]TIWMÎERHPSGEXMSRSJERGLSVWMRGPYHMRK < 7IG
WXVYGXYVEPQIQFIVWJVEQIWSVSXLIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
M ;IPHMRKSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX < 7IG
G
F
N 4VITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRSJ < %VX' (
QEWSRV]HYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVI
FIPS[ * ' SVLSX[IEXLIVXIQTIVEXYVI
EFSZI * '
P %TTPMGEXMSRERHQIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRK < %VX&
JSVGI
Q 4PEGIQIRXSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWERH < %VX&
R 4VSTIVXMIWSJXLMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV] < %VX'
&G
&&
1.6 B. Inspection Agency’s services and duties 1.6 B. Inspection Agency’s services and duties {8LI
'SHI ERH XLMW 7TIGMJMGEXMSR VIUYMVI XLEX QEWSRV] FI
-RWTIGXERHIZEPYEXIMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPI SV
MRWTIGXIH 8LI EPPS[EFPI WXVIWWIW YWIH MR XLI 'SHI EVI
EWWTIGMJMIHJSVXLITVSNIGX
FEWIHSRXLITVIQMWIXLEXXLI[SVO[MPPFIMRWTIGXIHERH
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHVITSVXMRWTIGXMSRVIWYPXWXS XLEX UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QIEWYVIW [MPP FI MQTPIQIRXIH
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH'SRXVEGXSVTVSQTXP]EJXIV 1MRMQYQ XIWXMRK ERH QMRMQYQ MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW
XLI] EVI TIVJSVQIH -RGPYHI MR MRWTIGXMSR VITSVXW E EVI KMZIR MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8EFPIW ERH 8LI
WYQQEV] SJ GSRHMXMSRW YRHIV [LMGL XLI MRWTIGXMSRW %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQE]MRGVIEWIXLIEQSYRXSJXIWXMRKERH
[IVIQEHIERHWXEXI[LEXTSVXMSRSJXLIGSRWXVYGXMSR MRWTIGXMSR VIUYMVIH 8LI QIXLSH SJ TE]QIRX JSV
MWVITVIWIRXIHF]IEGLMRWTIGXMSR MRWTIGXMSR WIVZMGIW MW YWYEPP] EHHVIWWIH MR KIRIVEP
GSRHMXMSRWSVSXLIVGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWERHYWYEPP]MWRSX
*YVRMWL MRWTIGXMSR VITSVXW XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV KSZIVRIHF]XLMWEVXMGPI
ERH'SRXVEGXSV
;LIR XLIVI MW VIEWSR XS FIPMIZI XLEX ER] QEXIVMEP
JYVRMWLIH SV [SVO TIVJSVQIH F] XLI 'SRXVEGXSV JEMPW
XSJYPJMPPXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLI'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW
VITSVXWYGLHMWGVITERG]XSXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH
XSXLI'SRXVEGXSV
7YFQMXEJMREPWMKRIHVITSVXWXEXMRK[LIXLIVXLI;SVO
VIUYMVMRKMRWTIGXMSR[EWXSXLIFIWXSJXLI-RWTIGXMSR
%KIRG]W ORS[PIHKI MR GSRJSVQERGI 7YFQMX XLI
JMREPVITSVXXSXLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVERH'SRXVEGXSV
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XLI 3[RIV [MPP VIXEMR XLI
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]
1.6 C. Contractor’s services and duties 1.6 C. Contractor’s services and duties { 8LI
GSRXVEGXSVIWXEFPMWLIWQM\HIWMKRWXLIWSYVGIJSVWYTTP]
4IVQMX ERH JEGMPMXEXI EGGIWW XS XLI GSRWXVYGXMSR WMXIW
SJQEXIVMEPWERHWYKKIWXWGLERKISVHIVW
ERHXLITIVJSVQERGISJEGXMZMXMIWJSVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
F]XLI8IWXMRKERH-RWTIGXMSR%KIRGMIW 8LI PMWXMRK SJ HYXMIW SJ XLI MRWTIGXMSR EKIRG]
XIWXMRK EKIRG] ERH GSRXVEGXSV TVSZMHI JSV E
8LI YWI SJ XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR WIVZMGIW HSIW RSX
GSSVHMREXMSR SJ XLIMV XEWOW ERH E QIERW SJ VITSVXMRK
VIPMIZI XLI 'SRXVEGXSV SJ XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] XS JYVRMWL
VIWYPXW 8LI GSRXVEGXSV MW FSYRH F] GSRXVEGX XS WYTTP]
QEXIVMEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSRMRJYPPGSQTPMERGI
ERH TPEGI XLI QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH F] XLI GSRXVEGX
8S JEGMPMXEXI XIWXMRK ERH MRWTIGXMSR GSQTP] [MXL XLI HSGYQIRXW4IVJIGXMSRMWSFZMSYWP]XLIKSEPFYXJEGXSVW
JSPPS[MRK SJWEJIX]MRGPYHIHMRXLIHIWMKRQIXLSH VIGSKRMÎ XLEX
WSQIHIZMEXMSRJVSQ TIVJIGXMSR[MPPI\MWX)RKMRIIVMRK
E*YVRMWL RIGIWWEV] PEFSV XS EWWMWX XLI HIWMKREXIH NYHKQIRX QYWX FI YWIH XS IZEPYEXI VITSVXIH
XIWXMRKEKIRG]MRSFXEMRMRKERHLERHPMRKWEQTPIWEX
HMWGVITERGMIW8SPIVERGIWPMWXIHMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI
XLI4VSNIGX *[IVIIWXEFPMWLIHXSEWWYVIWXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGI
F%HZMWI XLI HIWMKREXIH 8IWXMRK %KIRG] ERH -RWTIGXMSR ERH[IVIRSXFEWIHSREIWXLIXMGGVMXIVME
%KIRG] WYJJMGMIRXP] MR EHZERGISJSTIVEXMSRWXS EPPS[
JSV GSQTPIXMSR SJ UYEPMX] EWWYVERGI QIEWYVIW ERH JSV
XLIEWWMKRQIRXSJTIVWSRRIP
G4VSZMHI QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW VIUYMVIH JSV
TVIGSRWXVYGXMSRERHGSRWXVYGXMSRXIWXMRK
4VSZMHI ERH QEMRXEMR EHIUYEXI JEGMPMXMIW JSV XLI WSPI
YWI SJ XLI XIWXMRK EKIRG] JSV WEJI WXSVEKI ERH TVSTIV
GYVMRKSJXIWXWTIGMQIRWSRXLI4VSNIGX7MXI
-R XLI WYFQMXXEPW MRGPYHI XLI VIWYPXW SJ XIWXMRK
TIVJSVQIH XS UYEPMJ] XLI QEXIVMEPW ERH XS IWXEFPMWL
QM\HIWMKRW
S-26 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.6 D. Sample panels 1.6 D. Sample panels { 7EQTPI TERIPW WLSYPHGSRXEMR

XLI JYPP VERKI SJ YRMX ERH QSVXEV GSPSV )EGL TVSGIHYVI
*SV QEWSRV] KSZIVRIH F] 0IZIP & SV ' 5YEPMX]
MRGPYHMRKGPIERMRKERHETTPMGEXMSRSJGSEXMRKWERHWIEPERXW
%WWYVERGI 8EFPI SV 8EFPI GSRWXVYGX WEQTPI
WLSYPHFIHIQSRWXVEXIHSRXLIWEQTPITERIP8LIIJJIGXSJ
TERIPWSJQEWSRV][EPPW
XLIWIQEXIVMEPWERHTVSGIHYVIWSRXLIQEWSRV]GERXLIRFI
E 9WI QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSGIHYVIW EGGITXIH JSV XLI HIXIVQMRIHFIJSVIPEVKIEVIEWEVIXVIEXIH7MRGIMXWIVZIWEW
;SVO EGSQTEVMWSRSJXLIJMRMWLIH[SVOXLIWEQTPITERIPWLSYPH
FI QEMRXEMRIH YRXMP XLI [SVO LEW FIIR EGGITXIH 8LI
F 8LIQMRMQYQWEQTPITERIPHMQIRWMSRWEVIJX WTIGMJMIV LEW XLI STXMSR SJ TIVQMXXMRK E WIKQIRX SJ XLI
F]JXQF]Q QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR XS WIVZI EW E WEQTPI TERIP SV
8LI EGGITXEFPI WXERHEVH JSV XLI ;SVO MW VIUYMVMRKEWITEVEXIWXERHEPSRITERIP
IWXEFPMWLIHF]XLIEGGITXIHTERIP
6IXEMRWEQTPITERIPWEXXLITVSNIGXWMXIYRXMP;SVO
LEWFIIREGGITXIH
1.6 E. Grout demonstration panel { 4VMSV XS QEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR GSRWXVYGX E KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MJ
TVSTSWIH KVSYXMRK TVSGIHYVIW GSRWXVYGXMSR XIGLRMUYIW SV
KVSYX WTEGI KISQIXV] HS RSX GSRJSVQ XS XLI ETTPMGEFPI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPIW' (ERH)
1.7 — Delivery, storage, and handling 1.7 — Delivery, storage, and handling
1.7 A.(S RSX YWI HEQEKIH QEWSRV] YRMXW HEQEKIH 8LI TIVJSVQERGI SJ QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW GER FI
GSQTSRIRXWSJWXVYGXYVISVHEQEKIHTEGOEKIHQEXIVMEP VIHYGIH F] GSRXEQMREXMSR F] HMVX [EXIV ERH SXLIV
QEXIVMEPWHYVMRKHIPMZIV]SVEXXLITVSNIGXWMXI
1.7 B.4VSXIGXGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWJSVQSVXEVERHKVSYX
JVSQTVIGMTMXEXMSRERHKVSYRH[EXIV 6IMRJSVGIQIRX ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSVMIW EVI PIWW TVSRI
XLERQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWXSHEQEKIJVSQLERHPMRK
1.7 C.(SRSXYWIQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIGSRXEQMREXIH
1.7 D.7XSVIHMJJIVIRXEKKVIKEXIWWITEVEXIP]
1.7 E.4VSXIGX VIMRJSVGIQIRX XMIW ERH QIXEP EGGIWWSVMIW
JVSQTIVQERIRXHMWXSVXMSRWERHWXSVIXLIQSJJXLIKVSYRH
1.8 — Project conditions 1.8 — Project conditions

1.8 A. Construction loads — (S RSX ETTP] GSRWXVYGXMSR
PSEHWXLEXI\GIIHXLIWEJIWYTIVMQTSWIHPSEHGETEGMX]SJXLI
QEWSRV]ERHWLSVIWMJYWIH
1.8 B. Masonry protection — 'SZIV XST SJ YRJMRMWLIH
QEWSRV][SVOXSTVSXIGXMXJVSQXLI[IEXLIV
1.8 C. Cold weather construction — ;LIR EQFMIRX EMV 1.8 C. Cold weather construction { 8LI TVSGIHYVI
XIQTIVEXYVIMWFIPS[ * ' MQTPIQIRXGSPH[IEXLIV HIWGVMFIH MR XLMW EVXMGPI VITVIWIRXW XLI GSQQMXXIIvW
TVSGIHYVIWERHGSQTP][MXLXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRWIRWYW SJ GYVVIRX KSSH GSRWXVYGXMSR TVEGXMGI ERH LEW
FIIR JVEQIH XS KIRIVEPP] EKVII [MXL QEWSRV] MRHYWXV]
(SRSXPE]KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV] VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW
Preparation — 'SQTP] [MXL XLI JSPPS[MRK 8LITVSZMWMSRWSJ%VXMGPI'EVIQERHEXSV]IZIRMJ
VIUYMVIQIRXWTVMSVXSGSRHYGXMRKQEWSRV][SVO XLI TVSGIHYVIW WYFQMXXIH YRHIV %VXMGPI &E EVI RSX
E (SRSXPE]QEWSRV]YRMXWLEZMRKIMXLIVEXIQTIVEXYVI VIUYMVIH8LIGSRXVEGXSVLEWWIZIVEPSTXMSRWXSEGLMIZIXLI
FIPS[ * ' SV GSRXEMRMRKJVSÎR QSMWXYVI VIWYPXWVIUYMVIHMR%VXMGPI'8LISTXMSRWEVIEZEMPEFPI
ZMWMFPIMGISVWRS[SRXLIMVWYVJEGI FIGEYWISJXLIGPMQEXMGI\XVIQIWERHXLIMVHYVEXMSR;LIR
XLIEMVXIQTIVEXYVIEXXLITVSNIGXWMXISVYRMXXIQTIVEXYVIW
F 6IQSZIZMWMFPIMGI ERHWRS[ JVSQXLI XSTWYVJEGI JEPP FIPS[ S* S ' XLI GSPH[IEXLIV TVSXIGXMSR TPER
SJI\MWXMRKJSYRHEXMSRWERHQEWSRV]XSVIGIMZIRI[ WYFQMXXIH FIGSQIW QERHEXSV] ;SVO WXSTTEKI QE] FI
GSRWXVYGXMSR ,IEX XLIWI WYVJEGIW EFSZI JVII^MRK NYWXMJMIHMJEWLSVXGSPHWTIPPMWERXMGMTEXIH)RGPSWYVIWERH
YWMRKQIXLSHWXLEXHSRSXVIWYPXMRHEQEKI LIEXIVWGERFIYWIHEWRIGIWWEV]
1.8 C. Cold weather construction 'SRXMRYIH

Construction — 8LIWIVIUYMVIQIRXWETTP]XS[SVOMR 8IQTIVEXYVI SJXLIQEWSRV]QSVXEV QE]FIQIEWYVIH
TVSKVIWW ERH EVI FEWIH SR EQFMIRX EMV XIQTIVEXYVI YWMRK E QIXEP XMT MQQIVWMSR XLIVQSQIXIV MRWIVXIH MRXS E
(S RSX LIEX [EXIV SV EKKVIKEXIW YWIH MR QSVXEV SV WEQTPISJXLIQSVXEV8LIQSVXEVWEQTPIQE]FIQSVXEVEW
KVSYX EFSZI * ' 'SQTP] [MXL XLI GSRXEMRIH MR XLI QM\IV MR LSTTIVW JSV XVERWJIV XS XLI
JSPPS[MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW [LIR XLI JSPPS[MRK EQFMIRX [SVOMRK JEGI SJ XLI QEWSRV] SV EW EZEMPEFPI SR QSVXEV
EMVXIQTIVEXYVIWI\MWX FSEVHW GYVVIRXP] FIMRK YWIH 8LI GVMXMGEP QSVXEV
XIQTIVEXYVIWEVIXLIXIQTIVEXYVIWEXXLIQM\IVERHQSVXEV
E *XS * 'XS ' FSEVH PSGEXMSRW 8LI MHIEP QSVXEV XIQTIVEXYVI MW * XS
,IEX WERH SV QM\MRK [EXIV XS TVSHYGI QSVXEV * 'XS '
XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR * ' ERH * 8IQTIVEXYVISJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXQE]FIQIEWYVIHYWMRK
' EXXLIXMQISJQM\MRK EQIXEPPMGWYVJEGIGSRXEGXXLIVQSQIXIV8IQTIVEXYVISJXLI
,IEXKVSYXQEXIVMEPW[LIRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJXLI YRMXW QE] FI FIPS[ XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI MJ XLI
QEXIVMEPWMWFIPS[ * ' VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPI'EEVIQIX
F &IPS[ *XS * 'XS ' 8LI GSRXVEGXSV QE] GLSSWI XS IRGPSWI XLI IRXMVI EVIE
VEXLIV XLER QEOI XLI WIUYIRXMEP QEXIVMEPW GSRHMXMSRMRK ERH
,IEXWERHERHQM\MRK[EXIVXSTVSHYGIQSVXEV TVSXIGXMSR QSHMJMGEXMSRW %QFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI GSRHMXMSRW
XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR * ' ERH * ETTP] [LMPI [SVO MW MR TVSKVIWW 1MRMQYQ HEMP]
' EX XLI XMQI SJ QM\MRK 1EMRXEMR XIQTIVEXYVIW ETTP] XS XLI XMQI EJXIV KVSYXIH QEWSRV] MW
QSVXEV XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI JVII^MRK YRXMP YWIH TPEGIH 1IER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVIW ETTP] XS XLI XMQI EJXIV
MRQEWSRV] YRKVSYXIHQEWSRV]MWTPEGIH
,IEX KVSYX EKKVIKEXIW ERH QM\MRK [EXIV XS +VSYX QEHI [MXL 8]TI --- TSVXPERH GIQIRX KEMRW
TVSHYGI KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI FIX[IIR * WXVIRKXL QSVI UYMGOP] XLER KVSYX QM\IH [MXL 8]TI -
' ERH * ' EX XLI XMQI SJ TSVXPERH GIQIRX 8LMW JEWXIV WXVIRKXL KEMR IPMQMREXIW XLI
QM\MRK 1EMRXEMR KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI RIIHXSTVSXIGXQEWSRV]JSVXLIEHHMXMSREPLVTIVMSH
* ' EXXLIXMQISJKVSYXTPEGIQIRX 'SRWXVYGXMSR I\TIVMIRGI XLSYKL RSX JSVQEPP]
,IEX%%'YRMXWXSEQMRMQYQXIQTIVEXYVISJ HSGYQIRXIH WYKKIWXW XLEX %%' XLMRFIH QSVXEV VIEGLIW
* ' FIJSVIMRWXEPPMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV JYPP WXVIRKXL WMKRMJMGERXP] JEWXIV XLER QEWSRV] QSVXEV
LS[IZIVMXMWQSVI WIRWMXMZIXSGSPH[IEXLIVETTPMGEXMSRW
G &IPS[ * XS * 'XS z ' 'SQTP] %%' QEWSRV] EPWS LSPHW LIEX GSRWMHIVEFP] PSRKIV XLER
[MXL%VXMGPI'FERHXLIJSPPS[MRK GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]'SPH[IEXLIVVIUYMVIQIRXWEVIXLIVIJSVI
,IEX QEWSRV] WYVJEGIW YRHIV GSRWXVYGXMSR XS HMJJIVIRX JSV XLMRFIH QSVXEV ETTPMGEXMSRW EW GSQTEVIH XS
* ' ERH YWI [MRH FVIEOW SV GSRZIRXMSREP QSVXEV 'SPH [IEXLIV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
IRGPSWYVIW [LIR XLI [MRH ZIPSGMX] I\GIIHW PIZIPMRK GSYVWI QSVXEV ERH KVSYX VIQEMR XLI WEQI EW JSV
QTLOQL SXLIVQEWSRV]TVSHYGXW
,IEX QEWSRV] XS E QMRMQYQ XIQTIVEXYVI SJ

* ' TVMSVXSKVSYXMRK
H &IPS[ * ' 'SQTP] [MXL %VXMGPI
'G ERH XLI JSPPS[MRK 4VSZMHI ER
IRGPSWYVI ERH EY\MPMEV] LIEX XS QEMRXEMR EMV
XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI * ' [MXLMR XLI
IRGPSWYVI
S-28 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.8 C.4 Cold weather construction 'SRXMRYIH

Protection — 8LIWI VIUYMVIQIRXW ETTP] EJXIV
QEWSRV] MW TPEGIH ERH EVI FEWIH SR ERXMGMTEXIH
QMRMQYQHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIJSVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]ERH
ERXMGMTEXIH QIER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI JSV YRKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] 4VSXIGX GSQTPIXIH QEWSRV] MR XLI
JSPPS[MRKQERRIV
E 1EMRXEMR XLI XIQTIVEXYVISJKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
EFSZI * ' JSV XLI JMVWX LV EJXIV
GSRWXVYGXMSR
F 1EMRXEMRXLIXIQTIVEXYVISJ%%'QEWSRV]EFSZI
* ' JSVXLIJMVWXLVEJXIVXLMRFIHQSVXEV
ETTPMGEXMSR
G * XS * ' XS ' 4VSXIGX RI[P]
GSRWXVYGXIHQEWSRV]F]GSZIVMRK[MXLE[IEXLIV
VIWMWXMZI QIQFVERI JSV LV EJXIV FIMRK
GSQTPIXIH
H &IPS[ * XS * ' XS ' 'SZIV
RI[P] GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] GSQTPIXIP] [MXL
[IEXLIVVIWMWXMZI MRWYPEXMRK FPEROIXW SV IUYEP
TVSXIGXMSR JSV LV EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ [SVO
)\XIRHXMQITIVMSHXSLVJSVKVSYXIHQEWSRV]
YRPIWW XLI SRP] GIQIRX MR XLI KVSYX MW 8]TI ---
TSVXPERHGIQIRX
I &IPS[ * ' 1EMRXEMR RI[P]
GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV] XIQTIVEXYVI EFSZI *
' JSVEXPIEWXLVEJXIVFIMRKGSQTPIXIHF]
YWMRK LIEXIH IRGPSWYVIW IPIGXVMG LIEXMRK
FPEROIXW MRJEVIH PEQTW SV SXLIV EGGITXEFPI
QIXLSHW)\XIRHXMQITIVMSHXSLVJSVKVSYXIH
QEWSRV] YRPIWW XLI SRP] GIQIRX MR XLI KVSYX MW
8]TI---TSVXPERHGIQIRX
1.8 D. Hot weather construction { -QTPIQIRX ETTVSZIH 1.8 D. Hot weather construction{,MKLXIQTIVEXYVI
LSX [IEXLIV TVSGIHYVIW ERH GSQTP] [MXL XLI JSPPS[MRK ERH PS[ VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] MRGVIEWI XLI VEXI SJ QSMWXYVI
TVSZMWMSRW IZETSVEXMSR 8LIWI GSRHMXMSRW GER PIEH XS wHV]SYXx
HV]MRKSJXLIQSVXEVSVKVSYXFIJSVIWYJJMGMIRXL]HVEXMSR
Preparation{4VMSVXSGSRHYGXMRKQEWSRV][SVO
LEW XEOIR TPEGI SJ XLI QSVXEV ERH KVSYX (V]SYX
E ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX EMV XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW * EHZIVWIP] EJJIGXW XLI TVSTIVXMIW SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX
' SV I\GIIHW * ' [MXL E [MRH FIGEYWI HV]SYX WMKREPW MQTVSTIV GYVMRK ERH EWWSGMEXIH
ZIPSGMX]KVIEXIVXLERQTLOQLV VIHYGXMSR SJ QEWSRV] WXVIRKXL HIZIPSTQIRX 8LI
TVITEVEXMSRGSRWXVYGXMSRERHTVSXIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
1EMRXEMRWERHTMPIWMREHEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSR XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR EVI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW XS EZSMH
4VSZMHIRIGIWWEV]GSRHMXMSRWERHIUYMTQIRXXS HV]SYX SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX ERH XS EPPS[ JSV TVSTIV
TVSHYGI QSVXEV LEZMRK E XIQTIVEXYVI FIPS[ GYVMRK8LI]EVIFEWIHSRMRHYWXV]TVEGXMGI1SVI
* ' WXVMRKIRX ERH I\XIRWMZI LSX [IEXLIV TVEGXMGIW QE] FI
TVYHIRX [LIVI XIQTIVEXYVIW EVI LMKL [MRHW EVI WXVSRK
F ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW * ERHLYQMHMX]MWPS[
' SVI\GIIHW * ' [MXLE[MRH
ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER QTL OQLV (YVMRK LSX [IEXLIV WLEHMRK QEWSRV] QEXIVMEPW ERH
MQTPIQIRX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI (E IUYMTQIRX VIHYGIW QSVXEV ERH KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVIW
ERHWLEHI QEXIVMEPW ERH QM\MRK IUYMTQIRX JVSQ 7GLIHYPMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRXSEZSMHLSXXIVTIVMSHWSJXLIHE]
HMVIGXWYRPMKLX WLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
Construction{;LMPIQEWSRV][SVOMWMRTVSKVIWW 7II 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 'SQQIRXEV] %VXMGPI JSV

GSRWMHIVEXMSRW MR WIPIGXMRK QSVXEV QEXIVMEPW 8LI QSWX
E ;LIRXLIEQFMIRXEMVXIQTIVEXYVII\GIIHW * IJJIGXMZI [E] SJ VIHYGMRK QSVXEV ERH KVSYX FEXGL
' SV I\GIIHW * ' [MXL E [MRH XIQTIVEXYVIWMWF]YWMRKGSSPQM\MRK[EXIV7QEPPFEXGLIW
ZIPSGMX]KVIEXIVXLERQTLOQLV SJ QSVXEV EVI TVIJIVVIH SZIV PEVKIV FEXGLIW XS QMRMQMÎ
HV]MRKXMQISRQSVXEVFSEVHW1SVXEVWLSYPHRSXFIYWIH
1EMRXEMR XIQTIVEXYVI SJ QSVXEV ERH KVSYX EJXIVEQE\MQYQSJLVEJXIVMRMXMEPQM\MRKMRLSX[IEXLIV
FIPS[ * ' GSRHMXMSRW 9WI SJ GSSP [EXIV XS VIXIQTIV [LIR
*PYWL QM\IV QSVXEV XVERWTSVX GSRXEMRIV ERH XIQTIVMRKMWTIVQMXXIHVIWXSVIWTPEWXMGMX]ERHVIHYGIWXLI
QSVXEV FSEVHW [MXL GSSP [EXIV FIJSVI XLI] QSVXEVXIQTIVEXYVI
GSQIMRXSGSRXEGX[MXLQSVXEVMRKVIHMIRXWSV 1SWX QEWSRvW WERH MW HIPMZIVIH XS XLI TVSNIGX MR E
QSVXEV HEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSR[MXLEQSMWXYVIGSRXIRXSJEFSYX
1EMRXEMR QSVXEV GSRWMWXIRG] F] VIXIQTIVMRK XS TIVGIRX 7ERH TMPIW WLSYPH FI OITX GSSP ERH MR E
[MXLGSSP[EXIV HEQT PSSWI GSRHMXMSR F] WTVMROPMRK ERH F] GSZIVMRK
[MXLETPEWXMGWLIIXXSPMQMXIZETSVEXMSR
9WIQSVXEV[MXLMRLVSJMRMXMEPQM\MRK
6IWIEVGLWYKKIWXW XLEX GSZIVMRK ERH QSMWX GYVMRK SJ
7TVIEHXLMRFIHQSVXEVRSQSVIXLERJSYVJIIX GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] [EPPW HVEQEXMGEPP] MQTVSZIW JPI\YVEP
ELIEHSJ%%'QEWSRV]YRMXW FSRH WXVIRKXL GSQTEVIH XS [EPPW RSX GSZIVIH SV QSMWX
7IX %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW [MXLMR SRI QMRYXI GYVIH
EJXIVWTVIEHMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV
F ;LIR XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI I\GIIHW *
' SV I\GIIHW * ' [MXL E [MRH
ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER QTL OQLV
MQTPIQIRX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI (E
ERH YWI GSSP QM\MRK [EXIV JSV QSVXEV ERH KVSYX
-GI MW TIVQMXXIH MR XLI QM\MRK [EXIV TVMSV XS YWI
(SRSXTIVQMXMGIMRXLIQM\MRK[EXIV[LIREHHIH
XSXLISXLIVQSVXEVSVKVSYXQEXIVMEPW
Protection { ;LIR XLI QIER HEMP] XIQTIVEXYVI
I\GIIHW * ' SV I\GIIHW * '
[MXL E [MRH ZIPSGMX] KVIEXIV XLER QTL
OQLV JSK WTVE] RI[P] GSRWXVYGXIH QEWSRV]
YRXMP HEQT EX PIEWX XLVII XMQIW E HE] YRXMP XLI
QEWSRV]MWXLVIIHE]WSPH
S-30 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
PART 2 — PRODUCTS
2.1 — Mortar materials 2.1 — Mortar materials

2.1 A.4VSZMHI QSVXEV SJ XLI X]TI ERH GSPSV WTIGMJMIH %781'GSRXEMRWWXERHEVHWJSVQEXIVMEPWYWIHXS
ERHGSRJSVQMRK[MXL%781' QEOIQSVXEV8LYWGSQTSRIRXQEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRWRIIH
RSX FI PMWXIH 8LI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QE] [MWL XS MRGPYHI
SRP] GIVXEMR X]TIW SJ QEXIVMEPW SV I\GPYHI SXLIVW XS KEMR
FIXXIVGSRXVSP
8LIVI EVI X[S QIXLSHW SJ WTIGMJ]MRK QSVXEV YRHIV
%781 ' TVSTSVXMSR ERH TVSTIVX] 8LI TVSTSVXMSR
WTIGMJMGEXMSR HMVIGXW XLI GSRXVEGXSV XS QM\ XLI QEXIVMEPW MR
XLIZSPYQIXVMGTVSTSVXMSRWKMZIRMR%781'8LIWIEVI
VITIEXIHMR8EFPI7'8LITVSTIVX]WTIGMJMGEXMSRMRWXVYGXW
XLI GSRXVEGXSV XS HIZIPST E QSVXEV QM\ XLEX [MPP ]MIPH XLI
WTIGMJMIH TVSTIVXMIW YRHIV PEFSVEXSV] XIWXMRK GSRHMXMSRW
8EFPI7'GSRXEMRWXLIVIUYMVIHVIWYPXWSYXPMRIHMR%781
' 8LI VIWYPXW EVI WYFQMXXIH XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
ERH XLI QM\ TVSTSVXMSRW HIZIPSTIH MR XLI PEFSVEXSV] EVI
QEMRXEMRIH MR XLI JMIPH ;EXIV EHHIH MR XLI JMIPH MW
HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI QEWSR JSV FSXL QIXLSHW SJ WTIGMJ]MRK
QSVXEV % QSVXEV QM\IHMR EGGSVHERGI[MXL XLITVSTSVXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 8EFPI 7' QE] LEZI HMJJIVIRX TL]WMGEP
TVSTIVXMIWXLERSJEQSVXEVSJXLIWEQIX]TIMI8]TI17
2SV3 QM\IHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLTVSTSVXMSRWIWXEFPMWLIH
F] PEFSVEXSV] XIWXMRK XS QIIX XLI TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSR
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ8EFPI7',MKLIVPMQIGSRXIRXMRGVIEWIW
[SVOEFMPMX] ERH [EXIV VIXIRXMZMX] %781 ' LEW ER
%TTIRHM\ [MXL MRJSVQEXMSR XLEX GER FI YWIJYP MR WIPIGXMRK
QSVXEV
)MXLIVTVSTSVXMSRWSVTVSTIVXMIWFYXRSXFSXLWLSYPH
FIWTIGMJMIH%KSSHVYPISJXLYQFMWXSWTIGMJ]XLI[IEOIWX
QSVXEV XLEX [MPP TIVJSVQ EHIUYEXIP] RSX XLI WXVSRKIWX
)\GIWWMZI EQSYRXW SJ TMKQIRXW YWIH XS EGLMIZI QSVXEV
GSPSV QE] VIHYGI FSXL XLI GSQTVIWWMZI ERH FSRH WXVIRKXL
SJXLIQEWSRV]'SRJSVQERGIXSXLIQE\MQYQTIVGIRXEKIW
MRHMGEXIH [MPP PMQMX XLI PSWW SJ WXVIRKXL XS EGGITXEFPI
EQSYRXW(YIXSXLIJMRITEVXMGPIWMÎXLI[EXIVHIQERHSJ
XLI QSVXEV MRGVIEWIW [LIR GSPSVMRK TMKQIRXW EVI YWIH
%HQM\XYVIW GSRXEMRMRK I\GIWWMZI EQSYRXW SJ GLPSVMHI MSRW
EVIHIXVMQIRXEPXSWXIIPMXIQWTPEGIHMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX
%781'WTIGMJMIWQSVXEVXIWXMRKYRHIVPEFSVEXSV]
GSRHMXMSRW SRP] JSV EGGITXERGI SJ QSVXEV QM\IW YRHIV XLI
TVSTIVX] WTIGMJMGEXMSRW *MIPH WEQTPMRK ERH XIWXMRK SJ
QSVXEV MW GSRHYGXIH YRHIV %781 ' ERH MW YWIH XS
ZIVMJ] GSRWMWXIRG] SJ QEXIVMEPW ERH TVSGIHYVIW RSX QSVXEV
WXVIRKXL %781 ' TVSZMHIW KYMHERGI SR ETTVSTVMEXI
XIWXMRKSJQSVXEVJSVUYEPMX]EWWYVERGI
S-32 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
Table SC-1 — ASTM C270 mortar proportion specification requirements
4VSTSVXMSRWF]ZSPYQIGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
4SVXPERH 1SVXEV 1EWSRV] %KKVIKEXIVEXMS
1SVXEV 8]TI GIQIRXSV GIQIRX GIQIRX ,]HVEXIHPMQI QIEWYVIHMRHEQT
FPIRHIH SVPMQITYXX] PSSWIGSRHMXMSRW
1 7 2 1 7 2
GIQIRX
'IQIRXPMQI 1
7 SZIV XS¡
2 SZIV¡XS
3 SZIV XS¡
1SVXEVGIQIRX 1
1 2SXPIWWXLER
7 ¡ ERHRSXQSVIXLER
7 XMQIWXLIWYQSJ
XLIWITEVEXI
2 ZSPYQIWSJ
3 GIQIRXMXMSYW
1EWSRV]GIQIRX 1 QEXIVMEPW
1
7 ¡
7
2
3
8[SEMVIRXVEMRMRKQEXIVMEPWWLEPPRSXFIGSQFMRIHMRQSVXEV
Table SC-2 — ASTM C270 property specification requirements for laboratory prepared mortar
%ZIVEKI
GSQTVIWWMZI ;EXIVVIXIRXMSR %MVGSRXIRXQE\ %KKVIKEXIVEXMSQIEWYVIH
1SVXEV 8]TI
WXVIRKXLEX QMRTIVGIRX TIVGIRX MRHEQTPSSWIGSRHMXMSRW
HE]WTWM14E
'IQIRXPMQI 1
7
2
3
1SVXEVGIQIRX 1 2SXPIWWXLER ERHRSX
7 QSVIXLER¡XMQIWXLI
WYQSJXLI
2 WITEVEXIZSPYQIWSJ
3 GIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
1EWSRV]GIQIRX 1
7
2
3
;LIRWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRGIQIRXPMQISVQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEVXLIQE\MQYQEMVGSRXIRXWLEPP
FITIVGIRX
;LIRWXVYGXYVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWMRGSVTSVEXIHMRQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEVXLIQE\MQYQEMVGSRXIRXWLEPPFITIVGIRX
2.1 B. Glass unit masonry { *SV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] 2.1 B. Glass unit masonry { -R I\XIVMSV ETTPMGEXMSRW
TVSZMHI8]TI7SV2QSVXEVXLEXGSRJSVQWXS%VXMGPI% GIVXEMR I\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW SV TERIP WMÎW QE] [EVVERX
XLI YWI SJ QSVXEV X]TI [MXL LMKL FSRH WXVIRKXL 8]TI 7
QSVXEV LEW E LMKLIV FSRH WXVIRKXL XLER 8]TI 2 QSVXEV
4SVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEVWERHQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEVW
LEZI E LMKLIV FSRHWXVIRKXL XLER WSQI QEWSRV] GIQIRX
QSVXEVW SJ XLI WEQI X]TI 8LI TIVJSVQERGI SJ PSGEPP]
EZEMPEFPI QEXIVMEPW ERH XLI WMÎERHI\TSWYVI GSRHMXMSRW
SJ XLI TERIP WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIH [LIR WTIGMJ]MRK XLI
X]TISJ QSVXEV 1ERYJEGXYVIVW SJKPEWW YRMXW VIGSQQIRH
YWMRKQSVXEV GSRXEMRMRKE[EXIVVITIPPIRXEHQM\XYVISVE
GIQIRX GSRXEMRMRK E [EXIVVITIPPIRX EHHMXMSR %
[SVOEFPILMKLP][EXIVVIXIRXMZIQSVXEVMWVIGSQQIRHIH
JSV YWI [LIR GSRHMXMSRW SJ LMKL LIEX ERH PS[ VIPEXMZI
LYQMHMX]I\MWXHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
2.1 C. AAC Masonry 2.1 C. AAC masonry — %781 ) QIEWYVIW XLI
4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV WTIGMJMGEPP] QERYJEGXYVIH JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL SJ E JYPPWMÎH TERIP [LIVIEW %781
JSVYWI[MXL%%'QEWSRV]8IWXMRKXSZIVMJ]QSVXEV )ERH%781'QIEWYVIXLIJPI\YVEPWXVIRKXLSJ
TVSTIVXMIWWLEPPFIGSRHYGXIHF] XLIXLMRFIHQSVXEV WQEPP WGEPI XIWX WTIGMQIRW %781 ) [EW HIZIPSTIH
QERYJEGXYVIV ERH GSRJMVQIH F] ER MRHITIRHIRX XS TVSZMHI XLI QSWX VIEPMWXMG EWWIWWQIRX SJ E [EPPvW
XIWXMRKEKIRG] TIVJSVQERGIYRHIVJPI\YVEPPSEHMRK
E4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV [MXL GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLXLEXQIIXWSVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI
%%' QEWSRV] YRMXW 'SRHYGX GSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781
''1
F4VSZMHI XLMRFIH QSVXEV [MXL WLIEV WXVIRKXL XLEX
QIIXWSVI\GIIHWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLI%%'QEWSRV]
YRMXW 'SRHYGX WLIEV WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL%781)'YVIXLIK]TWYQGETTMRKJSVEX
PIEWXLSYVWTVMSVXSXIWXMRK
G*SVIEGLWTIGMJMIHWXVIRKXLGPEWWTVSZMHIXLMRFIH
QSVXEV [MXL JPI\YVEP XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL XLEX MW RSX
PIWW XLER XLI WQEPPIV SJ XLI QE\MQYQ ZEPYI
WTIGMJMIHMRXLIKSZIVRMRKFYMPHMRKGSHIERHXLI
QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXW'SRHYGX
JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781
)%781)1IXLSH%SV%781'
*SV GSRHYGXMRK JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ) GSRWXVYGX EX
PIEWX JMZI XIWX WTIGMQIRW EW WXEGOFSRHIH
TVMWQWEXPIEWXMRQQ LMKL9WIXLI
X]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH F] XLI %%' YRMX
QERYJEGXYVIV
*SV JPI\YVEP WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
%781 ' GSRWXVYGX XIWX WTIGMQIRW EW
WXEGOFSRHIHTVMWQWGSQTVMWIHSJEXPIEWXFIH
NSMRXW8IWXEXSXEPSJEX PIEWXNSMRXW9WIXLI
X]TI SJ QSVXEV WTIGMJMIH F] XLI %%' YRMX
QERYJEGXYVIV
H4IVJSVQ WTPMXXMRK XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL XIWXW MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781'
S-34 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.1 C. AAC Masonry'SRXMRYIH

1SVXEV JSV PIZIPMRK GSYVWI WLEPP FI 8]TI 1 SV 7
'SRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPI%
2.2 — Grout materials 2.2 — Grout materials

2.2 A.9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI KVSYX XLEX %781 ' GSRXEMRW WXERHEVHW JSV QEXIVMEPW YWIH
GSRJSVQWXS XSQEOIKVSYX8LYWGSQTSRIRXQEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
RIIHRSXFIPMWXIH
XLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'SV
%HQM\XYVIWJSVKVSYXMRGPYHIXLSWIXSMRGVIEWIJPS[
XLI QEXIVMEP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %781 ' EXXEMRW
ERHXSVIHYGIWLVMROEKI7MRGIWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXW
XLI WTIGMJMIH GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SV TWM
MRGPYHIEHQM\XYVIWERHEVIHIPMZIVIH XSXLITVSNIGX WMXI
14E [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIVEXHE]W[LIR
TVIQM\IH SV TVIFPIRHIH ERH GIVXMJMIH F] XLI
XIWXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 ' LEW E
QERYJEGXYVIVXLIEHHMXMSRSJEHQM\XYVIW MR XLI JMIPH MW
WPYQT JPS[ SJ MR XS MR XS QQ EW
RSXTIVQMXXIH
HIXIVQMRIH F] %781 ''1 ERH LEW E
:MWYEP7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- PIWWXLERSVIUYEPXS 7IPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QIIXW XLI QEXIVMEP
EW HIXIVQMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %781 VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %781 ' &IGEYWI XLI QM\ MW
''1%TTIRHM\< LMKLP] JPYMH XVEHMXMSREP WPYQT GSRI XIWXW JSV QEWSRV]
KVSYX EVI RSX ETTPMGEFPI 8LI QEXIVMEP MW UYEPMJMIH F]
2.2 B.4VSZMHI E KVSYX HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP QIIXMRK XLI
QIEWYVMRK MXW WPYQT JPS[ ERH HIXIVQMRMRK MXW :MWYEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI ) [LIR KVSYX GSRJSVQMRK XS
7XEFMPMX]-RHI\:7- YWMRK%781''1
EVXMGPI%[MPPFIYWIH[MXL%%'QEWSRV]
8LMW EVXMGPI HSIW RSX ETTP] XS TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX WII
2.2 C.(S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW YRPIWW EGGITXEFPI *MIPH
%VXMGPI+F
EHHMXMSRSJEHQM\XYVIW MWRSXTIVQMXXIHMRWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYX
2.3 — Masonry unit materials 2.3 — Masonry unit materials

2.3 A.4VSZMHI GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS 2.3 A. 'SRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI QEHI JVSQ
%781''''SV'EWWTIGMJMIH PMKLX[IMKLX ERH RSVQEP [IMKLX EKKVIKEXI [EXIV ERH
GIQIRX 8LI YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WLETIW
WMÎW GSPSVW ERH WXVIRKXLW 7MRGI XLI TVSTIVXMIW SJ XLI
GSRGVIXI ZEV] [MXL XLI EKKVIKEXI X]TI ERH QM\
TVSTSVXMSRW XLIVIMW E VERKI SJ TL]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW ERH
[IMKLXWEZEMPEFPIMRGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
1EWSRV] YRMXW EVI WIPIGXIH JSV XLI YWI ERH
ETTIEVERGI HIWMVIH [MXL QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW
EHHVIWWIH F] IEGL VIWTIGXMZI %781 WXERHEVH ;LIR
TEVXMGYPEV JIEXYVIW EVI HIWMVIH WYGL EW WYVJEGI XI\XYVIW
JSV ETTIEVERGI SV FSRH JMRMWL GSPSV SV TEVXMGYPEV
TVSTIVXMIW WYGL EW [IMKLX GPEWWMJMGEXMSR LMKLIV
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL JMVI VIWMWXERGI XLIVQEP SV
EGSYWXMGEP TIVJSVQERGI XLIWI JIEXYVIW WLSYPH FI
WTIGMJMIH WITEVEXIP] F] XLI TYVGLEWIV 0SGEP WYTTPMIVW
WLSYPHFIGSRWYPXIHEWXSXLIEZEMPEFMPMX]SJYRMXWLEZMRK
XLIHIWMVIHJIEXYVIW
'SRGVIXI FVMGO WTIGMJMIH MR %781 ' ERH WERH
PMQI FVMGO WTIGMJMIH MR %781 ' EVI WTIGMJMIH F]
KVEHI%781'HIWMKREXIWX[SKVEHIW+VEHI2ERH
+VEHI7+VEHI 2 YRMXW EVIJSV KIRIVEP YWI WYGLEW MR
I\XIVMSV[EPPWEFSZISVFIPS[KVEHI[LMGLQE]SVQE]
RSXFII\TSWIHXSXLI[IEXLIV+VEHI7YRMXWEVIPMQMXIH
XS YWI EFSZI KVEHI MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW [MXL [IEXLIV
TVSXIGXMZIGSEXMRKWERHMR[EPPWRSXI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIV
2.3 A.'SRXMRYIH

%781 ' HIWMKREXIW WERHPMQI FVMGO EW IMXLIV
+VEHI7;SV+VEHI1;+VEHI7;FVMGOEVIMRXIRHIH
JSV YWI [LIVI XLI] [MPP FI I\TSWIH XS JVII^MRK
XIQTIVEXYVIW MR XLI TVIWIRGI SJ QSMWXYVI +VEHI 1;
FVMGO EVI PMQMXIH XS ETTPMGEXMSRW MR [LMGL XLI] QE] FI
WYFNIGXIHXSJVII^MRKXIQTIVEXYVIFYXMR[LMGLXLI]EVI
YRPMOIP]XSFIWEXYVEXIH[MXL[EXIV
8EFPI 7' WYQQEVMÎW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
ZEVMSYW GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] YRMXW KMZIR MR XLI VIJIVIRGIH
WXERHEVHW
%781'GSZIVWXLITVSTIVXMIWSJYRMXWXLEXLEZIE
VIWMR JEGMRK SR XLIQ 8LI YRMXW QYWX QIIX XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJSRISJXLISXLIVVIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHW
2.3 B.4VSZMHIGPE]SVWLEPIQEWSRV]YRMXWXLEXGSRJSVQXS 2.3 B.'PE] SV WLEPI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI JSVQIH JVSQ
%781''''''''SV XLSWI QEXIVMEPW ERH VIJIVVIH XS EW FVMGO SV XMPI 'PE]
'SVXS%27-%EWWTIGMJMIH QEWSRV]YRMXWQE]FIQSPHIHTVIWWIHSVI\XVYHIHMRXS
XLI HIWMVIH WLETI 4L]WMGEP TVSTIVXMIW HITIRHYTSR XLI
VE[ QEXIVMEPW XLI QIXLSH SJ JSVQMRK ERH XLI JMVMRK
XIQTIVEXYVI -RGMTMIRX JYWMSR E QIPXMRK ERH NSMRMRK SJ
XLI GPE] TEVXMGPIW MW RIGIWWEV] XS HIZIPST XLI WXVIRKXL
ERHHYVEFMPMX]SJGPE]QEWSRV]YRMXW%[MHIZEVMIX]SJ
YRMXWLETIWWMÎWGSPSVWERHWXVIRKXLWMWEZEMPEFPI
8LI MRXIRHIH YWI HIXIVQMRIW [LMGL WXERHEVH
WTIGMJMGEXMSR MW ETTPMGEFPI +IRIVEPP] FVMGO YRMXW EVI
WQEPPIVXLERXMPIXMPIMWEP[E]WGSVIHERHFVMGOQE]FI
WSPMH SV GSVIH &VMGO MW RSVQEPP] I\TSWIH MR YWI ERH
QSWX XMPI MW GSZIVIH +VEHI SV GPEWW MW HIXIVQMRIH F]
I\TSWYVIGSRHMXMSRERH LEWVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVHYVEFMPMX]
YWYEPP] KMZIR F] GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ERH EFWSVTXMSR
(MQIRWMSREP ZEVMEXMSRW ERH EPPS[EFPI GLMTW ERH GVEGOW
EVIGSRXVSPPIHF]X]TI
8EFPI 7' WYQQEVMÎW XLIVIUYMVIQIRXW KMZIR MR XLI
VIJIVIRGIHWXERHEVHW
Table SC-3 — Concrete masonry unit requirements

%781
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 9RMX 7XVIRKXL ;IMKLX 8]TI +VEHI
' 'SRGVIXIFVMGO ]IW ]IW ]IW ]IW
' 7ERHPMQIFVMGO ]IW RS RS ]IW
' 0SEHFIEVMRKYRMXW ]IW ]IW ]IW RS
' 2SRPSEHFIEVMRKYRMXW ]IW ]IW ]IW RS
' 4VIJEGIHYRMXW { { { {
S-36 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.3 C.4VSZMHI WXSRI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS 2.3 C. 7XSRI QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI X]TMGEPP] WIPIGXIH F]
%781''''SV'EWWTIGMJMIH GSPSV ERH ETTIEVERGI 8LI VIJIVIRGIH WXERHEVHW GPEWWMJ]
FYMPHMRK WXSRIW F] XLI TVSTIVXMIW WLS[R MR 8EFPI 7'
8LI ZEPYIW KMZIR MR XLI WXERHEVHW WIVZI EW QMRMQYQ
VIUYMVIQIRXW 7XSRI MW SJXIR SVHIVIH F] E TEVXMGYPEV
UYEVV] SV GSPSV VEXLIV XLER XLI GPEWWMJMGEXMSR QIXLSH MR
XLIWXERHEVH
2.3 D.4VSZMHI LSPPS[ KPEWW YRMXW XLEX EVI TEVXMEPP] 2.3 D. ,SPPS[ KPEWW QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI JSVQIH F]
IZEGYEXIHERHLEZIEQMRMQYQEZIVEKIKPEWWJEGIXLMGORIWW JYWMRKX[SQSPHIHLEPZIWSJKPEWWXSKIXLIVXSTVSHYGIE
SJ MR QQ 4VSZMHI WSPMH KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW [LIR TEVXMEP ZEGYYQ MR XLI VIWYPXMRK GEZMX] 8LI VIWYPXMRK
VIUYMVIH4VSZMHIYRMXWMR[LMGLXLIWYVJEGIWMRXIRHIHXSFIMR KPEWW FPSGO YRMXW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WLETIW
GSRXEGX[MXLQSVXEVEVIXVIEXIH[MXLTSP]ZMR]PFYX]VEPGSEXMRK WMÎW ERH TEXXIVRW 9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW MRWTIGXW
SVPEXI\FEWIHTEMRX(SRSXYWIVIGPEMQIHYRMXW XLI QERYJEGXYVMRK ERH UYEPMX] GSRXVSP STIVEXMSRW SJ
KPEWW FPSGO TVSHYGXMSR SR E VIKYPEV FEWMW JSV 90
ETTVSZIHYRMXW8LI QMRMQYQ JEGI XLMGORIWWMWTEVXSJ
XLEXMRWTIGXMSR
8LI FPSGO IHKIW EVI YWYEPP] XVIEXIH MR XLI JEGXSV]
[MXLEGSEXMRKXLEXGERFIGPIEVSVSTEUYI8LITVMQEV]
TYVTSWI SJ XLI GSEXMRK MW XS TVSZMHI ER
I\TERWMSRGSRXVEGXMSR QIGLERMWQ XS VIHYGI WXVIWW
GVEGOMRKERHXSMQTVSZIXLIQSVXEVFSRH
Table SC-4 — Clay brick and tile requirements

1MRMQYQ
%781 +VEHI
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 9RMX WSPMH 7XVIRKXL ;IMKLX 8]TI
' 0SEHFIEVMRK[EPPXMPI E ]IW ]IW RS
' 2SRPSEHFIEVMRK[EPPXMPI F RS ]IW RS
' &YMPHMRKFVMGOWSPMH ]IW ]IW RS
' 'IVEQMGKPEÎHYRMXW G ]IW RS ]IW
' 7XVYGXYVEPJEGMRKXMPI F ]IW RS ]IW
' *EGMRKFVMGOWSPMH ]IW ]IW ]IW
' ,SPPS[FVMGO E ]IW ]IW ]IW
2SXIW
E%QMRMQYQ TIVGIRX MW KMZIR MR XLMW WTIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI TIVGIRX WSPMH MW EJYRGXMSR SJXLI VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV WMÎ
ERHSVRYQFIVSJGIPPWEW[IPPEWXLIQMRMQYQWLIPPERH[IFXLMGORIWWIW
F2SQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMWKMZIRMRXLMWWTIGMJMGEXMSR8LITIVGIRXWSPMHMWEJYRGXMSRSJXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWJSV
XLIRYQFIVSJGIPPWERH[IMKLXWTIVWUYEVIJSSX
G7SPMHQEWSRV]YRMXWQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMWTIVGIRX,SPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW{RSQMRMQYQTIVGIRXWSPMHMW
KMZIR MR XLMW WTIGMJMGEXMSR 8LIMV TIVGIRX WSPMH MW E JYRGXMSR SJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV RYQFIV SJ GIPPW ERH XLI
QMRMQYQWLIPPERH[IFXLMGORIWWIW
Table SC-5 — Stone requirements

%781 'SQTVIWWMZI 1SHYPYW %FVEWMSR %GMH
7TIGMJMGEXMSR 7XSRI %FWSVTXMSR (IRWMX] WXVIRKXL SJVYTXYVI VIWMWXERGI VIWMWXERGI
' 1EVFPI QMRMQYQ VERKI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ RSRI
' 0MQIWXSRI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI RSRI
' +VERMXI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ RSRI
' 7ERHWXSRI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI VERKI RSRI
' 7PEXI VERKI RSRI RSRI QMRMQYQ QMRMQYQ VERKI
2.3 E.4VSZMHI %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS 2.3 E. %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW EVI WTIGMJMIH F] FSXL
%781 ' JSV XLI WXVIRKXL GPEWW WTIGMJMIH MR XLI GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLERHHIRWMX]:EVMSYWHIRWMX]VERKIWEVI
'SRXVEGX(SGYQIRXW KMZIR MR %781 ' JSV WTIGMJMG GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXLW
+IRIVEPP]XLIHIRWMX]MWWTIGMJMIHFEWIHSRGSRWMHIVEXMSRSJ
XLIVQEP EGSYWXMGEP ERH [IMKLX VIUYMVIQIRXW ;LMPI %781
' TVSZMHIW FSXL QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ERH
GSVVIWTSRHMRK EZIVEKI GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL ZEPYIW %%'
QEWSRV] MW WXVYGXYVEPP] HIWMKRIH FEWIH SR XLI WTIGMJMG
QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ XLI %%' QEXIVMEP EW
HIXIVQMRIHF]%781'
2.4 — Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and 2.4 — Reinforcement, prestressing tendons, and
metal accessories metal accessories
2.4 A. Reinforcing steel — 4VSZMHI HIJSVQIH VIMRJSVGMRK 7II8EFPI7'JSVEWYQQEV]SJTVSTIVXMIW
FEVW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS SRI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK EW
WTIGMJMIH
%781%%1
%781%%1
%781%%1
%781%%1
%781%%1
Table SC-6 — Reinforcement and metal accessories

%781 =MIPHWXVIRKXL =MIPHWXVIWW
WTIGMJMGEXMSR 1EXIVMEP 9WI OWM14E 14E
%%1 7XVYGXYVEPWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW
%%1 7XIIP[MVI .SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIW
% 7XEMRPIWWWXIIP &SPXWVIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIW
%%1 7XIIP[IPHIH[MVI ;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRX
% 'EVFSRWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW E {
%%1 'EVFSRWXIIP 'SRRIGXSVW { {
%%1 7XIIP[MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1 7XIIP[IPHIH[MVI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX[IPHIH
VIMRJSVGIQIRX [MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1 'EVFSRWXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1 6EMPERHE\PIWXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX
%%1 0S[EPPS]WXIIP 6IMRJSVGIQIRX {
E %781HSIWRSXHIJMRIE]MIPHWXVIRKXLZEPYIJSV%781%+VEHI%ERGLSVFSPXW
S-38 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.4 B. Prestressing tendons 2.4 B. Prestressing tendons — 8LI GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]

EWTIGXW SJ TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] JEZSV XLI YWI SJ VSHW SV
4VSZMHITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWXLEXGSRJSVQXSSRISJ
VMKMH WXVERHW [MXL QIGLERMGEP ERGLSVEKI MR YRKVSYXIH
XLI JSPPS[MRK WXERHEVHW I\GITX JSV XLSWI TIVQMXXIH
GSRWXVYGXMSR 1MPH WXVIRKXL WXIIP FEVW LEZI FIIR YWIH MR
MR%VXMGPIW&ERH&
TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MRWXEPPEXMSRW MR XLI 9RMXIH 7XEXIW
E;MVI%781%%1 8LI WXVIWWVIPE\EXMSR GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ QMPH WXVIRKXL FEVW
SJPIWWXLEROWM?14EA WLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
F0S[VIPE\EXMSR[MVI%781%%1 XIWXWERHXLSWIVIWYPXWWLSYPHFIHSGYQIRXIH
G7XVERH%781%%1
H0S[VIPE\EXMSRWXVERH%781%%1
I&EV%781%%1
;MVI WXVERHW ERH FEVW RSX WTIGMJMGEPP] PMWXIH MR
%781 %%1 %%1 SV
%%1 EVI TIVQMXXIH TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI]
GSRJSVQ XS XLI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %781
%%1 %%1 SV %%1 ERH
EVIETTVSZIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
&EVW ERH [MVIW SJ PIWW XLER OWM 14E
XIRWMPI WXVIRKXL ERH GSRJSVQMRK XS %781
%%1 %%1 %%1
%%1SV%%1EVITIVQMXXIHXSFI
YWIHEWTVIWXVIWWIHXIRHSRWTVSZMHIHXLEXXLIWXVIWW
VIPE\EXMSR TVSTIVXMIW LEZI FIIR EWWIWWIH F] XIWXW
EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ) JSV XLI QE\MQYQ
TIVQMWWMFPIWXVIWWMRXLIXIRHSR
2.4 C. Joint reinforcement

4VSZMHINSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXGSRJSVQWXS%781
% 1E\MQYQ WTEGMRK SJ GVSWW [MVIW MR PEHHIV
X]TINSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHSJTSMRXWSJGSRRIGXMSR
SJ GVSWW [MVIW XS PSRKMXYHMREP [MVIW SJ XVYWWX]TI
NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPFIMRQQ
Deformed reinforcing wire — 4VSZMHI HIJSVQIH
VIMRJSVGMRK [MVI XLEX GSRJSVQW XS %781
%%1
Welded wire reinforcement — 4VSZMHI[IPHIH[MVI
VIMRJSVGIQIRXXLEXGSRJSVQWXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW
E4PEMR%781%%1
F(IJSVQIH%781%%1
2.4 D. Anchors, ties, and accessories — 4VSZMHIERGLSVW
XMIW ERH EGGIWWSVMIW XLEX GSRJSVQ XS XLI JSPPS[MRK
WTIGMJMGEXMSRWI\GITXEWSXLIV[MWIWTIGMJMIH
4PEXIERHFIRXFEVERGLSVW%781%%1
7LIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERHXMIW
%781%%1
;MVIQIWLXMIW%781%%1
;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW%781%%1
,IEHIHERGLSVFSPXW%781%+VEHI%
2.4 D. Anchors, ties, and accessories'SRXMRYIH
4ERIP ERGLSVW JSV KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] { 4VSZMHI

MR QQ [MHI MR QQ PSRK
KEKIWXIIPWXVMTWTYRGLIH[MXLXLVIIWXEKKIVIHVS[W
SJIPSRKEXIHLSPIWKEPZERMÎHEJXIVJEFVMGEXMSR
2.4 E. Stainless steel —7XEMRPIWW WXIIP MXIQW WLEPP FI 2.4 E. Stainless steel —'SVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGISJWXEMRPIWW
%-7- 8]TI SV 8]TI ERH WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI WXIIPMWKVIEXIVXLERXLEXSJXLISXLIVWXIIPWPMWXIH8LYWMX
JSPPS[MRK HSIWRSXLEZIXSFIGSEXIHJSVGSVVSWMSRVIWMWXERGI
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX%781%%1
4PEXIERHFIRXFEVERGLSVW
%781%%1ERH%781%
7LIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERHXMIW
%781%%1ERH%781%%1
;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW%781%%1
2.4 F. Coatings for corrosion protection — 9RPIWW 2.4 F. Coatings for corrosion protection — %QSYRX SJ
SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSXIGX GEVFSR WXIIP NSMRX KEPZERM^MRKVIUYMVIHMRGVIEWIW[MXLWIZIVMX]SJI\TSWYVIz

VIMRJSVGIQIRXXMIWERGLSVWERHWXIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWJVSQ 4VSNIGXHSGYQIRXWWLSYPHWTIGMJ]XLIPIZIPSJGSVVSWMSR
GSVVSWMSRF]KEPZERM^MRKSVITS\]GSEXMRKMRGSRJSVQERGI TVSXIGXMSREWVIUYMVIHF]'SHI7IGXMSR
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKQMRMQYQW
+EPZERMÎHGSEXMRKW
E1MPPKEPZERMÎHGSEXMRKW
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%781%%1S^JX OKQ
7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW
%781%%1'SEXMRK(IWMKREXMSR+
F,SXHMTKEPZERMÎHGSEXMRKW
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX[MVIXMIWERH[MVIERGLSVW
%781%%1S^JX KQ
7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW
%781%%1'PEWW&
7XIIPTPEXIWERHFEVWEWETTPMGEFPIXSWMÎERH
JSVQMRHMGEXIH %781%%1
SV%781%%1'PEWW&
)TS\]GSEXMRKW
E.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
%781%%1'PEWW%
8]TI{QMPW Q
F;MVIXMIWERHERGLSVW
%781%%1'PEWW'{QMPW Q
G7LIIXQIXEPXMIWERHERGLSVW
QMPW Q TIVWYVJEGI
SVQERYJEGXYVIVvWWTIGMJMGEXMSR
S-40 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons — 4VSXIGX 2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons — 8LI
XIRHSRW JVSQ GSVVSWMSR [LIR XLI] EVI MR I\XIVMSV [EPPW WTIGMJMIH QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV YRFSRHIH
I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV SV [EPPW I\TSWIH XS E QIER TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EVI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL GSVVSWMSR
VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] I\GIIHMRK TIVGIRX GSVVSWMZI TVSXIGXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW HIZIPSTIH JSV WMRKPIWXVERH
IRZMVSRQIRX 7IPIGX GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR QIXLSHW JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW MR GSRGVIXI 1EWSRV] GSZIV MW RSX
FSRHIHERHYRFSRHIHXIRHSRWJVSQSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRK WYJJMGMIRX GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV FSRHIH TVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRW MR E GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRX 8LIVIJSVI GSQTPIXI
Bonded tendons { )RGETWYPEXI FSRHIH XIRHSRW MR
IRGETWYPEXMSR MRXS TPEWXMG HYGXW MW VIUYMVIH 8LMW
GSVVSWMSR VIWMWXERX ERH [EXIVXMKLX GSVVYKEXIH HYGXW
VIUYMVIQIRX MW GSRWMWXIRX [MXL GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR JSV
GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI +E *MPP HYGXW [MXL
YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW %PXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXGSQTP]MRK[MXL%VXMGPI+F
TVSXIGXMSR WYGL EW XLI YWI SJ WXEMRPIWW WXIIP XIRHSRW SV
E (YGXW — ,MKLHIRWMX] TSP]IXL]PIRI SV KEPZERMÎH XIRHSRW EVI TIVQMXXIH )ZMHIRGI WLSYPH FI
TSP]TVST]PIRI TVSZMHIHXLEXXLIKEPZERM^MRKYWIHSRXLIXIRHSRWHSIWRSX
GEYWIL]HVSKIRIQFVMXXPIQIRXSJXLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR
9WI HYGXW XLEX EVI QSVXEVXMKLX ERH RSR
VIEGXMZI[MXLQEWSRV]XIRHSRWERHKVSYX 4VSXIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW EKEMRWX GSVVSWMSR MW
TVSZMHIHF]ERYQFIVSJQIEWYVIW8]TMGEPP]ETVSTVMIXEV]
4VSZMHI HYGXW[MXLER MRWMHI HMEQIXIV EXPIEWX W]WXIQ MW YWIH XLEX MRGPYHIW WLIEXLMRK XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK
MR QQ PEVKIV XLER XLI XIRHSR XIRHSR[MXLE[EXIVTVSSJTPEWXMGXETISVHYGX(MWGYWWMSRSJ
HMEQIXIV XLI ZEVMSYW GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQW YWIH JSV
1EMRXEMRHYGXWJVIISJ[EXIVMJQIQFIVWXSFI TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] MW EZEMPEFPI MR XLI PMXIVEXYVI 3RI
KVSYXIH EVI I\TSWIH XS XIQTIVEXYVIW FIPS[ I\EQTPI SJ E GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQ JSV XLI
JVII^MRKTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
4VSZMHI STIRMRKW EX FSXL IRHW SJ HYGXW JSV 'LPSVMHIW JPYSVMHIW WYPJMXIW RMXVEXIW SV SXLIV
KVSYXMRNIGXMSR GLIQMGEPWMRXLITVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXQE]LEVQTVIWXVIWWMRK
XIRHSRWERHWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHMRLEVQJYPGSRGIRXVEXMSRW
F 4VIWXVIWWMRKKVSYX
,MWXSVMGEPP]EKKVIKEXIWLEZI RSXFIIR YWIHMRKVSYXW
7IPIGXTVSTSVXMSRWSJQEXIVMEPWJSVTVIWXVIWWMRK JSVFSRHIHTSWXXIRWMSRIHGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
KVSYXYWMRKIMXLIVSJXLIJSPPS[MRKQIXLSHWEW
EGGITXIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
E 6IWYPXW SJ XIWXW SR JVIWL ERH LEVHIRIH
TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX { TVMSV XS FIKMRRMRK
KVSYXMRKSTIVEXMSRWSV
F 4VMSV HSGYQIRXIH I\TIVMIRGI [MXL
WMQMPEV QEXIVMEPW ERH IUYMTQIRX ERH YRHIV
GSQTEVEFPIJMIPHGSRHMXMSRW
4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSR
9WI TSVXPERH GIQIRX GSRJSVQMRK XS %781
'8]TI---SV---XLEXGSVVIWTSRHWXSXLI
X]TI YTSR [LMGL WIPIGXMSR SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK
KVSYX[EWFEWIH 4IVQERIRX'SVVSWMSR
9WIXLIQMRMQYQ[EXIVGSRXIRXRIGIWWEV]JSV 4VIZIRXMZI+VIEWI
TVSTIV TYQTMRK SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX
LS[IZIV PMQMX XLI [EXIVGIQIRX VEXMS XS E
QE\MQYQSJF][IMKLX 4PEWXMG7LIEXL
(MWGEVH TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX XLEX LEW FIKYR XS WIX

HYIXSHIPE]IHYWI
+EPZERMÎH7XIIPSV
(S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW YRPIWW EGGITXEFPI XS
4PEWXMG4MTI
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
9WI[EXIVXLEXMWTSXEFPIERHJVIISJQEXIVMEPW
ORS[RXSFILEVQJYPXSQEWSRV]QEXIVMEPWERH Figure SC-3 — An example of a corrosion-protection
VIMRJSVGIQIRX system for an unbonded tendon
2.4 G. Corrosion protection for tendons'SRXMRYIH

Unbonded tendons — 'SEX YRFSRHIH XIRHSRW [MXL E
QEXIVMEP GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI +F ERH GSZIVIH
[MXL E WLIEXLMRK GSQTP]MRK [MXL %VXMGPI +E
%GGITXEFPI QEXIVMEPW MRGPYHI E GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK
GSEXMRKQEXIVMEP[MXLEXIRHSRGSZIVMRKWLIEXLMRK
E 4VSZMHI GSRXMRYSYW XIRHSR WLIEXLMRK SZIV XLI
IRXMVI XIRHSR PIRKXL XS TVIZIRX PSWW SJ GSEXMRK
QEXIVMEPW HYVMRK XIRHSR MRWXEPPEXMSR ERH WXVIWWMRK
TVSGIHYVIW 4VSZMHI E WLIEXLMRK SJ QIHMYQ
HIRWMX] SV LMKLHIRWMX] TSP]IXL]PIRI SV
TSP]TVST]PIRI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW
7YJJMGMIRX WXVIRKXL XS [MXLWXERH HEQEKI HYVMRK
JEFVMGEXMSR XVERWTSVX MRWXEPPEXMSR ERH
XIRWMSRMRK
;EXIVXMKLXRIWWSZIVXLIIRXMVIWLIEXLMRKPIRKXL
'LIQMGEP WXEFMPMX] [MXLSYX IQFVMXXPIQIRX SV
WSJXIRMRK SZIV XLI ERXMGMTEXIH I\TSWYVI
XIQTIVEXYVI VERKI ERH WIVZMGI PMJI SJ XLI
WXVYGXYVI
2SRVIEGXMZI [MXL QEWSRV] ERH XLI XIRHSR
GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKGSEXMRK
-R RSVQEP RSRGSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW E
WLIEXLMRKXLMGORIWWSJRSXPIWWXLERMR
QQ -R GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW E WLIEXLMRK
XLMGORIWWSJRSXPIWWXLERMRQQ
%R MRWMHI HMEQIXIV EX PIEWX MR
QQ KVIEXIV XLER XLI QE\MQYQ HMEQIXIV SJ
XLIXIRHSR
*SV ETTPMGEXMSRW MR GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW
GSRRIGXXLI WLIEXLMRK XS MRXIVQIHMEXI ERHJM\IH
ERGLSVEKIW MR E [EXIVXMKLX JEWLMSR XLYW
TVSZMHMRK E GSQTPIXI IRGETWYPEXMSR SJ XLI
XIRHSR
F 4VSZMHI E GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP
[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKTVSTIVXMIW
0YFVMGEXMSR FIX[IIR XLI XIRHSR ERH XLI
WLIEXLMRK
6IWMWX JPS[ JVSQ XLI WLIEXLMRK [MXLMR XLI
ERXMGMTEXIHXIQTIVEXYVIVERKISJI\TSWYVI
% GSRXMRYSYW RSRFVMXXPI JMPQ EX XLI PS[IWX
ERXMGMTEXIHXIQTIVEXYVISJI\TSWYVI
'LIQMGEPP] WXEFPI ERH RSRVIEGXMZI [MXL XLI
XIRHSRWLIEXLMRKQEXIVMEPERHQEWSRV]
%R SVKERMG GSEXMRK [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI TSPEV
QSMWXYVI HMWTPEGMRK ERH GSVVSWMSRTVIZIRXMZI
EHHMXMZIW
S-42 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.4 G.2.b. (Continued)

% QMRMQYQ [IMKLX RSX PIWW XLER PF SJ
GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP TIV JX K SJ GSEXMRK
QEXIVMEP TIV Q SJ MR QQ HMEQIXIV
XIRHSRERHPFSJGSEXMRKQEXIVMEPTIVJX
K SJ GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP TIV Q SJ MR
QQ HMEQIXIV XIRHSR 9WI E WYJJMGMIRX
EQSYRXSJGSEXMRKQEXIVMEPXSIRWYVIJMPPMRKSJ
XLI ERRYPEV WTEGI FIX[IIR XIRHSR ERH
WLIEXLMRK
)\XIRH XLI GSEXMRK SZIV XLI IRXMVI XIRHSR
PIRKXL
4VSZMHIXIWXVIWYPXWMREGGSVHERGI[MXL8EFPI
JSVXLIGSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKGSEXMRKQEXIVMEP
%PXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW SJ GSVVSWMSR TVSXIGXMSR XLEX
TVSZMHI E TVSXIGXMSR PIZIP IUYMZEPIRX XS %VXMGPIW
+ ERH + EVI TIVQMXXIH 7XEMRPIWW WXIIP
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW SV XIRHSRW KEPZERMÎH
EGGSVHMRK XS %781 %%1 'PEWW & EVI
EGGITXEFPI EPXIVREXMZI QIXLSHW -J KEPZERMÎH
JYVXLIVIZMHIRGIQYWXFITVSZMHIHXLEXXLIGSEXMRK
[MPP RSX TVSHYGI L]HVSKIR IQFVMXXPIQIRX SJ XLI
WXIIP
2.4 H. Prestressing anchorages, couplers, and end blocks 2.4 H. Prestressing anchorages, couplers, and end
blocks — 8]TMGEP ERGLSVEKI ERH GSYTPMRK HIZMGIW EVI
4VSZMHI ERGLSVEKIW ERH GSYTPIVW XLEX HIZIPST EX
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'7XVIRKXLSJERGLSVEKIERHGSYTPMRK
PIEWX TIVGIRXSJXLIWTIGMJMIHFVIEOMRKWXVIRKXL
HIZMGIWWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIV
SJXLIXIRHSRWSVTVIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP[LIRXIWXIHMR
ER YRFSRHIH GSRHMXMSR [MXLSYX I\GIIHMRK 4VSXIGXMSR SJ ERGLSVEKI HIZMGIW X]TMGEPP] MRGPYHIW
ERXMGMTEXIHWIX JMPPMRK XLI STIRMRK SJ FIEVMRK TEHW [MXL KVIEWI KVSYXMRK
XLI VIGIWW MR FIEVMRK TEHW ERH TVSZMHMRK HVEMREKI SJ
4PEGI GSYTPIVW [LIVI EGGITXIH F]
GEZMXMIW LSYWMRK TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW [MXL FEWI JPEWLMRK
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV )RGPSWI [MXL LSYWMRK XLEX
ERH[IITLSPIW
TIVQMXW ERXMGMTEXIH QSZIQIRXW SJ XLI GSYTPIVW
HYVMRKWXVIWWMRK ;LIRERGLSVEKIWERHIRHJMXXMRKWEVII\TSWIHEHHMXMSREP
TVIGEYXMSRW XS EGLMIZI XLI VIUYMVIH JMVI VEXMRKW ERH
4VSXIGX ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW ERH IRH JMXXMRKW
QIGLERMGEPTVSXIGXMSRJSVXLIWIIPIQIRXWQYWXFIXEOIR
EKEMRWXGSVVSWMSR
4VSXIGX I\TSWIH ERGLSVEKIW GSYTPIVW ERH IRH
JMXXMRKW XS EGLMIZI XLI JMVIVIWMWXERGI VEXMRK
VIUYMVIH JSV XLI IPIQIRX F] XLI PIKEPP] EHSTXIH
FYMPHMRKGSHI
Table 6 — Performance specification for corrosion-inhibiting coating
Test Test Method Acceptance Criteria
(VSTTMRK4SMRX * ' %781(SV 1MRMQYQ

%781(
3MP7ITEVEXMSR$ * ' *817& 1E\MQYQ

F][IMKLX 1IXLSH
;EXIV QE\MQYQ %781(
*PEWL4SMRX * ' %781( 1MRMQYQ

6IJIVWXSSMPGSQTSRIRX
'SVVSWMSR8IWX %781& *SV RSVQEP IRZMVSRQIRXW 6YWX +VEHI SV FIXXIV EJXIV
7EPX*SK$ * ' LV SJ I\TSWYVI EGGSVHMRK XS %781 ( *SV
QMPWQQ QMRMQYQLSYVW GSVVSWMZI IRZMVSRQIRXW 6YWX +VEHI SV FIXXIV EJXIV
54ERIPX]TI7 LVSJI\TSWYVIEGGSVHMRKXS%781(
;EXIV7SPYFPI-SRW
E'LPSVMHIWTTQQE\MQYQ %781(
F2MXVEXIWTTQQE\MQYQ
G7YPJMHIWTTQQE\MQYQ
7SEO8IWX
7EPX*SKEX * ' %781& 2S IQYPWMJMGEXMSR SJ XLI GSEXMRK EJXIV LV SJ
QMPWQQ GSEXMRK5TERIPW 1SHMJMIH I\TSWYVI
X]TI7-QQIVWITERIPW MRE
WEPXWSPYXMSRERHI\TSWIXSWEPXJSK
'SQTEXMFMPMX][MXL7LIEXLMRK
E ,EVHRIWW ERH ZSPYQI GLERKI SJ %781( 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRLEVHRIWW
TSP]QIV EJXIV I\TSWYVI XS KVIEWI 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRZSPYQI
HE]W$ * '
F8IRWMPIWXVIRKXLGLERKISJTSP]QIV %781( 4IVQMWWMFPIGLERKIMRXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL
EJXIVI\TSWYVIXSKVIEWIHE]W$
* '

)\XIRWMSRSJI\TSWYVIXMQIXSLSYVWJSVKVIEWIWYWIHMRGSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXWVIUYMVIWYWISJQSVISVFIXXIV
GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRKEHHMXMZIW

4VSGIHYVI8LIMRWMHIFSXXSQERHWMHIW SJES^0 4]VI\FIEOIVETTVS\MQEXI3(MRQQ LIMKLX
MR QQ MW XLSVSYKLP] GSEXIH [MXL S^ K GSVVSWMSRMRLMFMXMRK GSEXMRK QEXIVMEP 8LI
GSEXIHFIEOIV MW JMPPIH[MXL ETTVS\MQEXIP] S^ GG SJHMWXMPPIH [EXIV ERH LIEXIH MR ERSZIR EX E GSRXVSPPIH
XIQTIVEXYVISJ * * ' ' JSVLSYVW8LI[EXIVI\XVEGXMSRMWXIWXIHF]XLIRSXIHXIWXTVSGIHYVIWJSV
XLIETTVSTVMEXI[EXIVWSPYFPIMSRW6IWYPXWEVIVITSVXIHEWTTQMRXLII\XVEGXIH[EXIV
S-44 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.5 — Accessories 2.5 — Accessories

2.5 A.9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI GSRXVEGXMSR 2.5 A. and B. 1SZIQIRX NSMRXW EVI YWIH XS EPPS[
WLVMROEKI NSMRX QEXIVMEP XLEX GSRJSVQW XS SRI SJ XLI HMQIRWMSREP GLERKIW MR QEWSRV] QMRMQMÎ VERHSQ [EPP
JSPPS[MRKWXERHEVHW GVEGOW ERH SXLIV HMWXVIWW 'SRXVEGXMSR NSMRXW EPWS GEPPIH
GSRXVSP NSMRXW SV WLVMROEKI NSMRXW EVI YWIH MR GSRGVIXI
%781 ( 1%% 6YFFIV WLIEV OI]W
QEWSRV] XS EGGSQQSHEXI WLVMROEKI 8LIWI NSMRXW EVI JVII
[MXLEQMRMQYQHYVSQIXIVLEVHRIWWSJ
XSSTIR EW WLVMROEKISGGYVW)\TERWMSRNSMRXW TIVQMX GPE]
%781(8]TI4:'4:'WLIEVOI]W FVMGOQEWSRV]XSI\TERH1EXIVMEPYWIHMRI\TERWMSRNSMRXW
[MXLEQMRMQYQHYVSQIXIVLEVHRIWWSJ QYWXFIGSQTVIWWMFPI
%781' 4PEGIQIRX SJ QSZIQIRX NSMRXW MW VIGSQQIRHIH F]
WIZIVEP TYFPMGEXMSRW 8]TMGEP QSZIQIRX NSMRXW EVI
2.5 B.9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHTVSZMHII\TERWMSRNSMRX MPPYWXVEXIHMR*MKYVI7'7LIEVOI]WOIITXLI[EPPWIGXMSRW
QEXIVMEPXLEXGSRJSVQWXSSRISJXLIJSPPS[MRKWXERHEVHW SR IMXLIV WMHI SJ XLI QSZIQIRX NSMRX JVSQ QSZMRK SYX SJ
%781' TPERI4VSTIVGSRJMKYVEXMSRQYWXFIEZEMPEFPIXSJMXTVSTIVP]
%781( %781 ' GSZIVW IPEWXSQIVMG NSMRX WIEPERXW IMXLIV
WMRKPI SV QYPXMGSQTSRIRX +VEHI 27 'PEWW 9WI 1 MW
%781('PEWW% ETTPMGEFPI XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR )\TERWMSR NSMRX JMPPIVW
QYWX FI GSQTVIWWMFPI WS XLI ERXMGMTEXIH I\TERWMSR SJ XLI
QEWSRV]GERSGGYV[MXLSYXMQTSWMRKWXVIWW
2.5 C. Asphalt emulsion — 4VSZMHIEWTLEPXIQYPWMSREW

JSPPS[W
1IXEPWYVJEGIW%781(8]TI--
4SVSYWWYVJEGIW%781(8]TI---'PEWW
786)77-2+%2',36%+) 8LVIEHIH4VIWXVIWWMRK
8IRHSR
4VIJEFVMGEXIH6IMRJSVGIH 0SEH-RHMGEXSV;EWLIV
'SRGVIXI'ETTMRK)PIQIRX
7XIIP&IEVMRK4PEXI
+EPZERMÎH7XIIPSV
4PEWXMG4MTI 7TIGMEP&IEVMRK
1EWSRV]9RMX
8LVIEHIH7PIIZI
8IRHSR'EZMX]+VSYXIH7SPMH 'SVVSWMSR4VSXIGXMSRJSV
[MXL0EXIVEP6IWXVEMRXW6IUYMVIH 4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSR
2SX7LS[R
6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXI
*SYRHEXMSREW6IUYMVIH
8IRHSR'SYTPIV
4VIWXVIWWMRK8IRHSRMR
4PEWXMG7LIEXL 6IMRJSVGIH'SRGVIXI
*SYRHEXMSREW6IUYMVIH
7)0*%'8-:%8-2+
()%()2(%2',36%+)
Figure SC-4 — Typical anchorage and coupling devices for prestressed masonry
COMMENTARY
&YMPHMRK
4ETIV
'SVI*MPPIH
[MXL1SVXEV
'EYPO 'EYPO
'SRXVSP.SMRX9RMX
3YXSJ4PERI6IWXVEMRX 'SRXVSP&PSGO
4VIJSVQIH+EWOIX
7EWL&PSGO9RMXW
'EYPO 6EOI.SMRX%TTVS\
¢MRQQ ERH'EYPO
+EWOIX8]TI 6EOIH.SMRX
'SRXVEGXMSR.SMRX 'SRXVEGXMSR.SMRX
'SQTVIWWMZI 'SQTVIWWMFPI1EXIVMEP
1EXIVMEPW
(SYFPI;]XLI1EWSRV] 7MRKPI;]XLI1EWSRV]
)\TERWMSR.SMRX
'SQTVIWWMFPI1EXIVMEP
+VSYXIH1YPXM[]XLI1EWSRV]
Figure SC-5 — Movement joints
2.5 D. Masonry cleaner 2.5 D. Masonry cleaner —%HZIVWIVIEGXMSRWGERSGGYV
FIX[IIR GIVXEMR GPIERMRK EKIRXW ERH QEWSRV] YRMXW
9WI TSXEFPI [EXIV ERH HIXIVKIRXW XS GPIER QEWSRV]
,]HVSGLPSVMGEGMHLEWFIIRSFWIVZIHXSGEYWIGSVVSWMSRSJ
YRPIWWSXLIV[MWIEGGITXEFPI
QIXEPXMIW'EVIWLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHMRMXWYWIXSQMRMQMÎ
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHHSRSXYWIEGMHSVGEYWXMG XLMWTSXIRXMEPTVSFPIQ1ERKERIWIWXEMRMRKIJJPSVIWGIRGI
WSPYXMSRW wFYVRMRKxSJXLIYRMXW[LMXIWGYQVIQSZEPSJXLIGIQIRX
TEWXIJVSQXLIWYVJEGISJXLINSMRXWERHHEQEKIXSQIXEPW
GER SGGYV XLVSYKL MQTVSTIV GPIERMRK 8LI QERYJEGXYVIVW
SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW WLSYPH FI GSRWYPXIH JSV
VIGSQQIRHIHGPIERMRKEKIRXW
2.5 E. Joint fillers — 9WI XLI WMÎ ERH WLETI SJ NSMRX
JMPPIVWWTIGMJMIH
S-46 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
2.6 — Mixing 2.6 — Mixing

2.6 A. Mortar 2.6 A. Mortar — 'EYXMSR QYWX FI I\IVGMWIH [LIR
EHHMRKGSPSVTMKQIRXMRJMIPHTVITEVIHQSVXEVWSXLEXXLI
1M\GIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWERHEKKVIKEXIWFIX[IIR
TVSTSVXMSRWGSQTP][MXLXLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW
ERHQMRYXIWMREQIGLERMGEPFEXGLQM\IV[MXLE
WYJJMGMIRX EQSYRX SJ [EXIV XS TVSHYGI E [SVOEFPI 4VIFPIRHIH TVSHYGXW EVI X]TMGEPP] GIVXMJMIH XS XLI
GSRWMWXIRG] 9RPIWW EGGITXEFPI HS RSX LERH QM\ ETTPMGEFPI%7817XERHEVHERHXLIEHHMXMSRSJGSPSV EX
QSVXEV1EMRXEMR[SVOEFMPMX]SJQSVXEVF]VIQM\MRK XLITVSNIGXWMXIQE]MQTEGXQSVXEVTIVJSVQERGI
SVVIXIQTIVMRK(MWGEVHQSVXEV[LMGLLEWFIKYRXS
WXMJJIR SV MW RSX YWIH [MXLMR LV EJXIV MRMXMEP
QM\MRK
0MQMXXLI [IMKLX SJ QMRIVEP S\MHI SV GEVFSR FPEGO
TMKQIRXW EHHIH XS TVSNIGXWMXI TVITEVIH QSVXEV XS
XLI JSPPS[MRK QE\MQYQ TIVGIRXEKIW F] [IMKLX SJ
GIQIRX
E 4MKQIRXIHTSVXPERHGIQIRXPMQIQSVXEV
1MRIVEPS\MHITMKQIRX TIVGIRX
'EVFSRFPEGOTMKQIRX TIVGIRX
F 4MKQIRXIHQSVXEVGIQIRXQSVXEV
G 4MKQIRXIHQEWSRV]GIQIRXQSVXEV
(S RSX EHH QMRIVEP S\MHI SV GEVFSR FPEGO
TMKQIRX XS TVIFPIRHIH GSPSVIH QSVXEV SV
GSPSVIH GIQIRX [MXLSYX XLI ETTVSZEP SJ XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
(S RSX YWI EHQM\XYVIW GSRXEMRMRK QSVI XLER
TIVGIRXGLPSVMHIMSRW
Glass unit masonry — 6IHYGIXLIEQSYRXSJ[EXIV
XS EGGSYRX JSV XLI PEGO SJ EFWSVTXMSR (S RSX
VIXIQTIV QSVXEV EJXIV MRMXMEP WIX (MWGEVH YRYWIH
QSVXEV[MXLMRLVEJXIVMRMXMEPQM\MRK
2.6 B. Grout 2.6 B. Grout —8LIX[SX]TIWSJKVSYXEVIJMRIKVSYX

ERH GSEVWI KVSYX [LMGL EVI HIJMRIH F] EKKVIKEXI WMÎ
)\GITX JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QM\ KVSYX MR
%781 ' VIUYMVIW XLI KVSYX X]TI XS FI WTIGMJMIH F]
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%781'
TVSTSVXMSR SV WXVIRKXL VIUYMVIQIRXW FYX RSX F] FSXL
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH QM\ KVSYX SXLIV XLER WIPJ QIXLSHW %781 TVSTSVXMSR VIUYMVIQIRXW EVI KMZIR MR
GSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX XS E GSRWMWXIRG] XLEX LEW E WPYQT 8EFPI 7' 7TIGMJMIH KVSYX GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL
FIX[IIRERHMRERHQQ VIUYMVIQIRXWEVIFEWIHSREQM\HIWMKRXLEXTVSZMHIWXLI
VIUYMVIHWXVIRKXLEXHE]W[LIVIXLIVIUYMVIHWXVIRKXL
4VSTSVXMSRMRK SJ WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EX XLI TVSNIGX QYWXFIEXPIEWXTWM14E
WMXIMWRSXTIVQMXXIH(SRSXEHH[EXIVEXXLITVSNIGXWMXI
I\GITX MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX 8LI TIVQMXXIH VERKIW MR XLI VIUYMVIH TVSTSVXMSRW
QERYJEGXYVIVvWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ JMRI ERH GSEVWI EKKVIKEXIW EVI MRXIRHIH XS
EGGSQQSHEXI ZEVMEXMSRW MR EKKVIKEXI X]TI ERH
KVEHEXMSR %W RSXIH MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8EFPI XLI
WIPIGXMSRSJ XLI KVSYX X]TI HITIRHW SR XLI WMÎ SJ XLI
WTEGI XS FI KVSYXIH *MRI KVSYX MW WIPIGXIH JSV KVSYX
WTEGIW[MXLVIWXVMGXIHSTIRMRKW'SEVWIKVSYXWTIGMJMIH
YRHIV%781'LEWEQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWMÎXLEX
[MPP TEWW XLVSYKL E MR QQ STIRMRK 0EVKIV
EKKVIKEXIGSRJSVQMRKXS%781'GERFIWTIGMJMIH
MJ XLI KVSYX MW TPEGIH MR EVIEW SJ YRSFWXVYGXIH
HMQIRWMSRWKVIEXIVXLERMRQQ
+VSYXQIIXMRKXLITVSTSVXMSRWTIGMJMGEXMSRWSJ%781
'X]TMGEPP] LEWGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVERKIWWLS[RMR
8EFPI 7' [LIR QIEWYVIH F] %781 ' +VSYX
GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL MW MRJPYIRGIH F] XLI [EXIV GIQIRX
VEXMSEKKVIKEXIGSRXIRXERHXLIX]TISJYRMXWYWIH
7MRGIKVSYXMWTPEGIHMREREFWSVTXMZIJSVQQEHI
SJ QEWSRV] YRMXW E LMKL [EXIV GSRXIRX MW VIUYMVIH %
WPYQTSJEX PIEWXMRQQ TVSZMHIWEQM\JPYMH
IRSYKL XS FI TVSTIVP] TPEGIH ERH WYTTPMIW WYJJMGMIRX
[EXIVXSWEXMWJ]XLI[EXIVHIQERHSJXLIQEWSRV]YRMXW
7QEPP GEZMXMIW SV GIPPW VIUYMVI KVSYX [MXL E
LMKLIV WPYQT XLER PEVKIV GEZMXMIW SV GIPPW %W XLI
WYVJEGI EVIE ERH YRMX WLIPP XLMGORIWW MR GSRXEGX [MXL
XLI KVSYX HIGVIEWI MR VIPEXMSR XS XLI ZSPYQI SJ XLI
KVSYX XLI WPYQT SJ XLI KVSYX WLSYPH FI VIHYGIH
7IKVIKEXMSRSJQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHRSXSGGYV
8LIKVSYXMRTPEGI[MPPLEZIEPS[IV[EXIVGIQIRX
VEXMSXLER[LIRQM\IH8LMWGSRGITXSJLMKLWPYQTERH
EFWSVTXMZIJSVQWMWHMJJIVIRXJVSQXLEXSJGSRGVIXI
4VSTSVXMSRMRK SJ WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EX XLI
TVSNIGX WMXI MW RSX TIVQMXXIH WMRGI XLI QM\IW GER FI
WIRWMXMZI XS ZEVMEXMSRW MR TVSTSVXMSRW ERH XMKLXIV
UYEPMX] GSRXVSP SR XLI QM\ MW VIUYMVIH XLER GER FI
EGLMIZIH MR XLI JMIPH 8]TMGEPP] WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYXGSQIWVIEH]QM\IHJVSQXLIQERYJEGXYVIV7IPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX QE] EPWS FI EZEMPEFPI EW E
TVIFPIRHIH HV] QM\ VIUYMVMRK XLI EHHMXMSR SJ [EXIV EX
XLITVSNIGXWMXI1ERYJEGXYVIVWTVSZMHIMRWXVYGXMSRWSR
TVSTIV QM\MRK XIGLRMUYIW ERH EQSYRX SJ [EXIV XS FI
EHHIH 7PYQT ZEPYIW JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX EVI
I\TVIWWIH EW E WPYQT JPS[ FIGEYWIXLI] I\GIIHXLI
MRXSMRXSQQ WPYQTVERKIJSVRSRWIPJ
GSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXW
S-48 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
Table SC-7 — Grout proportions by volume
%KKVIKEXIHEQTPSSWI
+VSYXX]TI 'IQIRX 0MQI *MRI 'SEVWI
*MRI XS XS {
'SEVWI XS XS XS

8MQIWXLIWYQSJXLIZSPYQIWSJXLIGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPW
Table SC-8 — Grout strengths

'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLTWM14E
+VSYXX]TI 0SGEXMSR 0S[ 1IER ,MKL 6IJIVIRGI
'SEVWI 0EF
'SEVWI 0EF
'SEVWI 0EF
2.6 C. Thin-bed mortar for AAC z1M\ XLMRFIH QSVXEV JSV

%%' QEWSRV] EW WTIGMJMIH F] XLI XLMRFIH QSVXEV
QERYJEGXYVIV
2.7 — Fabrication 2.7 — Fabrication

2.7 A. Reinforcement 2.7 A. Reinforcement — %'- 7TIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV
8SPIVERGIWJSV'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSRERH1EXIVMEPWERH
*EFVMGEXI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
'SQQIRXEV] GSRXEMRW JEFVMGEXMSR XSPIVERGIW JSV WXIIP
JEFVMGEXMRKXSPIVERGIWSJ%'-
VIMRJSVGIQIRX 6IGSQQIRHIH QIXLSHW ERH WXERHEVHW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH FIRH FEVW GSPH ERH HS RSX JSV TVITEVMRK HIWMKR HVE[MRKW X]TMGEP HIXEMPW ERH
LIEXFEVW HVE[MRKWJSVXLIJEFVMGEXMSRWERHTPEGMRKSJVIMRJSVGMRK
WXIIPMRVIMRJSVGIHGSRGVIXI WXVYGXYVIWEVIKMZIRMR%'-
8LIQMRMQYQMRWMHIHMEQIXIVSJFIRHJSVWXMVVYTWWLEPP ERH QE] FI YWIH EW E VIJIVIRGI MR QEWSRV]
FIJMZIFEVHMEQIXIVW HIWMKRERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
(S RSX FIRH +VEHI FEVW MR I\GIWW SJ HIKVIIW
8LI QMRMQYQ MRWMHI HMEQIXIV SJ FIRH MW JMZI FEV
HMEQIXIVW
8LIQMRMQYQMRWMHIFIRHHMEQIXIVJSVSXLIVFEVWMWEW
JSPPS[W
E2SXLVSYKL2S1XLVSYKL
FEVHMEQIXIVW
F2SXLVSYKL2S1XLVSYKL
FEVHMEQIXIVW
4VSZMHIWXERHEVHLSSOWXLEXGSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
E%WXERHEVHHIKVIILSSOHIKVIIFIRHTPYWE
QMRMQYQ I\XIRWMSR SJ FEV HMEQIXIVW SV MR
QQ [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
F% WXERHEVH HIKVII LSSO HIKVII FIRH TPYW E
QMRMQYQI\XIRWMSRSJFEVHMEQIXIVW
G*SVWXMVVYTWERHXMILSSOWJSVE2S1 FEVERH
WQEPPIVESVHIKVIIFIRHTPYWEQMRMQYQSJ
FEV HMEQIXIVW SV MR QQ [LMGLIZIV MW
KVIEXIV
2.7 B. Prefabricated masonry 2.7 B. Prefabricated masonry — %781 '

GSZIVW XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV]
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI TVIJEFVMGEXIH
TERIPW MRGPYHMRK QEXIVMEPW WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR
QEWSRV] XLEX GSRJSVQW XS XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ %781
HMQIRWMSRW ERH ZEVMEXMSRW [SVOQERWLMT UYEPMX]
'
GSRXVSPMHIRXMJMGEXMSRWLSTHVE[MRKWERHLERHPMRK
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI TVIJEFVMGEXIH
QEWSRV] PMRXIPW XLEX LEZI ER ETTIEVERGI WMQMPEV XS XLI
QEWSRV]YRMXWYWIHMRXLI[EPPWYVVSYRHMRKIEGLPMRXIP
1EVO TVIJEFVMGEXIH QEWSRV] JSV TVSTIV PSGEXMSR ERH
SVMIRXEXMSR
S-50 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
PART 3 — EXECUTION
3.1 — Inspection 3.1 — Inspection

3.1 A4VMSV XS XLI WXEVX SJ QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR XLI 3.1 A.8LIXSPIVERGIWMRXLMW%VXMGPIEVIXEOIRJVSQ
'SRXVEGXSVWLEPPZIVMJ] 6IJIVIRGI 8LI HMQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW SJ XLI
WYTTSVXMRK GSRGVIXI EVI MQTSVXERX WMRGI XLI] GSRXVSP
8LEX JSYRHEXMSRW EVI GSRWXVYGXIH [MXLMR E PIZIP
WYGLEWTIGXWEWQSVXEVNSMRXXLMGORIWWERHFIEVMRKEVIE
EPMKRQIRXXSPIVERGISJMRQQ
HMQIRWMSRW [LMGL MRJPYIRGI XLI TIVJSVQERGI SJ XLI
8LEX VIMRJSVGMRK HS[IPW EVI TSWMXMSRIH MR EGGSVHERGI QEWSRV]8SPIVERGIWJSVZEVMEXMSRMRKVEHISVIPIZEXMSR
[MXLXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW EVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'8LIWTIGMJMIH[MHXLSJ XLI
JSYRHEXMSRMWSFZMSYWP]QSVIGVMXMGEPXLERMXWWTIGMJMIH
PIRKXL % JSYRHEXMSR [MHIV XLER WTIGMJMIH [MPP RSX
RSVQEPP]GEYWIWXVYGXYVEPTVSFPIQW
3.1 B.-J WXEXIH GSRHMXMSRW EVI RSX QIX RSXMJ] XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
JXQ JXQ JXQ JXQ JXQ
1E\MQYQ
:EVMEXMSR
1E\MQYQ
8STSJ*SYRHEXMSR :EVMEXMSR
MRQQ 1E\MQYQ
7TIGMJMIH+VEHI
:EVMEXMSRJVSQ
SV)PIZEXMSR
0IZIPSV+VEHI
7GEPI ,SVM^SRXEPMRQQ ! JXQ
:IVXMGEPMRQQ ! MRQQ
Figure SC-6 — Tolerance for variation in grade or elevation

S-52 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.2 — Preparation 3.2 — Preparation

3.2 A.'PIER VIMRJSVGIQIRX ERH WLEROW SJ ERGLSV FSPXW F]
VIQSZMRKQYHSMPSVSXLIVQEXIVMEPWXLEX[MPPEHZIVWIP]EJJIGX
SV VIHYGI FSRH EX XLI XMQI QSVXEV SV KVSYX MW TPEGIH
6IMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLVYWXQMPPWGEPISVEGSQFMREXMSRSJFSXL
EVIEGGITXEFPI[MXLSYXGPIERMRKSVFVYWLMRKTVSZMHIHXLEXXLI
HMQIRWMSRWERH[IMKLXWMRGPYHMRKLIMKLXWSJHIJSVQEXMSRWSJ
E GPIERIH WEQTPI EVI RSX PIWW XLER VIUYMVIH F] XLI %781
WTIGMJMGEXMSRGSZIVMRKXLMWVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRXLMW7TIGMJMGEXMSR
3.2 B.4VMSV XSTPEGMRKQEWSRV]VIQSZIPEMXERGIPSSWI
EKKVIKEXI ERH ER]XLMRK IPWI XLEX [SYPH TVIZIRX QSVXEV
JVSQFSRHMRKXSXLIJSYRHEXMSR
3.2 C. Wetting masonry units 3.2 C. Wetting masonry units —'SRGVIXIQEWSRV]YRMXW
MRGVIEWIMRZSPYQI[LIR[IXXIHERHWLVMROYTSRWYFWIUYIRX
Concrete masonry — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHHS
HV]MRK;EXIVMRXVSHYGIHHYVMRK[IXGYXXMRKMWPSGEPMÎHERH
RSX [IX GSRGVIXI QEWSRV] SV %%' QEWSRV] YRMXW
HSIW RSX WMKRMJMGERXP] EJJIGX XLI WLVMROEKI TSXIRXMEP SJ
FIJSVIPE]MRK;IXGYXXMRKMWTIVQMXXIH
GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]'PE]QEWSRV]YRMXW[MXLLMKLEFWSVTXMSR
Clay or shale masonry — ;IX GPE] SV WLEPI VEXIWHV]XLIQSVXEVYRMXMRXIVJEGI8LMWQE]VIWYPXMREPS[IV
QEWSRV] YRMXW LEZMRK MRMXMEP EFWSVTXMSR VEXIW MR I\XIRX SJ FSRH FIX[IIR XLI YRMXW ERH QSVXEV [LMGL QE]
I\GIWWSJ KTIVQMR TIVMR KTIVQMR GVIEXI TEXLWJSVQSMWXYVI MRXVYWMSR 7IPIGXMSR SJGSQTEXMFPI
TIV QQ [LIR QIEWYVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL YRMXWERHQSVXEVGERQMXMKEXIXLMWIJJIGX
%781 ' WS XLI MRMXMEP VEXI SJ EFWSVTXMSR [MPP
RSXI\GIIHKTIVQMRTIVMR KTIVQMR
TIVQQ [LIRXLIYRMXWEVIYWIH0E][IXXIHYRMXW
[LIR WYVJEGI HV] (S RSX [IX GPE] SV WLEPI
QEWSRV]YRMXWLEZMRKERMRMXMEPEFWSVTXMSRVEXIPIWW
XLERKTIVQMRTIVMRKTIVQMRTIV
QQ
3.2 D. Debris — 'SRWXVYGX KVSYX WTEGIW JVII SJ QSVXEV 3.2 D. Debris — 'SRXMRYMX] MR XLI KVSYX MW GVMXMGEP JSV
HVSTTMRK HIFVMW PSSWI EKKVIKEXIW ERH ER] QEXIVMEP YRMJSVQ WXVIWW HMWXVMFYXMSR % VIEWSREFP] GPIER WTEGI XS
HIPIXIVMSYWXSQEWSRV]KVSYX VIGIMZI XLI KVSYX MW RIGIWWEV] JSV XLMW GSRXMRYMX] 'IPPW
RIIH RSX FI ZEGYYQIH XS EGLMIZI WYFWXERXMEP GPIERPMRIWW
-RWTIGXMSR SJ XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI WTEGI TVMSV XS KVSYXMRK MW
GVMXMGEPXSIRWYVIXLEXMXMWWYFWXERXMEPP]GPIERERHHSIWRSX
LEZI EGGYQYPEXMSRW SJ HIPIXIVMSYW QEXIVMEPW XLEX [SYPH
TVIZIRXGSRXMRYMX]SJXLIKVSYX
3.2 E. Reinforcement — 4PEGIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHXMIWMR 3.2 E. Reinforcement —0SWWSJFSRHERHQMWEPMKRQIRXSJ
KVSYXWTEGIWTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXGERSGGYVMJMXMWRSXTPEGIHTVMSVXSKVSYXMRK
3.2 F. Cleanouts — 4VSZMHI GPIERSYXW MR XLI FSXXSQ 3.2 F. Cleanouts — 'PIERSYXW GER FI GSRWXVYGXIH F]
GSYVWISJQEWSRV]JSVIEGLKVSYXTSYV[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV VIQSZMRK XLI I\TSWIH JEGI WLIPP SJ YRMXW MR LSPPS[ YRMX
LIMKLXI\GIIHWJXMRQ KVSYXIH QEWSRV] SV MRHMZMHYEP YRMXW [LIR KVSYXMRK
FIX[IIR[]XLIW 8LI TYVTSWI SJGPIERSYXW MW XS EPPS[XLI
'SRWXVYGXGPIERSYXWWSXLEXXLIWTEGIXSFIKVSYXIH
KVSYX WTEGI XS FI EHIUYEXIP] GPIERIH TVMSV XS KVSYXMRK
GER FI GPIERIH ERH MRWTIGXIH -R WSPMH KVSYXIH
8LI] GER EPWS FI YWIH XS ZIVMJ] VIMRJSVGIQIRX TPEGIQIRX
QEWSRV]WTEGIGPIERSYXWLSVM^SRXEPP]EQE\MQYQ
ERHX]MRK
SJMRQQ SRGIRXIV
'SRWXVYGXGPIERSYXW[MXLERSTIRMRKSJWYJJMGMIRXWMÎ
XS TIVQMX VIQSZEP SJ HIFVMW 8LI QMRMQYQ STIRMRK
HMQIRWMSRWLEPPFIMRQQ
%JXIV GPIERMRK GPSWI GPIERSYXW [MXL GPSWYVIW
FVEGIHXSVIWMWXKVSYXTVIWWYVI
3.3 — Masonry erection 3.3 — Masonry erection

3.3 A. Bond pattern — 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH PE]
QEWSRV]MRVYRRMRKFSRH
3.3 B. Placing mortar and units 3.3 B. Placing mortar and units — %VXMGPI&ETTPMIW
XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR MR [LMGL XLI YRMXW WYTTSVX XLIMV
Bed and head joints — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH
S[R [IMKLX *EGI WLIPP QSVXEV FIHHMRK SJ LSPPS[ YRMXWMW
GSRWXVYGX MR QQ XLMGO FIH ERH LIEH
WXERHEVHI\GITXMRPSGEXMSRWHIXEMPIHMR%VXMGPI&F
NSMRXW I\GITX EX JSYRHEXMSR SV [MXL KPEWW YRMX
*MKYVI 7' WLS[W XLI X]TMGEP TPEGIQIRX SJ QSVXEV JSV
QEWSRV]'SRWXVYGXFIHNSMRXSJXLIWXEVXMRKGSYVWI
LSPPS[YRMX QEWSRV] [EPPW -R TEVXMEPP] KVSYXIH [EPPW
SJJSYRHEXMSR[MXL EXLMGORIWW RSXPIWWXLER MR
LS[IZIVGVSWW[IFWRI\XXSGIPPWXLEXEVIXSFIKVSYXIHEVI
QQ ERH RSX QSVI XLER MR QQ
YWYEPP] QSVXEVIH -J JYPP QSVXEV FIHW XLVSYKLSYX EVI
4VSZMHI KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] FIH ERH LIEH NSMRX
VIUYMVIHJSV WXVYGXYVEP GETEGMX] JSV I\EQTPI XLI WTIGMJMIV
XLMGORIWWIW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI &G
QYWX WS WXMTYPEXI MR XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW SV 4VSNIGX
'SRWXVYGXNSMRXWXLEXEPWSGSRJSVQXSXLIJSPPS[MRK
(VE[MRKW
E *MPP LSPIW RSX WTIGMJMIH MR I\TSWIH ERH FIPS[
KVEHIQEWSRV][MXLQSVXEV
F 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH XSSP NSMRX [MXL E
VSYRH NSMRXIV [LIR XLI QSVXEV MW XLYQFTVMRX
LEVH
G 6IQSZI QEWSRV] TVSXVYWMSRW I\XIRHMRK MR
QQ SV QSVI MRXS GIPPW SV GEZMXMIW XS FI
KVSYXIH
Collar joints — 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHWSPMHP]
JMPP GSPPEV NSMRXW PIWW XLER MR QQ [MHI
[MXLQSVXEVEWXLITVSNIGXTVSKVIWWIW
Hollow units — 4PEGILSPPS[YRMXWWS
E *EGIWLIPPWSJFIHNSMRXWEVIJYPP]QSVXEVIH
F ;IFWEVIJYPP]QSVXEVIHMR
EPPGSYVWIWSJTMIVWGSPYQRWERHTMPEWXIVW
Figure SC-7 — Mortar placement of hollow units in walls
[LIR RIGIWWEV] XS GSRJMRI KVSYX SV
MRWYPEXMSR
G ,IEH NSMRXW EVI QSVXEVIH E QMRMQYQ HMWXERGI
JVSQIEGLJEGIIUYEPXSXLIJEGIWLIPPXLMGORIWW
SJXLIYRMX
H :IVXMGEP GIPPW XS FI KVSYXIH EVI EPMKRIH ERH
YRSFWXVYGXIHSTIRMRKWJSVKVSYXEVITVSZMHIHMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW
Solid units — 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH WSPMHP]
JMPPFIHERHLIEHNSMRXW[MXLQSVXEVERH
E (SRSXJMPPLIEHNSMRXWF]WPYWLMRK[MXLQSVXEV
F 'SRWXVYGX LIEH NSMRXW F] WLSZMRK QSVXEV XMKLX
EKEMRWXXLIEHNSMRMRKYRMX
G (SRSXHIITP]JYVVS[FIHNSMRXW
S-54 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.3 B. Placing mortar and units'SRXMRYIH

Open-end units with beveled ends — *YPP] KVSYX
STIR IRH YRMXW [MXL FIZIPIH IRHW ,IEH NSMRXW SJ
STIRIRH YRMXW [MXL FIZIPIH IRHW RIIH RSX FI
QSVXEVIH %X XLI FIZIPIH IRHW JSVQ E KVSYX OI]
XLEXTIVQMXWKVSYX[MXLMRMRGLQQ SJXLI
JEGI SJ XLI YRMX 8MKLXP] FYXX XLI YRMXW XS TVIZIRX
PIEOEKISJKVSYX
Glass units
E %TTP]EGSQTPIXIGSEXSJEWTLEPXIQYPWMSRRSX
I\GIIHMRK MR QQ MR XLMGORIWW XS
TERIPFEWIW
F 0E] YRMXW WS LIEH ERH FIH NSMRXW EVI JMPPIH
WSPMHP](SRSXJYVVS[QSVXEV
G 9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHGSRWXVYGXLIEHERH
FIH NSMRXW SJ KPEWW YRMX QEWSRV] MR
QQ XLMGO I\GITX XLEX ZIVXMGEP NSMRX
XLMGORIWWSJVEHMEPTERIPWWLEPPRSXFIPIWWXLER

MR QQ 8LI FIHNSMRX XLMGORIWW
XSPIVERGIWLEPPFIQMRYW MRQQ ERH
TPYW MRQQ 8LILIEHNSMRXXLMGORIWW
XSPIVERGI WLEPP FI TPYW SV QMRYW MR
QQ
H (SRSXGYXKPEWWYRMXW
All units
E 4PEGI GPIER YRMXW [LMPI XLIQSVXEV MW WSJX ERH
TPEWXMG6IQSZIERHVIPE]MRJVIWLQSVXEVER]
YRMXHMWXYVFIHXSXLII\XIRXXLEXMRMXMEPFSRHMW
FVSOIREJXIVMRMXMEPTSWMXMSRMRK
F )\GITX JSV KPEWW YRMXW GYX I\TSWIH IHKIW SV
JEGIWSJQEWSRV]YRMXW WQSSXL SVTSWMXMSRWS
XLEX I\TSWIH JEGIW SV IHKIW EVI YREPXIVIH
QERYJEGXYVIHWYVJEGIW
G ;LIR XLI FIEVMRK SJ E QEWSRV] []XLI SR MXW
WYTTSVX MW PIWW XLER X[SXLMVHW SJ XLI []XLI
XLMGORIWWRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
3.3 B. Placing mortar and units'SRXMRYIH

AAC masonry 3.3 B.8 AAC Masonry — %%'QEWSRV] GER FIGYX
WLETIH ERH HVMPPIH [MXL XSSPW XLEX EVI GETEFPI SJ GYXXMRK
E 4PEGI QSVXEV JSV PIZIPMRK FIH NSMRX MR
[SSH LS[IZIV WE[W WERHMRK FSEVHW ERH VEWTW
EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ %VXMGPI
QERYJEGXYVIHJSVYWI[MXL%%'EVIVIGSQQIRHIHJSVJMIPH
&
YWI 7MRGI XLMRFIH QSVXEV NSMRXW HS RSX VIEHMP] EPPS[ JSV
F 0E]WYFWIUYIRXGSYVWIWYWMRKXLMRFIHQSVXEV TPYQFMRK SJ E [EPP XLI EFMPMX] SJ %%' QEWSRV] XS FI
9WIWTIGMEP RSXGLIH XVS[IPW QERYJEGXYVIHJSV IEWMP]GYXERHWLETIHEPPS[WJSVJMIPHEHNYWXQIRXXSEXXEMR
YWI [MXL XLMRFIH QSVXEV XS WTVIEH XLMRFIH VIUYMVIHXSPIVERGIW
QSVXEVWSXLEXMXGSQTPIXIP]JMPPWXLIFIHNSMRXW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI WTIGMJMIH MR XLI 'SRXVEGX
(SGYQIRXW WMQMPEVP] JMPP XLI LIEH NSMRXW
7TVIEH QSVXEV ERH TPEGI XLI RI\X YRMX FIJSVI
XLIQSVXEVHVMIW4PEGIIEGL%%'YRMXEWGPSWI
XS LIEH NSMRX EW TSWWMFPI FIJSVI PS[IVMRK XLI
FPSGO SRXS XLI FIH NSMRX %ZSMH I\GIWWMZI
QSZIQIRX EPSRK FIH NSMRX 1EOI EHNYWXQIRXW
[LMPI XLMRFIH QSVXEV MW WXMPP WSJX ERH TPEWXMG
F] XETTMRK XS TPYQF ERH FVMRK YRMXW MRXS
EPMKRQIRX 7IX YRMXW MRXS JMREP TSWMXMSR MR
QSVXEVNSMRXWETTVS\MQEXIP]MRQQ
XLMGO F] WXVMOMRK SR XLI IRH ERH XST [MXL E
VYFFIVQEPPIX
G 0E] YRMXW MR EPMKRQIRX [MXL XLI TPERI SJ XLI
[EPP%PMKRZIVXMGEPP]ERHTPYQFYWMRKXLIJMVWX
GSYVWIJSVVIJIVIRGI1EOIQMRSVEHNYWXQIRXW
F] WERHMRKXLII\TSWIHJEGIW SJ XLIYRMXWERH
XLI FIH NSMRX WYVJEGI [MXL E WERHMRK FSEVH
QERYJEGXYVIHJSVYWI[MXL%%'QEWSRV]
3.3 C. Placing adhered veneer 3.3 C Placing adhered veneer — %VXMGPI'ETTPMIWXS
EHLIVIHZIRIIVMR[LMGLXLIFEGOMRKWYTTSVXWXLI[IMKLXSJ
&VYWL E TEWXI SJ RIEX TSVXPERH GIQIRX SR XLI
XLIYRMXW8LMWFEWMGQIXLSHLEWWIVZIHWEXMWJEGXSVMP]WMRGI
FEGOMRKERHSRXLIFEGOSJXLIZIRIIVYRMX
XLIIEVP]W4VSTIVP]JMPPIHERHXSSPIHNSMRXW'
%TTP] 8]TI 7 QSVXEV XS XLI FEGOMRK ERH XS XLI EVIIWWIRXMEPJSVTVSTIVTIVJSVQERGISJEHLIVIHZIRIIV
ZIRIIVYRMX
8ET XLI ZIRIIV YRMX MRXS TPEGI GSQTPIXIP] JMPPMRK
XLIWTEGIFIX[IIRXLIZIRIIVYRMXERHXLIFEGOMRK
7YJJMGMIRX QSVXEV WLEPP FI YWIH XS GVIEXI E WPMKLX
I\GIWW XS FI JSVGIH SYX FIX[IIR XLI IHKIW SJ XLI
ZIRIIVYRMXW8LIVIWYPXMRKXLMGORIWWSJXLIQSVXEV
MR FEGO SJ XLI ZIRIIV YRMX WLEPP RSX FI PIWW XLER

MRQQ RSVQSVIXLER MRQQ
8SSPXLIQSVXEVNSMRX[MXLEVSYRHNSMRXIV[LIRXLI
QSVXEVMWXLYQFTVMRXLEVH
S-56 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.3 D. Embedded items and accessories — -RWXEPP

IQFIHHIHMXIQWERHEGGIWWSVMIWEWJSPPS[W
'SRWXVYGXGLEWIWEWQEWSRV]YRMXWEVIPEMH
-RWXEPP TMTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TEWWMRK LSVM^SRXEPP]
XLVSYKLRSRFIEVMRKQEWSRV]TEVXMXMSRW
4PEGI TMTIW ERH GSRHYMXW TEWWMRK LSVM^SRXEPP]
XLVSYKLTMIVWTMPEWXIVWSVGSPYQRW
4PEGILSVM^SRXEP TMTIW ERHGSRHYMXW MRERH TEVEPPIP
XSTPERISJ[EPPW
-RWXEPPERHWIGYVIGSRRIGXSVWJPEWLMRK[IITLSPIW
[IITZIRXWREMPMRKFPSGOWERHSXLIVEGGIWWSVMIW
-RWXEPPQSZIQIRXNSMRXW
%PYQMRYQ { (S RSX IQFIH EPYQMRYQ GSRHYMXW
TMTIWERHEGGIWWSVMIWMRQEWSRV]KVSYXSVQSVXEV
YRPIWW IJJIGXMZIP] GSEXIH SV GSZIVIH XS TVIZIRX
GLIQMGEP VIEGXMSR FIX[IIR EPYQMRYQ ERH GIQIRX
SVIPIGXVSP]XMGEGXMSRFIX[IIREPYQMRYQERHWXIIP
3.3 E. Bracing of masonry — (IWMKR TVSZMHI ERH 3.3 E. Bracing of masonry — *SVKYMHERGISRFVEGMRKSJ
MRWXEPPFVEGMRKXLEX[MPPEWWYVIWXEFMPMX]SJQEWSRV]HYVMRK QEWSRV] [EPPW JSV [MRH GSRWYPX 7XERHEVH 4VEGXMGI JSV
GSRWXVYGXMSR &VEGMRK1EWSRV];EPPW9RHIV'SRWXVYGXMSR
3.3 F. Site tolerances — )VIGX QEWSRV] [MXLMR XLI 3.3 F. Site tolerances — 8SPIVERGIW EVI IWXEFPMWLIH XS
JSPPS[MRKXSPIVERGIWJVSQXLIWTIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRW PMQMXIGGIRXVMGMX]SJETTPMIHPSEH7MRGIQEWSRV]MWYWYEPP]
YWIH EW ER I\TSWIH QEXIVMEP MX MW WYFNIGXIH XS XMKLXIV
(MQIRWMSRSJIPIQIRXW
HMQIRWMSREP XSPIVERGIW XLER XLSWI JSV WXVYGXYVEP JVEQIW
E -RGVSWWWIGXMSRSVIPIZEXMSR 8LIXSPIVERGIW KMZIREVIFEWIHSR WXVYGXYVEPTIVJSVQERGI
MRQQ MRQQ RSXEIWXLIXMGW
F 1SVXEVNSMRXXLMGORIWW 8LITVSZMWMSRWJSVGEZMX][MHXLWLS[REVIJSVXLIWTEGI
FIX[IIR[]XLIWSJRSRGSQTSWMXIQEWSRV]8LITVSZMWMSRW
FIH MRQQ
HSRSXETTP]XSWMXYEXMSRW[LIVIQEWSRV]I\XIRHWTEWXJPSSV
LIEHMRQQ MRQQ WPEFWWTERHVIPFIEQWSVSXLIVWXVYGXYVEPIPIQIRXW
GSPPEVMRQQ MRQQ 8LI VIQEMRMRK TVSZMWMSRW WIX XLI WXERHEVH JSV UYEPMX]
SJ [SVOQERWLMT ERH IRWYVI XLEX XLI WXVYGXYVI MW RSX
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]WII%VXMGPI&G SZIVPSEHIHHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR
G +VSYXWTEGISVGEZMX][MHXLI\GITXJSVQEWSRV]
[EPPWTEWWMRKJVEQIHGSRWXVYGXMSR
MRQQ MRQQ
3.3 F. Site tolerances'SRXMRYIH

)PIQIRXW
E :EVMEXMSRJVSQPIZIP
FIHNSMRXW
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
XSTWYVJEGISJFIEVMRK[EPPW
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
F :EVMEXMSRJVSQTPYQF
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
G 8VYIXSEPMRI
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
H %PMKRQIRXSJGSPYQRWERH[EPPW
FSXXSQZIVWYWXST
MRQQ JSV
FIEVMRK[EPPWERHGSPYQRW
MRQQ JSVRSRFIEVMRK[EPPW
0SGEXMSRSJIPIQIRXW
E -RHMGEXIHMRTPER
MRQQ MRJXQ
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
F -RHMGEXIHMRIPIZEXMSR
MRQQ MRWXSV]LIMKLX
MRQQ QE\MQYQ
-JXLIEFSZIGSRHMXMSRWGERRSXFIQIXHYIXSTVIZMSYW
GSRWXVYGXMSRRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
S-58 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.4 — Reinforcement, tie, and anchor installation 3.4 — Reinforcement, tie, and anchor installation
3.4 A.Basic requirements — 4PEGIVIMRJSVGIQIRX [EPP 8LIVIUYMVIQIRXWKMZIRIRWYVIXLEX
XMIW ERHERGLSVWMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIWMÎWX]TIWERH
E KEPZERMGEGXMSRMWMRLMFMXIH
PSGEXMSRW MRHMGEXIH SR XLI 4VSNIGX (VE[MRKW ERH EW
WTIGMJMIH (S RSX TPEGI HMWWMQMPEV QIXEPW MR GSRXEGX [MXL F PSGEXMSRMWEWEWWYQIHMRXLIHIWMKR
IEGLSXLIV
G XLIVIMWWYJJMGMIRXGPIEVERGIJSVKVSYXERHQSVXEVXS
3.4 B. Reinforcement WYVVSYRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX XMIW ERH ERGLSVW WS
WXVIWWIWEVITVSTIVP]XVERWJIVVIH
7YTTSVX VIMRJSVGIQIRX XS TVIZIRX HMWTPEGIQIRX
GEYWIH F] GSRWXVYGXMSR PSEHW SV F] TPEGIQIRX SJ H GSVVSWMSRMWHIPE]IHERH
KVSYXSVQSVXEVFI]SRHXLIEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIW
I GSQTEXMFPI PEXIVEP HIJPIGXMSR SJ []XLIW MW
'SQTPIXIP] IQFIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR KVSYX MR EGLMIZIH
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI
8SPIVERGIWJSVTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRQEWSRV]
1EMRXEMR GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW JMVWX ETTIEVIH MR XLI 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI
ERHXLIMRXIVMSVSJQEWSRV]YRMXSVJSVQIHWYVJEGI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX PSGEXMSR SFZMSYWP] MRJPYIRGIW WXVYGXYVEP
SJEXPIEWX MRQQ JSVJMRIKVSYXERH MR TIVJSVQERGISJXLIQIQFIV*MKYVI7'MPPYWXVEXIWWIZIVEP
QQ JSV GSEVWI KVSYX I\GITX [LIVI GVSWW HIZMGIWYWIHXSWIGYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
[IFW SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW EVI YWIH EW WYTTSVXW JSV
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
4PEGI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW QEMRXEMRMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK
QMRMQYQGSZIV
E 1EWSRV] JEGI I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV
MR QQ JSV FEVW PEVKIV XLER 2S
1 ¡ MRQQ JSV2S1
FEVWSVWQEPPIV
F 1EWSRV] RSX I\TSWIH XS IEVXL SV [IEXLIV
¡MRQQ
1EMRXEMR QMRMQYQ GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR
TEVEPPIPFEVWSJXLIRSQMREPFEVWMÎSVMR
QQ [LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
-RGSPYQRWERHTMPEWXIVWQEMRXEMRQMRMQYQGPIEV
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRZIVXMGEPFEVWSJSRIERHSRILEPJ
XMQIW XLI RSQMREP FEV WMÎ SV ¡MR QQ
[LMGLIZIVMWKVIEXIV
7TPMGI SRP] [LIVI MRHMGEXIH SR XLI 4VSNIGX
(VE[MRKW YRPIWW SXLIV[MWI EGGITXEFPI ;LIR
WTPMGMRK F] [IPHMRK TVSZMHI [IPHW MR
GSRJSVQERGI[MXLXLITVSZMWMSRWSJ%;7(
9RPIWW EGGITXIH F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV HS RSX
FIRH VIMRJSVGIQIRX EJXIV MX MW IQFIHHIH MR KVSYX SV Figure SC-8 — Typical reinforcing bar positioners
QSVXEV
Noncontact lap splices — 4SWMXMSRFEVWWTPMGIHF] Noncontact lap splices — 0ET WTPMGIW QE] FI
RSRGSRXEGXPETWTPMGIRSJEVXLIVETEVXXVERWZIVWIP] GSRWXVYGXIH [MXL XLI FEVW MR EHNEGIRX KVSYXIH GIPPW MJ XLI
XLERSRIJMJXLXLIWTIGMJMIHPIRKXLSJPETRSVQSVI VIUYMVIQIRXWSJXLMWWIGXMSREVIQIX
XLERMRQQ
3.4 B. Reinforcement'SRXMRYIH

Joint reinforcement
E 4PEGI NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX WS XLEX PSRKMXYHMREP
[MVIW EVI IQFIHHIH MR QSVXEV[MXL EQMRMQYQ
GSZIVSJ MRQQ [LIRRSXI\TSWIHXS
[IEXLIV SV IEVXL ERH MR QQ [LIR
I\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVSVIEVXL
F 4VSZMHIQMRMQYQMRQQ PETWTPMGIWJSV
NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
G )RWYVIXLEXEPPIRHWSJPSRKMXYHMREP[MVIWSJNSMRX
VIMRJSVGIQIRXEVIIQFIHHIHMRQSVXEVEXPETW
Placement tolerances
E 4PEGI VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW MR [EPPW ERH JPI\YVEP 3.4 B.11.a ;E]W XS QIEWYVI d HMWXERGI MR ZEVMSYW
IPIQIRXW [MXLMR E XSPIVERGI SJ MR GSQQSR QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW EVI WLS[R MR *MKYVIW 7'
QQ [LIRXLIHMWXERGIJVSQXLIGIRXIVPMRI XLVSYKL7' 8LIQE\MQYQTIVQMWWMFPIXSPIVERGIJSV
SJ VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW XS XLI STTSWMXI JEGI SJ TPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRE[EPPFIEQERHGSPYQRMW
QEWSRV] d MW IUYEP XS MR QQ SVPIWW FEWIHSRXLIdHMQIRWMSRSJXLEXIPIQIRX
MRQQ JSVdIUYEPXSMRQQ
-R QEWSRV] [EPPW XLI d HMQIRWMSR MW QIEWYVIH
SV PIWW FYX KVIEXIV XLER MR QQ ERH
TIVTIRHMGYPEVXSXLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPPERHMWHIJMRIHMRXLI
MR QQ JSV d KVIEXIV XLER MR
7TIGMJMGEXMSR EW XLI HMWXERGI JVSQ XLI GIRXIV SJ XLI
QQ
VIMRJSVGMRK FEV XS XLI GSQTVIWWMSR JEGI SJ QEWSRV] 8LI
HMWXERGI dXSXLIGSQTVIWWMSRJEGIMWRSVQEPP]XLIPEVKIV
HMWXERGI[LIRVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWEVISJJWIXJVSQXLIGIRXIVSJ
XLI[EPPEWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
8LI dHMQIRWMSRMRQEWSRV]GSPYQRW[MPPIWXEFPMWLXLI
QE\MQYQEPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIJSVTPEGIQIRXSJXLIZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX%WWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'X[SHMQIRWMSRW
JSV IEGL ZIVXMGEP FEV QYWX FI GSRWMHIVIH XS IWXEFPMWL XLI
EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI ZIVXMGEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRIEGLTVMQEV]HMVIGXMSR
8LI d HMQIRWMSR MRE QEWSRV] FIEQ[MPP IWXEFPMWL XLI
QE\MQYQ EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI
LSVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX[MXLMRXLIHITXLSJXLIFIEQ%W
WLS[RMR*MKYVI7'XLIHMWXERGIXSXLIXSTSJFIEQMW
YWIH XS IWXEFPMWL XLI EPPS[EFPIXSPIVERGIJSV TPEGIQIRX SJ
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
F 4PEGIZIVXMGEPFEVW[MXLMR F 8LI XSPIVERGI JSV TPEGIQIRX SJ ZIVXMGEP VIMRJSVGMRK
FEVWEPSRKXLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPPMWWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
MRQQ SJXLIVIUYMVIHPSGEXMSREPSRK
%W WLS[R XLI EPPS[EFPI XSPIVERGI MW MR I\GITX JSV
XLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPP [LIRXLI[EPPWIKQIRX
[EPP WIKQIRXW RSX I\GIIHMRK MR [LIVI XLI EPPS[EFPI
PIRKXLI\GIIHWMRQQ
XSPIVERGIMWHIGVIEWIHXSMRGL8LMWXSPIVERGIETTPMIW
MRQQ SJXLIVIUYMVIHPSGEXMSREPSRK XSIEGLVIMRJSVGMRKFEVVIPEXMZIXSXLIWTIGMJMIHPSGEXMSRMR
XLIPIRKXLSJXLI[EPP[LIRXLI[EPPWIKQIRX XLI[EPP%REGGYQYPEXMSRSJXSPIVERGIWGSYPHVIWYPXMRFEV
PIRKXLHSIWRSXI\GIIHMRQQ TPEGIQIRX XLEX MRXIVJIVIW [MXL GVSWW [IFW MR LSPPS[
QEWSRV]YRMXW
G -JMXMWRIGIWWEV]XSQSZIFEVWQSVIXLERSRIFEV
HMEQIXIV SV E HMWXERGI I\GIIHMRK XLI XSPIVERGI
WXEXIH EFSZI XS EZSMH MRXIVJIVIRGI [MXL SXLIV
VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP GSRHYMXW SV IQFIHHIH MXIQW
RSXMJ] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV JSV EGGITXERGI SJ
XLIVIWYPXMRKEVVERKIQIRXSJFEVW
S-60 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
[LIRd MRQQ XSPIVERGI! ¡MRQQ
[LIRMRQQ d MRQQ XSPIVERGI! MRQQ
[LIRd "MRQQ XSPIVERGI! MRQQ
d
d
7TIGMJ MIHPSGEXMSR MRQQ %GGITXEFPIVERKISJ TPEGIQIRX

;LIR[EPPWIKQIRX MR QQ MR QQ MR QQ
7TIGMJ MIHPSGEXMSR
[LIR[EPP WIKQIRXI\GIIHW MR QQ
Figure SC-9 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a wall
d d
d
d
d d
d d
Figure SC-10 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a column

H*SYRHEXMSRHS[IPW XLEX MRXIVJIVI[MXLYRMX [IFW 3.4 B.11 (d) 1MWEPMKRIH JSYRHEXMSR HS[IPW QE]
EVI TIVQMXXIH XS FI FIRX XS E QE\MQYQ SJ MR MRXIVJIVI [MXL TPEGIQIRX SJ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW -RXIVJIVMRK
QQ LSVM^SRXEPP]JSVIZIV]MRQQ HS[IPWQE]FIFIRXMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLMWTVSZMWMSRWII
SJZIVXMGEPLIMKLX *MKYVI 7' 6IQSZMRK E TSVXMSR SJ XLI [IF XS
FIXXIV EGGSQQSHEXI XLI HS[IP QE] EPWS FI EGGITXEFPI EW
PSRK EW XLI HS[IP MW JYPP] IRGETWYPEXIH MR KVSYX ERH
QEWSRV]GSZIVMWQEMRXEMRIH
8STSJ FIEQ
A d
7IGXMSR%%
Figure SC-11 — Typical ‘d’ distance in a beam
Figure SC-12 — Permitted Bending of Foundation Dowels

S-62 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.4 C. Wall ties 3.4 C. Wall ties —8LI'SHIHSIWRSXTIVQMXXLIYWISJ

GEZMX] [EPP XMIW [MXL HVMTW RSV XLI YWI SJ >XMIW MR
)QFIHXLIIRHWSJ[EPPXMIWMRQSVXEVNSMRXW)QFIH
YRKVSYXIH LSPPS[ YRMX QEWSRV] 8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV
[EPPXMIIRHWEXPIEWX MRQQ MRXSXLISYXIV
EHNYWXEFPIXMIWEVIWLS[RMR*MKYVI7'
JEGI WLIPP SJ LSPPS[ YRMXW )QFIH [MVI [EPP XMIW EX
PIEWXMRQQ MRXSXLIQSVXEVFIHSJWSPMH
QEWSRV]YRMXWSVWSPMHKVSYXIHLSPPS[YRMXW
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHFSRH[]XLIWRSXFSRHIH
F]LIEHIVW[MXL[EPPXMIWEWJSPPS[W
Wire Minimum number of
size wall ties required
;1; 3RITIVJXQ
;1; 3RITIVJXQ
8LI QE\MQYQ WTEGMRK FIX[IIR XMIW MW MR
QQ LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ ZIVXMGEPP]
9RPIWWEGGITXIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVHSRSXFIRH
[EPPXMIWEJXIVFIMRKIQFIHHIHMRKVSYXSVQSVXEV
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHMRWXEPPEHNYWXEFPIXMIWMR
EGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIJSPPS[MRKVIUYMVIQIRXW
E 3RIXMIJSVIEGLJXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
F (SRSXI\GIIHMRQQ LSVM^SRXEPSV
ZIVXMGEPWTEGMRK
G 8LIQE\MQYQQMWEPMKRQIRXSJFIHNSMRXWJVSQ
SRI[]XLIXSXLISXLIVMWMRQQ
H 8LIQE\MQYQGPIEVERGIFIX[IIRGSRRIGXMRK
TEVXWSJXLIXMIWMWMRQQ
I ;LIRTMRXPIERGLSVWEVIYWIHTVSZMHIXMIW[MXL
SRISVQSVITMRXPIPIKQEHISJ[MVIWMÎ;
1;
MRQQ 1E\:IVX7TEGMRK
7U*XQ
1E\MQYQ;EPP7YVJEGI
%VIE4IV8MI
1E\'PIEV
:IVXMGEP7IGXMSR
MRQQ
MRQQ ;MVI
8MI0SGEXMSR
MRQQ 1E\
,SVM^7TEGMRK
)]I9RMX
7TEGMRKSJ%HNYWXEFPI8MIW 4MRXPI9RMX
4PER:MI[
Figure SC-13 — Adjustable ties

3.4 C. Wall ties'SRXMRYIH

-RWXEPP [MVI XMIW TIVTIRHMGYPEV XS E ZIVXMGEP PMRI SR
XLI JEGI SJ XLI []XLI JVSQ [LMGL XLI] TVSXVYHI
;LIVI SRITMIGI XMIW SV NSMRX VIMRJSVGIQIRX EVI
YWIHXLIFIHNSMRXWSJEHNEGIRX[]XLIWWLEPPEPMKR
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH TVSZMHI EHHMXMSREP YRMX
XMIWEVSYRHSTIRMRKWPEVKIVXLERMRQQ MR
IMXLIV HMQIRWMSR 7TEGI XMIW EVSYRH TIVMQIXIV SJ
STIRMRK EX EQE\MQYQ SJ JX Q SR GIRXIV
4PEGIXMIW[MXLMRMRQQ SJSTIRMRK
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH TVSZMHI YRMXXMIW[MXLMR
MRQQ SJYRWYTTSVXIHIHKIWEXLSVM^SRXEP
SVZIVXMGEPWTEGMRKKMZIRMR%VXMGPI'
3.4 D. Anchor bolts 3.4 D. Anchor bolts
)QFIHLIEHIH ERH FIRXFEV ERGLSV FSPXW PEVKIV XLER
MR QQ HMEQIXIV MR KVSYX XLEX MW TPEGIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL %VXMGPI % ERH %VXMGPI &
%RGLSVFSPXWSJ MR QQ HMEQIXIV SV PIWW EVI
TIVQMXXIH XS FI TPEGIH MR KVSYX SV QSVXEV FIH NSMRXW
XLEX LEZI E WTIGMJMIH XLMGORIWW SJ EX PIEWX ¡ MR
QQ XLMGORIWW
*SVERGLSVFSPXWTPEGIHMRXLIXSTSJKVSYXIHGIPPW
ERHFSRHFIEQWQEMRXEMREGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIR
XLI FSPX ERH XLI JEGI SJ QEWSRV] YRMX SJ EX PIEWX
MR QQ [LIR YWMRK JMRI KVSYX ERHEX PIEWX
¡MRQQ [LIRYWMRKGSEVWIKVSYX
*SVERGLSVFSPXWTPEGIHXLVSYKLXLIJEGIWLIPPSJE 5YEPMX] EWWYVERGIGSRXVSP 5%5' TVSGIHYVIW
LSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXHVMPPELSPIXLEXMWXMKLXJMXXMRK WLSYPHEWWYVIXLEXXLIVIMWWYJJMGMIRXGPIEVERGIEVSYRHXLI
XSXLIFSPXSVTVSZMHIQMRMQYQGPIEVHMWXERGI XLEX FSPXW TVMSV XS KVSYX TPEGIQIRX 8LIWI TVSGIHYVIW WLSYPH
GSRJSVQW XS %VXMGPI ( EVSYRH XLI FSPX ERH EPWSMRGPYHISFWIVZEXMSRHYVMRKKVSYXTPEGIQIRXXSEWWYVI
XLVSYKL XLI JEGI WLIPP *SV XLI TSVXMSR SJ XLI FSPX XLEX KVSYX GSQTPIXIP] WYVVSYRHW XLI FSPXW EW VIUYMVIH F]
XLEX MW [MXLMR XLI KVSYXIH GIPP QEMRXEMR E GPIEV XLI5%8EFPIWMR%VXMGPI%
HMWXERGIFIX[IIR XLIFSPX ERHXLI JEGISJQEWSRV]
8LI GPIEV HMWXERGI VIUYMVIQIRX JSV KVSYX XS WYVVSYRH
YRMX ERH FIX[IIR XLI LIEH SV FIRX PIK SJ XLI FSPX
ERERGLSVFSPXHSIWRSXETTP][LIVIFSPXJMXWXMKLXP]MRXLI
ERH XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI SJ KVSYX SJ EX PIEWX MR
LSPI SJ XLI JEGI WLIPP FYX MW VIUYMVIH [LIVI XLI FSPX MW
QQ [LIR YWMRK JMRIKVSYX ERH EX PIEWX ¡ MR
TPEGIH MR ER SZIVWMÎH LSPI MR XLI JEGI WLIPP ERH [LIVI
QQ [LIRYWMRKGSEVWIKVSYX
KVSYXWYVVSYRHWXLIERGLSVFSPXMREKVSYXIHGIPPSVGEZMX]
4PEGI ERGLSV FSPXW [MXL E GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR 7II *MKYVI7'
TEVEPPIP ERGLSV FSPXW RSX PIWW XLER XLI RSQMREP
HMEQIXIV SJ XLI ERGLSV FSPX RSV PIWW XLER MR
QQ
S-64 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
1MRMQYQ¡MRQQ JSV

GSEVWIKVSYXSV MRQQ %RGLSVFSPX
JSVJMRIKVSYX
%RGLSVFSPX &SR HFIEQ
Figure SC-14 — Anchor bolt clearance requirements for headed anchor bolts – bent-bars are similar
3.4 E. Veneer anchors — 4PEGI GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP 3.4 E. Veneer anchors — 1MRMQYQ IQFIHQIRX
ERGLSVWWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVWERH[MVIERGLSVWEWJSPPS[W VIUYMVIQIRXWLEZIFIIRIWXEFPMWLIHJSVIEGLSJXLIERGLSV
X]TIW XS IRWYVI PSEH VIWMWXERGI EKEMRWX TYWLXLVSYKL SV
;MXLWSPMHYRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVNSMRXERH
TYPPSYXSJXLIQSVXEVNSMRX
I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡ MR
QQ [MXL EX PIEWX MR QQ QSVXEV
GSZIVXSXLISYXWMHIJEGI
;MXLLSPPS[YRMXWIQFIHERGLSVWMRQSVXEVSVKVSYX
ERH I\XIRH MRXS XLI ZIRIIV E QMRMQYQ SJ ¡MR
QQ [MXLEXPIEWX MRQQ QSVXEVSV
KVSYXGSZIVXSSYXWMHIJEGI
-RWXEPP EHNYWXEFPI ERGLSVW MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
VIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%VXMGPIW 'G HERHI
4VSZMHI EX PIEWX SRI EHNYWXEFPI X[STMIGI ERGLSV
ERGLSV SJ [MVI WMÎ ; 1; SV KEKI
QQ GSVVYKEXIH WLIIXQIXEP ERGLSV JSV IEGL
JXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
4VSZMHI EX PIEWX SRI ERGLSV SJ SXLIV X]TIW JSV IEGL
JXQ SJ[EPPEVIE
7TEGI ERGLSVW EX E QE\MQYQ SJ MR QQ
LSVM^SRXEPP]ERHMRQQ ZIVXMGEPP]FYXRSX
XS I\GIIH XLI ETTPMGEFPI VIUYMVIQIRX SJ
%VXMGPI)SV)
4VSZMHI EHHMXMSREP ERGLSVW EVSYRH STIRMRKW PEVKIV
XLER MR QQ MR IMXLIV HMQIRWMSR 7TEGI
ERGLSVW EVSYRH XLI TIVMQIXIV SJ STIRMRK EX E
QE\MQYQ SJ JX Q SR GIRXIV 4PEGI ERGLSVW
[MXLMRMRQQ SJSTIRMRK
3.4 F. Glass unit masonry panel anchors — ;LIR YWIH

MRWXIEH SJ GLERRIPX]TI VIWXVEMRXW MRWXEPP TERIP ERGLSVW EW
JSPPS[W
9RPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHWTEGITERIPERGLSVWEXMR
QQ MRFSXLXLINEQFWERHEGVSWWXLILIEH
)QFIH TERIP ERGLSVW E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ I\GITX JSV TERIPW PIWW XLER JX Q
MR XLI HMVIGXMSR SJ IQFIHQIRX ;LIR E TERIP
HMQIRWMSR MW PIWW XLER JX Q IQFIH TERIP
ERGLSVW MR XLI WLSVX HMVIGXMSR E QMRMQYQ SJ MR
QQ YRPIWWSXLIV[MWIVIUYMVIH
4VSZMHI X[S JEWXIRIVW GETEFPI SJ VIWMWXMRK XLI
VIUYMVIHPSEHWTIVTERIPERGLSV
3.5 — Grout placement 3.5 — Grout placement

+VSYX QE] FI TPEGIH F] TYQTMRK SV TSYVMRK JVSQ
PEVKISVWQEPPFYGOIXW8LIEQSYRXSJKVSYXXSFITPEGIH
ERH GSRXVEGXSV I\TIVMIRGI MRJPYIRGI XLI GLSMGI SJ
TPEGIQIRXQIXLSH
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW %VXMGPI HS RSX ETTP] XS
TVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYX
3.5 A. Placing time — 4PEGI KVSYX [MXLMR LV JVSQ 3.5 A. Placing time { +VSYX TPEGIQIRX MW SJXIR
MRXVSHYGMRK[EXIVMRXLIQM\XYVIERHTVMSVXSMRMXMEPWIX PMQMXIH XS¡ LSYVW EJXIV MRMXMEP QM\MRK FYX XLMW XMQI
TIVMSH QE] FI XSS PSRK MR LSX [IEXLIV MRMXMEP WIX QE]
(MWGEVH WMXIQM\IH KVSYX XLEX HSIW RSX QIIX XLI
SGGYV ERH QE] FI YRHYP] VIWXVMGXMZI MR GSSPIV [IEXLIV
WTIGMJMIHWPYQT[MXLSYXEHHMRK[EXIVEJXIVMRMXMEP
3RIMRHMGEXSVXLEXXLIKVSYXLEWRSXVIEGLIHMRMXMEPWIXMWE
QM\MRK
WXEFPI ERH VIEWSREFPI KVSYX XIQTIVEXYVI ,S[IZIV
*SVVIEH]QM\IHKVSYX WSTLMWXMGEXIH IUYMTQIRX ERH I\TIVMIRGIH TIVWSRRIP EVI
VIUYMVIHXSHIXIVQMRIMRMXMEPWIX[MXLEFWSPYXIGIVXEMRX]
E %HHMXMSR SJ [EXIV MW TIVQMXXIH EX XLI XMQI SJ
HMWGLEVKIXSEHNYWXWPYQT %VXMGPI % TIVQMXW [EXIV XS FI EHHIH XS VIEH]
QM\IH KVSYX XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV IZETSVEXMSR XLEX LEW
F (MWGEVHVIEH]QM\IHKVSYXXLEXHSIWRSXQIIXXLI
SGGYVVIH TVMSV XS HMWGLEVKI 6ITPEGIQIRX SJ IZETSVEXIH
WTIGMJMIHWPYQT[MXLSYXEHHMRK[EXIVSXLIVXLER [EXIV MW RSX HIXVMQIRXEP XS VIEH]QM\IH KVSYX ,S[IZIV
XLI[EXIVXLEX[EWEHHIHEXXLIXMQISJHMWGLEVKI [EXIV QE] RSX FI EHHIH XS VIEH]QM\IH KVSYX EJXIV
8LI XMQI PMQMXEXMSR MW [EMZIH EW PSRK EW XLI HMWGLEVKI
VIEH]QM\IHKVSYXQIIXWXLIWTIGMJMIHWPYQT
3.5 B. Confinement — 'SRJMRI KVSYX XS XLI EVIEW 3.5 B. Confinement — 'IVXEMR PSGEXMSRW MR XLI [EPP
MRHMGEXIHSRXLI4VSNIGX(VE[MRKW9WIQEXIVMEPXSGSRJMRI QE]RSXFIKVSYXIHMRSVHIVXSVIHYGIHIEHPSEHWSVEPPS[
KVSYXXLEXTIVQMXWFSRHFIX[IIRQEWSRV]YRMXWERHQSVXEV TPEGIQIRXSJSXLIVQEXIVMEPWWYGLEWMRWYPEXMSRSV[MVMRK
'VSWW[IFWEHNEGIRXXSGIPPWXSFIKVSYXIHGERFIFIHHIH
[MXL QSVXEV XS GSRJMRI XLI KVSYX 1IXEP PEXL TPEWXMG
WGVIIRMRKSVSXLIVMXIQWGERFIYWIHXSTPYKGIPPWFIPS[
FSRHFIEQW
S-66 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.5 C.Grout pour height — (S RSX I\GIIH XLI 3.5 C. Grout pour height — 8EFPI MR XLI
QE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXKMZIRMR8EFPI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR LEW FIIR HIZIPSTIH EW E KYMHI JSV KVSYXMRK
TVSGIHYVIW 8LI HIWMKRIV GER MQTSWI QSVI WXVMRKIRX
VIUYMVIQIRXW MJ WS HIWMVIH 8LI VIGSQQIRHIH QE\MQYQ
LIMKLXSJKVSYXTSYVWII*MKYVI7' GSVVIWTSRHW[MXLXLI
PIEWX GPIEV HMQIRWMSR SJ XLI KVSYX WTEGI 8LI QMRMQYQ
[MHXL SJ KVSYX WTEGI MW YWIH [LIR XLI KVSYX MW TPEGIH
FIX[IIR []XLIW 8LI QMRMQYQ GIPP HMQIRWMSRW EVI YWIH
[LIRKVSYXMRKGIPPWSJLSPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXW%WXLILIMKLX
SJ XLI TSYV MRGVIEWIW XLI QMRMQYQ KVSYX WTEGI MRGVIEWIW
8LI KVSYX WTEGI HMQIRWMSRW EVI GPIEV HMQIRWMSRW 7II XLI
'SQQIRXEV] JSV 7IGXMSR SJ XLI 'SHI JSV EHHMXMSREP
MRJSVQEXMSR
+VSYX TSYV LIMKLXW ERH QMRMQYQ HMQIRWMSRW XLEX
QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 8EFPI HS RSX EYXSQEXMGEPP]
QIERXLEXXLIKVSYXWTEGI[MPPFIJMPPIH
+VSYX WTEGIW WQEPPIV XLER WTIGMJMIH MR 8EFPI LEZI
FIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]MRWSQIEVIEW;LIRXLIGSRXVEGXSV
EWOW JSV EGGITXERGISJE KVSYXMRK TVSGIHYVI XLEX HSIW RSX
QIIX XLI PMQMXW MR 8EFPI GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ E KVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSR TERIP MW VIUYMVIH (IWXVYGXMZI SV RSR
HIWXVYGXMZIIZEPYEXMSRGERGSRJMVQXLEXJMPPMRKERHEHIUYEXI
GSRWSPMHEXMSRLEZIFIIREGLMIZIH8LI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
WLSYPHIWXEFPMWL GVMXIVMEJSV XLIKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP
XS EWWYVI XLEX GVMXMGEP QEWSRV] IPIQIRXW MRGPYHIH MR XLI
GSRWXVYGXMSR [MPP FI VITVIWIRXIH MR XLI HIQSRWXVEXMSR
TERIP&IGEYWIEWMRKPIKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIPIVIGXIH
TVMSV XS QEWSRV] GSRWXVYGXMSR GERRSX EGGSYRX JSV EPP
GSRHMXMSRW XLEX QE] FI IRGSYRXIVIH HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR
XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV WLSYPH IWXEFPMWL MRWTIGXMSR
TVSGIHYVIW XS ZIVMJ] KVSYX TPEGIQIRX HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR
8LIWIMRWTIGXMSRTVSGIHYVIWWLSYPHMRGPYHIHIWXVYGXMZISV
RSRHIWXVYGXMZI IZEPYEXMSR XS GSRJMVQ XLEX JMPPMRK ERH
EHIUYEXIGSRWSPMHEXMSRLEZIFIIREGLMIZIH
Table 7 — Grout space requirements
Grout type1 Maximum grout Minimum clear width Minimum clear grout space dimensions for
pour height, of grout space,2,3 grouting cells of hollow units,3,4,5
ft (m) in. (mm) in. x in. (mm x mm)

*MRI \\
*MRI \\
*MRI \\
*MRI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\
'SEVWI \\

*MRIERHGSEVWIKVSYXWEVIHIJMRIHMR%781'

*SVKVSYXMRKFIX[IIRQEWSRV][]XLIW

1MRMQYQGPIEV[MHXLSJKVSYXWTEGIERHQMRMQYQGPIEVKVSYXWTEGIHMQIRWMSREVIXLIRIXHMQIRWMSRSJXLIWTEGIHIXIVQMRIHF]
WYFXVEGXMRKQEWSRV]TVSXVYWMSRWERHXLIHMEQIXIVWSJLSVM^SRXEPFEVWJVSQXLIEWFYMPXGVSWWWIGXMSRSJXLIKVSYXWTEGI7IPIGXXLI
KVSYXX]TIERHQE\MQYQKVSYXTSYVLIMKLXFEWIHSRXLIQMRMQYQGPIEVWTEGI

%VIESJZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWLEPPRSXI\GIIHTIVGIRXSJXLIEVIESJXLIKVSYXWTEGI

1MRMQYQKVSYXWTEGIHMQIRWMSRJSV%%'QEWSRV]YRMXWWLEPPFIMRQQ \MRQQ SVEMRQQ HMEQIXIVGIPP
3.5 D. Grout lift height 3.5 D. Grout lift height —%PMJXMWXLILIMKLXXS [LMGL
KVSYXMWTPEGIHMRXSQEWSRV]MR SRIGSRXMRYSYWSTIVEXMSR
*SVKVSYXGSRJSVQMRKXS%VXMGPI%
WII *MKYVI7' %JXIVTPEGIQIRXSJEKVSYXPMJX[EXIV
E ;LIVIXLIJSPPS[MRKGSRHMXMSRWEVIQIXTPEGI MW EFWSVFIH F] XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW *SPPS[MRK XLMW [EXIV
KVSYXMRPMJXWRSXI\GIIHMRKJXMRQ PSWW E WYFWIUYIRX PMJX QE] FI TPEGIH SR XST SJ XLI WXMPP
TPEWXMGKVSYX
M 8LIQEWSRV]LEWGYVIHJSVEXPIEWXLSYVW
+VSYXIHGSRWXVYGXMSRHIZIPSTWJPYMHTVIWWYVIMRXLIKVSYX
MM 8LIKVSYXWPYQTMWQEMRXEMRIHFIX[IIR WTEGI +VSYX TSYVW GSQTSWIHSJ WIZIVEP PMJXW QE]HIZIPST
ERHMRERHQQ XLMW JPYMH TVIWWYVI JSV XLI JYPP TSYV LIMKLX 8LI JEGIW SJ
MMM 2S MRXIVQIHMEXI VIMRJSVGIH FSRH FIEQW LSPPS[ YRMXW [MXL YRFVEGIH IRHW GER FVIEO SYX ;]XLIW
EVITPEGIHFIX[IIRXLIXSTERHXLIFSXXSQ QE] WITEVEXI 8LI [MVI XMIW FIX[IIR []XLIW QE] RSX FI
SJXLITSYVLIMKLX WYJJMGMIRX XS TVIZIRX XLMW JVSQ SGGYVVMRK ,MKLIV PMJXW QE]
FI YWIH [MXL WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK KVSYX FIGEYWI MXW JPYMHMX]
F ;LIRXLIGSRHMXMSRWSJ%VXMGPIW(EMERH ERH MXW PS[IV MRMXMEP [EXIVGIQIRX VEXMS VIWYPX MR VIHYGIH
(EMM EVI QIX FYX XLIVI EVI MRXIVQIHMEXI TSXIRXMEPJSVJPYMHTVIWWYVITVSFPIQW
FSRH FIEQW [MXLMR XLI KVSYX TSYV PMQMX XLI
KVSYX PMJX LIMKLX XS XLI FSXXSQ SJ XLI PS[IWX 8LILSYVXMQITIVMSHMWWXMTYPEXIHJSVKVSYXPMJXWSZIV
FSRHFIEQXLEXMWQSVIXLERJXMRQ JX MR Q XS TVSZMHI WYJJMGMIRX GYVMRK XMQI XS
EFSZIXLIFSXXSQSJXLIPMJXFYXHSRSXI\GIIH QMRMQMÎ TSXIRXMEP HMWTPEGIQIRX SJ YRMXW HYVMRK XLI
EKVSYXPMJXLIMKLXSJJXMRQ GSRWSPMHEXMSRERHVIGSRWSPMHEXMSRTVSGIWW8LILSYVWMW
FEWIH SR X]TMGEP GYVMRK GSRHMXMSRW ERHQE] FI MRGVIEWIH
G ;LIR XLI GSRHMXMSRW SJ %VXMGPI (EM SV FEWIH SR PSGEP GPMQEXMG GSRHMXMSRW EX XLI XMQI SJ
%VXMGPI(EMMEVI RSX QIX TPEGIKVSYXMR GSRWXVYGXMSR *SV I\EQTPI HYVMRK GSPH [IEXLIV
PMJXWRSXI\GIIHMRKJXMRQ GSRWXVYGXMSRGSRWMHIVMRGVIEWMRKXLILSYVGYVMRKTIVMSH
*SVWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYXGSRJSVQMRKXS%VXMGPI ;LIR E [EPP MW XS FI KVSYXIH [MXL WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYXXLIKVSYXPMJXLIMKLXMWRSXVIWXVMGXIHF]MRXIVQIHMEXI
E ;LIRTPEGIHMRQEWSRV]XLEXLEWGYVIHJSVEX VIMRJSVGIHFSRHFIEQPSGEXMSRWFIGEYWIWIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
PIEWX LSYVW TPEGI MR PMJXW RSX I\GIIHMRK XLI KVSYXIEWMP]JPS[WEVSYRHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
KVSYXTSYVLIMKLX
F ;LIRTPEGIHMRQEWSRV]XLEXLEWRSXGYVIHJSV
EX PIEWX LSYVW TPEGI MR PMJXW RSX I\GIIHMRK
JXMRQ
3.5 E. Consolidation 3.5 E. Consolidation — )\GITX JSV WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
KVSYX GSRWSPMHEXMSR MW RIGIWWEV] XS EGLMIZI GSQTPIXI
'SRWSPMHEXIKVSYXEXXLIXMQISJTPEGIQIRX
JMPPMRK SJ XLI KVSYX WTEGI 6IGSRWSPMHEXMSR VIXYVRW XLI
E 'SRWSPMHEXIKVSYXTSYVWMRQQ SVPIWW KVSYX XS E TPEWXMG WXEXI ERH IPMQMREXIW XLI ZSMHW VIWYPXMRK
MR LIMKLX F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR SV F] JVSQXLI[EXIVPSWWJVSQXLIKVSYXF]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXW-X
TYHHPMRK MWTSWWMFPIXSLEZIELIMKLXPSWWSJMRQQ MRJX
Q
F 'SRWSPMHEXITSYVWI\GIIHMRKMRQQ MR
LIMKLX F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR ERH 'SRWSPMHEXMSR ERH VIGSRWSPMHEXMSR EVI RSVQEPP]
VIGSRWSPMHEXI F] QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXMSR EJXIV EGLMIZIH [MXL E QIGLERMGEP ZMFVEXSV % PS[ ZIPSGMX]
MRMXMEP[EXIVPSWWERHWIXXPIQIRXLEWSGGYVVIH ZMFVEXSV[MXLE¢MRQQ LIEHMWYWIH8LIZMFVEXSV
MWEGXMZEXIHJSVSRIXSX[SWIGSRHWMRIEGLKVSYXIHGIPPSJ
'SRWSPMHEXMSR SV VIGSRWSPMHEXMSR MW RSXVIUYMVIHJSV LSPPS[ YRMX QEWSRV] ;LIR HSYFPI STIRIRH YRMXW EVI
WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX YWIHSRIGIPPMWGSRWMHIVIHXSFIJSVQIHF]XLIX[SSTIR
IRHWTPEGIHXSKIXLIV;LIRKVSYXMRKFIX[IIR[]XLIWXLI
ZMFVEXSVMWTPEGIHMRXLIKVSYXEXTSMRXWWTEGIHXSMR
XSQQ ETEVX)\GIWWZMFVEXMSRHSIWRSXMQTVSZI
GSRWSPMHEXMSRERHQE]FPS[SYXXLIJEGIWLIPPWSJLSPPS[
YRMXW SV WITEVEXI XLI []XLIW [LIR KVSYXMRK FIX[IIR
[]XLIW
S-68 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
COMMENTARY
1EWSRV]GSRWXVYGXIHXSXLILIMKLX
'PIERSYXVIUYMVIH[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV SJ4SYVERHXLIRKVSYXIHMRPMJXW
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERJXMRQ X]T
2SXIW
%JXIVGSQTPIXMRKKVSYXMRKJSV4SYV
GSRWXVYGXQEWSRV]XSXLILIMKLXSJ4SYV
ERHXLIRKVSYXMRPMJXW
%HLIVIXSXLITSYVLIMKLXPMQMXEXMSRW
WLS[RMR7TIGMJMGEXMSR8EFPIERHXLIPMJX
(S[IPWMJVIUYMVIHF]HIWMKR LIMKLXPMQMXEXMSRWSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR%VXMGPI
(YRPIWWSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRTVSGIHYVIW
EVIHSGYQIRXIHEWTVSHYGMRKEGGITXEFPI
VIWYPXWZMEERETTVSZIHKVSYX
HIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP
'PIERSYXVIUYMVIH[LIRXLIKVSYXTSYV
+VSYXX]T
LIMKLXMWKVIEXIVXLERJXMRQ X]T
Figure SC-15 — Grout pour height and grout lift height
3.5 F. Grout key — ;LIR KVSYXMRK JSVQ KVSYX OI]W 3.5 F. Grout key —8LIXSTSJEKVSYXTSYVWLSYPHRSX
FIX[IIRKVSYXTSYVW*SVQKVSYXOI]WFIX[IIRKVSYXPMJXW FIPSGEXIHEXXLIXSTSJEYRMXFYXEXEQMRMQYQSJ¡MR
[LIRXLIJMVWXPMJXMWTIVQMXXIHXSWIXTVMSVXSTPEGIQIRXSJ QQ FIPS[XLIFIHNSMRX
XLIWYFWIUYIRXPMJX
-J EPMJX SJKVSYXMWTIVQMXXIHXSWIXTVMSVXSTPEGMRKXLI
*SVQEKVSYXOI]F]XIVQMREXMRKXLIKVSYXEQMRMQYQ WYFWIUYIRX PMJX E KVSYX OI] MW VIUYMVIH [MXLMR XLI KVSYX
SJ¡MRQQ FIPS[EQSVXEVNSMRX TSYV 8LMW WIXXMRK RSVQEPP] SGGYVW MJ XLI KVSYXMRK MW
WXSTTIHJSVQSVIXLERSRILSYV
(SRSXJSVQKVSYXOI]W[MXLMRFIEQW
%X FIEQW SV PMRXIPW PEMH [MXL GPSWIH FSXXSQ YRMXW
XIVQMREXIXLIKVSYXTSYVEXXLIFSXXSQSJXLIFIEQ
SVPMRXIP[MXLSYXJSVQMRKEKVSYXOI]
3.5 G. Alternate grout placement — 4PEGIQEWSRV]YRMXW
ERHKVSYX YWMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW IQTPS]IH MR XLI
EGGITXIHKVSYXHIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP
3.5 H. Grout for AAC masonry —9WIKVSYXGSRJSVQMRK

XS %781 ' ;IX %%' QEWSRV] XLSVSYKLP] FIJSVI
KVSYXMRK XS IRWYVI XLEX XLI KVSYX JPS[W XS GSQTPIXIP] JMPP
XLIWTEGI XS FI KVSYXIH+VSYX WPYQT WLEPP FI FIX[IIR
MR ERH MR ERH QQ [LIR HIXIVQMRIH MR
EGGSVHERGI[MXL%781''1
3.6 — Prestressing tendon installation and 3.6 — Prestressing tendon installation and
stressiRg procedure stressing procedure
3.6 A. Site tolerances -RWXEPPEXMSRSJXIRHSRW[MXLXLIWTIGMJMIHXSPIVERGIWMW
GSQQSR TVEGXMGI 8LI QIXLSHW SJ ETTPMGEXMSR ERH
8SPIVERGI JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR TPEGIQIRX MR
QIEWYVIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGIEVIGSQQSRXIGLRMUYIW
XLISYXSJTPERIHMVIGXMSRMR[EPPWWLEPPFI MR
JSVTVIWXVIWWIHGSRGVIXIERHQEWSRV]QIQFIVW(IWMKRIV
QQ JSVQEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRW
GSRXVEGXSV ERH MRWTIGXSV WLSYPH FI I\TIVMIRGIH [MXL
PIWW XLER RSQMREP MR QQ ERH MR
TVIWXVIWWMRK ERH WLSYPH GSRWYPX XLI 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK
QQ JSVQEWSRV]GVSWWWIGXMSREPHMQIRWMSRW
-RWXMXYXIvW*MIPH4VSGIHYVIW 1ERYEPJSV9RFSRHIH7MRKPI
IUYEPXSSVKVIEXIVXLERRSQMREPMRQQ
7XVERH 8IRHSRW SV WMQMPEV PMXIVEXYVI FIJSVI GSRHYGXMRK
8SPIVERGI JSV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR TPEGIQIRX MR XLI ;SVO 'VMXMGEP EWTIGXW SJ XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK STIVEXMSR
XLI MRTPERI HMVIGXMSR SJ [EPPW WLEPP FI MR XLEXVIUYMVIMRWTIGXMSRMRGPYHILERHPMRKERHWXSVEKISJXLI
QQ TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH ERGLSVEKIW MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ XLI
ERGLSVEKI LEVH[EVI MRXS XLI JSYRHEXMSR ERH GETTMRK
-J TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW EVIQSZIH QSVI XLERSRI QIQFIVW MRXIKVMX] ERH GSRXMRYMX] SJ XLI GSVVSWMSR
XIRHSR HMEQIXIV SV E HMWXERGI I\GIIHMRK XLI TVSXIGXMSR W]WXIQ JSV XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW ERH
XSPIVERGIW WXEXIH MR %VXMGPIW % ERH % ERGLSVEKIW ERH XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR WXVIWWMRK ERH
XS EZSMH MRXIVJIVIRGI [MXL SXLIV XIRHSRW KVSYXMRKTVSGIHYVIW
VIMRJSVGIQIRX GSRHYMXW SV IQFIHHIH MXIQW
RSXMJ] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV JSV EGGITXERGI SJ 8LIHIWMKRQIXLSHMR'SHI'LETXIVMWFEWIHSRER
XLIVIWYPXMRKEVVERKIQIRXSJTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW EGGYVEXI EWWIWWQIRX SJ XLI PIZIP SJ TVIWXVIWW 8IRHSR
IPSRKEXMSR ERH XIRHSR JSVGI QIEWYVIQIRXW [MXL E
3.6 B. Application and measurement of prestressing GEPMFVEXIH KEYKI SV PSEH GIPP SV F] YWI SJ E GEPMFVEXIH
force H]REQSQIXIV LEZI TVSZIR XS TVSZMHI XLI VIUYMVIH
(IXIVQMRI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK JSVGI F] FSXL SJ XLI EGGYVEG] *SV XIRHSRW YWMRK WXIIPW SJ PIWW XLER OWM
JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHW 14E WXVIRKXL (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSV (8-
[EWLIVW EPWS TVSZMHI EHIUYEXI EGGYVEG] 8LIWI [EWLIVW
E 1IEWYVI XLI TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR IPSRKEXMSR LEZI HMQTPIW XLEX EVI MRXIRHIH XS GSQTVIWW SRGI E
ERH GSQTEVI MX [MXL XLI VIUYMVIH IPSRKEXMSR TVIHIXIVQMRIHJSVGIMWETTPMIHSRXLIQF]XLITVIWXVIWWMRK
FEWIH SR EZIVEKI PSEHIPSRKEXMSR GYVZIW JSV JSVGI 8LIWI [EWLIVW [IVI JMVWX HIZIPSTIH F] XLI WXIIP
XLITVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW MRHYWXV] JSV YWI [MXL LMKLWXVIRKXL FSPXW ERH LEZI FIIR
F 3FWIVZIXLINEGOMRKJSVGISREGEPMFVEXIHKEKI QSHMJMIH JSV YWI [MXL TVIWXVIWWIH QEWSRV] 8LI HIWMKRIV
SV PSEH GIPP SV F] YWI SJ E GEPMFVEXIH WLSYPH ZIVMJ] XLI EGXYEP EGGYVEG] SJ (8- [EWLIVW ERH
H]REQSQIXIV *SV TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW YWMRK HSGYQIRXMXMRXLIHIWMKR
FEVW SJ PIWW XLER OWM 14E XIRWMPI &YVRMRK ERH [IPHMRK STIVEXMSRW MR XLI ZMGMRMX] SJ
WXVIRKXL (MVIGX 8IRWMSR -RHMGEXSV (8- TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWQYWXFIGEVIJYPP]TIVJSVQIHWMRGIXLI
[EWLIVW GSQTP]MRK [MXL %781 *1 EVI LIEX QE] PS[IV XLI XIRHSR WXVIRKXL ERH GEYWI JEMPYVI SJ
EGGITXEFPI XLIWXVIWWIHXIRHSR
%WGIVXEMR XLI GEYWI SJ XLI HMJJIVIRGI MR JSVGI
HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI X[S QIXLSHW HIWGVMFIH MR
%VXMGPI & [LIR XLI HMJJIVIRGI I\GIIHW
TIVGIRXJSVTVIXIRWMSRIHIPIQIRXWSVTIVGIRXJSV
TSWXXIRWMSRIHIPIQIRXW ERHGSVVIGXXLI GEYWISJ
XLIHMJJIVIRGI
;LIRXLIXSXEPPSWWSJTVIWXVIWWHYIXSYRVITPEGIH
FVSOIRTVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRWI\GIIHWTIVGIRXSJ
XSXEPTVIWXVIWWRSXMJ]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
S-70 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
3.6 C. Grouting bonded tendons

1M\ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX MR IUYMTQIRX GETEFPI SJ
GSRXMRYSYWQIGLERMGEPQM\MRKERHEKMXEXMSRWSEW
XSTVSHYGIYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJQEXIVMEPWTEWW
XLVSYKL WGVIIRW ERH TYQT MR E QERRIVXLEX [MPP
GSQTPIXIP]JMPPXIRHSRHYGXW
1EMRXEMRXIQTIVEXYVISJQEWSRV]EFSZI * '
EX XMQI SJ KVSYXMRK ERH YRXMP JMIPHGYVIH MR
QQ GYFIW SJ TVIWXVIWWMRK KVSYX VIEGL E
QMRMQYQ GSQTVIWWMZI WXVIRKXL SJ TWM
14E
/IITTVIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXXIQTIVEXYVIWFIPS[ *
' HYVMRKQM\MRKERHTYQTMRK
3.6 D. Burning and welding operations — 'EVIJYPP]
TIVJSVQFYVRMRKERH[IPHMRKSTIVEXMSRWMRXLIZMGMRMX]SJ
TVIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSRW WS XLEX XIRHSRW ERH WLIEXLMRKW MJ
YWIHEVIRSXWYFNIGXIHXSI\GIWWMZIXIQTIVEXYVIW[IPHMRK
WTEVOWSVKVSYRHMRKGYVVIRXW
3.7 — Field quality control 3.7 — Field quality control
3.7 A.:IVMJ]f 'mERHf 'AACMREGGSVHERGI[MXL%VXMGPI 3.7 A. 8LIWTIGMJMIHJVIUYIRG]SJXIWXMRKQYWXIUYEPSV
I\GIIH XLI QMRMQYQ VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI UYEPMX]
EWWYVERGIXEFPIW
3.7 B.7EQTPI ERH XIWX KVSYX EW VIUYMVIH F] %VXMGPIW 3.7 B. %781 ' VIUYMVIW E QSPH JSV XLI KVSYX
&ERH WTIGMQIRW QEHI JVSQ XLI QEWSRV] YRMXW XLEX [MPP FI MR
GSRXEGX [MXL XLI KVSYX 8LYW XLI [EXIV EFWSVTXMSR JVSQ
XLIKVSYXF]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXWMWWMQYPEXIH7EQTPMRKERH
XIWXMRKJVIUYIRG]QE]FIFEWIHSRXLIZSPYQISJKVSYXXS
FITPEGIHVEXLIVXLERXLI[EPPEVIE
3.8 — Cleaning
'PIER I\TSWIH QEWSRV] WYVJEGIW SJ WXEMRW
IJJPSVIWGIRGIQSVXEVSVKVSYXHVSTTMRKWERHHIFVMW
FOREWORD TO SPECIFICATION CHECKLISTS

F1.8LMW*SVI[SVHMWMRGPYHIHJSVI\TPEREXSV]TYVTSWIW F1. 2S'SQQIRXEV]

SRP] MX HSIW RSX JSVQ E TEVX SJ 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817
%'-%7')
F2. 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'- %7') F2. &YMPHMRKGSHIWSJ[LMGLXLMWWXERHEVHMWETEVXF]
QE] FI VIJIVIRGIH F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV MR XLI VIJIVIRGI WIXQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWRIGIWWEV]XSTVSXIGX
4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV ER] FYMPHMRK TVSNIGX XSKIXLIV XLI TYFPMG 4VSNIGX WTIGMJMGEXMSRW QE] WXMTYPEXI
[MXLWYTTPIQIRXEV]VIUYMVIQIRXWJSV XLIWTIGMJMGTVSNIGX VIUYMVIQIRXW QSVI VIWXVMGXMZI XLER XLI QMRMQYQ
6IWTSRWMFMPMXMIWJSVTVSNIGXTEVXMGMTERXWQYWXFIHIJMRIHMR %HNYWXQIRXW XS XLI RIIHW SJ E TEVXMGYPEV TVSNIGX EVI
XLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSR MRXIRHIH XS FI QEHI F] XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV F]
VIZMI[MRK IEGL SJ XLI MXIQW MR XLI 'LIGOPMWXW ERH XLIR
MRGPYHMRK XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVvW HIGMWMSR SR IEGL MXIQ
EWEQERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXMRXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
F3.'LIGOPMWXWHSRSXJSVQETEVXSJ7TIGMJMGEXMSR817 F3. 8LI 'LIGOPMWXW EVI EHHVIWWIH XS IEGL MXIQ SJ XLMW
%'- %7') 'LIGOPMWXW EWWMWX XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR [LIVI XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QYWX SV QE]
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV MR WIPIGXMRK ERH WTIGMJ]MRK TVSNIGX QEOI E GLSMGI SJ EPXIVREXMZIW QE] EHH TVSZMWMSRW MJ RSX
VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLI 4VSNIGX 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 8LI GLIGOPMWXW MRHMGEXIHSVQE]XEOII\GITXMSRW8LI'LIGOPMWXWGSRWMWX
MHIRXMJ] XLI 7IGXMSRW 4EVXW ERH %VXMGPIW SJXLI VIJIVIRGI SJX[SGSPYQRWXLIJMVWXMHIRXMJMIWXLIWIGXMSRWTEVXWERH
7TIGMJMGEXMSR ERH XLI EGXMSR VIUYMVIH SV EZEMPEFPI XS XLI EVXMGPIW SJ XLI 7TIGMJMGEXMSR ERH XLI WIGSRH GSPYQR
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV GSRXEMRW RSXIW XS XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV XS MRHMGEXI XLI
X]TISJEGXMSRVIUYMVIHF]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV
F4. 8LI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV QYWX QEOI EHNYWXQIRXW XS
XLI7TIGMJMGEXMSRFEWIHSRXLIRIIHWSJETEVXMGYPEVTVSNIGX
F] VIZMI[MRK IEGL SJ XLI MXIQW MR XLI GLIGOPMWXW ERH
MRGPYHMRK XLI MXIQW XLI %VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV WIPIGXW EW
QERHEXSV]VIUYMVIQIRXWMRXLI4VSNIGX7TIGMJMGEXMSR
F5. 8LI 1ERHEXSV] 6IUYMVIQIRXW 'LIGOPMWX MRHMGEXIW
[SVO VIUYMVIQIRXW VIKEVHMRK WTIGMJMG UYEPMXMIW
TVSGIHYVIW QEXIVMEPW ERH TIVJSVQERGI GVMXIVME XLEX EVI
RSX HIJMRIH MR 7TIGMJMGEXMSR 817 %'-
%7') SV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV [LMGL XLI
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVQYWXHIJMRI[LMGLSJXLIGLSMGIWETTP]
XSXLITVSNIGX
F6. 8LI 3TXMSREP 6IUYMVIQIRXW 'LIGOPMWX MHIRXMJMIW
%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVGLSMGIWERHEPXIVREXMZIW
S-72 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST
Section/Part/Article Notes to the Architect/Engineer

PART 1 — GENERAL
% 'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW 7TIGMJ] f m and f AAC ,I\GITXJSVZIRIIVKPEWWYRMX
QEWSRV]ERHIQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]
7TIGMJ] f mi JSVTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
& 9RMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH 7TIGMJ][LIRWXVIRKXLSJKVSYXMWXSFIHIXIVQMRIHF]
XIWX
5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI (IJMRIXLIWYFQMXXEPVITSVXMRKERHVIZMI[TVSGIHYVI
% 8IWXMRK%KIRG]vWWIVZMGIWERH 7TIGMJ][LMGLSJ8EFPIW SV ETTPMIWXSXLITVSNIGX
HYXMIW 7TIGMJ][LMGLTSVXMSRWSJXLIQEWSRV][IVI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIIQTMVMGEPZIRIIV
SVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHIERH
EVIXLIVIJSVII\IQTXJVSQZIVMJMGEXMSRSJf m
& -RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]vWWIVZMGIWERH 7TIGMJ][LMGLSJ8EFPIW SV ETTPMIWXSXLITVSNIGX
HYXMIW 7TIGMJ][LMGLTSVXMSRWSJXLIQEWSRV][IVI
HIWMKRIHMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLIIQTMVMGEPZIRIIV
SVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]TVSZMWMSRWSJXLMW'SHIERH
EVIXLIVIJSVII\IQTXJVSQZIVMJMGEXMSRSJf m
PART 2 — PRODUCTS
1SVXEVQEXIVMEPW 7TIGMJ]X]TIGSPSVERHGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPWXSFI
YWIHMRQSVXEVERHQSVXEVXSFIYWIHJSVXLI
ZEVMSYWTEVXWSJXLITVSNIGXERHXLIX]TISJQSVXEV
XSFIYWIH[MXLIEGLX]TISJQEWSRV]YRMX
1EWSRV]YRMXQEXIVMEPW 7TIGMJ]XLIQEWSRV]YRMXWXSFIYWIHJSVXLIZEVMSYW
TEVXWSJXLITVSNIGXW
6IMRJSVGIQIRXTVIWXVIWWMRK 7TIGMJ]X]TIERHKVEHISJVIMRJSVGIQIRXXIRHSRW
XIRHSRWERHQIXEPEGGIWWSVMIW GSRRIGXSVWERHEGGIWWSVMIW
' ;IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX 7TIGMJ][LIR[IPHIH[MVIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWXSFITPEMR
) 7XEMRPIWWWXIIP 7TIGMJ][LIRWXEMRPIWWWXIIPNSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERGLSVWXMIWERHSVEGGIWWSVMIWEVIVIUYMVIH
* 'SEXMRKJSVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR 7TIGMJ]XLIX]TIWSJGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRXLEXEVI
VIUYMVIHJSVIEGLTSVXMSRSJXLIQEWSRV]
GSRWXVYGXMSR
+ 'SVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRJSVXIRHSRW 7TIGMJ]XLIGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSRQIXLSH
, 4VIWXVIWWMRKERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVW 7TIGMJ]XLIERGLSVEKIWERHGSYTPIVWERHXLIMVGSVVSWMSR
ERHIRHFPSGOW TVSXIGXMSR
) .SMRXJMPPIVW 7TIGMJ]WMÎERHWLETISJNSMRXJMPPIVW
& 4VIJEFVMGEXIHQEWSRV] 7TIGMJ]TVIJEFVMGEXIHQEWSRV]ERHVIUYMVIQIRXWMR
WYTTPIQIRXSJXLSWISJ%781'
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST (Continued)

( 4MTIWERHGSRHYMXW 7TIGMJ]WPIIZIWMÎWERHWTEGMRK
( %GGIWWSVMIW 7TIGMJ]EGGIWWSVMIWRSXMRHMGEXIHSRXLITVSNIGX
HVE[MRKW
( 1SZIQIRXNSMRXW -RHMGEXIX]TIERHPSGEXMSRSJQSZIQIRXNSMRXWSRXLI
& 4PEGIQIRXXSPIVERGIW TVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
-RHMGEXI dHMWXERGIJSVFIEQWSRHVE[MRKWSVEWE
WGLIHYPIMRXLITVSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW
) :IRIIVERGLSVW 7TIGMJ]X]TISJERGLSVVIUYMVIH
S-74 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS CHECKLIST

PART 1 — GENERAL
& 7TIGMJ]EHHMXMSREPVIUYMVIHWYFQMXXEPW
5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI (IJMRI[LS[MPPVIXEMRXLI8IWXMRK%KIRG]ERH
-RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]MJSXLIVXLERXLI3[RIV
PART 2 — PRODUCTS
7TIGMJ]KVSYXVIUYMVIQIRXWEXZEVMERGI[MXL
817%'-%7')7TIGMJ]EHQM\XYVIW
% 1SZIQIRXNSMRX 7TIGMJ]VIUYMVIQIRXWEXZEVMERGI[MXL
ERH 817%'-%7')
&
( 1EWSRV]GPIERIV 7TIGMJ][LIVIEGMHSVGEYWXMGWSPYXMSRWEVIEPPS[IHERH

LS[XSRIYXVEPMÎXLIQ
% 1SVXEV 7TIGMJ]MJLERHQM\MRKMWEPPS[IHERHXLIQIXLSHSJ
QIEWYVIQIRXSJQEXIVMEP
& +VSYXGSRWMWXIRG] 7TIGMJ]VIUYMVIQIRXWEXZEVMERGI[MXL
817%'-%7')
' ;IXXMRKQEWSRV]YRMXW 7TIGMJ][LIRYRMXWEVIXSFI[IXXIH
% &SRHTEXXIVR 7TIGMJ]FSRHTEXXIVRMJRSXVYRRMRKFSRH
& &IHERHLIEHNSMRXW 7TIGMJ]XLMGORIWWERHXSSPMRKHMJJIVMRKJVSQ
817%'-%7')
& 'SPPEVNSMRXW 7TIGMJ]XLIJMPPMRKSJGSPPEVNSMRXWPIWWXLERMR
QQ XLMGOHMJJIVMRKJVSQ
817%'-%7')
& ,SPPS[YRMXW 7TIGMJ][LIRGVSWW[IFWEVIXSFIQSVXEVFIHHIH
& 7SPMHYRMXW 7TIGMJ]QSVXEVFIHHMRKEXZEVMERGI[MXL
817%'-%7')
& +PEWWYRMXW 7TIGMJ]QSVXEVFIHHMRKEXZEVMERGI[MXL
&F %%'1EWSRV] 817%'-%7')
7TIGMJ][LIRQSVXEVQE]FISQMXXIHJVSQ%%'VYRRMRK
FSRHQEWSRV]LIEHNSMRXWXLEXEVIPIWWXLERMR
QQ RSQMREP XEPP
( )QFIHHIHMXIQWERHEGGIWWSVMIW7TIGMJ]PSGEXMSRW[LIVIWPIIZIWEVIVIUYMVIHJSVTMTIWSV
GSRHYMXW
' ERH 7TIGMJ]VIUYMVIQIRXWEXZEVMERGI[MXL
817%'-%7')
S-76 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
REFERENCES FOR THE SPECIFICATION COMMENTARY
References, Part 1 1.12. ,EX^MRMOSPEW10SRK[SVXL .ERH;EV[EVYO

. w8LI)JJIGXSJ .SMRX6IMRJSVGIQIRXSR:IVXMGEP0SEH
1.1. w6IGSQQIRHIH 4VEGXMGI JSV )RKMRIIVIH &VMGO 'EVV]MRK'ETEGMX]SJ,SPPS['SRGVIXI&PSGO1EWSRV]x
1EWSRV]x&VMGO-RWXMXYXISJ%QIVMGEJSVQIVP]7XVYGXYVEP Proceedings 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
'PE]4VSHYGXW%WWSGMEXMSR 6IWXSR:% 9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS&SYPHIV'3%YK
1.2. &VS[R 6, ERH &SVGLIPX .+ w'SQTVIWWMSR 1.13. (V]WHEPI 6+ ,EQMH %% ERH &EOIV 06
8IWXW SJ ,SPPS[ &VMGO 9RMXW ERH 4VMWQWx Masonry w1EWSRV]7XVYGXYVIW&ILEZMSVERH(IWMKRxRHIHMXMSR
Components to Assemblages %781 784 ., 8LI1EWSRV]7SGMIX]&SYPHIV'3
1EXXL]W IHMXSV %QIVMGER 7SGMIX] JSV 8IWXMRK ERH
1EXIVMEPW4LMPEHIPTLME4%TT 1.14. %XOMRWSR 6, ERH /MRKWPI] +6 w%
'SQTEVMWSR SJ XLI &ILEZMSV SJ 'PE] ERH 'SRGVIXI
1.3. %'- 'SQQMXXII &YMPHMRK 'SHI 1EWSRV] MR 'SQTVIWWMSRx %XOMRWSR2SPERH

6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 7XVYGXYVIW %'- %WWSGMEXIW-RG&SYPHIV'37ITX
6IZMWIH %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI -RWXMXYXI
(IXVSMX1-TT 1.15. 4VMIWXPI]1.2ERH)PHIV(1w7XVIWW7XVEMR
'YVZIW JSV 9RGSRJMRIH ERH 'SRJMRIH 'SRGVIXI
1.4. w7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV XLI (IWMKR ERH 'SRWXVYGXMSR 1EWSRV]x %'- .3962%0 Proceedings : 2S
SJ 0SEH &IEVMRK 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 86& (IXVSMX1-1E].YRITT
2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR ,IVRHSR :%
1.16. 1MPPIV () 2SPERH .0 ERH *IRK ''
w*EGXSVW -RJPYIRGMRK XLI 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL SJ
1.5. 6IHQSRH8&w'SQTVIWWMZI7XVIRKXL SJ 0SEH ,SPPS[ 'PE] 9RMX 4VMWQWx Proceedings XL
&IEVMRK 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 4VMWQWx 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI -RXIVREXMSREP &VMGO 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI ;EWLMRKXSR
1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR 0EFSVEXSV] 8IWXW ,IVRHSR :% ('
9RTYFPMWLIH
1.17. 2SPERH .0 w4VSTSWIH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV
1.6. 2EGSW '. w'SQTEVMWSR SJ *YPP] &IHHIH ERH (IXIVQMRMRK 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL SJ 'PE]9RMX 4VMWQWx
*EGI7LIPP &IHHIH 'SRGVIXI &PSGOx Report 2S ') %XOMRWSR2SPERH
%WWSGMEXIW -RG &SYPHIV '3 .YRI
'SPSVEHS7XEXI9RMZIVWMX]*SVX'SPPMRW '3
%TTIRHM\T%
1.18. ,IKIQMIV +% /VMWLREQSSVXL] + 2YRR
1.7. 1EYVIRFVIGLIV %,4 w)JJIGX SJ 8IWX 63 ERH 1SSVXL] 8: w4VMWQ 8IWXW JSV XLI
4VSGIHYVIW SR 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL SJ 1EWSRV] 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x
4VMWQWx Proceedings RH 'EREHMER 1EWSRV] Proceedings 2SVXL %QIVMGER 1EWSRV] 'SRJIVIRGI
7]QTSWMYQ'EVPIXSR9RMZIVWMX]3XXE[E.YRITT 9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS&SYPHIV'3%YKTT
XLVSYKL
1.8. 7IPJ 1; w7XVYGXYVEP 4VSTIVXMIW SJ 0SEHMRK 1.19. 'LV]WPIV . 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
&IEVMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]xMasonry: Past and Present 'SRWXVYGXMSR -RWTIGXSVW ,ERHFSSO XL )HMXMSR
784 %781 4LMPEHIPTLME 4% 8EFPI T 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE ERH -RXIVREXMSREP 'SHI
'SYRGMP8SVVERGI'%
1.9. &EYWWER 6 ERH 1I]IV ' w'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1.20. -RWTIGXMSR ERH 8IWXMRK SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
1EWSRV] 8IWX 4VSKVEQx 'SPYQFME 9RMZIVWMX] 2I[ 'SRWXVYGXMSR 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] %WWSGMEXMSR
=SVO2= ERH-RXIVREXMSREP'SHI'SYRGMP,IVRHSR:%
1.10. 7IEQER .' w-RZIWXMKEXMSR SJ XLI 7XVYGXYVEP 1.21. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW wTesting for Engineered
4VSTIVXMIW SJ 6IMRJSVGIH 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 2EXMSREP Brick Masonry—Brick and Mortarx &VMGO -RHYWXV]
'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:% %WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%2SZ
1.11. ,EQMH %% (V]WHEPI 6+ ERH ,IMHIFVIGLX 1.22. w8IGLRMGEP 2SXIW & wTesting for Engineered
%'w)JJIGXSJ+VSYXMRKSRXLI7XVIRKXL'LEVEGXIVMWXMGW Brick Masonry—Quality Controlx &VMGO -RHYWXV]
SJ 'SRGVIXI &PSGO 1EWSRV]x Proceedings 2SVXL %WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%1EV
%QIVMGER1EWSRV]'SRJIVIRGI9RMZIVWMX]SJ'SPSVEHS
&SYPHIV'3%YKTTXLVSYKL
S-78 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
1.23. 'SHI1EWXIV7TIGMEP-RWTIGXMSRJSV1EWSRV] 2.7. 'EXERM 1. w4VSXIGXMSR SJ )QFIHHIH 7XIIP MR
7XVYGXYVIW
'SHIW -RWXMXYXI ERH 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ 1EWSRV]x Construction Specifier : 2S
%QIVMGE8SVVERGI'% 'SRWXVYGXMSR 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW -RWXMXYXI %PI\ERHVME :%
.ERT
1.24. 'SHI1EWXIV1EWSRV]1EXIVMEPW7XVYGXYVIW

'SHIW -RWXMXYXI ERH 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ %QIVMGE 2.8. w7XIIP JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] 6IMRJSVGIQIRXx
8SVVERGI'% NCMA TEK % 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
1.25. w6IGSQQIRHIH 4VEGXMGIW ERH +YMHI
7TIGMJMGEXMSRWJSV'SPH;IEXLIV1EWSRV]'SRWXVYGXMSRx 2.9. w7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV 9RFSRHIH 7MRKPI 7XVERH
-RXIVREXMSREP 1EWSRV] -RHYWXV] %PP;IEXLIV 'SYRGMP 8IRHSRWx Post-Tensioning Manual XL )HMXMSR 4SWX
;EWLMRKXSR(' 8IRWMSRMRK-RWXMXYXI4LSIRM\%>TT
1.26. 8SQEWIXXM %% w4VSFPIQW ERH 'YVIW MR 2.10. +EVVMX] 7; 'SVVSWMSR 4VSXIGXMSR SJ
1EWSRV]x %781 784 1EWSRV] 'SQTSRIRXW XS 4VIWXVIWWMRK 8IRHSRW JSV 1EWSRV]x Proceedings,
%WWIQFPEKIW%7814LMPEHIPTLME4% Seventh Canadian Masonry Symposium 1G1EWXIV
9RMZIVWMX],EQMPXSR3RXEVMS.YRITT
1.27. w%PP;IEXLIV'SRWXVYGXMSRx8IGLRMGEP2SXIWSR
&VMGO'SRWXVYGXMSR2YQFIV6IZMWIH&VMGO-RWXMXYXISJ 2.11. +VMQQ'81EWSRV]'VEGOW%6IZMI[SJXLI
%QIVMGE6IWXSR:%1EVGL 0MXIVEXYVIx Masonry: Materials, Design, Construction,
and Maintenance 784 %781 4LMPEHIPTLME 4%
1.28. w,SX ;IEXLIV 1EWSRV] 'SRWXVYGXMSRx 8VS[IP
8MTW4SVXPERH'IQIRX%WWSGMEXMSR7OSOMI-0
2.12. w:SPYQI 'LERKIW z %REP]WMW ERH )JJIGXW SJ
1.29. 4EREVIWI ;' 7, /SWQEXOE ERH *% 1SZIQIRXx Technical Notes on Brick Construction 18
6ERHEPP.Vw'SRGVIXI1EWSRV],ERHFSSOJSV%VGLMXIGXW &VMGO-RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%3GXTT
)RKMRIIVW ERH &YMPHIVWx 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX %WWSGMEXMSR
7OSOMI-0TT 2.13. w%GGSQQSHEXMRK )\TERWMSR SJ &VMGO[SVOx
Technical Notes on Brick Construction 18A &VMGO
1.30. w6IWIEVGL )ZEPYEXMSR SJ *PI\YVEP 8IRWMPI -RHYWXV]%WWSGMEXMSR6IWXSR:%3GXTT
7XVIRKXL SJ 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]x 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI
1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:% 2.14. w'SRXVSP .SMRXW JSV 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV] ;EPPW
)QTMVMGEP 1IXLSHx NCMA TEK & 2EXMSREP
'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR:%TT
References, Part 2 2.15. %'-7)%7'8EWO'SQQMXXIISR7PIRHIV;EPPW

8IWX 6ITSVX SR 7PIRHIV ;EPPWx %'- 7SYXLIVR
2.1. w4' +PEWW &PSGO 4VSHYGXWx +& 'EPMJSVRME 'LETXIV7XVYGXYVEP )RKMRIIVW %WWSGMEXMSR SJ
4MXXWFYVKL'SVRMRK'SVT4MXXWFYVKL4% 7SYXLIVR'EPMJSVRME0SW%RKIPIW'%TT
2.2. w;)'/ +PEWW &PSGOWx +PEWLEYW -RG 2.16. 0M ( ERH 2IMW :: w8LI 4IVJSVQERGI SJ
%VPMRKXSR,IMKLXW-0 6IMRJSVGIH 1EWSRV] &IEQW 7YFNIGXIH XS 6IZIVWEP
']GPMG 0SEHMRKWx Proceedings XL 'EREHMER 1EWSRV]
2.3. &IEPP ' 8MTW SR (IWMKRMRK (IXEMPMRK ERH 7]QTSWMYQ*VIHIVMGXSR2I[&VYRW[MGO'EREHE.YRI
7TIGMJ]MRK +PEWW &PSGO 4ERIPWx 8LI 1EKE^MRI SJ :TT
1EWSRV]'SRWXVYGXMSR%HHMWSR-0TT
2.17. 9RTYFPMWLIH *MIPH 8IWX 6ITSVX *MPI
2.4. w*SPPS[ YT 7IVZMGI 4VSGIHYVIx *MPI 6 &2EM &6MXL ,SYWMRK %WWSGMEXIH 8IWXMRK 0EFSVEXSVMIW
9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW -RG 2SVXLFVSSO -0 -PP ,SYWXSR8<
7IG:SP
2.18. (IXEMPW ERH (IXEMPMRK SJ 'SRGVIXI
2.5. 7GLYPX^ %) ERH 7GSPJSVS1.u%R 3ZIVZMI[ 6IMRJSVGIQIRX %'- %QIVMGER 'SRGVIXI
SJ 4VIWXVIWWIH1EWSRV]x The Masonry Society Journal -RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-
: 2S 8LI 1EWSRV] 7SGMIX] &SYPHIV '3
%YKYWXTT
2.6. +VMQQ '8 w'SVVSWMSR SJ 7XIIP MR &VMGO

1EWSRV]x Masonry: Research, Application, and
Problems784%7814LMPEHIPTLME4%TT

References, Part 3 3.6. w+VSYXMRK'SRGVIXI1EWSRV];EPPWx2'1%8)/

%2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]%WWSGMEXMSR,IVRHSR
3.1. %'- 'SQQMXXII 7XERHEVH 7TIGMJMGEXMSRW JSV :%TT
8SPIVERGIW JSV 'SRGVIXI 'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH 1EXIVMEPW
%'- %QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI(IXVSMX1- 3.7. w7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK +VSYX -RZIWXMKEXMSR
TT 'SQTVIWWMZI 7XVIRKXL 7LIEV &SRH 'SRWSPMHEXMSR ERH
*PS[ 16 x 2EXMSREP 'SRGVIXI 1EWSRV]
3.2. 'SYRGMP JSV 1EWSRV] ;EPP &VEGMRK Standard %WWSGMEXMSRTT
Practice for Bracing Masonry Walls Under
Construction 1EWSR 'SRXVEGXSVW %WWSGMEXMSR SJ 3.8. w7IPJ'SRWSPMHEXMRK +VSYX -RZIWXMKEXMSR 1EOMRK
%QIVMGETKW ERH 8IWXMRK 4VSXSX]TI 7'+ 1M\ (IWMKRW z 6ITSVX SJ
4LEWI--6IWIEVGL16 x2EXMSREP'SRGVIXI1EWSRV]
3.3. 9RMJSVQ &YMPHMRK 'SHI -RXIVREXMSREP 'SRJIVIRGI %WWSGMEXMSRTT
SJ&YMPHMRK3JJMGMEPW;LMXXMIV'%
3.9. Field Procedures Manual for Unbonded Single
3.4. Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Strand Tendons, 2nd Edition 4SWX8IRWMSRMRK -RWXMXYXI
Inspector’s Handbook, 7th Edition 1EWSRV] -RWXMXYXI SJ 4LSIRM\%>TT
%QIVMGE-RXIVREXMSREP 'SHI 'SYRGMP 8SVVERGI '%
TT
3.5. 7XIGMGL .4 ,ERWSR .SLR 1 ERH 6MGI 4EYP *
w&IRHMRK ERH 7XVEMKLXIRMRK SJ +VEHI 6IMRJSVGMRK
&EVWx 'SRGVIXI -RXIVREXMSREP %YKYWX :SPYQI
-WWYITT
S-80 TMS 602-11/ACI 530.1-11/ASCE 6-11
INDEX
A %RGLSVW ''''{'
%%'QEWSRV]''{'{'{ ''''{'
''''{'{' ''7777
''{''{7 777{777
7777{7{ EHNYWXEFPIWII%HNYWXEFPIERGLSVWXMIW
77777777 FSPXWWII%RGLSVFSPXW
ERGLSVFSPXWMR'' GSVVYKEXIHWLIIXQIXEP'{7
GSIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR' HIJMRMXMSR'
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW777 MRWXEPPEXMSR77
GSRWXVYGXMSR''''' QEXIVMEP WTIGMJMGEXMSRW7
'7{7 TERIPERGLSVWJSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ii'
GVIITGSIJJMGMIRX' 77
HIJMRMXMSR'7 TMRXPI''7
HIWMKR'' TVSXIGXMSR7
IQTMVMGEPZIRIIVPMQMXEXMSRW' TYPPSYXi''''''
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]''' ''''7
QSVXEVJSV''7{7 XIWXW''
TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV7 ZIRIIV'{''
TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV7 [MVI''77
WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
WLIEV[EPPWiii'{'' %RGLSVFSPXW
''' WIIEPWS&IRXFEVERGLSVWERH,IEHIHERGLSVFSPXW
WLVMROEKIGSIJJMGMIRX' iii''''
'77777
%GGITXEFPIEGGITXIHHIJMRMXMSR7 %%'QEWSRV]TVSZMWMSRW''
%7(TVSZMWMSRW'
%HLIVIHZIRIIV'{''77 IQFIHQIRXPIRKXL''''
EHLIWMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW'7 MRGSPYQRWWIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
HIJMRMXMSR'7 QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7
TPEGIQIRX77 7(TVSZMWMSRW'
XLMGORIWWQE\MQYQ' XIWXVIUYMVIQIRXW''
%HLIWMSRWII%HLIVIHZIRIIVEHLIWMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW %RGLSVEKI
HIXEMPW'
%HNYWXEFPIERGLSVWXMIWiii'{'{ IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'
77 WIMWQMG'
XIRHSRWII8IRHSRERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVWIRHFPSGOW
%HQM\XYVIW
JSVKVSYX''777 %RGLSVIHZIRIIV'{''
JSVQSVXEV77 HIJMRMXMSR'
WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''
%PPS[EFPIJSVGIWPSEHWXVIRKXLWERHWXVIWWIW
ERGLSVFSPXW''' %VGLMXIGXHIJMRMXMSR7
GSQTVIWWMSRE\MEPERHJPI\YVEPi'''
''' %VIE
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''' FIEVMRKiii''''
RSXEXMSRW' '''7
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR'{ FIEVMRKJSV%%'QEWSRV]'
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]''' GVSWWWIGXMSREPWII'VSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
WLIEV'''''' HIJMRMXMSR'
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX' RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPWII'VSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
XIRWMSR''' RIXWLIEV'
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]' TVSNIGXIH'{'
WIGXMSRTVSTIVXMIW'
%PPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKRQIXLSH''' XVERWJSVQIH'
'''''{'' [EPPTIVXMI'''7
%%'!%YXSGPEZIH%IVEXIH'SRGVIXI%7(!%PPS[EFPI7XVIWW(IWMKR17;!1EWSRV]7LIEV;EPP7(!7XVIRKXL(IWMKR
I-2 INDEX
%WLPEVWXSRIQEWSRV] TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]''
EPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR ' WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'
FSRHMRK' WXVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSV'''''
HIJMRMXMSR'7 WXVIWW''
%YXSGPEZIHEIVEXIHGSRGVIXIWII%%'QEWSRV] &IEVMRK[EPPW0SEHFIEVMRK[EPPW

HIJMRMXMSR'7 HIJMRMXMSR'7
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'''
%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR XSPIVERGIW7
IQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]'
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]' &IHNSMRX
VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]'' ERGLSVW'
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7( ' GSRWXVYGXMSR7{
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7( ' HIJMRMXMSR'
YRVIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]''' VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'7
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7( ' VIMRJSVGIQIRXWIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7( ' XLMGORIWW'77
XSPIVERGIW7
%\MEPXIRWMSR
ERGLSVFSPXW''' &IRHQMRMQYQHMEQIXIV'
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7( ' &IRXFEVERGLSVWWIIEPWS%RGLSVFSPXW
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]''' %%'QEWSRV]''
%7(TVSZMWMSRW''
IQFIHQIRXPIRKXL'''
B QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7
&EGOMRK TPEGIQIRX'
GSRGVIXI'' WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'{
HIJMRMXMSR' WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
HIJPIGXMSR''
HIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXW' &SRH
QEWSRV]' IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'{
WXIIPWXYH' LIEHIVWWII,IEHIVW
[SSH'' STXMSREPWTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRX7
TEXXIVR'77
&EVVIMRJSVGMRK''''''{ VYRRMRKWII6YRRMRKFSRH
''''''{ WXEGOWII7XEGOFSRH
'{777777 WXSRIIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'
[EPPMRXIVWIGXMSRW'
&EWIWYVJEGIXVIEXQIRXKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]' [EPPXMIW''WIIEPWS;EPPXMIW
&IEQW'{'''{'{ &SRHFIEQi''{'''
'''''''{ '''''
''{'7777 '{77{7
%7(VIUYMVIQIRXW'' HIJMRMXMSR'7
%%'QEWSRV]'''
GERXMPIZIVIH' &SRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR'''
HIJPIGXMSR' ''777
WXVIRKXLHIWMKR' GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR 7
HIJMRMXMSR'7
&IEVMRK KVSYXMRK'7
%%'QEWSRV]'{ WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''
EVIE'{
GSRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW' &SRHIV''WIIEPWS,IEHIV
RSXEXMSR' HIJMRMXMSR'
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
PIRKXLJSVVIMRJSVGIHFIEQW' &SYRHMRKJVEQI'''{
RSQMREPWXVIRKXL'' HIJMRMXMSR'
INDEX I-3
&VEGMRK 77 'SEXMRKWJSVGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR7777
&VMGOii'''''' 'SIJJMGMIRXW
'''''' GVIIT'
'7777{7 I\TERWMSR'
WIIEPWS'PE]QEWSRV] JVMGXMSR'
GEPGMYQWMPMGEXI7 VIWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSR''''
GPE]SVWLEPI'''777 WLVMROEKIJSVGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]''
GSRGVIXI'77
'SPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77 7
&YGOPMRK
)YPIV'' 'SPPEVNSMRXWiii''''{'
RSXEXMSR' '''77777
EPPS[EFPIWLIEVMR'
&YMPHMRKGSHIKIRIVEP' HIJMRMXMSR'7
GSRWXVYGXMSR7
&YMPHMRKSJJMGMEPHIJMRMXMSR' 'SPYQRW ii'''''''
'{''{''
&YRHPMRKSJVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW'' '{'{''
TVSLMFMXMSREKEMRWXJSV%%'QEWSRV]ERH7(' '''{77{
%%'QEWSRV]'
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR''{
C GSRWXVYGXMSR'7
'EPGYPEXMSRWii'''''' HIJMRMXMSR'
'''''' IGGIRXVMGMX]'
'' ''' IJJIGXMZILIMKLX''{
' ' 777 PEXIVEPXMIW'''WIIEPWS0EXIVEPXMIW
PSEHXVERWJIV''
'EQFIV' VIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIQIRXii'
WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''{
'ERXMPIZIVIHFIEQWQIQFIVWi'' WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'{
'' XLMGORIWW'
'EWXWXSRI'''7 'SQTSWMXIEGXMSRi''''
'''
'EZMX][EPP HIJMRMXMSR'
HIJMRMXMSR'
'SQTSWMXIQEWSRV]''''
'EZMX][MHXL''7 '''7
HIJMRMXMSR'
'LERRIPX]TIVIWXVEMRXW''7
'SQTVIWWMSREVIE[MHXL'
'LEWIW'''7
'SQTVIWWMSRE\MEPWII%\MEPGSQTVIWWMSR
'PE]QEWSRV]
GSIJJMGMIRXSJQSMWXYVII\TERWMSR' 'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL''''''
GSIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR' ''''''
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL'7 ''''''
GVIITGSIJJMGMIRX' ''''77{
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]' 7{777
YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW'77 WIIEPWS7TIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
[IXXMRK77 %%'QEWSRV]'77
EGGITXERGI'7
'PIERMRK'77777 E\MEPRSQMREP'''
GSQTPMERGI'
'PIERSYXW77 HIJMRMXMSR'77
HIJMRMXMSR7 HIXIVQMREXMSR'7
I-4 INDEX
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLGSRXMRYIH 'SRWXVYGXMSRPSEHW77

IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
RSXEXMSR' 'SRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWi'''''
SJKVSYX'777777 '777777
SJYRMXW7 HIJMRMXMSR'7
TVMWQWXVIRKXLQIXLSH7
7(VIUYMVIQIRXW''' 'SRXVEGXMSRWLVMROEKI NSMRX77
WLS[RSRHVE[MRKW77
XIWXW'7 77 'SRXVEGXSVHIJMRMXMSR 7
YRMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH7
'SRXVEGXSVvWWIVZMGIWERHHYXMIW7
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
HIJMRMXMSR'7 'SRXVSPNSMRXW77
'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIWW 'SRZIVWMSRSJ-RGLTSYRHYRMXWXS7-YRMXW'
EPPS[EFPI''''''
E\MEP'{ 'SVFIPW''''
FIEVMRK''
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'{' 'SVVSWMSRGSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR'''
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'''7 ''''
JSVVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'' 7 777
JSVYRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'' GSEXMRKWJSVTVSXIGXMSR77
RSXEXMSRW' NSMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX'7
WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX' REMPWWGVI[W''
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW''77
'SRGIRXVEXIHPSEHW'{'' VIMRJSVGIQIRX'77
WXIIPJVEQMRK'
'SRGVIXIQEWSRV] XMIWERGLSVWERHMRWIVXW'
GSIJJMGMIRXSJWLVMROEKI'
GSIJJMGMIRXWSJXLIVQEPI\TERWMSR' 'SVVYKEXIHWLIIXQIXEPERGLSVW' 7
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL7{
GVIITGSIJJMGMIRX'' 'SYTPIHWLIEV[EPPW'
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]''
QSHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]'' 'SZIV
YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77{77 HIJMRMXMSRW'7
[IXXMRK7 KVSYX'''7
QEWSRV]''''777
'SRHYMXW QSVXEV''77
IQFIHHIH''7
WTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW777 'VIITii'''''
'''''
'SRJMRIQIRXii'''''
''''7 'VIITGSIJJMGMIRX'
'SRJMRIQIRXSJKVSYX77 'VSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
HIJMRMXMSRRIX'
'SRRIGXSVWGSRRIGXMSRW XVERWJSVQIH'
HIJMRMXMSR' KVSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE''''
PSEHXVERWJIV'{
'''' 7
TPEGIQIRX''777
RIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEi''''
'''''7 7
WLS[RSRHVE[MRKW'
RSXEXMSR'
'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJKVSYX'77
'SRXMRYSYWMRWTIGXMSR'77
INDEX I-5
D (METLVEKQii'''''
(IEHPSEHHIJMRMXMSR ' '''''
(IITFIEQ''''' '''
HIJMRMXMSR' ERGLSVEKI%%'''
HIJMRMXMSR'
(IJMRMXMSRW'{7{ IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
'''
(IJPIGXMSR
FEGOMRKJSVZIRIIV' (MJJIVIRXMEPQSZIQIRX'''''
FIEQWERHPMRXIPW' '''' ''
HIWMKRWXSV]HVMJX'
PEXIVEP''''7 (MQIRWMSR
QIQFIVWWYTTSVXMRKKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]' RSQMREPHIJMRMXMSR'7
QIQFIVWWYTTSVXMRKZIRIIV' WTIGMJMIHHIJMRMXMSR'7
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'
VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]' (MQIRWMSRWXSRI'77
VIRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7( '
WXVYGXYVEPJVEQIW' (MQIRWMSREPGLERKIW'7
YRVMIRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]'
YRVIRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]7( ' (MQIRWMSREPXSPIVERGIWWII8SPIVERGIW
(IJSVQEXMSRi''''' (VE[MRKW

''' ' GSRXIRXMRGPYHMRKERGLSVEKIGSRHYMXWGSRRIGXSVW
''''7 TMTIWWPIIZIWVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHWTIGMJMIH
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]ii''
(IPMZIV]SJQEXIVMEPWTVSHYGXW7 ''777
7 777
(IQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP'7777 HIJMRMXMSRTVSNIGX'7
(ITXLHIJMRMXMSR' (VMJXPMQMXW''
(ITXLSJFEGOJMPPIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW ' (V]SYX7
(IWMKR'
WII%%'QEWSRV]%PPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR)QTMVMGEP E
HIWMKR+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]4VIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV] )EVXLUYEOIWIIEPWS7IMWQMGPSEHERH7IMWQMGHIWMKR
HIWMKR7IMWQMGHIWMKR7XVIRKXLHIWMKR:IRIIV PSEHW''
(IWMKRWXSV]HVMJX''' )GGIRXVMGMX]'''''
'''''7
(IWMKRWXVIRKXLii'''''
''''' )JJIGXMZIGSQTVIWWMZI[MHXL'
(IXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH %%'17;'' )JJIGXMZILIMKLXii''''
''' '''
(IXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH 17;'' )JJIGXMZITVIWXVIWW'''''
(IZIPSTQIRX )PEWXMGHIJSVQEXMSR'''
FSRHIHXIRHSRW'
VIMRJSVGIQIRX%%'QEWSRV]' )PEWXMGQSHYPMi''
VIMRJSVGIQIRX%7(' ' WIIEPWS1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]
VIMRJSVGIQIRX7(''
)QFIHHIHMXIQW777777
I-6 INDEX
)QFIHQIRXPIRKXL *SYRHEXMSRW '''''

ERGLSVFSPXW'''' ''''''
ERGLSVW' ''''77
LSSOW''' 7{77
RSXEXMSR' WYTTSVXSJZIRIIV'''
VIMRJSVGIQIRX'''
*SYRHEXMSRHS[IPW 7
)QTMVMGEPHIWMKR'''''
' ' *SYRHEXMSRTMIVW ''''
HIJMRMXMSR'
)RHFIEVMRKWTPMGIW ' IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
)RKMRIIV *SYRHEXMSR[EPPW
HIJMRMXMSR7 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
)TS\]GSEXMRK''77 *VEQIERGLSVEKIXS'
)YPIVFYGOPMRK''
RSXEXMSR' G
+EPZERMÎHGSEXMRKWVIUYMVIQIRXW''77
)\TERWMSRi''''''
''''{777 +PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]i''''
'{7777
)\TERWMSRNSMRXWi''' 777777777
777 GSRWXVYGXMSR77
HIJMRMXMSR'7
IQTMVMGEPPMQMXEXMSR'
F QSVXEVJSV'77
*EFVMGEXMSR777 QSVXEVNSMRXW'77
TERIPERGLSVW'77
*MIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7 TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77
VIMRJSVGIQIRX'
*PERKIWSJMRXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW'''' WYTTSVX'
XLMGORIWW'
*PI\YVEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXi'''{ YRMXWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
''''
+VSWWGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE
*PI\YVEPXIRWMSR HIJMRMXMSR'7
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]' +VSYX77WIIEPWS+VSYXPMJXERH+VSYXTSYV
EHQM\XYVIW''77
*PI\YVI EPXIVREXITPEGIQIRXTVSGIHYVIW7
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'{ GSPPEVNSMRXEPPS[EFPIWXVIWW'{7
VIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]' GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLii'''
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7('' 777
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7(' GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXWJSV%%'QEWSRV]
WXVIWWEPPS[EFPI' 7
RSXEXMSR' GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXWi'
YRVIMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]' 77
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]%7(' GSRJMRIQIRX77
YRVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]7( ' GSRWSPMHEXMSR'7
ZIRIIV' GSZIV''''77
HIQSRWXVEXMSRTERIP'7777
*PSSVWJPSSVHMETLVEKQWi'''' QEXIVMEPW7777
''' QMRMQYQHMQIRWMSRWSJKVSYXWTEGIWii'
IQTMVMGEPERGLSVEKI'' '7
WIMWQMGERGLSVEKI' QM\HIWMKRW777
ERGLSVEKI%%'QEWSRV]'''' QM\MRK77
INDEX I-7
+VSYXGSRXMRYIH JMPPYRFEPERGIHIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW i'

QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]'' '
TPEGIQIRX''77{ JSYRHEXMSR[EPPWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW '
TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77 LIMKLXXLMGORIWWVEXMSWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW '
TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV77 TEVETIXWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW '
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGI'{7{7 KVSYXTSYV7II+VSYXTSYV i''7
WEQTPMRK77 77{
WPYQTWII7PYQTERH7PYQTJPS[
WTEGIWWTEGIVIUYMVIQIRXWii'' ,SPPS[QEWSRV]YRMXi''''
777 77777
WXERHEVHWERHWTIGMJMGEXMSRW7777 HIJMRMXMSR '
777{
WXVIRKXLWII+VSYXGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL ,SSOWWII7XERHEVHLSSO
XIWXMRK7777
,SVM^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
+VSYXOI]77 WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
JSVQEWSRV]RSXPEMHMRVYRRMRKFSRH''
+VSYXPMJX'777
HIJMRMXMSR7 ,SX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77777
+VSYXTSYV''777{
HIJMRMXMSR7 I
-QTEGX''
+VSYXMRKFSRHIHXIRHSRW'{7{7
-RGLTSYRHWXVERWPEXMSRXEFPI'
H -RJMPP
,ERHPMRKSJQEXIVMEPWTVSHYGXWi''' HIJMRMXMSRW''
'7777 HIWMKR%TTIRHM\&
RSRTEVXMGMTEXMRK''
,IEHNSMRX TEVXMGMTEXMRK''{
GSRWXVYGXMSR7{7
HIJMRMXMSR' -RWIVXWTVSXIGXMSRJSV''
STXMSREPWTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRX7
XLMGORIWW77 -RWTIGXMSRi'''{77{
777777
,IEHIHERGLSVFSPXW''''' HIJMRMXMSR'7
777WIIEPWS%RGLSVFSPXW
%7(TVSZMWMSRW' -RWTIGXMSR%KIRG]i''77
IQFIHQIRXPIRKXL' 777
QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEMXSRW77
TPEGIQIRX' -RXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH17;'''
WXVIRKXLHIWMKR' '''
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
-RXIVWIGXMRK[EPPW
,IEHIVW HIWMKR''
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW''' IQTMVMGEPERGLSVEKI'
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSR '
HIJMRMXMSR'
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''' J
.EGOMRKJSVGITVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'77
,IMKLX
IJJIGXMZIi'''' .SMRXWII&IHNSMRX'SPPEVNSMRX,IEH.SMRX)\TERWMSR
''' NSMRX'SRXVEGXMSRNSMRXIXG
HIJMRMXMSRIJJIGXMZILIMKLX'
RSXEXMSR' .SMRXJMPPIVW7777
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXWFYMPHMRKW'
I-8 INDEX
.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX HIEH'''''
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW'' HIJMRMXMSR'
FSRHMRKIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR' HMWXVMFYXMSR''
GSZIV' HVE[MRKWWLS[RSR'
GVSWW[MVIWi'''' IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRQE\MQYQ'''
''7 KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]QE\MQYQ'
JSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]' PEXIVEPii'''''
QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77{7 '''
QMRMQYQ[MVIWMÎ' PMZI''''''
TPEGIQIRX7 RSXEXMSR'
TVSXIGXMSR'7 WIMWQMGi'''{''{
WIMWQMGHIWMKR' ''''''
ZIRIIV'{ WIVZMGI''''''
[MVIWMÎ''' '''''
XVERWJIV''''''
ZIRIIVQE\MQYQ'
L [MRH'''''
0ETWTPMGIWii'''{'
77WII7TPMGIW 0SEHXVERWJIV'''''
0EXIVEPJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQi'' 0SEHFIEVMRK;EPP
'{'' HIJMRMXMSR'7
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
0EXIVEPPSEHHMWXVMFYXMSR' XSPIVERGIW7
0EXIVEPWXEFMPMX]IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'
0SRKMXYHMREPVIMRJSVGIQIRXi''''
0EXIVEPWYTTSVX'''''' '''''
'''{ '{'''''
''''
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'{''
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
M
0EXIVEPXMIW'''' 1EWSRV]
IJMRMXMSR' KPEWWWII+PEWWYRMXQEWSRV]
SVGSPYQRW''' TPEMRWII9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
WIMWQMGHIWMKR'' TVIWXVIWWIHWII4VIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
VIMRJSVGIHWII6IMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
0EXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR' YRVIMRJSVGIHWII9RVIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]
'{ ZIRIIVWII:IRIIV
0EXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRi' 1EWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS[[EPP'''
'{
1EWSRV]FVIEOSYXHIJMRMXMSR '7
0MRXIPW
HIJPIGXMSR' 1EWSRV]GIQIRX'''
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''
ZIRIIV' 1EWSRV]GPIERIVW77
0MZIPSEHHIJMRMXMSR' 1EWSRV]IVIGXMSR7
GSPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR7{7
0SEHW 0SEHMRK JMIPHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP7
EPPS[EFPIWII%PPS[EFPIJSVGIW0SEHWIXG KVSYXTPEGIQIRX'7777
GSQFMREXMSRWii''''' LSX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR77
''' TPEGMRKQSVXEV7{
'''' TVITEVEXMSR7
GSRGIRXVEXIH''''' VIMRJSVGIQIRXMRWXEPPEXMSR 77
GSRWXVYGXMSR7 WMXIXSPIVERGIW777
INDEX I-9
1EWSRV]QEXIVMEPWii'''7{ 1SVXEV
77777{ EHQM\XYVIW7
EPPS[EFPIJPI\YVEPXIRWMSR'
1EXIVMEPW GSZIV7
GIVXMJMGEXIW7 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'{
HIPMZIV]7 JSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]ii''77
LERHPMRK7 777
TVSTIVXMIW'''''' MRWTIGXMSR''7{
WEQTPIW7777 QERHEXSV]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW7
WIMWQMGVIWXVMGXMSRW'{ QEXIVMEPW777
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW'7{7{ QM\HIWMKRW7
WXSVEKI''77 QM\MRK777
TMKQIRXW77
1E\MQYQZEPYIHIJMRMXMSR7 TPEGMRK77{
TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77
1E\MQYQ[MRHTVIWWYVISVWTIIH TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV7
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRQE\MQYQ' VIXIQTIVMRK 77
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]QE\MQYQ'{ WIMWQMGVIWXVMGXMSRW''
ZIRIIVQE\MQYQ'' WTIGMJMGEXMSRWi77{7
777
1IERHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIHIJMRMXMSR7 XLMRFIHQSVXEVii''''
'{''7
1IGLERMGEPGSRRIGXMSRWWTPMGIWi''' 77777
''{
1SZIQIRXNSMRXWii''''7
1IXEPEGGIWWSVMIW''7777 777
WIIEPWS'SRXVSPNSMRXERH)\TERWMSRNSMRX
1MRMQYQMRWMHIFIRHHMEQIXIVJSVVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW7 HIWMKRHIXEMPMRKEHNEGIRXXS'
WTIGMJMGEXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW7777
1MRMQYQXLMGORIWWIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR'' WYFQMXXEPW7
1MRMQYQHEMP]XIQTIVEXYVIHIJMRMXMSR7 1YPXM[]XLI[EPPWi'''{''
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR''
1MRMQYQZEPYIHIJMRMXMSR7
1M\HIWMKRW77777
N
1M\MRK7777777 2IKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX''
1SHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]ii''''{ 2IXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIEHIJMRMXMSR'
'''
2SQMREPHMQIRWMSRHIJMRMXMSR'7
1SHYPYWSJVMKMHMX]''''
2SQMREPWXVIRKXLW '''''
1SHYPYWSJVYTXYVI''''{' ''{'''
''''77 ''{'''
ERGLSVFSPXW'{
1SMWXYVIi'''''' HIJMRMXMSR'
'''''
7777 2SRGSQTSWMXIEGXMSR'
1SMWXYVII\TERWMSR''''' 2SRGSRXEGXPETWTPMGIW''7
1SQIRXSJMRIVXMEi'''' 2SRTEVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPP
''' HIJMRMXMSR'
HIWMKR'
1SQIRXRSXEXMSR'
2SXEXMSR'{
I-10 INDEX
O 4SWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
3VHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH 17;''
'''''' 4SWXXIRWMSRMRKTSWXXIRWMSRIHi'''
'7777
3VHMREV]VIMRJSVGIH17;''{'' HIJMRMXMSR'7
3XLIVXLERVYRRMRKFSRHJSVQIVP]WXEGOFSRH 4VIJEFVMGEXIHQEWSRV]'777

FIEVMRK'''
VIMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWQMRMQYQ'' 4VIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]
WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'' HIJMRMXMSR'7
WXVIWWMRQEWSRV]''' HIJPIGXMSR'
''' HIWMKR'
ZIRIIVJSVSXLIVXLERVYRRMRKFSRH ' MRWTIGXMSR'{7{777
WIMWQMGHIWMKR''
3XLIV[MWIVIUYMVIHHIJMRMXMSR7 WLIEV[EPPW''
WXVIRKXLVIUYMVIQIRXW''
3[RIV
HIJMRMXMSR7 4VIWXVIWWMRKKVSYXiii''''{
UYEPMX]EWWYVERGI77 77{7777
4VIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP'''''7
P
4ERIPERGLSVWJSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'77 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRW
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIW'
4EVETIX[EPPW FSRHIH''777
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'' GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR'7{
HIJMRMXMSR'7
4EVXMGMTEXMRKMRJMPP MRWTIGXMSR'{7{
HIJMRMXMSR' MRWXEPPEXMSR7
HIWMKR'{' PEXIVEPP]VIWXVEMRIH''{'
PEXIVEPP]YRVIWXVEMRIH''{'
4EVXMXMSR[EPPWHIJMRMXMSR 7 QEXIVMEPW''777
4MKQIRXW77 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77{7
WXVIWWMRK'{7
4MIVW '''''{' YRFSRHIHHIJMRMXMSR'7
''''77
%%'QEWSRV]'' 4VIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRERGLSVEKIWGSYTPIVWERHIRHFPSGOW
HIJMRMXMSR'' '
JSYRHEXMSRIQTMVMGEP '''
7(VIUYMVIQIRXW'' 4VIXIRWMSRMRK
HIJMRMXMSR'7
4MPEWXIVWi'''{''
'''777 4VMWQii'''''
PSEHXVERWJIV' '777{
VIMRJSVGIQIRXTPEGIQIRX' HIJMRMXMSR'7
4VMWQXIWXQIXLSH'7777
4MRXPIERGLSVW''7
4VSNIGXGSRHMXMSRW7
4MTIW''777777
4VSNIGXHVE[MRKWHIJMRMXMSR'7
4PEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV]WII9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR WIIEPWS(VE[MRKW
QEWSRV]
HIJMRMXMSR' 4VSNIGXWTIGMJMGEXMSRWHIJMRMXMSR'7
WIIEPWS7TIGMJMGEXMSRW
INDEX I-11
4VSNIGXIHEVIEJSVERGLSVFSPXW' PIRKXLldRSXEXMSR'
RIKEXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX''
4VSXIGXMSR TL]WMGEPTVSTIVXMIW '
GSVVSWMSR'''7{7 TPEGIQIRXVIUYMVIQIRXWii'''
JVSQ[IEXLIV''7{ 7{77
SJQEWSRV]ERHQEXIVMEPW''77 TSWMXMZIQSQIRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX'
TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRWERHEGGIWWSVMIW'7 TVIWXVIWWMRKWII4VIWXVIWWMRKWXIIP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX' TVSXIGXMSR'
JSVERGLSVIHZIRIIV'
Q WLIEVWII7LIEVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
5YEPMX]EWWYVERGI'''''{ WLIEV[EPPWII7LIEV[EPP
77{777 WMÎPMQMXEXMSRW7( '
HIJMRMXMSR'7 WMÎQE\MQYQii'
WMÎQMRMQYQii'
5YEPMX]GSRXVSP'7777 WTEGMRKRSXEXMSR '
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW777
WTPMGIWWII7TPMGIW
R WXMVVYTWWII7XMVVYTW
6EHMYWSJK]VEXMSR'''' WXVIRKXL''
RSXEXMSR' WXVIWW'
XMIWPEXIVEPWII0EXIVEPXMIW
6IMRJSVGIH%%'QEWSRV]ii'''' XSPIVERGIW7{
''''{ XVERWZIVWIHIJMRIH'
[MVI'''77777
6IMRJSVGIHQEWSRV] ]MIPHWXVIRKXLRSXEXMSRfy'
%7('{
WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'{ 6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWII6IMRJSVGIQIRX
6IMRJSVGIQIRX 6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXLii''''
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWW'{ ''7
FIRHVIUYMVIQIRXW''777
FYRHPMRK'' 6IWTSRWIQSHMJMGEXMSRJEGXSV' '
GPIERMRK7
GPIEVERGIFIX[IIRQMRMQYQi77 6IXIQTIVMRK77
GSZIVi'''''
'77{ 6SSJERGLSVEKI
GVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIERSXEXMSR' HIXEMPMRK'
HIJMRMXMSR'7 IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
HIXEMPW''{'7 WIMWQMGERGLSVEKI'
HIXEMPWSRHVE[MRKW7
HIZIPSTQIRXWII(IZIPSTQIRX 6YFFPIWXSRIQEWSRV]
HMEQIXIV'' EPPS[EFPIGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIWWIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR '
HMEQIXIVSJFIRHQMRMQYQ'7 FSRHMRK'
HMWXERGIJVSQI\XVIQIGSQTVIWWMSRJMFIVd' HIJMRMXMSR'
JEFVMGEXMSR7 QMRMQYQXLMGORIWWIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR '
JSVKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
LSSOWII7XERHEVHLSSOW 6YRRMRKFSRHii''''
MRWXEPPEXMSR7 ''''''
NSMRXWII.SMRXVIMRJSVGIQIRX ''''''
PETPIRKXLWII7TPMGIW ''777
PEXIVEPXMIWWII0EXIVEPXMIW HIJMRMXMSR'7
PSRKMXYHMREPHIJMREXMSR' JSVIQTMVMGEPP]HIWMKRIHQEWSRV]''
QEXIVMEPW'77 WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''
QE\MQYQEVIE7( ''' [EPPMRXIVWIGXMSR''
QE\MQYQ%%'QEWSRV]'''
QSHYPYWSJIPEWXMGMX]'
IQFIHQIRX'''
I-12 INDEX
S YRVIMRJSVGIHQIQFIVW''
7EQTPITERIPW7
7LIEV[EPPW
7EQTPIW77777 HIJMRMXMSR''
HIWMKRJSVMRTPERIPSEHW%%'QEWSRV]i'
7EQTPMRK'777777 HIXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH %%'17;'
FVMGO7 ''''
GSRGVIXIQEWSRV]7 HIXEMPIHTPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH 17;''
KVSYX7 IQTMVMGEPHIWMKR' '
MRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIHTVIWXVIWWIH17;i'
7IEPERXWTIGMJMGEXMSR777 '''
MRXIVQIHMEXIVIMRJSVGIH17;ii''
7IGXMSRTVSTIVXMIWi''''' '''
''''' MRXIVWIGXMSRW'
PEXIVEPPSEHHMWXVMFYXMSR'
7IMWQMGHIWMKR'' '' SVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH %%'17;'
' ' '''
GEXIKSVMIW' SVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH 17;''
IQTMVMGEPHIWMKRVIWXVMGXMSRW' '''
PMQMXWJSVPMKLXP]PSEHIHGSPYQRW' SVHMREV]TPEMRYRVIMRJSVGIH TVIWXVIWWIH17;'
ZIRIIVVIUYMVIQIRXW' ''
SVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIH%%'17;i'''
7IMWQMGJSVGIVIWMWXMRKW]WXIQi' '' ''''
''' SVHMREV]VIMRJSVGIH17;ii'''
''
7IMWQMGPSEHIEVXLUYEOIPSEHWIMWQMGJSVGI i' VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]HIWMKRi''
'''''' '''''
''''''' WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW'
WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIH17;'' '
7IPJGSRWSPMHEXMRKKVSYX ''
HIJMRMXMSR'7 WTIGMEPVIMRJSVGIHTVIWXVIWWIH17;'
QM\MRK''77 ''
TPEGIQIRX7 WXMJJRIWW'
WYFQMXXEPW7 YRVIMRJSVGIH'
XIWXW''777{
7LIIXQIXEPERGLSVW''{
7IVZMGIPSEHW''''' 777
7IXXPIQIRX'''7 7LVMROEKIiii'''''''
'''777
7LEPIQEWSRV]WII'PE]QEWSRV] GSIJJMGMIRX''
HIJSVQEXMSR''
7LIEV RSXEXMSR''
%%'QEWSRV]i'{'''' TVSZMWMSRWHVE[MRKW'
'
FSPXW' 7-IUYMZEPIRXW'{
JSVGIRSXEXMSR '
VIMRJSVGIQIRXii'''''' 7MXIXSPIVERGIW777
''{'''
'''''' 7PIIZIW''777
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]''
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'' 7PYQT7777777
XVERWJIVEX[EPPMRXIVJEGIW''
YRVIMRJSVGIH'''' 7PYQTJPS[ii''''77
7{77
7LIEVWXVIWW
GSQTSWMXIEGXMSR'''' 7SPMHQEWSRV]YRMX''777
VIMRJSVGIHQIQFIVW'' HIJMRMXMSR'
INDEX I-13
7TERii'''''' FIEQW'''
'{'''' HIWMKR''
'''' PEXIVEP''''
[EPPW''
7TIGMEPFSYRHEV]IPIQIRXW''{'
7XMVVYTW i''{'{'
7TIGMEPVIMRJSVGIH17;'' ' ''''7
''
7XSRIQEWSRV]
EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWIQTMVMGEP ''
7TIGMEPW]WXIQW'''
EWLPEVHIJMRMXMSR'7
FSRH '
7TIGMJMGEXMSRWJSVQEXIVMEPW7{7
GEWX '
HIJMRMXMSR'7
7TIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJQEWSRV]
HMQIRWMSR7
EGGITXERGIVIUYMVIQIRXW'
QMRMQYQXLMGORIWW'
HIJMRMXMSR'7
VYFFPIHIJMRMXMSR'7
PMQMXWJSV%%'QEWSRV]'
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW777
PMQMXWJSV7(''
QERHEXSV]WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
7XSVEKISJQEXIVMEPWTVSHYGXWii''7
QIXLSHWXSWLS[RGSQTPMERGI[MXL7D{
77
RSXEXMSR'
WLS[RSRHVE[MRKW'
7XVIRKXL
7TIGMJMIHHMQIRWMSRHIJMRMXMSR'7 FIEVMRK''
HIWMKRWXVIRKXLWII(IWMKRWXVIRKXL
7TPMGIWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX' FSPXW'
GSQTVIWWMZIWII'SQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
7TPMXXMRKXIRWMPIWXVIRKXLSJ%%'QEWSRV]'' RSQMREPWII2SQMREPWXVIRKXL
VIUYMVIHWII6IUYMVIHWXVIRKXL
7XEGOFSRH7II2SX0EMHMR6YRRMRK&SRH WTIGMJMIHWII7TIGMJMIHGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL
XIRWMPIWII8IRWMSRXIRWMPIWXVIWWWXVIRKXL
7XEMRPIWWWXIIP''777{7
7XVIRKXLHIWMKR'
7XERHEVHLSSOW i'''' SJGPE]ERHGSRGVIXIQEWSRV]'LETXIV
''7 ''
HIXEMPW' SJ%%'QEWSRV]'
JEFVMGEXMSR7 SJTVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'
7XVIRKXLVIHYGXMSRJEGXSVW i'''
7XERHEVHWGMXIH7{ ''''''
'''
7XIIP HIJMRMXMSR'
FEVWWII6IMRJSVGIQIRX
FSPXWWII%RGLSVFSPXW 7XVIWW
GSEXMRKW77{7 EPPS[EFPIiiWII%PPS[EFPIJSVGIWPSEHWWXVIRKXLW
JEFVMGEXMSR7 ERHWXVIWWIW
WXEMRPIWW''777{7 FIEVMRK''
[MVI'777{7 GSQTVIWWMZIi''''''
'''''''
7XIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRXWII6IMRJSVGIQIRX '' '''
GSQTYXEXMSRW'
7XIIPTPEXIWERHFEVW''7 JPI\YVEP'
RSXEXMSR'
7XMJJRIWWi'''''' JVSQTVIWXVIWWMRKNEGOMRKJSVGIii''
''''''' '77
'''''' VIMRJSVGIQIRX'
''''' WLIEViii''''''
ERGLSVWXMIW' ''' '''
I-14 INDEX
7XVIWW'SRXMRYIH [EPPWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW i''

XIQTIVEXYVIGLERKI' ''
XIRWMPI''''' '
' ''' 8LMRFIHQSVXEVJSV%%'QEWSRV]''
''''7 '{'
7{777
7YFQMXWYFQMXXIHWYFQMXXEPW77{7 HIJMRMXMSR'
TVSXIGXMSRMRGSPH[IEXLIV77
TVSXIGXMSRMRLSX[IEXLIV7
T
8MIW
8IQTIVEXYVI
EHNYWXEFPIWII%HNYWXEFPIERGLSVWXMIW
EJJIGXWJVSQGLERKIW''''
GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR '
EQFMIRX'7 HIJMRMXMSR'
GSPH[IEXLIVWII'SPH[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR JEFVMGEXMSR7
LSX[IEXLIVWII,SX[IEXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSR LSSOW'7
QIERHEMP]77 MRWXEPPEXMSR7777
RSXEXMSR' PEXIVEPWII0EXIVEPXMIW
QEXIVMEPWTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
8IRHSRERGLSVEKI''7 WTIGMJMGEXMSRW77
[EPPXMIWII;EPPXMIW
8IRHSRGSYTPIV'77
8MPI'' 7777
8IRHSRNEGOMRKJSVGI''77
8SPIVERGIWi''7777
8IRWMSRXIRWMPIWXVIRKXL 777{77
E\MEP GSRGVIXI77
FSPXW''' QEWSRV]77
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]' JSYRHEXMSRW7
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]' TVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSRTPEGIQIRX7
YRVIMRJSVGIHIHQEWSRV]''' VIMRJSVGIQIRX777
JPI\YVEP YRMXW'7
TVIWXVIWWIHQEWSRV]'{
VIMRJSVGIHQEWSRV]'
8VERWJIVSJTVIWXVIWWMRKJSVGI'{'
YRVIMRJSVGIHIHQEWSRV]'
8VERWJSVQIHRIXGVSWWWIGXMSREPEVIE'
8IWXW XIWXMRK
EKIRG]777777
8VERWZIVWIVIMRJSVGIQIRXHIJMRIH'
ERGLSVFSPXW''
GSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXL'777
JMIPHXIWXW7
KVSYX77 U
TVMWQW'77 9RFSRHIHTVIWXVIWWMRKXIRHSR'''
VITSVXMRK77 '777
WPYQT'{777 GSVVSWMSRTVSXIGXMSR77
YRMXW77 HIJMRMXMSR'7
8IWXMRK%KIRG]vWWIVZMGIWERHHYXMIW777 9RMXWXVIRKXLQIXLSH7{7
8LIVQEPI\TERWMSR'' 9RMXWXVERWPEXMSRXEFPI'{
8LMGORIWW 9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]

GSPYQRW' %%'QEWSRV]'{
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'' EPPS[EFPIWXVIWWHIWMKR'{
JSYRHEXMSR[EPPWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW i HIJMRMXMSR'
'' WXVIRKXLHIWMKR'{
KPEWWYRMXW'
TEVETIXWIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW '
ZIRIIVYRMXW'
INDEX I-15
V ;IEXLIV
:IRIIV'''{777 GSPH''77 7
WIIEPWS%HLIVIHZIRIIVERH%RGLSVIHZIRIIVW LSX''77777
ERGLSVW''{777 TVSXIGXMSR''7
HIJMRMXMSR'7
WIMWQMGVIUYMVIQIRXW''' ;IPHIHWTPMGIW''''
;IPHMRK''''''
:IVXMGEPWYTTSVX'''' 7777777
ERGLSVIHQEWSRV]ZIRIIV' MRWTIGXMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW''77
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
;IXXMRKQEWSRV]YRMXW77
:MWYEPWXEFMPMX]MRHI\:7- i''{
77{7 ;LIRVIUYMVIHHIJMRMXMSR7
;MHXL
W GEZMX]''7
;EPPW HIJMRMXMSR'
ERGLSVEKI'' HMETLVEKQIQTMVMGEP''
GEZMX]WII'EZMX][EPPW IJJIGXMZIGSQTVIWWMZI'
GSQTSWMXIWII'SQTSWMXIQEWSRV] JPERKI''''
HIJMRMXMSR'7 KVSYXWTEGI''77
HIWMKR%7('' RSXEXMSR''
HIWMKRJSVMRTPERIPSEHW%%'QEWSRV]' TERIPKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
HIWMKRJSVMRTPERIPSEHW7( '
HIWMKRJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW7( '
;MRH
HIWMKRJSVSYXSJTPERIPSEHW%%'QEWSRV]'
FVEGMRK7
IJJIGXMZILIMKLX''''
GSPH[IEXLIVVIUYMVIQIRXW7
IQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW''{
IQTMVMGEPPMQMXEXMSRW'
JPERKI''''''
KPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]''
JSYRHEXMSR''
LSX[IEXLIVVIUYMVIQIRXW7
LIMKLXRSXEXMSR '
ZIRIIVPMQMXEXMSRW'
MRXIVWIGXMSRWii''{''
'''
;MVIERGLSVW''77
MRXIVWIGXMRKIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
PEXIVEPWYTTSVXIQTMVMGEPHIWMKR''
;MVIGSEXMRKW'
PSEHFIEVMRK'7
QEWSRV]FSRHIHLSPPS['''7
QYPXM[]XLI''{'' ;SSH
TEVXMXMSR''7 FEGOMRKJSVZIRIIV''
WIMWQMGERGLSVEKI''' WYTTSVXSRKPEWWYRMXQEWSRV]'
WLIEVWII7LIEV[EPPW WYTTSVXSRIQTMVMGEPVIUYMVIQIRXW'
XLMGORIWWIQTMVMGEP '''' WYTTSVXSRZIRIIV'
;EPPXMIW ;SVOHIJMRMXMSR7
FSRHMRKii'
HIJMRMXMSR' ;]XLIHIJMRMXMSR'7
MRWXEPPEXMSR777
QEXIVMEP7
TVSXIGXMSR' Y
=MIPHWXVIRKXLRSXEXMSR ''

Building Code Requirements and Specification For Masonry Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Code Requirements and Specification For Masonry Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Code Requirements and Specification For Masonry Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Code Requirements

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

Specification for Masonry Structures

and Companion Commentaries

Developed by the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC)

Advancing the knowledge of masonry

American Concrete Institute Structural Engineering Institute

8LI1EWSRV]7XERHEVHW.SMRX'SQQMXXII 17.' MWEWMXWREQIWYKKIWXWENSMRXGSQQMXXIIWTSRWSVIHF]8LI

Advancing the knowledge of masonry

8LI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK-RWXMXYXI 7)- MWETPYWQIQFIVSVKERM^EXMSR[MXLMRXLI%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ

8LVSYKLMXW JSYVHMZMWMSRW7)-EHZERGIWXLITVSJIWWMSRMRQER][E]WMRGPYHMRKHIZIPSTMRK WXERHEVHWWYGLEW

Voting Members on Masonry Committee1

(ERMIP4%FVEQW 7/+LSWL (EZMH-1G0IER .IRRMJIV)8ERRIV

Voting Members of Subcommittees Only2

&VYGI&EVRIW .EQIW%*EVR] )H[MR8,YWXSR 1MGLEIP'1SXE

Subcommittee Corresponding (C) and Consulting (CN) Members 3

7IVKMS1%PGSGIV ' .SLR;(MIFSPH ' 1IVZ]R./S[EPWO] '2 1IP3PPIV '

TMS Technical Activities Committee

4IXIV&EFEMER 6EWLSH6.SLRWSR .SLR,1EXXL]W %6LIXX;LMXPSGO

ACI Technical Activities Committee Review Group

7IVKMS%PGSGIV 1MGLEIP/VIKIV /IZMR1EG(SREPH ,ERM2EWWMJ

ASCE Codes and Standards Committee

+ISVKI;&SQEV +E]PI7.SLRWSR 1MGLEIP;7EPQSR ;EVVIR/;VE]

/LEPIH2ELPE[M%'- .EQIW%6SWWFIVK7)-SJ%7') 4LMPPMT.7EQFPERIX817

Final Editing & Proofing

Editorial Assistance during Initial Development

CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY, pg. C-1

CHAPTER 2 — ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-77

CHAPTER 3 —STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-105

{9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR QEWSRV]'

CHAPTER 4 — PRESTRESSED MASONRY, pg. C-133

CHAPTER 5 — EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-143

CHAPTER 6 — VENEER, pg. C-157

CHAPTER 7 — GLASS UNIT MASONRY, pg. C-169

{9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEMR %%'QEWSRV]'

APPENDIX B — DESIGN OF MASONRY INFILL, pg. C-193

CONVERSION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS, pg. C-201

REFERENCE FOR THE CODE COMMENTARY, pg. 213

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

Keywords %%' QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR ERGLSVW JEWXIRIVW  ERGLSVEKI

1.1 — Scope 1.1 — Scope

1.1.1 Minimum requirements 1.1.1 Minimum requirements

1.1.2 Governing building code 1.1.2 Governing building code

1.1.3 Design procedures 1.1.3 Design procedures

Figure CC-1.2-1 — Wall anchorage details

1.5 — Notation 1.5 — Notation

Bvc ! EPPS[EFPIWLIEVPSEHSRERERGLSVFSPX[LIR

Em ! QSHYPYW SJ IPEWXMGMX] SJ QEWSRV] MR

frAAC ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJ%%'TWM 14E

Puw ! JEGXSVIH [IMKLX SJ [EPP EVIE XVMFYXEV] XS [EPP

wstrut ! LSVM^SRXEP TVSNIGXMSR SJ XLI [MHXL SJ XLI

1.6 — Definitions 1.6 — Definitions

Figure CC-1.6-1 — Net shear area

Bonded prestressing tendon { 4VIWXVIWWMRK XIRHSR XLEX MW

Infill, non-participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH WS XLEX MR

Shear wall, detailed plain (unreinforced) masonry { %

Specified compressive strength of AAC masonry, f 'AAC {

Unreinforced (plain) masonry { 1EWSRV] MR [LMGL XLI

8LI1EWSRV]7XERHEVHW.SMRX'SQQMXXII17.' MWEWMXWREQIWYKKIWXWENSMRXGSQQMXXIIWTSRWSVIHF]8LI

8LI7XVYGXYVEP)RKMRIIVMRK-RWXMXYXI7)- MWETPYWQIQFIVSVKERM^EXMSR[MXLMRXLI%QIVMGER7SGMIX]SJ

8LVSYKLMXW JSYVHMZMWMSRW7)-EHZERGIWXLITVSJIWWMSRMRQER][E]WMRGPYHMRKHIZIPSTMRK WXERHEVHWWYGLEW

(ERMIP4%FVEQW 7/+LSWL (EZMH-1G0IER .IRRMJIV)8ERRIV

&VYGI&EVRIW .EQIW%*EVR] )H[MR8,YWXSR 1MGLEIP'1SXE

7IVKMS1%PGSGIV' .SLR;(MIFSPH' 1IVZ]R./S[EPWO]'2 1IP3PPIV'

4IXIV&EFEMER 6EWLSH6.SLRWSR .SLR,1EXXL]W %6LIXX;LMXPSGO

+ISVKI;&SQEV +E]PI7.SLRWSR 1MGLEIP;7EPQSR ;EVVIR/;VE]

/LEPIH2ELPE[M%'- .EQIW%6SWWFIVK7)-SJ%7') 4LMPPMT.7EQFPERIX817

{9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR QEWSRV]'

{9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEMR %%'QEWSRV]'

Keywords %%' QEWSRV] EPPS[EFPI WXVIWW HIWMKR ERGLSVW JEWXIRIVW ERGLSVEKI

frAAC ! QSHYPYWSJVYTXYVISJ%%'TWM14E

Infill, non-participating { -RJMPP HIWMKRIH WS XLEX MR

hd h/d hd "

1.8.5.2 AAC masonry 1.8.5.2 AAC masonry{%XXMQISJTVSHYGXMSR

&VMGO1SVIXLER 7SPMH ,SPPS[9RMX*YPP1SVXEV&IHHMRK

d ! RSQMREPYRMXXLMGORIWWWTIGMJMIHXLMGORIWWTPYWXLI

h ! RSQMREPYRMXLIMKLXWTIGMJMIHLIMKLXTPYWXLIXLMGORIWWSJ

-JHEXEWII 7IGXMSR WLS[XLEXXLIVIMWVIPMEFPIVIWXVEMRXEKEMRWXXVERWPEXMSR

KEPZERM^IH GSEXMRK SV ITS\] GSEXMRK ;EPP XMIW ERGLSVW ERH

A pt l b )UYEXMSR XLITVSNIGXIH EVIESJ XLI EWWYQIHJEMPYVIGSRI8LIGSRI

1MRMQYQ¡MRQQ JSV

= < > > < =

= < > > < =

XLIWI ZEPYIW XLI 'SQQMXXII STXIH XS QEMRXEMR XLI X[S

JYPPLIMKLXSJXLI[EPP ERH XLI FYMPHMRK LIMKLX PMQMXEXMSRW FEWIH YTSR

7II 8EFPI '' 8LI HEXE MR XLMW XEFPI MW

WIMWQMG EGXMZMX] 3VHMREV] VIMRJSVGIH QEWSRV] WLIEV [EPPW