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SP 34 (1987): Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and

Detailing [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]

! $ ' +-
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HANDBOOK
ON
REINFORCEMENT
AND DETNLING

BUREAU

OF

INDIAN

STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR 8HAH 2AFAR MARG

NEW DELHI110 002

SP 34 : 1987
FIRST PUBLISHED AUGUST 1987
FIRST REPRINT DECEMBER 1992
SECOND REPRINT NOVEMBER 1995
THIRD REPRINT DECEMBER 1996
FOURTH REPRINT JULY 1997
FIFTH REPRINT MARCH 1999

0 BUREAU

OF INDIAN STAND.4RDS

UDC 666.982.24(021)
ISBN 81-7061-006-O

PRICE Rs.600.00

PRINTED IN INDIA
AT NUTAN PRINTERS, F-89/12, OKHLA INDUSTRIAL AREA, PHASE-I, NEW DELHI-110020
AND PUBLISHED KY
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, NEW DELHI-110 002

FOREWORD
Users of various civil engineering codes have been feeling the need for explanatory
handbooks and other compilations based on Indian Standards. The need has been
further emphasized in view of the publication of the National Building Code of India in
1970 and its implementation.
The Expert Group set up in 1972 by the Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India carried out in-depth studies in various
areas of civil engineering and construction practices. During the preparation of the Fifth
Five-Year Plan in 1975, the Group was assigned the task of producing a Science and
Technology plan for research, development and extension work in the sector of housing
and construction technology. One of the items of this plan was the production of design
handbooks, explanatory
handbooks and design aids based on the National Building
Code and various Indian Standards and other activities in the promotion of the National
Building
Code. The Expert Group gave high priority to this item and on the
recommendation
of the Department
of Science and Technology,
the Planning
Commission approved the following two projects which were assigned to the Bureau of
Indian Standards :
a) Development
programmc
on
engineering construction, and
b) Typification

for industrial

code

implementation

for

building

and

civil

buildings.

A Special Committee for Implementation

of Science and Technology Projects (SCIP)
consisting of experts connected with different aspects was set up in 1974 to advise the BlS
Directorate General in identification and for guiding the development of the work. Under
the first programme, the Committee has so far identified subjects for several explanatory
handbooks/compilations
covering appropriate
Indian Standards codes specifications
which include the following :
Design

Aids

Explanatory

for

Reinforced

Handbook

on Concrete

(SP : 16-1980)

Code (SP : 20-1981)

on Masonry

Explanatory
Handbook
on Codes of Earthquake
Engineering
IS : 4326-1976) (SP : 22-1982)
Handbook

to IS : 456-1978

Concrete

(IS : 1893-1975

and

(SP : 23-1982)

Mixes

Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced
Concrete (IS : 456-1978) (SP : 24-1983)
Handbook

on Causes and Prevention

Summaries

of Indian

Standards

Functional
Requirements
(SP : 32-1986)
Timber
Water

and

Building

industrial

Drainage

Functional

Requirements

Foundation

of Buildings

with

Special

of Buildings*

Steel Code (IS : 800-1984)

Building
Bulk

Construction

Practices

St,orage Structures

in Steel

Formwork
Fire Safety
Construction

Safety

in Buildings

Materials

Buildings

(SP : 25-1984)

(SP : 2 -I 983)
(Lighting

and

Ventilation)

(SP : 33-1986)

Engineering
Supply

of

for

of Cracks

Practices
(iii)

Emphasis

on Plumbir ng (SP : 35-1987)

Tall

Buildings

Loading

Code

This Handbook
provides information
on properties of reinforcing steel and &ta-iling
requirements,
including storage, fabrication, assembly, welding and placing of reinforcement in accordance
with IS : 456-1978. As a result of the introduction
of limit state
method of design for reinforced concrete structures and the concept of development
length, detailing has become extremely important as many of the design requirements are
to be met through detailing. This Handbook is expected to guide the designer in detailing
which include correct positioning of bare for a particular type of structural element and
preparation
of bar bending schedule. The detailing requirements as specified in IS : 4561978 have. been brought out as applicable to different structural elements in a building
and explamed, wherever necessary. The relevant Indian Standards and other literature
available on the subject have been taken into consideration
in preparing the Handbook.
The Handbook will be useful to concrete design engineers, field engineers and students of
civil engineering.
Some of the important

points

to be kept in view in the use of the Handbook

are :

a) The reinforcement

has to cater to forces (bending moment, shear force, direct

compression
or direct te,nsion) at sections consistant with development
length requirements at the particular section. Sound engineering judgement shall be exercized while applying the provisions herein and detailing should be such that the structural element satisfies the requirements
of performance
for which it is meant.
Typical detailing
drawings
are included to illustrate
one possible method of
arrangement
of bars for a particular condition. They should not be construde as the
only possible method.

b) Considering

the importance

of ductility

requirements

in structures

subjected

severe earthquakes, a separate section is included on the detailing requirements

buildings in severe earthquake zones (Zones IV and V of IS : 1893-1984).

to
for
d

4 International

Standard IS0 4066-1977 Buildings and civil engineering drawings--Bar scheduling is reproduced iri Appendix B as a supplement to what is contained
in the Handbook.

4 The Handbook

does nor .forrn part CI/ at?,* Indian SratdarJ OII Ihe srrhjwr ant/ does
not have the status of an Indian Standard. In case o/&~pllte ahour A~rc~rpretarion
or opinion expressed in the Handbook. the provisions o/relr\~atlt Irdiatl Startckartjs
only shall app!bP. The provisions yf the Hwdbo~~k I>nrricyrIarI,l,tho.s~~reIaritlSq I(.
other literature should be considererl as on(,, .sy~i~t~~t)rc~,rtor
1 iflfi~rt~iuri~~ti

e)

Handbook
is expected to serve as a companion
document to the three handbooks already published on the subject of reinforced concrete, namely, SP : 16-1980,
SP : 23-1982 and SP : 24-1983.

The

f) AlI dimensions

are in mm unless

otherwise

specified.

The Handbook
is based on the first draft prepared by the Central Public Works
Depart-ment,
New Delhi. Shri B. R. Narayanappa.
Deputy Director, and Shri P. S.
Chadha, Officer on Special Duty, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). were associated
with the work. The assistance rendered by Shri A. C. Gupta, Assistant Chief Design
Engineer, National Thermal Pdwer Corporation
(NTPC), New Delhi, in the preparation

of this Handbook

specially in the formulation

of drawings is acknowledged.

The draft Handbook was circulated for review to National Council for Cement and
Building Materials, New Delhi; Structural Engineering Research Centre, Madras; Indian
institute of Technology, Madras; Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi; Andhra
Pradesh Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad; Engmeering Construction
Corporation Ltd. Madras; Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi;
Engmeering Consultants (India) Limited, New Delhi; Gammon lndia Ltd, Bombay;
M/s C. R. Narayana Rae, Architects & Engineers, Madras; STUP Consultants
Ltd,
Bombay; Research, Design and Standards Organization, Ministry of Railways,
Luclcnow; Irrigation Department, Government of Gujarat; M/s H. K. Sen and
Associates, Calcutta; Siddharth Shankar and Associates (Consulting Engineers), New
Delhi; Roy and Partners (Architects & Engineers), New Delhi; Shrish Malpani
(Architects
& Engineers),
New Delhi; and
consideration
while finalizing the Handbook.

the

views

received

were

taken

into

CONTENTS
Page

Section

Steel for reinforcement

Section

Detailing functions

Section

Structural drawing for detailing

13

Section

Gcncral detailing requirements

2?

Section

Bar bending schcdulc

dclailing)

(including

dos and

donis in
53

Section

Foundations

67

Section

Columns

x3

Section

Beams

97

Section

Floor slabs

119

Section

10

Stairs

143

Section

11

Special structurcs--dccp
beams, walls, shells and
folded plates, water tanks, RC hinges, concrete pipes,
machine foundations, and shear walls

153

Ductility requirements
building

187

Section
Section

12

Transport, storage, fabrication, assembly and

placing of steel reinforcement

193

Typical strucrurai drawings

205

Appendix A

Welding

209

Appendix B

IS0 4066-1977 Building and civil cnginccring

drawings-bar
scheduling

221

Dimensions and properties of hard-drawn steel wire

fabric and other bars

227

Section

I3

of earthquake resistant

14

Appendix C

SECTION

Steel for Reinforcement

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(!3&T)-1987

SECTION 1
STEEL FOR

REINFORCEMENT
1.1.3.1

1.0 Reinforcing
bars/ wires for concrete
reinforcement shall be any of the following
conforming to accepted standards:
Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars
[IS : 432 (Part I)-1982 S cification for
mild steel and medium tensi f
e steel bars and
hard-drawn steel wire for concrete reinforcement : Part I Mild steel and medium
tensile steel bars (third revision)].

a) The tolerance on diameter shall be as follows:

Diameter
A
Up to and
Over
including

b) High strength deformed

steel bars/ wires

[IS : 1786-1985 Specification
for high
strength
deformed
steel
bars and
wires
for concrete
reinforcement
(third revision).

4 Hard-drawn steel wire fabric [IS

: 1566-1982
Specification for hard-drawn steel wire
fabric for concrete reinforcement (second
re+ision)].

1.1

Tolerance,
percent

mm
-

mm

mm

25

kO.5

25

35

kO.6

35

50

kO.8

50

80

k1.0

80

100
-

f1.3

100

+ 1.6

b) The permissible ovality measured as the

difference between the maximum and minimum diameter shall be 75 percent of the
tolerance (k) specified on diameter.

The requirements for manufacture and supply

of different types of steel reinforcement are briefly
highlighted in 1.1 to 13.43.
NOTE
- Different types of reinforcing bars, such as plain
bars and deformed bars of various grades, say Fe415
(N/mm,) and Fe500 (N/mm*), should not be used side by
side as this practice will lead to confusion and error at site.
Howwcr.secondaryrcinforamcnt such as ties and stirrups,
may be ofmild steel throughout even though the main steel
may be of high strength deformed bars.

Bars in straight lengths

c) The tolerance on weight per m length shall

be as follows:
Diameter
A
Over
Up to and
including

Mild Steel and Medium Tensile Steel Bars

Tolerance,
percent

mm
-

mm
IO

f7

a) mild steel bars, and

10

+5

b) medium tensile steel bars.

16

16
-

11.1 Reinforcement supplied shall be classified into the following types:

1.1.1.1 Mild steel bars shall be supplied in

the following two grades:

1J.3.2

f3

Coiled bars

a) mild steel ba;s, Grade 1; and

a) The tolerance on diameter shall be kO.5 mm

for diameters up to and including I2 mm.

b) mild steel bars, Grade II.

Non!- In all cases where the design

b) The difference between the maximum and

minimum diameter at any cross-section shall
not exceed 0.65 IW:.

seismic coefficient
[src IS : 1893-1984 Critetja for earthquake resistant desir
of structures ~ourrh rrvisiun)] chosen for the structure is 0. 3
or more (which include earthquake zanes IV and V) and for
8tructures
subjected to dynamic
loading.
use of
Grade II bars is not recommended.

1.1.2 Physical/ Mechanical Properties - The

requirements for physical/ mechanical properties
of mild steel and medium tensile steel bars are
given in Table I. 1.
1.1.3 Tolerance - The rolling and cutting
tolerances shall be as specified in 1.1.3.1 and
1.1.3.2.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

NATE -

1.2

No weight tokrana

is specified for coikd ban.

High Strength Deformed

Steel Bars

13.1 Deformed steel bars/ wires for use as

reinforcement in concrete shall be in the following
three grades:
a) Fkl5,
b) Fe500, and
c) Fe550.
DETAILING

TABLE

1.1 REQUIREMENTS
(Clausfs

IS No.

TYPE OF
REINFORCEMENT

(1)

(2)

NOMINALSIZE
OF BARS

CHARACl?mlSTtC
STRENGTH
(Yield Stress or
2 Pegterc)ProoC t

(3)

!)-

Mild steel (Grade I)

5.6.8.10.12.16.20

BARS

CCN$QSQSE3

MINIMUM ULTIMAIX
TENSILE ST&

CONFORMING
TO tS
(5)

(4)

(mm)
lS19~~~ (Part

FOR REINFORCING

1.1.4. 1.2.2, 1.25 und 1.3.1)

(N/mm*)

(6)

(7)
(percent)

(N/mmz)

: 2261975t

23

Fe 410.0 of
IS : 1977-19753

23

IS

250 .

MINIMUM ELONE
ATION ON GUAGE
LENGTH OF
5.65-

410

Mild steel (Grade II)

22.25.28.32.36,
40.4550

240 1

5.6.8, IO. 12.16.20

225
370

Medium

tensile steel

22.25.28.32.36,
40.4550

215

5,6.8.10,12,16

350

540
20.22.25.28.32
36.40.45.50

IS

: 1786l9tq

High strenSth
dcformad bars/

wim

4.5.6.7,8,10,12.16.
18.20,22.25,28.32.
36.40.45.50

340
1
330

510

415
(for Fe 415)

Fe SOD)

Fe 540 W-HT
IS : 961-19750

do

of

20

20

IO pcrccnt more than

- 0.30
the actual 0.2
:
- 0.06
percent proof stress
but not less than
sp+P3!!
485.0 N/mm*

14.5

8 percent more than

C
- 0.3
the actual 0.2
- 0.055
pcrccot proof stress ;
- 0.055
but not less than
s+P-o.105
545.0 N/mm

12.0

IS No.

(1)

CIIARACTERISTIC

TYPE OF

STRENGTH

REINFORCEMENT

(2)

(Yield Stress or
2 Perrcets)Proof

;f:

r566-IWI

NOTE 1 --The
Appendix C

NOTE2 -The

arrMl&tcc

(5)

(See Note I)

Fe 550)

480

(7)

(6)

(percent)

(N/mm*)

(N/mm*)

(mm)

IS :

5.65

(4)

0)

hdlNlMUM ELONGATION ON GUAGE

MINIMUM ULTIMATE
TENSILE STREET

6 g=n~~o;2~*
rcent proif stress
ut not kss than
585 N/mmr

r
570

:
s +P-

0.3
0.055
0.050
0.10

1 t;:.

8.0

7.5
(over 8
length o P .?$)

mesh sixes 8nd sizes of wire for squsre as well as oblong welded wire fabric commonly manufactured in the country arc given in

might 8ttd area of different sizea of bars are given in Appendix C.

NOTE3 -GcneraUy lv8ikbk ex stock:

Mild sieel bars-#6,&O.
612, 416, #2O. #25, &32
Ddort&
sted bus-Ml,
#IO, 112. #16. #20, #22. #25, #g. #32
The maximum kngth of t&forcing bars avaikbk ex stock is 13 m.
NIP 4 - FW clrch bttndk/coil of ban/wires, a tag shall be attached indicating cast No./ lot No., grade and sire bf the manufacturer or the supplier.
steel and medium tcnsik steel bars and harddrawn steel wit for concrete reinforcement: Part I Mild steel and medium tensik steel

reinforcement (third revlcion).

(seco& rev&ion).

ln

SP : 34(S&T)_1987
N?TE - >e figures following the symbol Fe indicates the.
S
ud tmntmum 0.2 percent proof stress or yield stress in
Is
/ mmz.

1.2.3

Tolerance

1.2.3.1. Cutting tolerance on length - The

cutting tolerances on length shall be as specified
below:
a) When the specified length
not stated to be either a
maximum
or a minimum
b) When the minimum
specified

is

length

+75
-25

is

mm
mm

+50 mm
- 0 mm

NOTE- These are tolerances for manufacture and supply

and are not applicable for fabrication.
For allowable toleranees for bending
and cutting during fabrication
SPC
Section 13.
1.2.3.2 Mass - For the purpose of checking
the nominal
mass, the density of steel shall be
taken as 0.785 kg/cm* of the cross-sectional
area
per metre run. Tolerances on nominal mass shall
be as follows:

Nominal Size
mm

Tolerance on the Nominal

Percent

whex

Checked

Mass,
in

r Batch
(each
Specimen
not less
than
0.5 m)

lndividual
Sample
(not less
than
0.5 m)

f7

-8

*8

over 10 up to
and including 16

+5

-6

f6

Over

+3

-4

24

Up to and
including

16

Indivi-
dual
Sample
for
Coils*

10

1.3

Hard-drawn

Steel Wire Fabric

1.3.1 General- Hard-drawn

steel wire fabric
consists of longitudinal
and transverse wires (at
right angles to one another) joined by resistance
spot welding.
Fabrication
of wire fabric by
welding has the quality of factory fabrication and
reduces cost of labour and fabrication in the field.
1.3.2 Types - Hard-drawn
steel wire fabric
shall be made in the following two types:
a) square

mesh,

b) oblong

mesh.

and

The diameter of wires in the square mesh varies

from 3 to 10 mm; the diameter being same in both
longitudinal
and transverse directions. In this case
both longitudinal
and transverse bars may serve
as main reinforcement.
The diameter of wire in
the oblong mesh varies from S to 8 mm in the
longitudinal
direction
and 4.2 to 6 mm in the
transverse direction. The wires in the direction of
larger diameter can serve as main reinforcement
and the wires in the cross direction can serve as
distribution
steel.
1.3.2.1 The maximum
width of wire fabric
in rolls is 3.5 m; the length of this type of fabric is
limited by the weight of rolls which may range
from 100 to 500 kg. The maximum width of fabric
in the form of sheets is 2.5 m and the maximum
length is 9.0 m. The dimension of width is to be
taken as centre-to-centre
distance between outside
longitudinal
wires. The width of wires fabric in
rolls or sheets shall be such as to fit in with the
modular
size of IO cm module and length in
suitable intervals (see Fig. (1.1).

I+4
Physicall Mechanical
Properties - The
requirement
for physical/mechanical
properties of
high strength deformed steel bars are given in
Table 1.1.
NOTE I --the
nominal diameter or size of a deformed
bar/wire
is equivalent diameter or size of a plain round
bar/wire
having the same mass per metre length as the
deformed bar/ wire.

I.IA

Rolls

NOTE 2-The
effective diameter,
#, of a deformed
bar/wire is determined as follows, using a bar/ wire not less
than 0.5 m in length:

w = mass in kg weighed to a precision of +O.S percent, and

L = length in m measured

to a precision

of f0.5

percent.

*For coils. batch tolerance is not applicable.

At least 2
samples of minimum one metre length shall be taken from
each end of the coil.

HANDBOOK

I. I B Sheets
FIG.

1.1

ON CONCRETE

WELDED

WIRE

REINFORCEMENT

FABRIC

AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
1.3.2.2
The fabric may be designated
for
ordering purposes by the number of the standard
and the reference number given as in the first
column
of Table
C-l
of Appendtx
C, or
alternately
a complete description
of the fabric
may be given.

total number of meshes contained

in a sheet or
roll is not less than ih& determined
by the
nominal
pitch.
1.3.4.2
Tolerance on size of sheet-when
fabric
is required
to be cut to specified
dimensions,
the tolerance shall be as follows:

When denoting
the size of rolls or sheets of
oblong mesh fabric, the first dimension
shall be
the length of the main wires.

a) for dimensions
of
5 m and under

25 mm under or over
the specified
dimensions

Example : Hard-drawn
steel wire fabric according
to IS : 1566 corresponding
to Sl No. 5 : 50 sheets
of size 5 m X 2 m

b) For dimensions
over 5 m

th percent under or
over the specified
dimension.

1.3.3 Mass-The
nominal
mass of fabric
shall be calculated on the basis that steel weighs
0.785 kg/cm* of nominal cross-sectional
area per
metre run.
1.3.4

Tolerances

1.3.4.1
Tolerance on size of mesh -The
number of spaces between the external wires in a
sheet or roll shall be determined
by the nominal
pitch, The centre-to-centre
distance between two
adjacent wires shall not vary by more than 7.5
percent from the nominal pitch. -The maximum
variation in the size of any mesh shall be not more
than 5 percent over or under the specified size,
and the average mesh size shall be such that the

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

NOTE These are tolerances for manufacture and supply

and are not applicable for fabrication.

1.3.4.3
Tolerance on weight of fabric - The
tolerance
on the weight of fabric shall be as
follows:
a) When the specified weight
is not stated to be either a
maximum or a minimum

+_6 percent

b) When the specified weight

is stated to be maximum

+O
- 12 percent

c) When the specified weight

is stated to be a minimum

- 12 percent
-0

DETAlLlNG

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION
Detailing

Functions

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION
DETAILING

FUNCTIONS

drawings
and
factors shall be

The system of bar-referencing

should be coherent
and systematic,
and should lend itself to easy
identification
and to use in computer systems, if
necessary.

2.1 GeneralIn preparing

bending schedules, the following
kept in view:
a) The engineers
requirements;
b) The cutting
forcement;
c) The placing
forcement;

design
and

and

bending

and wiring

the
of

design

the

rein-

in position

of rein-

position

of rein-

d) The maintaining
forcement;

of the

e) The preassembly

of cages;

f) Concreting;
g) The accommodation
services;
h) The

measurement

j) Economy

of other

trades

of quantities;

and

and

in the use of steel.

requirements
2.2 Design. -The
.
.. .
. following
designer Shall be borne In mind:

of the

4 The quantity,

location and cover of steel

reinforcement
should be simply, correctly
and clearly shown.

b) The placing drawings and bending schedules

should be adequately cross-referenced,
read and capable of easy checking
drawing office and on site.

cl It should
readily,

be possible to locate
should a doubt arrse.

d) One detailer
from another
direction.

should be able
with a minimum

easily
in the
a detail

to take over
of delay and

e) Detailing

should be done in such a way that

secondary
streses caused by support conditions,
shri kage, tempera:ure
variations,
bursting
ef cts of laps i;nd splices, and
stress conc,ntrations
y
arising
froirr hooks
and bends are counteracted.

2.3 Cutting
and Bending - Prepare
bending
schedules on standard size sheets small enough to
facilitate
handling
by clerical, fabrication
and
placing personnel.
Standardize
cutting
lengths and ensure that
bending details are simple and easy to read. So
compile the schedules that delivery of the required
reinforcement
for each component can be effected
without the need for abstracting
from schedules.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMkINT

AND

2.4 Placing and Wiring in Position - Ensure

that drawings arc simple, pictorially
clear, and
adequately
detaiied to enable the fixer to place
bars exactly
where required.
Avoid crowding
drawings
with
information
by detailing
by
components
and also if necessary by preparing
separate details for bottom and top steel in slabs.
Ensure
that
reinforcing
steel that
connects
elements to be cast at different times is so detailed
that it is included with the portion to be cast first,
for example, splice bars for columns. continuity
reinforcing
for beams and slabs to be cast in
portions. If the order of casting is not clear, detail
splices in one of the sections with suitable crossreferences. Where the complexity
of the detail is
such that an, out of the ordinary
sequence
is
required to place the reinforcement,
ensure that
such sequence is shown on the detail.
2.5 Maintaining
Position of Reinforcement Reinforcement
that has been placed and wired in
position should not be displaced before or during
the concreting
operation.
Ensure
that
bar
supports and cover b!ocks are so scheduled or
specified as to maintain correct bottom and side
cover and that high chairs and stools are detailed
to support
upper reinforcement
mats at the
correct level.
2.6 Preassembly
of Cages and Mats - Where
required,
so detail
the
reinforcement
to
components
such as columns,
foundations,
beams, and walls that it can be conveniently
preassembled
before being placed in position.
Ensure that assembled units are sturdy enough to
stand up to handling and erection, and that they
are not so heavy that they cannot be lifted by the
men or equipment
available for the work.
2.7 Concreting
Ensure that the reinforcement
can be so spaced as to allow placing and efficient
consolidation
of the concrete.
2.8 Other Trades and Services -- Take note of
the positions of down pipes (especially inlets and
outlets),
sleeves, pipes, and electrical conduits,
whether shown on the structural layout or not. To
avoid
site difficulties,
show
them
on the
reinforcement
details where necessary.
2;9
Measurement
of
Quantities
-- It is
important
that the quantity
surveyor
and the
contractor should be able to compute the mass of
DETAIIJNC;

II

SP : 34(S&T)-11987
steel used at any stage in a contract.
Bending
schedules prepared
as recommended
in 2.3 will
assist in meeting this requirement.
Ensure that
placing
drawings
and bending
schedules
are
adequately
cross-referenced
and that all revisions
are suitably recorded. If. in the case of a levision,
there is any possibility of doubt, prepare separate
schedules
showing
only
the revision,
with
adequate
cross-referencing.
2.10
Economy in Use of Steel -The
type of
steel used is generally specified by the designer but

bear in mind that up to one-third of the mass of

steel can be saved by using high tensile steel
instead
of mild
steel. The saving
can be
considerable
as the difference of cost between the
rates for mild steel and high tensile steel placed in
position is relatively small. Furthermore,
as the
rates for small diameters are higher than those for
large diameters, it is desirabl! 9 USCthe largest
available
size
of bar
wlthln
the design
requirements.
Larger bars also. produce Stiffer
cages and are not easily displaced.

SECTION
Structural

Drawing

3
for Detailing

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(s&TH987

SECTION
STRUCTURAL

DRAWING

Size of Drawing - The structural drawing

for a large project should generally be of one size,
for convenience both in the drawing office and on
the site. The preferred sizes of drawing sheets are
given in Table 3.1.
3.1

TABLE

3.1 DRAWING

SHEET

SL

No.
(1)

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

v)

vi)

DESIGNATION TRIMMED SIZE

(2)

A0
2

A3
A4
AS

(3)

UNTRIMMED
SIZE (Min)

841 X
594 X
420 X
297 X
210 X
148 X

6;: ::
450 X
330 x
240 X
165 X

iGo
625
450
330
240

3.1.1.1
The title block is an important
feature ih a drawing and should be placed at the
bottom right-hand corner of the sheet, where it is
readily seen when the prints are folded in the
prescribed manner. The size of the title block
recommended is 185 X 65 mm.

3.1.2 Separate sheets should be used for each

type of structural member or unit so that a floor
slab would be detailed on one sheet, beams on
another, and columns on a further sheet, etc.
Alternatively, for small jobs each standard size
sheet could be used to detail one floor of the
structure so that the ground floor slab, beams and
columns could be detailed on one sheet and the
first floor members on another.
3.1.3 Luyostr -There
cannot be a single
standard layout for the detailing of reinforced
concrete drawings. However, it is the usual
practice to draw th (key) plan in the upper left
hand corner of the I eet, with the elevations and
details below and on to the right side of the plan.
Schedules and bending details are placed in the
upper right corner of the drawing. Figure 3.2
gives a broad outline of layout recommended. In
large projects, the bending schedule can be
omitted from individual drawings and a separate
bending schedule drawing may be prepared.
3.2 Scale of Drawing - Scales shall be so
chosen as to bring out the details clearly and to
keep the drawings within workable size. The
choice of scale will depend at the discretion of the
ON CONCRETE

detailerldesigner
and no general recommendations can be given in this respect. Some
commonly
used scales are given below as
examples:
Plan

REINFORCEMENT

Sections

AND

1 : 100, I : 50
I : 5, I : 30

--1:50,

1 :30, 1 :25, I :20, I:

15,

I : IO

3.3

(4)
mmXmm

3.1.1 The dimensions recommended for all

margins and the divisions of drawing sheets into
zones are given in Fig. 3.1 (A to F).

HANDljOOK

FOR DETAILING

Elevation.-

SIZES

mmxmm

1189
841
594
420
297
210

Information
Drawings

to be Shown

on Structural

3.3.1
The overall sizes of the concrete
members shall include the sizes of any necessary
chamfers and fillets at corners. Also, the exact
position,
shape, size and spacing of the
reinforcement within concrete members, as well as
the required dimensions oi the concrete cover to
the reinforcement shall be given.
3.3.2 The position of any holes required in the
members for service pipes and details OCany pipes
or other fixings to be cast-in with the concrete,
and also, the position and details of construction
joints and special recesses, etc, shall be indicated.

3.3.3 When foundations or ground floor slabs

are detailed, information regarding the underside
conditions shall be shown, such as the use of
waterproof paper, the thickness of blinding (the
lean layer of concrete), if required.
3.3.4 Notes should be used freely on detailed
drawings. The most important being the bar
marks which give information about each, or a
series of similar reinforcing bars. The notes
should be concise and precise, and shall not be
ambiguous. The notes which apply to the whole
drawings, such as the specifications of the
concrete to be used, size of chamfers and fillets,
and concrete cover, etc, can be placed under a
general heading at the bottom or side of the
drawing.
3.3.5 The beams, wall slabs, floor slabs and
columns, etc, the main dimensions of the
structure, such as the distances between columns,
heights between floors, beam and column sizes,
and floor and wall thicknesses, etc, as calculated
by the design engineer shall also be shown on the
drawings.
Sections shall be drawn to atleast twice the
scale of plans or elevations to which they refer,
while complicated joints such as may occur at the
intersections of columns and beams may be
detailed to larger scale, say I : 4.
DETAILING

I5

Sl : 34(S&T)-1987

TITLE

II
1

12

/MARGIN

11

10

All dimensions
3.18

III,

Al

\UNTRIMMED

in milllmetrcs

_,5,5,

I I

I
I
Il6l7l6l6lbl3l2ll~

1_

FOLDING
MARK

BLOCK

IIL/

MARGIN

8
\

FOLDING

3.IC

ON CONCRETE

BLOCK

All dimensions

HANDBOOK

SHEE-T LAYOII-r

TITLE
4

MARK

,9,5,
In
u)

\FOLDING

\TRIMMED

REINFORCEMENT

MARK
in miilimetres.

A2 SHEET

AND

LAYOUT

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)_1987

ra

ra

--CUTSIZE
-UNCUT SUE
a

TITLE ELOCK
_,

3.ID

3.IE

A3 SlZt

DIVISION

OF

A4 SIZE

ZONES

SHEET

3.IF

AS SIZE

3.IG

DIVISION

SIZE

OF ZONES

All dimcnaions in nrillimctrcs.

FIG. 3.1 MARGINS

AND

DIVISION

OF ZONES

FOR DIFFERENT

DRAWING

SHEETS

18

SP : 34(.S&T)-1987

KEY

PLAN
OR

FRAMING

SCHEDULE
AND
BENDINB

PLAN

DETAILS

SECTIONAL

DETAILS

TITLE

FIG. 3.2 TYPICAL

LAYOUT OF A DRAWING

3.3.6 Structural
drawings
pre ared by the
designer shall show details of rein Porcement and
all other information
needed for detailing the
reinforcement.
The drawings shall also indicate,
by separate notes, live loads, concrete strength,
quality and grade of steel, number of bars to be
lapped and lengths of the laps, and if necessary
special
instructions
regarding
erection
of
formwork,
fabrication
and placing of steel.
3.3.7
It
is convenient
to detail
the
reinforcement by units which generally consist of
footings, walls, columns, each floor and roof. A
separate structural drawing supplemented by bar
bending schedule should preferably be made for
each unit.
For
small structures.
the entire
requirements may be handled as one unit. For a
large project a particular unit such as floor may
be divided to correspond with the construction
schedule.

BLOCK

3.3.8
To ensure that all the reinforcement is
properly
placed
or positioned
in a unit,
longitudinal
section or cross-section should be
shown in addition to plan and elevation of the
unit on which the bars are shown.
3.3.9
The drawing should be complete and
clear so as to leave no doubt on any point of
construction.
Complete and accurate dimensions
shall be shown. Clear and adequate details for

special and unusual condition shall be given to

ensure proper placing of reinforcement. Details of
covers and intersections of walls. construction
joints, window and door openings, and similar
special features should be shown in the relevant
drawings alongwith sketches, if necessary.
3.3.10
For clear demarcation of reinforcement
bars, those in the near face shall be shown in full
lines and those that are placed in the far face shall
be shown in dotted lines.
3.3.11
All bars, straight or bent requiring
hooks bends. shall be properly dcsignatcd h\. the
designer or a note to this effect included in the
drawing.
3.3.12
Lengths of la s, points of bend. cut-off
points and extension o P bars should bc specified
by the designer. The dimensions L: 7, L, 5 and
L/4. etc. shown on typical drawings shall not be
used unless justified by structural analysis.
3.3.13
Wherever
possible. all control
and
construction
joints
should
he indicated
on
structural
d.rawings and constructional
details
provided for such joints.
3.3.14
Notes
attd 1tlstrlrctiotl.s
Any
ambiguity
and scope for misinterpretation
of
instructions
shall be avoided.
All instructions
shall be in imperative form. specific, brief and
clear.
19

SIP : 34(S&T)_19%7
3.3.1$ Schedules -The
reinforcement
details
of slabs, beams, columns and many other parts of
structures
may be effectively shown on working
drawings in a tabular form, known as a schedule
(see Section 5).
3.4 SymJols and Abbreviations - Symbols and
abbreviations
to be adopted in the drawings for
reinforced concrete construction
are given in 3.4.1
to 3.5.6. All reinforcement
bars used in the
structures
shall
be suitably
designated
and
numbered
both on drawing and schedule.
3.4.1
Shape

round
b) 0
c)

round
bar;

plain, square
bar; and

bar

or diameter

3.4.2

3.4.4

Alt
Bt
B
min
max
St
stp
SP
Ct
T
NO II.

3.4.3

10 Shape qf the Bar

Alternate
bar
Bent bar
Bottom bar
Minimum
Maximum
Straight bar
Stirrup
Spiral
Column tie
Top bar

I2
dinmeter

L i

Relaring

to

Position

and

Direction

EW
@

Each way
Spacing centre-to-centre

---w---v-

may be in cap~talb.

of

I2

mm

3,4,6 The use of the same type of line for the

same purpose considerably
enhances the clarity
and usefulness
of the drawing.
The following
graphical symbols are suggested:

Concrete

line (thin)

Unexposed

concrete

Description

or masonry

Reinforcement

(thick)

Reinforcement

in a different

Centre
HANDROOK

all symbols

NOTE -- The symbol relating to cross-sectional shape and

size -- 4 or # is used on the left hand side of the
numerical value of the diameter to avoid confusion that it
mry be interpreted as the number of rimes the diameter if
used on the right hand side of the numerical value cf the
&meter.

Section

-_-_-_-_

Beams
Column(s)
Footing(s)
Girders
Joints(s)
Lintel(s)
Lintel beam(s)
Slab(s)
Longitudinal
wall
Cross wall
Centre line

means
20 numbers
deformed bars.

Designarion;

m-B-----

IO Various Structural

&32-St-12
EW means
12 numbers
of
32 mm diameter plain round straight bars m
each direction.

symbol

20

Relating

3.4.5
The symbols, abbreviations
and notes
shall be used in a manner that will not create any
ambiguity.
A few exzmples
for representing
dia.meter,
spacing,
number
of bars, etc. are
illus!.rated below:
a) # 20@ 200 means
20 mm diametei
detormed bars spaceu at 200 mm centre-t&
centre.
II) 20-#

Altcrnaltvcl~. all sy~ihols way he in capitak.

S.vmbols

Symbols

3m or B
CVI
Fg
GR
JT
LL
LB
Sb or S
WL
wx
E
No1t Alternatively,

bar or side of plain square

S.vmbols Relating
its LRngrhs

Members

of plain

# deformed bar (including

square twisted
bar) or nominal size (equivalent diameter
or side) of the deformed bar (see Note
under 3.4.5).

along

S_smbols Relaring
to Cross-Sectional
and Size c$ Reicforcemenr

a) 4 plain

of area covered by
bars
Direction in which bars
extend
Limit

Ok

of a reinforcing

wall line (thin)

layer (thick).

bar

line

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP :
Designatiott/

Symbol

Dimension

Concrete
extends

34(S&T)-1987

llescripriotr

line

beam framing
through floor

into

column

which

Concrete beam framing

stops at floor

into

column

which

Bar shown

bent

Bar with

at right

angle

to the paper

hooks

Bar with 90 bends

Bars shown

separated

on the drawing

One sheet of welded fabric

Identical

HA-NDBOOK ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

sheets

of welded

Level mark

in elevation

Level mark

in plan

DETAILING

on plan

fabric

in a row

21

SI : 34(S&T)-1987
3.4.7 Additional drawing conventions for use
on drawings for reinforcement as suggested in
IS0 : 3766-1977 Building and civil engineering
TABLE
SL
NO.

3.2 DRAWING

drawings-Symbols
for concrete
is reproduced in Table 3.2.

reinforcement

CONVENTIONS

CONVENTION
(2)

(1)

i) Bends shall

Bends with
be drawn

normally

be drawn

to scale

the smallest permitted

bend radius
with intersecting
straight lines

may

ii) A bundle of bars may be drawn with a single line.

end markings
indicating the number of bars in the
bundle
Ermnpk

: Bundle with three identical

barn

iii)Each set of identical bars, stirrups or ties shall be

indicated by one bar. stirrup or tie drawn with
continuous
extra-thick
lines, with a continuous
thin across the set terminated
by short oblique
lines to mark the extreme bars. stirrups or ties.
A circle drawn with a continuous
thin line connects
the set line with the correct bar, stirrup or tie.

iv) Bars placed in groups. each group spaced over the

same distance and containing an identical number of
identical bars

141
--I-+-

v) Two-way reinforcement
shall be shown in section, or
marked with text or symbol in order to show the
direction of bars in the outside layer on each face
of the construction
in plan or elevation

vi) On plan drawing for simple arrangements,

the top-layer
and bottom-layer
reinforcement
shall have letter
indicating
the location of the layer added to the
symbols

( Continued)

22

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
.
TABLE

3.2 DRAWING

CONVENTIONS

(ConId.)

SL.

No.

SYMROL

CONVENTION

(3)

(2)

(1)

If end marks are used, the end marks shall be

drawn upwards or to the left for the bottom-layer
and downwards
or to the right for the toplayer
(B -

bottom

PCI

T-top)

B,

-t

vii) On elevations of walls with reinforcement

on both
faces, the reinforcement
shall have letters added
to the symbols, indicating
the location of the
layer

If end marks are used, the end marks shall be

drawn upwards or to the left for face reinforcement,
and downwards
or to the right for near face
reinforcement.
(NF -

near

face

FF -

far face)

viii) If the arrangement

of the reinforcement
is not clearly
shown by the section, an additional
sketch showing
the reinforcement
may be drawn outside the
section.

ix) All the types of stirrups or ties present shall

bc indicated on the drawing.
If the arrangement
is
complicated,
it may bc clarified by the aid of a
sketch in connection
with the notation.

&I
OR

I-I
0
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

23

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
3.5

(that is, column for

storey 2, or column
between floor 2
and 3).

Marks for Parts of Buildings

3.5.1 Marks are used to designate the different

structural members of a structure. Different
structural members of a struCture shall be marked
using symbols, abbreviations
and notati&s
indicated in succeeding clauses and in the manner
indicated in other clauses.
3.5.2 A key framing plan shall be prepared to
ai convenient scale and the t AO axes marked one
side with alphabets A, B, C, etc. and the other
with numbers (see Fig. 3.3). Normally with
rectangular pattern, the same key framing plan
may be used for all floors. However, if
arrangement of beams vary for different floors a
separate key framing plan with grid arrangement
and areas may be used for each of the floor. The
floors shall be .specified in accordance with the
requirements of IS : 2332-1973 Specifications for
nomenclature
of floors and storeys and
abbreviations BT and MZ shall be used for
basement
and mezzanine,
respectively,
for
example:
B-I-

Basement

MZ

Mezzanine

Floor

3.5.4 Beams, slabs and lintels, and tie beams

shall be consecutively numbered from left-hand
top corner (see Fig. 3.3A).
3.5.5 If longitudinal section of the beam is
shown, the grid of the column or number of the
column supporting the beam is being detailed
shall be as indicated as in fig. 3.3B and, if
possibie, inset on the drawing showing the key
framing plan. On the other hand if a beam
schedule is included, a table [see Fig. 3.3C] may
be prepared and inset on the drawing showing the
key framing plan [see Fig. 3.3A].
3.5.5.1 Beams or slabs that are similar may
be given in the same number.
3.5.6 Walls - Marking of walls shall be made
in the serial order starting from top left corner of
plan and proceeding towards the right, followed
by subsequent rows in order. Longitudinal walls
and cross-walls shall be marked separately (see
Fi . 3.4) and identified in the drawing with
re f!erence to the serial number of the floor.
Example

Floor 2
3.5.3 Columns - Columns and foundations
shall be specified by grid arrangement giving
reference to the floor. for examole
Fie. 3.3Aj.
. Isee
.
FG Col El

Footing for Column El

Co1 2EI

Column El at floor 2

2 WL -

I Longitudinal

wall No. 1
at floor 2 (between
floor 2 and 3).

4 WX -

3 Cross-wall No. 3 at
floor 4 (between floor 4
and 5).

33

FIG. 3.3 TYPICAL ARRANCXNENT FOR THE KEY FRAMING PLAN AND MARKING DIFFERENTSTRUCTURAL
MEMBERS (Continued)

24

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAHJNG

COL 2 E,

COL 2 L9

ml2

lTl
8

I
(loo

coL2

E9

El

l-y
6100

6lOO

COLl E,

COLl E7
COLl Ey
COLi E4
OETM
OF B,6
OETAIL OF Bm I3
DIDAIL OF e, 20
MoB,,,~~LA~
woB,u~~bm~~f?woB,,,IrSYM
3.3B

Barn No.

spuning Bmwxn

At Luvd

%I
B-14
B.27
B-28
B.28A
(Lmding
Beam)

B-29

hl 1

LB9

__.

FIG.

+3m
+1750

Gc,
8,

Bm

+3m

El

+2440

*a

+2440

--

-.~_I

3.3 TYPICAL

ARRANGEMENT

. DIFFERENT

STRUCTURAL

FOR THE

KEY

FRAMING

PLAN

AND

MARKING

MEMBERS

r
H

c
wx4

IX Ig,
WL

WL3

YYX9

Wb

WL9

wx9

nx7
WL9

WLO

vVX9

WLlO

JvXlO

wx9

W&l

WLll
W&9
w,

w2

vw2
W&9

W&4

FIG. 3.4 TYPICAL

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

WLlS

WLI4

REINFORCEMENT

MARKING
AND

DETAILS

DETAILING

FOR WALLS

W&9

w9

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION
General

Detailing

4
Requirements

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(!3&T)-1987

SECTION
GENERAL

DETAILING

4.1 Cover - Reinforcement

shall have concrete
cover (nominal) and the thickness of such cover
(exclusive of plaster or other decorative finish)
shall be as follows:

4 At each end of reinforcing bar not less than

25 mm, or twice the diameter
whichever is greater;

of such bar

b) For a longitudinal
column

reinforcing
bar in a
not less than 40 mm or the diameter

of such bar whichever is greater. In the case

of columns with a minimum dimension
of
20 mm or tinder, whose reinforcing bars do
not exceed 12 mm, the cover may be recluced
to 25 mm;

d For longitudinal

reinforcing
bar in a beam
not less than 25 mm or the diameter of such
bar, whlchever is greater;

REQUIREMENTS
Development

4.2

of Stress in ReinforcemuM

4.2.1

or

Development Length of Bars in Tension

Compression - The calculated
tension
or

compression
in any bar at any section shall be
developed
on each side of the section by an
appropriate development length or end anchorage
or by a combination
thereof.
NOTE---Development
length is the embedded kngtb of
reinforcement required to develop the deriflst~0gth
of the

reinforcement at a critical section. Critical sectioar for

development of reinforcement in flexural members are at
points of maximum
stress and at points within the span
where
adjacent
reinforcement
termin8te-s.
or is bent.
Provisions of 4.6.3 (c) should be satisfied at simple supports
and a1 points of inflection.

4.2.2

The development

length

is given by:

~=!LZo.
4 Tbd

d) For

tensile, compressive,
shear or other
ieinforcement
in a slab not less than I5 mm
or the diameter
of such reinforcement,
whichever is greater; and

d For any other reinforcement

not less than

15 mm or the diameter of such reinforcement, whichever is greater.

NOTE - The values of cover suggested are nominal cover

as specified in the drawings. The cover shall in no case be
reduced by more than one-third of the specified cover or
5 mm whichever
is less. During
construction
it is
essential to ensure that these tolerances are met.

4.1.1
increased
cover
thickness
may be
provided when the surfaces of concrete members
are exposed to the action of harmful chemicals (as
in the case of concrete
in contact with earth
contaminated
with such chemicals), acid, vapour,
saline atmosphere,
sulphurous
smoke (as in the
case of steam-operated
railways), etc, and such
increase oi cdver may be between I5 and 50 mm
over the values given in 4.1 above as may be
specified by the Engineer-in-Charge.
However, in
no case cover should exceed 75 mm.
4.1.2
For reimorced
concrete
members
of
marine structures totally immersed in sea water,
the cover shall be 40 mm more than that specified
in 4.1, but total cover should not exceed 75 mm.
4.1.3
For reinforced
concrete
structures/
structural members, periodically immersed in sea
water or subject
to sea spray, the cover of
concrete shall be 50 mm more than that specified
in 4.1, but total cover should not exceed 75 mm.
4.1.4
For concrete of grade M25 and above,
the additional thickness of cover specified in 4.1.1
to 4.1.3 may be reduced by half.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEXIENT

AND

where
4 = nominal

diameter

of the bar,

(I, = stress in bar at the section

design load, and
f,,,, = design

bond

stress

considered

at

for bars in tension

given in 4.2.2.1.
NOTE I hooks

The development includes anchorage

in tension reinforcement
(see 4.3.1).

values of

NOTE 2 - For bars of sections other than circular,

development
length should be sufficient lo develop
stress in the bar by bond.

DETAILING

the
the

29

SP : 34(.s&T)4!%7
4.2.2.1
Design bond stress in limit state
design method for plain bars in tension shall be as
follows:

Grade of
concrete

satisfied. Plain bars should nbt he normally

anchored through straight lengths alone and
should be provided with hooks.

Ml5 M20 M23 M30 M35 M40

Design bond
stress
rbdt N/mm*

1.0

1.2

1.4

I.5

I.7

4.3.1.2

a) Bends - The anchorage vaiue of a standard

bend shall be taken as 4 times the diameter
of the bar for each 45 bend subject to a
maximum of I6 times the diameter of the
bar.

1.9

For deformed bars, these values shall be increased

by 60 percent. For bars in compression, the values
of bond stresses for bars in tension shall be
increased by 25 percent.
4.3 Aneborhg
Reinforcing
Bars - It is
important to note that when a bar is subjected to
both tension and compression, the anchorage
valbe shouid correspond to the one which gives
the maximum value, and at the same time
individual requirements (with respect to tension
and compression) are also satisfied as specified in
4.3.1 to 4.3.3.
4.3.1 Anchoring Bars m Tension
4.3.1.1
Deformed bars may be anchored in
straight
lengths (withaut
end anchorages),
provided the development length requirements are

Bends tmd hooks

b) Hooks - The anchorage value of a standard

U-type hook shall be equal to 16 times the
diameter of the bar.
The anchorage values of standard hooks and
bends for different bar diameters are given in
Table 4.1.
4.3.2 Anchoring Bars in Compression - The
anchorage length of straight bar m compression
shall be equal to the development length of bars
in compression as specified in 4.2.2. The projected
length of hook.s, bends and straight lengths
beyond bends, if provided
for a bar in
compression,
should
be considered
for
development length (see Fig. 4.1).

TABLE

4.1 ANCHORAGE

VALUE

OF HOOKS

AND

BAR DIAMETER, mm

10

12

16

18

20

22

25

28

32

36

A~ic~ouaoa

9.6

12.8

16.0

19.2

25.6

28.8

32.0

35.2

40.0

44.8

51.2

57.6

4.8

6.2

8.0

9.6

12.8

14.4

16.0

17.6

20.0

22.4

25.6

28.8

VALUE OF HOOK. cm

ANCHORAGE VALUE OF 90

BEND, cm

min.

4-d

STANDARD

HOOK

STANDARD
STANDARD

HOOK

Type of Steel

NOTE

AND

90 BEND

BEND

Minimum Value of k

Mild steel

Cold-worked steel

I ---Table is applicable to all grades of teinforcement bars.

NOTE 2 -Hooks

30

BENDS

and bends shall conform to the details given above.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(!3&T)_198~
_8

CRITICAL

SECTION

Ld

NOTE -

In compression hooks and bends are ineffective

be used as anchorage.

FIG.

4,

*
I DEVELOPMENTLENGTH IN COMPRESSION

4.3.3 The deve opment length values for fully

stressed bars in t r nsion as well as compression
based on 4.2.2 aregiven in Tables 4.2.4.3 and 4.4.
NOTE- If the amount of steel provided at a design
section
is more
than
that
required
from
design
consideration.
ahe development length given in Tables 4.2,
4.3 and 4.4 may be modified as:
#l_& E +JT;s
I.
Unless otherwise specified. I& modified development
should be wed in deuiling rcinforoement.

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

developing the strength of the bar without

damage to concrete may be used as anchorage
with the approval of the Engineer-in-Charge.
4.3.5

Am horing

Shear

Reinforcemen!

bars - The development

length
shall be as far bars in tension; this length
shall be measured as under:

a) Inclined

kngtth

43.4 Mechanical
Devices for Anchorage
Any mechanical or other device capable

HANDBOOK

and cannot

of

AND

I) In tension zone. from the end of the sloping or ilrclined portion of the bar ~SPP
Fig. 4.2A). and

DETAILING

31

SP : 34(!3&T~1987
2) In the compression zone, from the mid

bent through an angle of 13Y and is

continued beyond the end of the-curve for a
length of at least six bar diameters or when
the bar is bent through an angle of 180 and
is continued beyond the end of the curve for
a length of at least four bar diameters.

depth of the beam (see Fig. 4.2B).

b) Stirrups and ties-Not
withstanding, any
of the provisions of this Handbook, in case
of secondary reinforcement, such as stirrups
and transverse ties, complete development
length and anchorage shall be deemed to
have been provided when the bar is bent
through an angle of at least 90 round a bar
of at least its own diameter and is continued
beyond the end of the curve for a length of
at least eight diameters, or when the bar is
TABLE 4.2 DEVELOPMENT

LENGTH

4.3.6 Special
Members - Adequate end
anchorage
shall be provided for tension
reinforcement
in flexural members where
reinforcement stress is not directly proportional to
moment, such as sloped, stepped or tapered
footings, brackets, deep beams and .members in

FOR

FULLY

x = 250 N/mm2 for bars

= 240

up lo

TENSION BARS FOR GRADE OF CONCRETE

n
t MIS
M20
M25
M30

(1)
mm
6
8
IO
I2
I6
I8
20
22
25
28
32
36
NOTE I -

PLAIN

BARS

N/mm for bars over 20 mm diameter

(Tabulated values are

BAR
DIAMETER

STRESSED

20 mm diameter

in centimctres)
COMPRESSOF; BARS FOR GRADE OF CONCRETE

h
r

MIS

M20

M25

M30

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

32.6
43.5
54.4
65.3
87.0
97.9
108.8
114.8
130.5
146.2
167.0
187.9

27.2
36.3
45.3
54.4
72.5
81.6
90.6
95.7
108.8
121.8
139.2
156.6

23.3
31.1
38.8
46.6
62. I
69.9
77.7
82.0
93.2
104.4
119.3
134.2

21.8
29.0
36.3
43.5
58.0
65.3
72.5
76.6
87.0

26. I
34.8
43.5
52.2
69.6
78.3
87.0
91.9
104.4
116.9
133.6
150.3

21.8
29.0
36.3
43.5
58.0
65.3
72.5
76.6
87.0
97.4
III.4
125.3

18.6
24.9
31.1
37.3
49.7
55.9
62.1
65.6
74.6
83.5
95.5
107.4

17.4
23.2
29.0
34.8
46.4
52.2
58.0
61.2
69.6
78.0
89.6
100.2

97.4
III.4
125.3

The development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 /I

in the bar,

NOTE 2 - It is important to note that hooks should normally be provided for plain bars in tension. Therefore. the
straight length required in such cases is equal lo the value taken from the table minus the anchorage value of hook.

TABLE

4.3 DEVELOPMENT

LENGTH

FOR

FULLY

STRESSED

DEFORMED

BARS

/, = 415 N/mm*
(Tabulated values are in centimetres)
BAR
DIAMETER
(1)
mm
6
8
IO
I2
I6
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
NOTE

32

TENSIOS BARS FOR GRADE OF COWRETE

&
f MI5
M20
M25
M30

COLIPRESSIONBARS FOR GRADE OF CONCRETE

A
I- Ml5
M25
M30
M20

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

33.8
45.1
56.4
67.7
90.3
101.5
I12.H
124.1
141.0
158.0
180.5
203. I

28.2
37.6
47.0
56.4
75.2
84.6
94.0
103.4
117.5
131.6
150.4
169.3

24.2
32.2
40.3
48.4
64.5
72.5
80.6
88.7
100.7
112.8
128.9
145.0

22.6
30. I
37.6
45.1
60.2
67.7
75.2
82.7
94.0
105.3
120.3
135.4

27. I
36. I
45.1
54.2
12.2
81.2
90.3
99.3
112.8
126.4
144.4
162.5

22.6
30.1
37.6
45.1
60.2
6j.7
75.2
82.7
94.0
105.3
120.3
135.4

19.3
25.8
32.2
38.7
51.6
58.0
64.5
70.9
80.6
90.3
103.2
116.1

IS.1
24. I
30. I
36. I
48.1
54.2
60.2
66.2
75.2
84.2
96.3
108.3

The development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 J, in the bars.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP:

TABLE 4.4 DEVELOPMENT

LENGTH

FOR FULLY STRESSED

DEFORMED

34(SdrT)-I987

BARS

X = 500 N/mm*
(Tabulated values are in antimetm)
BAR

COMPRESSION

TENSIONBARSFORGRADEOF CONCRETE
ADIAMETER
M20
MIS
M25
M30

(1)

(2)

mm
6
8
IO
I2
I6
I8
20
22
25
28
32
36

40.8
54.4
68.0
81.6
108.8
122.3
135.9
149.5
169.9
190.3
-217.5
244.1

NOTE-The

(3)

MIS

M20

(6)

(7)

(9

(4)

34.0
45.3
56.6
68.0
90.6
102.0
113.3
124.6
141.6
158.6
181.3
203.9

29. I
38.8
48.5
58.3
77.7
87.4
97, I
106.8
121.4
135.9
155.4
174.8

32.6
43.5
54.4
65.3
87.0
97.9
108.8
119.6
135.9
152.3
174.0
195.8

27.2
36.3
45.3
54.4
72.5
81.6
90.6
99.7
113.3
126.9
145.0
163.1

BARS FORGRADEOF CONCRE?E

M25
(8)

27.2
36.3
45.3
54.4
72.5
81.6
90.6
99.7
113.3
126.9
145.0
163.1

23.3
31.1
38.8
46.6
62.1
69.9
73.7
85.4
97. I
108.8
124.3
139.8

M30
(9)
21.8
29.0
36.3
43.5
58.0
65.3
72.5
79.8
90.6
101.5
116.0
130.5

development lengths given above are for a stress of 0.87 Jy in the bar.

THIS POINT IS TO BE
TREATED AS CUT-OFF

4.2A IN TENSION

ZONE

I
THIS POINT IS TO BE
TREATED AS CUT-OFF
POINT FOR THE PURPOSE
OF DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
IN COMPRESSION ZONE

4.28 IN COMPRESSION

FIG.

~ANZCOOK

ON CONCRETE

4.2 ANCHORING

REINFORCEMENT

AND

INCLINED

ZONE

BENT-UP

DETAILFNC;

BARS

33

sP : 34fM~)-1987
which the tension reinforcement is not parallel to
the compression face.
4.4 Reinforcement
Splicing - Splicing is
required to transfer force from one bar - t,o
another. Methods of splicing include lapping (see
4.4.2), welding (see Appendix A) and mechanical
means (see - 4.4.3).
4.4.1 Where
splices
are
provided
for
continuity in the reinforcing bars (tension bars in
beams), they shall be as far as possible away from
the sections of ,maximum stress and be staggered.
It is recommended that splice in flexural members
should not be at sections where the bending
moment is more thaa 50 percent of the moment of
resistance of the section. Not more than half the
bars shall & spliced at a section.
Where more than one half of the bars are
spllced at a section or where splices are made at
points of maximum stress, special precautions
shall be taken, such as increasing the length of lap
and/or using spirals or closely spaced stirrups
around the length of /the splice.
NATE l -The
stirru s provided should be able to resist a
tension equal to the fu PI tenstle force in the lapped bars and
should be provided in the outer one-third of the lap length
at both etids with at least three stirrups on either side (see
Fig. 4.3). In case of thick bars (say 4 > 28 mm), lap splices
shoutd be completely enclosed by transverse reinforcement,
for example. in the form of small compact stirrups or spirats
[see Fig. 4.4 (A and B)].

NOTE 2 -Careful

detailing
is necessary
when
reinforcements
are to be spliced. Therefore
location and
details of splices should be determined at the design stage
itself and indicated
in the drawing.
Preferably
splicing
details should not be left to be decided at the site of
construction.

44.2

Lap Splices

In cases where welding is not practicable,

lapping of bars larger than 36 mm may be
permitted, in which case additikal spirals
should be provided around the lapped bars
(see Fig. 4.4A).
of lap splices - Lap splices
shall bc considered as staggered if the
centre-toxentre distance of the splices is not
less than 1.3 times the lap length (see Fig. 4.5)
calculated as given in (c) below. Bars
could be lapped vertically one above the
other or horizontally, depending upon the
space requirement.

b) Staggering

cl Lup length in tension - Lap length includ-

ing anchorage value of hooks in flexural

tension shall be h or 30 4 whichever is
greater and for direct tension 2 Ld or 30 4
whichever is greater. The straight length
of the lap shall not be less than 15 4 or
200 mm, whichever is greater (see Fig. 4.6).
where
I,,, = development

NOTE- Splices in direct tension members shall be

enclosed in spirals made of bars not less than 6 mm in diameter with pitch not more than IO cm. Hooks/bends
shall
bc provided at the end of bars in tension members (see
Fig. 4.4C).

length
in compression
--The
lap
length in compression shall be equal to the
development length in compression calculated as in 4.2.2 (see Tables 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4),
but not less than 24 4.

d) Lap

of splice in a column - In
columns where longitudinal bars are offset
at a splice, the slope of the inclined portion
of the bar with the axis of the column shall
not exceed I in 6. and the portions of the

e) Requirement

a) Diameter of bars for lap splicing - Lap

splices shall not be used for bars larger than
36 mm. For larger diameters, bars may be
welded (see Appendix A).

-5FIG.

4.3

L
-P-

L-LAP

34

length

TRANSVERSE

REINFORCEMENT

HANDBOOB

AT A SPLICE

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(-T)-1987

4.4A

6mm min. SPIRAL

100 mm min. PITCH

SECTION

AA

4.4C

FIG. 4.4 POSSIBLEFORMSOF TRANSVERSE

REINFORCEMENT
AT A

I
I

8
)

f-

FIG. 4.5 STAGGERINGOF LAP SPLICES

HANDROOK

ON CONCRETE

RdINFORCEMENT

SPLICE

bars above and below the offset shall be

parallel to the axis of the column. Adequate
horizontal support at the offset bends shall
be treated as a matter of design, and shall
be provided by metal ties, spirals, or parts of
the floor construction. Metal ties or spirals
so designed shall be placed near (not more
than 8 do) from the point of bend. The
horizontal thrust to be resisted shall be
assumed as 1IA times the horizontal component of the nominal force in the inclined

AND DETAILING

3s

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

IN FLEXURAL

TENS!ON

WITHOUT

HOOKS

I( ANCHORAGE
VALUE DF HOOK OR
! BEND+ ST-RAIGHT LEN67H 1

c--v
L--m

.N FLEXURAL

0 IL DIAMETER

TENSION

IS

STRAIGHT
LENGTH
-4 1%) OR 100
-WHICHEVER
IS GREATER

t-

C Ld OR 304 jWHICHEVER
GREATER.

WITH -HOOKS

OF SMALLER

BAR

IN COMPRESSION
-4.6A BARS

36

IN TENSION

HANDBOOK

ANI)

COMIRI-SSLOS

ON CONCRETE

REINF0RWMC:N-T

AND I~ET,\II.IS~;

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

ONE MESH+100
mm+ 2 END OVERHANGS ,
LAP TIP TO TIP OF WIRE

ANSVERSE
LONGITUDINAL
MORE

THAN

WIRE

WIRE

HALF STRESS

END AND

EDGE LAPS

/-ONE

MESH + SO-mm ,
Lhl$ &\;EO
TIP

TRANSVERSE
WIRES\

ONGITUDINAL

HALF STRESS

END LAP

WIRES

TRANSVERSE

HALF STRESS
4.6H

EDGE LAP

WEI.I)EI)
WlKE FAHKIC

FIG. 4.6 LAP LENGTH

4.4.2.1

portion of the bar (see Fig. 4.7). Offset bars

shall be bent before they-arc placed in the

forms. Where column faces are offset 75 mm

or more. splices oP<erticaI bars adjacent to
the offset fact shall bc made by separate dowels

overlapped at specified about.

NoI+. It is IO bc noted that in Fig. 4.7. additional
stirrups will bc rcquircd only near the bottom crank.
f)

Bars
c?f d#t?retil
dianrerers - When bars
of two different diameters are to be spliced,
the lap length shall be calculated on the
basis of diameter of the smaller bar.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REISWR<EM):NT

AND

a)

Lup splices in welded

wire Jabric

The fabric is supplied in long mats/rolls and

it is rarely necessary to have a joint of the
main wires. The rigidly connected crossmembers provide mechanical anchorage.
Adequate lapping where necessary may be
provtded with a comparatively short lap
when cross wires occur within the lap.

b) In structural slabs, laps in regions of maximum stress shall be avoided. Such splices,
where used for either end or edge laps.
shall be made so that the distance between

DETAILING

37

c
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
OF THE FORCE lN THE
INCLINED PORTION TO
BE TAKFN BY LINKS
AT A

rl

NO LINKS
ARE REQUIRE 0
AT 0

OUTER FACE
OF COLUMN

IN 6tmax.)

-TLAP
LENGTH

1
FIG.4.7SPLICE

CONSTRUCTION
JOINT

WITH OFFSET CRANKED BAR IN A COLUMN

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34(55&T)-19%7
outermost cross wires is not less than the
spacing of the wire parallel to the lap plus
100 mm (see Fig. 4.6).
In other cases for end laps, welded wire
fabric shall be lapped not less than one mesh
plus 50 mm, that is, the length of the lap
shall be 50 mm greater than the spacing of
wires parallel to the lap. For edge laps, a
lap of 50 mm is sufficient (see Fig. 4.6).

These lengths should be marked before hand on

the ends of the bars to be spliced except when a
visual check on penetration is possible (for
example, sleeve with a central sight hole):
a) Threaded couplefs (see Fig. 4.8) - In order
to prevent any decrease in the end sections
of the bar as a result of threading (with Vform or round threads), they can be:

These requirements for lapping should be

covered by suitable notes in the general
specifications. But whether specified by
wordings or shown on plans, certain distinction should be made between edge laps
and end laps.
The width of an edge lap shall
as the centre-to-centre distance
outside of longitudinal salvage
overlapping sheets as illustrated

be indicated
between the
wires of the
in Fig. 4.6.

The length of an end lap shall be indicated

as the top-to-top distance between the ends
of the longitudinal wires of the overlapping
sheets.
4.4.3 Welded S lices and Mechanical Connections - Where tRe strength of a welded splice
or mechanical connection has been proved by
tests to be at least as great as that of the parent
bai, the design strength of such connections shall
be taken as equal to 80 percent of the design
strength of the bar for tension splice and 100
percent of the design strength for the compression
splice. However, 100 percent of the design
strength may be assumed in tension when the
spliced area forms not more than 20 percent of
the total area of steel at the section and the splices
are staggered at least 600 mm centre-to-centre.
The choice of splicing method depends mainly
on the cost, the grade of steel, the type of
reinforcement,
generally
high bonding, the
possibility of transferring compressive and/ or
tensile stresses and the available space in the
section concerned. The designer shall specify the
splicing method and the conditions under which it
is to be carried out.
Mechanical coupling devices shall be arranged
so that as small a umber as possible affect a
single section. They hould, in addition, be placed
outside the most
d hly stressed sections.
4.4.3.1 Sleeve splicing - If correctly used,
sleeve connections
may transmit
the total
compressive or tensile stress. In general, the use of
these sleeves is governed by various conditions
laid down in the agreement for the method or, in
the absence of recommendations, by preliminary
testing.
During assembly, particular care shall be taken
to ensure that the lengths introduced into the
sleeve are sufficient.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

FIG. 4.8 TH~EDEDCOUPLERS

(THREADINGLIMITED
TO THE ENDS OF BARS)

1) upset;
2) for long units, fitted with larger section
threaded ends by flash welding; or
3) fitted with a threaded sleeve by crimping.
Another solution consists of threading the
ends but only taking into consideration the
nominal section of the threaded end, that is,
reducing the permissible stress in the
reinforcement.
The ends of the sleeve shall be slightly
reduced in section .in order to prevent
overstressing of the first few threads.
bars
There are, at present, reinforcin
with oblique, discontinuous., spira f ribs,
allowing splicing with a specral sleeve with
internal threads.
This same process is used to splice
prestressing bars, and in order to prevent
confusion between reinforcing bars and
prestressing steels, the direction of threading
is reversed (see Fig. 4.9).

FIG. 4.9 COUPLERFOR REINFORCINGBARS

(420 To 428)

DETAILING

39

SP :
Two lock nuts. tightened on each side of
the sleeve into which the reinforcing bars are
introduced to the same depth, prevent -any
accidental unscrewing due to slack in the
threads (splices not under tension). The nuts
are tightened with a torque wrench.

This device is also

prefabricated elements.

1) With the Thermit

sleeve the space

between the deformed bars and the sleeve,
whose internal surface is also ribbed, is
tilled with a special molten metal. This
molten metal is prepared in a crucible,
which is in communication with the
sleeve, by igniting a mixture consisting
mainly of iron oxide and aluminium
powder. The strength of the sleeve may
be increased by using a larger sleeve
diameter (see Fig. 4.13).

used for splicing

These joints are generally 100 percent

efficient
under
both
tension
and
compression.

The sleeve is shorter but wider than

that used in the crimping method. The
bars are not in contact.

To decrease the itt-siru operations. one of

the ends is generally fitted with its sleeve in
advance and the other bar to be joined
with the sleeve should remainmanoeuvrable
until the splice has been made (sre Fig.
4. IO).

b)

Crimped
sleeves constitute a method of splicing
limited to relatiyely large diameter deformed
reinforcing
bars. It consists
of the
introduction of the bars to be spliced into a
sleeve which is crimped by means of a
hydraulic crimping tool onto the ribbed bars
in order to fill the voids between them and
theinner surface of the sleeve. The ribs on
the bar penetrate into the relatively softer
steel of the sleeve and the ribs work in shear.
CouplittK

\c*itlt a crimped

Splicing by crimping is also possible with

reinforcing bars of differing diameter. The
same method also enables threaded steel
rods to be spliced to reinforcing barsusing
high strength threaded bolts (see Fig. 4.12).
Coupling
n*irh
injected
sleeves - These
couplings are a special case of sleeve
splicing; the stresses are distributed by the
shear strength of the product injected
between the ends of the bars to be sleeve
spliced:

FIG.

40

2) Similar method is the injection of grout

sleeve --

During crimping the sleeve lengthens, and

the other reinforcing bar to be spliced
should be displaceable at this moment. The
sire of the crimping device requires a bar
interspacing of at least IO cm (see Fig.
4.1 I).

Cl

The splice may be made in any

direction as long as space allows the
crucible to be put into place.

4.10

SPLICING

or an epoxy resin between the sleeve and

the bars. The length of the sleeve is
necessarily greater (see Fig. 4.14).

d)

The end sections, in contact within the device,

shall be perfectly at right angles to the axis of the
spliced bars.
Another method involves the use of 4 small
diameter ribbed bars which are tightened, using
pliers, with 3 ring-clamps. The advantage of this
method, in comparison to the previous one, is the
fact that it allows a portion of the tensile stress to
be taken up.
For bars with ribs in the form of a thread, a
butt splice may be made with a sleeve, but with
greater facility.
There are also sleeves consisting of a metallic
cylinder, the internal diameter of which fits the
bars to be spliced. This sleeve is fixed to one of
the reinforcing bars by a few welding points: a
hole at the centre of the sleeve enables one to
check that there is contact between the bars. This

WITH

HANDBOOK

Butt
splices For this purpose open
flanged sleeves made from steel strip can be
used. They are tightened onto the bars by
the introduction of a flat tapered wedge (see
Fig. 4.15).

THREDED

COUPLERS

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

FIG. 4. I I CRIMPED SLEEVS

I. trim d sleeve
2. reinfpe
orcement bar
3. sleeve

4. threaded bolt
5. internal thread
6. concrete

7. sleeve crimped on to
the bar and embedded in
concrete

FIG. 4.12 SLEEVECRIMPED ON TO A THREDED ROD

economical method of splicing, which is easy to
apply, can only transmit compressive stresses.
4.4.3.2 Main advantages and disadvantages
of mechanical coupling

a) The use of mechanical couplers is frequently

justified when space does-not allow lapping,

although crrmRmg and trghtenmg tools require accessibtlity which may reduce this
advantage.

W This splicing method often requires more

careful cutting of the reinforcing bar, a

check which is more difficult than in the
case of 1apping;it also requires the use of
reinforcing bars of the same diameter, and
mobility of one of the two bars to be spliced.

c) Good perfor

ante of the splice is not

endangered di: special atmospheric conditions as in welding.

d) The cost of equipment and its use limit this

method to exceptional

cases only.

NOTE- Some mechanical methods of splicing of reinforcement which are in vogue in this country make use of the
following principles:
a) A special grade steel sleeve is swaged on to reinforcing
bars to be joined with the help of a portabk hydraulically operated bar grip press either at site or at stocking
yard.
HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

b) Two sleeves with threaded ends are drawn together by an

interconnecting stud. These sleeves are then swayed on to
the reinforcing bars either at site or at the stocking yard.

4.4.3.3 Welded splices (or joints) - The

details of welding mild steel bars and cold-worked
steel bars in accordance with IS : 2751-1979 Code
of practice for welding of mild steel plain and
deformed
bars
for reinforced
concrete
construction yirst revision) and IS : 9417-1979
Recommendations for welding cold-worked steel
bars for reinforced
concrete
construction*
respectively are covered in Appendix A.

4.5

Hooks

and Bends

4.5.1 Hooks and bends, and other anchorage

of reinforcement in reinforced concrete shall be of
such form, dimensions and arrangement as will
ensure their adequacy without over-stressing the
concrete or steel.

4.5.2 Where normal hooks are used. they

should be of U-type or L-type; but usually U-type
is preferred for mild steel bars and L-type for
deformed bars. If the radius of the bend or hooks
conforms to that of the standard hooks or bends
in longitudinal bars, the bearing stresses inside the
bend in concrete need not be checked (see 4.5.2.1
and 4.5.2.2).

AND DETAiLINC

41

SP : 34(S&T)-I987

I. deformed
2. grout
3. sleeve

FIG.

bar

4.14 SPLICING

4. vent-hole
5. injection pipe
6. spacer plug

SLEEVES

WITH

GROUTED

WITH

SLEEVE AND WEDGE

11

I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

deformed bar
prefabricated
element
thermit sleeve
prefabricated
element
Insulation (asbestos)
ignition device
crucible

8.
9.
IO.
I I.
12.
13.

iron oxide-aluminium
plugging disc
spliced length (260
thermit sleeve
bedding
asbestos

FIG. 4.13 THERMIT

mixture
mm)

FIG. 4.15

SLEEVE

COUPLING

4.5.2.1
Bearing stresses ut bends - The dangerous situation is that of a bar, the layout of
bearing stress in concrete for bends/ hooks in which is parallel to a surface or wall. Safety can
stirrups and ties conforming to 4.3.5(b) need not be substantially increased by inclining the curve
be checked as there is a transverse bar at each . zone towards the mass of concrete wherever
possible, a condition which frequently occures in
bend. The bearing stress inside a bend in all other
cases should ureterably be calculated as given in anchorage. However, it may be noted that
IS : 456-1978 also exempts check for bearing
the tollowing formula (see Fig. 4.16). The most
41

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
la ,(FOR
.

INTERNAL

BARS)

1
c-i

FOR END BARS

SECTION-XX
4.16A

BEARING

STRESS

AT

BENDS

10 4

Ii

-.

a 1 FOR END BARS 1

a 1 FOR INTERMEDIATE

SECTION-Y

4.168 MINIMUM
INTERNAl.
RADIUS
OF BEND FOR
ANCHORAGE
OF FULLY WRESSED
TENSION
FIG.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

4.16 BEARING

REINFORCEMENT

STRESS AT

AND

DETAILING

INTERNAL

EFFECTIVE
BARS
BENDS

BARS 1

SP : M@&T)-1987
sfress in concrete for standard hooks and bends
described in Table 4.1.

adjacent to the face of the member, a shall be

taken as the cover plus size of bar.
In other words, the minimum radius of the
bend, r, should be such that

33earingstress, u = 2
WA@%

r 2 0.4564 (i)(

& = tensile force due to design loads in a bar

or grip
of bars (N);
r = interns!

When the large steel stresses need to be

developed il. he bend, radial bearing stresses in
the concrete may become excessive. The above
equation controls the diameter of bend when
there is a combination of high tensile stress in the
bend. large bar diameter and low concrete
strength. To simplify the application of the above
formula minimum radius of bend is given in Table
4.5 for different grades of concrete and steel.

radius of the bend (mm); and

@ = size sf the bar or, if in bundle, the size of

bar of equivalent area (mm).
For limit state method of design, this stress
shall cot

oxcecd

1.5 fck
_I+_?!&

where fCk is the

~h~ra~t~~~ti~ strength of concrete and a, for a

particular bar or group of bars in contact shall be
taken as a centre-to-centre distance between bars
or groups of bars perpendicular to the plane of
the bend (mm); for a bar or group of bars
TABLE

4.5 MINlMUM

RADIUS

OF

BEND

4.5.2.2 If a change in direction of tension or

compression reinforcement induces a resultant
force acting outward tending to split the concrete,
such force should be taken up by additional links

FOR

(Chuse

BARS

20

415

DIAMETER OF BAR IN mm
L
I6
20

12

25

32

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

1::;
15.0

;::
8.6

17.9
13.5
12.0
11.3
10.6

21.7
19.9
17.3
16.1
14.8

39.5
27.4
23.3
21.3
19.3

57.0
38.0
31.7
28.5
25.3

86.6
55.4
45.1
39.9
34.1

2.5
5.0
1.5
IO.0
15.0

10.3
8.0
7.2
6.8
6.5

13.4
10.1
9.0
8.5
8.0

20.8
14.9
13.0
12.1
II.1

29.6
:t :t
16.0
14.7

42.8
28.5
23.8
21.4
19.0

65.0
41.6
33.8
29.9
26.0

22.7
17.7
16.0
15.1
14.3

29.7
22.4
20.0
18.8
17.6

46.0
33. I
28.8
26.6
24.5

::::
38.7
35.3
32.0

94.6
50.5
52.6
47.3
42.1

143.7
92.0
74.8

17.0
13.3
:2.0
II.3
10.7

22.3
16.8
15.0
14.1
13.2

34.5
24.8
21.6
20.0
18.4

48.8
34.1
29.0
26.5
24.0

71.0
37.9
39.5
35.5
31.6

107.8
69.0
56. I
49.7
43.2

21.4
21.3
19.3
18.2
17.2

35.8
27.0
24. I
22.6
21.2

55.5
39.9
34.7
32.1
29.5

79.0
z:
42:6
38.5.

114.0
76.0
63.3
57.0
50.7

173.2
110.9
90.2
79.8
69.4

20.6
16.0
14.5

26.9
20.3
18.1
17.0
15.9

41.6
29.9
26.0
24. I
22. I

59.3
41.0
35.0
32.0
28.9

85.5
57.0
41.5
42.8
38.0

130.0
83.2
67.7
59.9
52.0

2.5
:.I:
1o:o
IS.0
2.5
5.0
I?:
15:o

20

IN cm

13.7
10.6

I;::
15.0

15

AT BENDS

2.5
5.0

::i

300

STRESSED

(3)

15

20

-10

FULLY

4.5,2. I)

cm

1 + T)

t;:;

:: f

NOTE- The minimum radius is based on the full design stress in steel at the bend. In the absence
of more precise calculations, it may be assumed that the tensile stress due to the anchorage at the source
of a hook is equa! to half the stress on the bar, by reasons of its mechanical strength.

e
:;

44

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

1
;
,
1
,$
3
I

or stirrups. Accordingly in structural components

with curved or angled soffits, or those formed
iKith bends or corners, it should be ensured that
the radial tensile forces due to changes in the
direction of reinforcement
are resisted by
additional links (see Fig. 4.17). Bent tension bar
at a re-entrant angle should be avoided.

..

NOTE I - A point at which reinforcement

is no longer
required to resist flexure is where the resistance moment of
the section, considering only the continuing bars, is equal to
the design moment.
NOTE 2 --The points at which reinforcement
can be
curtailed is to be based\ on the bending moment envelope
developed by the designer. It should be noted that the use of
envelope helps in achieving better design. A typical bending
moment envelope considering various loading conditions
is given in Fig. 4.22.

:;

bar diameter, whichever is greater, except at

simple support or end of cantilever. Figures 4.18
to 4.21 illustrate the requirement at cut-off point
and at supports in flexural members.

Figure 4.23 gives a standard bending moment diagram

(based on uniformly distributed load) to enable designers to
choose locations for curtailment
of reinforcement.
In any
case the curtailment
of reinforcement
should fulfill the
requirements
given in 4.6.1 to 4.6.4.

4.17A

TENSION

BAR

IN

A CURVED

4.6.2
Flexural
reinforcement
shall not,
preferably, be terminated in a tension zone unless
any one of the followina conditions is satisfied
(see Fig. 4.18):
y

SOFFIT

4 The shear at the cut-off point does not

exceed two-thirds that permitted, including
the shear strength of web reinforcement
provided.
I PROVIDE LINKS TO RESIST FORCE ?I. TENStON)
4.179

COMPRESSION

BAR

IN

HOGGING

BEAM

I) AT @ PROVIDE LINKS
TO RESIST FORCE N
ii1 AT @

PROVIDE

___ _.--!,lN

4.17C

COMPRESSION

BAR

IN

DOTTED

A CORNER

FIG. 4.17 RADIAL FORCES IN REINFORCEMENT

b) Stirrup area in excess of that required

for
shear and torsion is provided along each
terminated bar over a distance from the cutoff point equal to three-fourths the effective
depth of the member. The excess stirrup
area (mm) shall be not less than 0.4 b s/f*,
where b is the breadth of beam (mm), s is the
spacing (mm) and fY is the characteristic
strength of reinforcement (N/mm). The
resulting spacmg shall not exceed (d/8) &,
where /I&is the ratro of the area of bars cut-off
to the total area of bars at the section and d is
the effective depth.

c) For 36 mm and smaller bars, the continuing

4.5.2.3 The minimum straight length of
hook is four times the bar diameter. For small
diameter bars this should be a minimum of
5Omm in order to facilitate holding the bar in
place while forming the hook. The hooks when
formed are quite large and while detailing it is
important to ensure that they do not foul with
other reinforcement, particularly where beams
have more than one row of bars.
4.5.2.4 Reinforcing bars shall be so detailed
that the hooks are not positioned in tensile zones
of concrete as this may cause cracking. It is better
to bend the bars so that the hooks and bars
terminate in compression zones or so lengthen the
bars to eliminate the need for hooks.
4.4 Curtailment of Tension Reinforcement in
Flexural Members
4.6.1 For curtailment,
reinforcement
shall
extend beyond the point at which it is no longer
required to resist flexure for,a distance equal to
the effective depth of the member or 12 times the
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

bars provide double the area required for

flexure at the cut-off point and the shear
does not exceed three-fourths that permitted.
4.6.3

Positive

Moment

Reinforcement

a) At least one-third the maximum positive

moment reinforcement in simple members
and one-fourth
the maximum
positive
moment
reinforcement
in continuous
members shall extend along the same face
of the member into the support, to a length
equal to L,,/3 (see Fig. 4.18). where L is the
development length based on fully stressed
bars. This is required to provide for some
shifting of the moment due to changes in the
loading, settlement of supports, lateral
loads and other causes.
b) When a
primary
positive
extended
(a) shall
DETAILING

flexural member is part of a

lateral load resisting system, the
reinforcement
required
to be
into the support according to
be anchored to develop its design
IS

BARS SHOULD HAVE STANDARD 9$8END,

REQUIRED TO BE BENT TO ACHIEVE
Ld/a

IF

SUPPORT

*whichever
is greater
A is the point at which
Any one of the conditions

MOMENT

of steel is no longer required

at the actual cut-off point, B:
_
i) For bars <#36 , -A, 2 2Az and V. IP a V
3
ii) Excess stirrup area (than that is required from design) in a distance ofqd from the cut-off

IIIJ v. I+
Notations

certain amount
to be satisfied

point along the terminated

: A, =
& =
V. =
V=
A, =
A2 =
S =

b =
d =
/, =
&=

bar

0.46s
Q___._
h

with spacing

&$A&

positive moment steel as per

actual design
development
length based on fully stressed bars
shear at the cut-off point
shear strength of the section
the critical area of steel required at the cut-off point
area of continuing
steel
spacing of stirrups without cutting of steel
breadth of member
effective depth
characteristic
strength of reinforcement
area of bars cut-off
Total

area

FIG. 4.18 TENSILE DEVELOPMENT

DISCONTINUOUS

--.----._. ,-_____

DIAGRAM

LENGTHS FOR POSITIVE MOMENT STEEL. IN SLAR~BEAM WITH ONE SIDE C~NTINU~LJS

--- --_----____ ___~__

-----9w-_

,_____

c__.

AND

THE OTHER

SP : 34(SX:T)-1987
stress (fully developed stress) in tension at
the face of the support
(see Fig. 4.19).
This anchorage
is to assure ductility
of
response in the event of unexpected
overstress such as from an earthquake.
It is not
sufficient to use more reinforcement
at lower
re uirement
stresses. The full anchorage
does not apply to any excess rein ?orcement
over and above that provided at the support.
At simple supports and at points of inflection, positive moment tension reinforcement
shall be limited to a diameter such that
Ld does not exceed (see Fig. 4.18)

where
M, = moment
of resistance
of the section
assuming all reinforcement
at the section
to be stressed to fd;
fd = 0.87 fy in the case of limit state design;
Y = shear

force

at the section;

and

beyond the centre

of the support and the equivalent anchorage value of any hook or mechanical
anchorage at simple support; and at a
point of inflection, L, is limited to
the effective depth of the members or
124~, whichever is greater.

L,, =,sum

of the anchorage

The value of MI/

be increased by 30
reinforcement are
reaction. In routine

V in the above expression may

percent when the ends of the
confined by a compressive
design calculations, it may be

increase the area of positive

section considered,
whereby
resort to botli the steps.

reinforcement
at the
MI is increased,
or

4.6.4
Negative Moment Reinforcement - At
least one-third of the total tension reinforcement
provided for negative moment at the support shall
extend beyond the point of inflection (PI) not less
than the effective depth of the member or 12 & or
one-sixteenth
of the clear s an, whichever
1s
greater (see Fig. 4.20 and 4. !?I).
4.7 Spacing
of Reinforcement
~~ For
the
purpose of this clause, the diameter of a round
bar shall be its nominal diameter, and in the case
of bars which are not round or in the case of
deformed bars or crimped bars, the diameter shall
be taken as the diameter
of a circle giving an
Where
spacing
equivalent
effective
area.
limitations
and minimum
concrete
cover are
based on bar diameter, a group of bars bundled in
contact shall be treated as a single bal of diameter
derived from the total equlvalen!
arca.
4.8

Bars Bundled

in Contact

4.8.1
Genera/-- Bars in pairs, or in groups of
3 or 4 tied together and in contact side by side
(boundled
bars) may be .Ised ir, beams and
columns. This has been the practice in USA for
in most
many
years, and is now permitted
countries
including
India.
As bundled bais provide more reinforcrment
in
less space than do single bars, ir is possibie to ,
reinforce a member more heavily and still get
better compaction
of concrete. Beam and column
sizes can thus often be reduced with saving in
cost.

need be made. When the requirement

Bundled bars shall not be used in members

without
stirrups.
Bundled
bars shall be tied
together to ensure the bars remain together as a
bundle. Bars larger than 36 mm diameter shall not
be bundled except in columns.

is not satisfied, Jhe designer should either reduce

Whenever
bar spacing limitations,
minimum
cover, tie size and spacing are based on bar
diameter, a group of bars bundled in contact shall

found that $>

Ld, and hence no further check

the diameter of bars, whereby & is reduced, or

EDGE

A+

COLUMN

LINTERIOR

COLUMN

L,, is development length based on fully strcs& bars.

FIG. 4.19 TENSILE ANCHORAGE OF POSITIVE MOMENT STEEL IN BEAMS (WHEN BEAMS ARE
PART OF A LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM)
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFPRCEMENT

AND DETAILING

41

SP:34(S&T)-1987

*whichever is greater
A is thecritical cut-off point at which certain amount of reinforcement is no longer
,B is actual cut-off point
PI is point of infection

FIG.

required

4.20TENSILE DEVELOPMENT LENGTH FOR NEGATIVE MOMENT AT CONTINUOUS EDGE

1.

4,

Ast

124OR

d*
I

-BEAM

*Whichever
FIG.

4.21TENSILE

OR SLAB

is greater
DEVEI.OPMENT

LENGTHS

FOR

POSITIVE

MOMENT

STEEL

AT

DISCONTINUOUS ENDS

be treated as a single bar of diameter derived from

the total
equivalent
area
(see Table
4.6).
However, the cover provided should be measured
from the actual outside contour
of the bundle.
NOTE I - Unless patented splices are used, the bundling
of bars in columns is not recommended,
as all joints have to
be staggered. However, even when patented splices are used
the necessary staggering of splices makes assembly difficult
and prefabrication
cumbursome.

48

HANDBOOK

NOTE 2 --- It is recommended

to limit the bundle only to
two bars or three bars as four bars many times do not tie
into a stable bundle.

4.82
Development
of bundled bars shall
bar, increased
by IO
contact, 20 percent for
33 percent
for four
ON CONCRETE-

Length - Ld of each bar

be that for the individual
percent for two bars in
three bars in contact and
bars
in contact.
The

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

(PRISMATIC

BEAM

, MAX.LEFT
I

4 SPANS

MAX

PARTIAL

LOADING

1 I
I i
REDISTRIBUTED

MOMENTS

FIG. 4.22 A TYPICAL

TABLE

4.6 EQUIVALENT

(30%

BENDING

MOMENT 1 ENVELOPE

BAR

FOR

SIZE

(Chuse

BARS

IN GROUPS

4.8. I)

BAR

BUNDLED

SIZE

(4)

Area

2 BARS
A
Equivalent
Size

BARS

Area

3 Bars
A
Equivalent
size

Area

--_
4 Bars
1
Equivalent
size

(1)

(2)

;3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

mm

mm2

mm

mm

mm

mm2

mm

IO
12
16
18
20
22
25
28
32

157
226
402
509
628
760
982
I.231
I 608

I4
I7
23
25
28
31
35
40
45

236
339
603
763
942
I 140
I 473
I 847
2412

17
21
28
31
35
38
43
50
55

314
453
804

HANDBOoK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

1017
I 257
I 520
lW3
2463
3216

20
24
32
36
40
44
50
56
64

SP:34(S&T)-1987
anchorages of the bars of a bundle can only be
straight anchorages.
.4.8.3 Curtailment - Bars in a bundle shall
terminate at different points spaced apart by not
less than 40 times the bar diameter except for
bundles stopping at a support (see Fig. 4.24).

4.8.4 Splicing - In case of bundled bars,

lapped splices of bundled bars shall be made by
splicing one bar at a time, such individual splices
within a bundle shall be staggered. For bundles of
2, 3 or 4 bars, the staggering distance should be
1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 times the anchorage length of the
individual bars respectively.

A
4.24A

BiJNDLE

4.248

BUNDLE

.4.24C

BUNDLE

LAST

ON CONCRETE

OF

BARS

CARRIED

TO A SUPPORT

TERMINATED
AT THEORETICAL
OFF POINT
STAGGERING
ALL BARS

CUT

TERMINATED
AT THEORETICAL
CUT
OFF POINT
PAIR TERMINATED
SIMULTANEOUSLY

.FIG. 4.24

HANDBOOK

CURTAILMENT

REINFORCEMENT

AND

OF BUNDLED

DETAILING

BARS

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION

Bar Bending Schedule

(Including Dos and Donts in Detailing)

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION
BAR

BENDING SCHEDULE (INCLUDING

DONTS IN DETAILING)

5.1

Bar bending schedules are very im ortant

out of detailing and should give the fo Plowing
information:

a) Identification

of the structural

member(s),

b) Position of the bars in the structure,

cl The bar mark,
4 The diameter or size of bar,
e) The number of bars of dne type in each
structural

member,

f-l The total number of bars of each type,

.d The total straight length of the bar,

h) The shape and bending dimensions of the
bar,

j) The details of bar chairs can also be included, and

k) Remarks, if any.
5.2

Schedules

5.2.1

The reinforcement of slabs, beams and

other parts of structures may be effectively shown
on working drawings in a tabular form, known as
a schedule. The schedule is a compact summary of
the dimensions of the concerned structural part,
all the bars complete with the number of pieces,
shape and size, lengths and bending details from
which fabrication details may be easily worked
out. The dimensioning procedure for different bar
shapes as shown in Tables 5.1 to 5.7 may be
followed.
NOTE- The value of length is the length of straight bar
from which the actual shatx will be bent or for a straight
bar. the length of that bar. This length will be equal-to
the sum of individual
overall
lengths of the straight
portions of each shape

5.2.2 A schedule shall be supplemented with

diagrams and sketches wherever necessary. Where
bars of different dimensions are used, the exact
arrangement of the reinforcement shall be shown
by means of clear diagrams. No abbreviation or
symbol shall be used in a schedule without proper
explanation.

5.2.3 For small structures detailed on a single

sheet, the schedule may be placed in the upper left
corner of the drawing. For larger structures
requiring more than one drawing, the complete
schedule may appear on the last sheet of the
details, or if the size of the strucutre warrants,
HANDBOOK

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DOS AND

separate schedules may be prepared for each unit

(foundation,
abutements,
piers, etc) on the
drawing covering that specific unit of the
structure.
5.3 Beams, Girders and Joists - Details of reinforcement for beams, girders and joists are usually
shown in schedules. The schedules should show
the number, mark and location of member;
number, size, position and length of straight bars;
number, size, position, bending details and total
length of bent bars and stirrups; size, shape and
spacing of bar supports; and any other special
information necessary for proper fabrication and
placement of the reinforcement (see Table 5.8).
Care shall be taken not to omit any controlling
dimension such as overall length of the bar, height
of the bent bar and location of bar with respect to
supporting menibers where the bar is no1 placed
symmetrically. The schedule should also include
special notes on bending and any special
information, such as the requirements of laps, two
layers of steel, etc.
5.4 Slabs-The
reinforcement
for slabs is
generally indicated on the plan, with details for
the various types of bent bars shown in a schedule
(see Table 5.8). The schedule shall be similar to
that for bars in beams, except that the number of
bars may also be obtained from the plan. Panels
exactly alike shall be given an identifying mark or
so specified in the schedule.
5.4.1 In skewed panels, bars shall be fanned to
maintain
given spacing in the mid span.
Additional bars for reinforcing the openings shall
be as shown on plan (see Section 9).
5.4.2 In case of welded wire fabric sheet in
slab panels, a schedule may also be included in
the structural drawing indicating the mesh sizes
(length and width) and fitting details for welded
wire fabric sheets for different slab panels. A
typical schedule is given in Table 5.9.
5.5 Walls - The reinforcement for walls shall be
indicated on the plan, elevation and section with
the details for various types of bent bars shown in
schedule in a manner similar to that for beams
and slabs.
5.6 Columns - The reinforcement for columns
may be shown in a column schedule. Piles and
pile caps should be treated as separate units and
separate details or schedule or both may be
provided.
The
main
schedule
may be
supplemented with a smaller schedule for ties and
DETAILINCs

55

SP : WS&T)-1987

DIMENSIONS
CONCRETE

TABLE 5.1MEASUREMENT OF BENDING

BARS FOR REINFORCED
(Chse

R~F
No.

METHOD OF MEAsUREMENTOF
BENDING DIMENSIONS

OF

5.2.1)

APPROX TOTAL
LENGTH OF
BAR (9 MEASURED
ALONG CENTRE

SKETCH AND
DIMENSIONS ~6 BE
GIVEN m SCHEDULE

LINE

STRAIGHT

H2H

I+B

1+2B

NOII: I
Where a hook/bend
in the schedule. the hook/bend
Bend Hook up /
NOII:

H and

B refer

is to be formed at right angles to the plane in which the bending sketch of the bar is drawn
shall be indicated as below and marked either hook/bend
up or hook/bend
down:
&ndiHook
down _

to hook

allowance

anu

bend allowance

HANDBOOK

respectively,

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

TABLE

5.2 MEASUREMENT

OF BENDING

FOR REINFORCED

DIMENSIONS

OF BARS

CONCRETE

(Ckruw 5.2.1)

REF

No.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
OF
BENDING DIMENSIONS

APPROX TOTAL
LENGTH of BAR (L)
~@WJRED ALONG

CENTRELINE

Where C is more than

1D

A+C+E

If angle w$h horizontal

h 450or Icw, and R ia
12d or less
A+C+E+W
or
1+2t?+cJ&77
(If I is specified. A or
E is omitted)

If angle with horizontal

is 45oor less. and R h
-12d or less
A+C,+Cz+E+F+W
or IfC,+CZ+2H
-~ccB--dC
(If I is specified, A, E
or F is omitted)

SKETCH AND
DIMENSIONS
To BE GIVEN
IN SCHEMJLE

--=s
A

(see Note 2)

(we Note 2)

NI)ll, I
Where a hook/bend is to be formed at right angles IO the plane in which the bending sketch of the bar is draw.
in the schedule, the hook/bend shall be indicated as below and marked either hook/bend up or hook/bend dowr
Hcnd Hook up /
;
Bend/Hook down \_

Nc~,rr:2

The internal radius

R shall be specified if it is other than standard

Nol-I: 3 -~H and B refer to hook allowance and bend allowance respectively.

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

hook and b&d.

SP : 34(S&Tj-1987

TABLE

5.3 MEASUREMENT

OF

BENDING

REINFORCED
(C/ruse

REF
No.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENP oc
BENDING DIMENSIONS

DIMENSIONS

OF

BARS

5.2.1)

APP~.OX TOTAL LENGTH OF

BAK iL) MEASURED ALONG

SKETCH AND DiMENSIONS

TO
GIVEN
IN
SCHEDULE

CENTRE LINE

r
A

FOR

CONCRETE

IL.

t
L!L
ri
LEA
LL-E-4

A+E-1/R-d

BE

(See Notes
and 3)

l-

At

E-1/2R-d+25

L
E

(See Notes

and

C-------l

c
R

A+ E-HR-d+ZH

3)

(See Noits
and 3)

CI----E-4

N(YIV I - Where a hook; bend is to be formed at right angler to the plane in which the bending sketch of the bar IS drawn.
in the achcdulc.
the hook:bend
shall be indicated as below and marked either hook/bend
up or hook/bend
down:
Hcnd Hook up /
Bend, Hook down _
R shall

Nor,.

fhc

NorI:

//. 5 and cl refer to hok allowance.

internal

radius

be specified

if it is other

bend

ZIANDBOOY

allowance

than
and

standard
nominal

ON CONCRETE

hook

and

size of bar

bend.
respectively.

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

TABLE 5.4 MEASUREMENT

OF BENDING
DIMENSIONS
REINFORCED CONCRETE
(C/WC

REF
No.

METHOD

OF

MEASUREMENT

OF BENDING

DIhlENsloNs

OF BARS FOR

5.2.1)

APPROX
BAR

TOTAL

(15)

LENGTH

MEASURED

CENTRE

OF

ALONG

LINE

SKETCH
AND DIMENSIONS TO RE
GIVEN
IN
SCHEDULE

fa
9!i=T
.!!

TL
A

A+E+

5-r
LA_

&

D+iH

D
E

,f

If angle
or less

with

horizontal

is 45

__J-T
A-

A+E

C&e Note

II angle with horizontal

is 45
or less and R is 12d or less
A+E+2H
If angle is reater than 49
R exceeds k2d. I. to be
calculated

If angle
or less

with

horizontal

and

2)

c&d
A

(SW Note

2)

IS 45

A+B+C+t!-2(R+d)
II angle is greater than 45
H exceeds I2d. I_ to be
calculated

w
R

11

and

(See Note

21

\
1+2H

I
(See Note 2)

Where a hook !~nd is to be fo;med at right angles to the plane in which the bending sketch of bar is drawn in
No:1 I
up or hook/bend
down:
the scl~cd~lc. the hook bend $hull be indicated as belo% and marked either hook/bend
Bend Hook down _.__7
lhnd Hook up L--_1.hc internal radius I< \h;lli bc spcclficd if it is other than standard hook and bend.
\OII
2
/I and B rclcr to hook allowance
and bq,nd allowance
respectively.
%,I1
3
\. ind ) shou!d h; pl:c:icai dlmenblons to enable the angle 01 the bend to be determined.
\OII
4
I>iincnsion~

-___ITABLE

5.5

MEASUREMENT
OF BENDING DIMENSIONS
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
. clause

RFF
No.

M~rwn
OF MEASUREMEN!
OF BFNCING DIMENSIONS

OF BARS

FOR

5.2.1)

APPROX IOTAL LENGTH OF

BAR (L) MEASIWED ALONG
CENTRE LINE

GKETCH AND DI\IEX.SIONS TO BE GtVEN

IN SctiEDtf~~

-r

A+ E+2S+ZH+d

(See Notes
and

2)

/s
A

LL-z

(See Notes
and

2)

c
(St-e Note

E+Z(A-Z,+c+m

1)

c *r-f
2-i

x
(See Note

1)

I_

:L

1+2C+ZH

R7

h-I
E

t-ETl
F

2C+ZE,+l+2H

?r
c-1
R---J-

(See

Note

I)

SI

TABLE 5.6 MEASIJREMENT

STIRRUPS,
LINKS AND

OF
THE

BENDING
DIMENSIONS
LIKE FOR REINFORCED

(Clause

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT
OF HESDING DIMENSIONS

REF
No.

FOR BINDERS,
CONCRETE

5.2.1)

APPRW TOTAL LESGTU OF

BAR (I!.) MEASURED ALONG
CXNTRC I IHE

ETL
E

: 3YS&T)-IV87

SKETCH AKD LXMENSWNS TO BE

GIVEN IN SWEDULL

El
E

2(A+tT+4d

(See Notes

3)

and

3)

and

3)

0
A

2(A+.!3+20d

(See

Notes

(See

Notes

0
L

2(,4+0+2&f

2A+E+C+12d+5

and

+u
A

(See

Notes

I and 2)

C
2A+E+C+9J+B

-II

A
E

(See Notes

I and

63
c

4c + 24d

(See

fsF
C

Notes

3)

and

3)

4C+ 20d

101,. I
;ind hcnd.
NOII 2

See Notes

The Internal radius N of the corners of binders. stirrups.

I and

3)

etc. shall be specified if it is other than standard

how.

If the form of the bar is hxh that thcrc ma) bc doubt ;t\ to which i\ lhc inside of the bar, arrow
should he
\hov.n on the hcnding schedule and the dimcnaion
stat& with the suffin Of) or ID (outside or inside dimension).
5 and (/ refer IO bend allowance
and nominal six of bar respectively.
\OII. 3

HANDBOOK

ON

CONCRE-IE

REINFORCEMEST

XiD

D~:T.AII.ING

61

SP : 34wKT~1987

TABLE 5.7 MEASUREMENT

OF BENDING DIMENSIONS
FOR BINDERS,
LIKE FOR REINFORCED
CONCRETE

STIRRUPS,

LINKS

AND THE

(C/ruse 5.2.1)

REF No.

METHOD OF
MEASI!REMENT oF
BEWIN(;
DIMENSICNS

APPROX TOTAL LENGTHS OF

BAR (L) MEASURED ALONG
CENTR~ LINE

SKETCH AND DIP~ENsIoN~ ~0 BE

GIVEN IN SCHEDULE

2A+3D+22d
(See Note)

n
A

2A+3D+22d

(See

Where

Note)

P is not greater than D/5

N ZT (D+d)+8d

N = number
fractional

of complete

and

turns

D = internal dia
P= pitch of helix
d = size of bar

NwrF ~~ d refers to nominal

size of bar

bent bars, diagrams showing the arrangement

and
bending of the ties, and any special feature of the
construction
pertinent
to the fabrication
and
placing of the column reinforcement.
In case of
rectangular column the reinforcement
details may
be indicated
with reference to framing plan. In
case of square columns designed for bending and
axial load with unequal
reinforcement
in two
directions, detailed plan should be given showing
the reinforcement.
the beams framing into the
column, and other salient reference lines so that
the bars are placed in correct places.
In addition to showing size and normal spacing
of column ties, the designer shall also show any
additional ties required for special conditions such
as splices, offset bends, etc.
62

HASDBOOK

5.7 Dowels and Bar Supports -- Dowels and bar

supports, spacer bars, bar chairs, etc, should be
specifically listed on the structural
drawing and
should
be scheduled
in that portion
of the
structure in which they are first required so that
they can be delivered with the reinforcement
and
are available
for placement
at proper
time.
f Jotings dowels shalLbe scheduled with footings
rather than in column schedules.
5.8 Other
Structures - On some
types
of
structures,
such as bridges, tanks. sewers and
conduits,
and certain components
of buildings
such as stairs, special procedure may be used and
adopted to the particular structure. The principal
object is to show the reinforcement
in a simple,
clear and easy manner. This may be accomplished
0%

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

TABLE

5.6 TYPICAL

BAR

BENDING

SCHEDULE

FOR

BEAMS,

SLABS

AND

COLUMNS

(Clause 5.3)

MARK

AND

DRAWING

REFER-

LOCATION OF
MEMRER

(see

Key

No.

CUTTING

BAR

BAR

BAR

TYPE

No.

SIZE

OF

MEMBER

BAR

ENCE

No.

TOTAL
No. OF

OF

BARS PER

LENGTH

MEMRER

BARS

(7)

(8)

(9)

TOTAL
WEIGHT
OF

DETAILED

REMARKS

( DI;~;~o;ED)

BARS

Plan)

St, 4 noo;
and
Sb 6

&

6 Floor

is)

(2)._

(1)

Drg No.
stc...

(4)

t (5)

(6)

43

25

St@

40 cm

IO

(10)

(12)

(II)

20
I(
~_._

B,U

Drg No.
SIC...

75

200 cm

16

~______

32

2:
a:d
Bm IO
S, = straight bars without
B, = Bent bar with hooks

hooks.
at both

ends.

J+
7

TABLE

5.9 TYPICAL

SCHEDULE

FOR

SLAB

USING
(Clause

s
q

WELDED

WIRE

FABRIC

AS REINFORCEMENT

5.4.2)

--

k..

MARK

%
,?

LOCATION

DRAWING

AND

~EFERLNCE

No. OF
MEMBERS/
PANELS

MFLBER

FABRIC

i-3

Fpm

CUTTING

REMARKS

DESIGNATION

No.

AS

PER 1s:

(1)
Mark
?

;I.

Location
tion
Floor 2

F;f No.
..

Floor

F, No.
...

(3)

(4)

42

b
-___

Sb 10

42

Hard-drawn
steel wire
fabric confoming to IS: 156619x2

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
certain that all reinforcement
properly placed.

by a small detailed sketch of each bar or type of

bar with a table of dimensions.
5.9 Schedule
Layout - k typical
form of
schedule for beams, slabs and columns is shown
in Table 5.8 and Table 5.9 shows another typical
form schedule for slab using welded wire fabric as
reinforcement,
Also an example of typical bar
bending schedule is given in Table 5.10.
5.9.1
lnternatioanal
Standard
IS0 : 40661977 Building and civil engineering
drawingsBar scheduling establishes a system of scheduling
of reinforcing
bars comprising
the following
aspects:
a)
b)
c)
d)

the method of Indicating dimensions;

a code system of bar shapes;
a list of preferred shapes; and
the bar schedule form.

This standard is reproduced in Appendix

supplemem
to the information
contained
Section.

B as a
in this

shown can be

11) Make sure that hooked and bent bars can

be placed
protection.

and

have

adequate

concrete

P) Make sure that bent bars are not so large

and unwieldly that they cannot be transported.
all expansion,
contraction
4) indicate
construction
joints on framing plans
provide details for such joints.

and
and

r) Where a section is not on the same sheet as

the plan from which it is taken, use a clearly
defined system of cross-reference
!or locations of sections and details.
s) Show enlarged
details at corners,
sections of walls. beam and column
and at similar special situations.
5.10.2

Do k-Beams

and

interjoint.

Slabs

a) Where

splices arc provided in reinforcing

bars, they shall be, as far as possible. away
from the sections of maximum
stress and
shall be staggered.

a ) frcparc

dr-awings properly and accurntelv.

lf possible label each bar and show iis
shape for clarity.

b) Ircpare bar-bending
C) lndicatc

schedule.

b) Where the depth of a beam exceeds 750 mm

in case of beams without torsion and 450
mm with torsion, side face reinforcement
shall be provided.

il necessary.

propc~- covcr to reinforccmcnt,

location
oi openings hole and
supply adcqualc details for rcinforccment
aroulrd openings.

c) In two-way

slab. reinforcement
parallel to
the short snan of the slab shall be olaced in
the bottomlayer at mid-span and ih the top
layer at support.

d) Dccidc

C) Commonly a~ailablc si/e of bars and spirals

shall be used for rcintorcemcnt. For ;I single
structural member the number of different
si/cs
of rcinforccmcnt
bar should
bc
minimum.

d) Ail spacing shall be centre-to-centre

e) Deflection

in slabs beams
by providing compression

h) Bars shall have smooth curved edges at the

point

verse reinforcement
for members subject to
torsion and for members likely to be subjected to reversal of stress.

g) At beam-column

intersections
ensure that
the main beam bars avoid the main column
bars.

h) At beam-beam

intersecticns,
main reinforcement may be so arranged
that layers in
mutually perpendicular
beams are at different levels.

of bend.

bars. lapped splice of

bundled bars shall be made by splicing one
bar at a time; such individual splices within
a bundle shall be staggered.

j) In case of bundled

k) When

reinforcement
is left exposed for
future construction,
it should be adequately
protected from corrosion
and weathering
action.

Congestion
of steel should be avoided at
points where members intersect and make

64

HANDBOOK

mav be reduced
rei;forcement.

0 Only closed stirrups shall be used for trans-

-1-hc grade of rcinforcemcnt

bars shall be
clearly mcntioncd in the structural drawing.
For mild steel plain bars U-type, hooks and
for dcformcd bars L-type hooks may be
adopted.
I)eformcd
bars need not have
hook at their ends.

spacing

of bars.

To accommodate
bottom bars, it is good
practice to make secondary beams shallower
than main beams, at least by 50 mm.

k) If it is required
assembled
510.3

the beam cages may be prewith splice bars.

Do b--Columns

a) A reinforced column shall have at least six

bars of longitudinal
reinforcement
for using
in transverse helical reinforcement.

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(.s&T)_1987
TABLE 5.10 TYPICAL

EXAA1II.E OF A BAR RENDING S<HEDtI.):

(Ck7u.w5.9)

HANDBOOK,ON

CONCRETE REXNFORCEMENI

AND DETAILING

65

SP : 34(.S&T)-I 9g7

b)

Spacing of longitudinal bars in column shall

be along the periphery of the column. as
far as practicable.
Column
bars of diameters
larger than
36 mm in compression can be sphced with
dowels at the footing w,ith bars of smaller
sizes and of necessary area.

is essential, the condition

Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger

than 36 mm diameter except where welded.

d)

Bars larger than 36 mm diameter

be bundled.
shall not exceed the diameter
bars by more than 3 mm.

Different types of reinforcing bars such as

deformed bars and plain bars and various
grades like 415 N/mm?
and 215 N mm-
should not be used side by side as this practice would lead to confusion at site. However. secondary reinforcement such as links
ties and strirrups may be of mild steel
throughout,
even though the main steel
may be of high strength deformed bars.

h)

Under no circumstances should the bending

of bars at welds be permitted.

Donr S-General

a)

Reinforcement
shall not extend across an
expansion joint and the break between the
sections shall be complete.

b)

Flexural reinforcement, preferably, shall not

be terminated in a tension zone. If such case

66

Id

Preferably avoid use of two grades of vertical bars in the same element.

5.10.4

HANDBOOK

of the column

Where bent bars are provided, their contribution towards shear resistance shall not be
more than half that of the total shear reinforcement.

e) Kee

r)

shall noI

e) Where dowels are provided their diameter

A dowel shall extend into a column, a distance equal to the development length of the
column bar and into footing a distance
equal to development length of the dowel.
outer dimensions of column constant,
as Par as possible, for re-use of forms.

as given in Section

4 shall be satisfied.

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SECTION
Foundations

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION 6
FOUNDATIONS

6.1 Types of FoundationsThe following are

types of reinforced
concrete
foundations,
the
perticular
type being chosen depending
on the
magnitude and disposition of the structural loads,
and the bearing capacity of the ground.

a>Individual

Column
Footing - Generally
square in plan but some times rectangular
or circular.

b)

Combined Footing - Combined footing is a

common footing to two or more columns in
a line. The placing of reinforcement
depends
on the shape of the bending moment and
shear force diagrams
considering
the soil
pressure
and the column
loads on the
footing.

cl Strip Footings - Under columns or walls.

d) Raft Foundation - Covering the whole plan
area of structure,
2-way reinforced
slabs.

e) Pile Foundations

of pile cap and

detailing being similar to

solid floor slabs or flat
- This includes
pile portion.

detailing

minimum thickness of cover to

6.2 Cover -The
main reinforcement
shall not be less than 50 m.m
for surfaces in contact with earth face and not less
than 40 mm for external exposed face. However,
where the concrete is in direct contact with the
soil, for example, when a levelling course of lean
concrete is not used at the bottom of footing, it is
usual to specify a cover of 75 mm. This allows for
the uneven surface of the excavation.
In case of
raft foundation,
whether resting directly on soil or
on lean concrete, the cover for the reinforcement
shall not be less than 75 mm.
6.3 Minimum Reinforcement and Bar Diameter
-The
minimum reinforcement
according to slab
and beam elements
as appro riate should be
followed, unless otherwise speci Pled. The diameter
of main reinforcing
bars should be not less than
IO mm.
6.4 Detailing
Methods - Foundations
normally be detailed diagrammatically
and elevation.

should
in plan

REINFORCEMENT

In case of elevation,
show diagramthe location
of reinforcement
as for

In case of pile foundation.

detanling of pile is
similar to that of columns and detailing of the pile
cap supporting
on piles is similar to that of
footing.
An indication
assumed bearing
drawing.

of the type of soil and its

capacity may be specified in the

6.5 Individual
Footin s -.- individual
footings
(see Fig. 6.1) are genera 9 ly square and support a
central column. Rectangular
footings can be used
when the space is restricted
in one direction.
Individual
footings of circular and other shapes
can also be used. Figure 6. I gives typical details of
2 column footing.
6.5.1
Reir$orcement
Requirements
Total
tensile reinforcement
shall be distributed
across
the corresponding
resisting section as given below:

4 In one-way reinforced

footing. the reinforcement shall be distributed

uniformly
~CIOS!,
the full width of the footing.

b) In two-way

reinforced
square footing. the
reinforcement
extending
in each direction
shall be distributed
uniformly across the full
width of the footing.

cl In two-way

reinforced rectangular
footing.
the reinforcement
in the long direction shall
be distributed
uniformly
across the full
width of the footing. For reinforcement
in
the short direction, a central band equal to
the width of the footing shall be marked
along the length of the footing and portion
of the reinforcement
determined
in accordance with the equation given below shall be
uniformly
distributed
across
the central
band:

Reinforcement
in central band
Total reinforcement
in short direction

(Y/x)+

where y is the long side and x is the short side of

the footing.

6.4.1 In case of plan, show diagrammatically

the location of foundation
reinforcement
(similar
to slabs) as well as starter bars and stirrups (as for
columns). It is preferable
for column and wall
dqw_els (starter
bars).
and
the foundatjon
.
relntorcement
to be shown on the same drawmg.

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE

6.4.2
matically
beams.

The remainder
of the reinforcement
shall be
uniformly distributed
in the outer portions of the
footing.
Figure 6.2 illustrates placing of transverse
forcement for 2 rectangular
footing.

AND DETAILING

rein-

69

STARTER BARS

SECTION-BB
COLUMN BARS

COVER TO SlARfER(L0

w NATURAL GROUND g

UNLESS SPECF4EO j
USE*
8@3OG
(3NOS.WIN.b

SECTION

L LEViLIiGw

COURSE ABOVE SOIL

*AA

BAR DETAILS ALONG THIS LINE

PLAN
L = Effective development, lenth considering tension
L = Effective development length considering compression
*Use of starter @IX or continuous bars depends upon the distance between the first floor level and the level of foundation.
NOTE1- Provide ~mdard 90 bend. if the bar is required to bc bent upwards to get the required development length.
NOTE 2 -h
case a pedestal is provided, the development length is to be considered from the top bvei of pedestal.

FIG. 6.1 TYPICAL

70

DETAILS

DF A COLUMN

FOOTING

HAhrDBOOK

Oh CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34(!3&T)-1987

PLAN
NOTE-

Provide

standard

90 bend, if the bar is required to be bent upwards to get required development

length.

FIG. 6.2 PLACING OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

6.5.1.1
Vertical reinforcement
or dowels Extended vertical reinforcement
or dowels of at
least 0.5 percent of the cross-sectional
area of the
supported column or pedestal with a minimum of
4 bars of 12 mm diameter
shall be provided.
Where dowels are used, their diameter shall not
exceed the diameter of column bars by more than
3 mm.
Column bars of diameter larger than 36 mm in
compression can be dowelled at the footings with
bars of smaller size oi the necessary area. The
dowel shall extend into the column a distance
equal to the development
length of the column
bar, and into the footing a distance equal to the
length
of the
dowel.
The
development
development
length
shall
be calculated
in
accordance
with 4.4 -2.
For method

of detailing

see Fig. 6.1.

NOTE-

Where the depth of the footing or footing and

pedestal combined is less than the minimum development
length in compression required fol dowels (starter bars) of a
certain size,, the size of dowels (starter bars) may be suitably
decreased and the number of dowels increased to satisfy the
required area and development
length.

6.5.1.2
To achieve economy,
the footings
are sloped or stepped towards the edge satisfying
the requirements
for bending and punching shear.
In sloped footing, the slope is generally restricted
such that top formwork
is not called for in
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

FOR A RECTANGULAR FOOTING

construction.
The thickness at the edges shall not
be less than I5 cm for footings on soils, nor less
than 30 cm above tops of piles in case of footing
on piles.
6.6

Combined

Footings

6.6.1 Combined
footings
become
necessary
where the external columns of the structure are
close to the boundry of an existing structure and
also where the footings of individual
columns
overlap
one
another.
Such
foundations
(supporting
more than one column/pedestal
or a
continuous
wall) shall be proportioned
to resist
the design loads and individual
reactions,
in
accordance with appropriate
design requirements.
The detailing requirements
as specified in Section
4 for slabs and beams shall be followed
as
appropriate.
6.6.2
Detailing
- For combined
footing,
detailing
of longitudinal
and transverse
bars is
similar to that of beams.
6.6.2.1
Column on edges of footingTo
prevent
shear failure along the inclined
plane
(corbel type of failure) in footing, where a column
is located on the edge, it is advisable to provide
horizontal
U-type bars around the vertical starter
bars. These bars shall be designed for every such
column (see Fig. 6.3).
DETAILING

71

SIB : 34(s8rT)-I987

VERTICAL
BAAS

requirements
and columns

FORCOLUMN

as specified in Section 4 for beams

may be followed as appropriate.

REINFORCEMENT

6.8.1
Minimum
reinforcement
in either
direction shall not be less than 0. I5 percent of the
gross sectional area for mild steel reinforcement
and
0.12 percent
in case of high strength
deformed
bars.

PLANE OF SHEAR
FAILURE

I
U-TYPE

EARS

SECTION

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
IN TENSION
t

6.8.2
Detailing - For raft foundation,
detail
both
the longitudinal
and
transverse
bars
generally in accordance
with the rules for slabs
and beams except cover and bar supports. While
detailing
reinforcement
in raft foundation.
method
and
sequence
of
construction
construction
are to be specified which should
include the following:
a) Position

of construction

b) Position

of movement

c) Position

of water

joints,

and

bar joints.

The location of lap splices in raft should be

detailed with care as the direction of bending will
differ from suspended
member-s.
6.8.3
Placing of Bar Suppcvts
Where top
reinforcement
is required, consideration
should be
given to the method of supporting this with chairs
and edge U-bars. This must be carried out in
accordance with the specification
ior the job and
should take into account construction
sequence.
weight of top steel and depth of foundation.
The
suggested spacing of supports
i.s 30 times the
diameter of supporting
bars using chairs having
diameter
of at least 12 mm. I he diameter
of
chairs should be such that the), do not bend or
buckle under the weight of reinforcement
and
other incidental
loads during construction.

PLAN

.6.6.2.2
Figure 6.4 (A, B and C) shows
typical arrangement
of bars in combined footings.
6.7 Continuous
Footing
[Jnder Walls ~~ In
continuous
wall
foundations,
transverse
reinforcement
should
be provided
when the
projection of the footing beyond the wall exceeds
the thickness of the footing (spe Fig. 6.5). It is also
recommended
that longitudinal
reinforcement
be
provided
wherever
an abrupt
change
in the
magnitude
of the load or variation
in ground
support or local loose pockets may occur along
the footing.

6.8.4
Ducts and Trenches - Where ducts and
trenches occur in rafts, special attention should be
given to detailing continuity of top reinforcement.
specially where moment transfer is required (see
Fig. 6.6).
6.9

H.4NDBOOK

Pile Foundation

6.9.1

Driven

Precast

Concrete

P&a

a) The longitudinal
reinforcement
shall be
provided in precast reinforced concrete piles
for the entire length. All the main long,itudinal bars shall be of the same length with
lap welded at joints and should fit tightly
into the pile shoe if there is one. Shorter
rods to reGst local bending moments
may
be added but the same should be careful11
detailed to avoid any sudden discontinuity
of the steel which may lead to cracks during
heavy driving. The area of main longitudinal
reinforcement
shall not be less than the
following percentages of the cross-sectional
area of the piles:

6.8 Raft Foundations - A raft is a foundation

unit continuous
in two directions,
covering an
area equal to or greater than the base area of the
building. If the raft consists of several parts with
varying loads and heights, it is advisable to design
the raft with expansion joints between these parts.
Joints shall also be provided wherever there is a
change in the direction of the raft and should be
detalled
on
the
drawing.
The
detailing
72

joints.

I) .For piles with length less than

the least width- I .25 percent.
ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

30 times

DET.AII.INC

KEEPING STIRRUPS SPYCINS

CONSTANT, VARY NO. OF LEGS
(2,L,C 1 OR KEEPING TWE NO.
OF LEOS CONSTANT VARY
THE SPACINB.

ELEVATION

. .

SECTION

..

_I

-AA

..:

.,,.u

c_;

SECTION

6.4A COMRINEU

COI.UMS

..1_

,...

&

. .-..-+..*

-BB

FOO~I~ISG

B
r

COLUMN

L STIRRUPSAl

SUITABLE SPACINO

TRANSVERSE 8ENDlNG
REINFT. Al COLUMNS ONLY.

SECTION

SECTION -BE

-AA
6.4B STRIP

FOOTING

UNDER

Fig. 6.4 TYPICAL DETAILS OF CohlBlKED

HANDBOOK

O\

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMEST

AND

DETAILING

COLUMNS
FOOTING

(Continued)

SP : 34(S&,T)-I987

COLUMN

COLUMN

1
;.

+=-

. .

_.I:

.,..i,...r

,..

:.

..

..,

,*

._

-1..

__.l

tq

i-LEVELING

COURSE

SECTION-B8

BOTTOM STE,EL
UNDER COLUMN

B
-7

AN9~ENLoBsRS

DISTRIBUTION

BARS

PLANDISTRIBUTION

BOTTOM STEEL
UNDER COLUMN

BOTTOM

1
8

STEEL

BARS

PLAN64C

-1

IAPERED

TOP

STEEL

COMBINFI, FOOIIXG S-rIRCiPPS(NOT

SHOWK)

FIG. 6.4 TYPICAL DETAILS OF COMRISED FOOTINGS

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

RElhFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34@&T)4987
The cover of concrete over all the reinforcement
including ties should not be kss than 40 mm. But
where the piles are exposed to sea water or water
having other corrosive content, the cover should
be nowhere less than 50 mm.
Piles should be provided with flat or pointed
co-axial shoes if they are driven into or through
ground, such as rock, coarse gravel, clay with
cobbles and other soils liabk to damage the
concrete at the tip of the pile. The shoe may k of
steel or cast iron. Sha s and details of shoca
depend on the nature ofeground in which the pile
is driven. In uniform clay or sand the shoe may be
omitted.
FIG. 6.5 STRIP ~KWNG UNDER WALLS
2) For piles with length 30 to 40 times the
least width- I.5 percent.
3) For piles with length greater than 40
times the least width-2
percent.
b) The lateral reinforcement is of particular
importance in resisting the driving stresses
induced in the piks and should be in the
form of hoops or links and of diameter not
less than 6 mm. The volume of lateral reinforcement shall
not be less than the
following (see Fig. 6.7):
I) At each end of the pile for a distance
of about 3 times the least width-not
less than 0.6 percent of the gross
volume of that part of the pile; and
2) In the body of the pile-not
less than
0.2 percent of the gross volume of
pile.
The spacing shall be such as to permit free flow
of concrete around it. The transition between the
close spacing of lateral reinforcement near the
ends and the maximum spacing shall be radually
over a length of 3 times the least width of the pile.

Where jetting is necessary for concrete pilu, a

jet tube may be cast into the pile, the tube being
connected to the pik shoe which is provided with
jet holes. Generally, a central jet is inadvisabk, as
it is liable to become choked. At least two jet
holes will be necessary on opposite sides of the
shoe, four holes give best results. Alternatively,
two or more jet pipes may be attached to thesides
of the pile.
6.9.1 .I
Reinforcemenf, requirement - A
pile shall be reinforced in the same wa as the
column, with the main bars on the perip L ry and
secondary bars (binders or links) around main
bars. In addition the main bars shall be bent
inwards at the lower end and welded to the shoe
made of chilled cast iron or steel.
6.9.1.2
Spucer hors -To
ensure the
rigidity, pile spacer bars shall be used as shown in
Fig. 6.8. The spacer bars or forks can be of cast
iron, pressed steel or a kngth of steel pipe with
slotted ends to fit the main reinforcing bars. They
can be detailed on the drawing, at I.5 m centres
along the full length of the pile. The fork may be
placed diagonally at each position across the
section as shown in Fig. 6.8.

I
FIG. 6.6 TYPICAL DETAILSAROUND A TRENCHIN RAPT FOUNDATION
/

HANDBDDK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETMLING

7s

SP:34($&T)-19$?

&PACING

O/2

in...,

d
0
s

4
a

c
C

LQNOITUOINAL

SlEEL,MINlMUM:

b2SPERCENT
1.5 PERCENT
2-O PERCENT

rl

FOR 1 < 300

FOR 200 Q I < 400
FOR I =- 400

C
0
a

P
a

FIG. 6.7 MINIMIJM

S.TEEL REQUIREMENTS

OF PRECAST

CONCRETE

t-l

PILE

I-

32,

LIFTING

SI

;
Sl
Ci

st
a
SF
Ct
re
in

TO 140
kOmrn

COVER

LONGITUDINAL

SE CllON

Fi:

an
be

+8

MS

CLOSED

STRAPS

FORKS

STEEL

IN FAIRS
(SPACER
BARS)
l__

SECTION

Q32,

LIFT

s;
of
exe
of
stil

HOLE

A A

TOE
(SUITABLE

FIG. 6.8 TYPICAL

DETAILS

ful
les
thi
les
mi

OF

PRECAST

FOR
FOR

PILE

GRAVEL

CONCRETE

AND

SAND)

dia
8-r

PILE
reil

76

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DET4ILI\(;
HAI

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
6.9.2

Casr-irr-situ

Piles or

Bored

Piles

6.9.2.1
Hei~~orcemenr
requirement - The
design of the remforcing cage vary depending
upon the driving and installation conditions, the
nature of the subsoil and the nature of load to be
transmitted
by the shaft. that is. axial
or
otherwise. The minimum
area of longitudinal
reinforcement
(mild
steel or deformed
bars)
within the pile shaft shall be 0.4 percent of the
sectional area calculated on the basis of outside
area of casing of the shaft.
The curtailment
of reinforcement
along the
depth of the pile. in general, depends on the type
of loading and subsoil strata. In case of piles
subject to compressive load only, the designed
quantity of reinforcement
may be curtailed at
appropriate
level
according
to the design
requirements. For piles subjected to uplift load,
lateral load and moments, separately or with
compressive loads. it may be necessary to provide
reinforcement for the full depth-of
pile. In soft
clays or loose sands, or where there is likelihood
of danger to green concrete due to driving of
adjacent
piles. the reinforcement
should
be
provided up to the full pile depth with lap welds
at joints iegardless of whether or not it is required
from
uplift
and lateral
load considerations.
However, in all cases. the minimum reinforcement
should be provided in the full length of the pile.
Piles shall
always
be reinforced
minimum amount
of reinforcement
as
keeping the minimum bond length into
shaft and with adequate projection into
cap.

with
a
dowels,
the pile
the pile

6.9.3
Lnder-reamed
Piles - The minimum
area of longitudinal reinforcement in stem should
be 0.4 percent. Reinforcement is to be provided in
full length. Transverse reinforcement shall not be
less than 6 mm diameter at a spacing of not more
than the s!em diam ter or 300 mm, whichever is
piles, a
med compaction
less. In under-re
minimum number $ f four l2-mm diameter bars
shall be provided. For piles of lengths exceeding
5 m and of 375 mm diameter, a minimum number
of six l2-mm bars shall be provided. For piles
exceeding 400 mm diameter, a minimum number
of six l2-mm bars shall be provided. The circular
stirr_ups for piles of lengths exceeding 5 m and
diameter exceeding 375 mm shall be minimum
8-mm diameter bars.
The minimum .clear cover over the longitudinal
reinforcement
shall be 40 mm. In aggressive
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

of sulphatrs. etc. it may be increased

F,igure 6.9 gives typical details of a bored castin-situ under-reamed

pile foundation.

3A SECTION OF SING1.E

UNI)ER-REAMEI) IILE
$W= 45 (approx).
D, = normally 2.50

3B SECTION OF MULTI
UNDER-REAMED PILE.
42 = 3tP-4S (Approx)

FIG. 6.9 TYPICAL DETAILS OF BORED CAST in-situ

UNDER-REAMED PILE FOUNDATION
6.9.4

Clear cover to all main reinforcement

in pile
shaft shall be not less than 50 mm. The laterals df
a reinforcing cage may be in the form of links or
spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is
chosen to impart
adequate
rigidity
to the
reinforcing
cage
during
its handling
and
installations. The minimum diameter of the links
or spirals shall be 6 mm and the spacing of the
links or spirals shall be not less than I50 mm.

HANDBOOK

environment
to 75 mm.

Pile Caps

6.9.4.1
The
pile cap usually
supports
column and this is positioned at the ccntre of
gravity
of the pile group,
so the pile cap
incorporates column dowel bars in exactly the
same way as provided in column bases. Allowance
shall be made in length and width of the cap to
allow for piles being slightly out of true position
after being driven.
6.9.4.2
General consideration
- The pile
cap alongwith the column pedestal shall be deep
enough to allow for the necessary anchorage of
the column and pile reinforcement. Although they
are assumed to act as a simply supported beam
and are designed for the usual conditions
of
bending moment and shear force, there is a
tendency to fail in bursting due to high principal
tension. This should be resisted bv reinforcement
going around outer piles in the -group (usually
# I2 @ 150).
Generally adopted configuration
alongwith
plan arrangement
of
details are shown in Fig. 6.10.

for pile caps

reinforcement

6.9.4.3
The clear overhang of the pile cap
beyond the outermost pile in the group shall
normally be 100 to I50 mm, depending upon the
pile size.

AND DETAILING

77

SP : 34(s&r)-1907

HORIZONTAL TIES TO
RESIST BURSTINO

For 4.5.6.6

and 9 PILES

STEEL

FOR 2 PILES

FOR 7, PILES

FOR 3 PILES

FIG.

---

6.9.4.5
The clear
cover
for the mair,
reinforcement
for the bottom of cap shall not be
less than 60 mm.
6.9.4.6
The reinforcement
from the
should be properly tied to the pile cap.

pile

6.9.4.7
A typical arrangement
of bars in a
pile cap supporting a column between two piles is
illustrated in Fig. 6.1 I and typical details of a pile
cap resting on 3 piles is illustrated
in Fig. 6.12.
Grade

Beams

6.9.5.1
The grade beams supporting
the
walls shall be designed taking due account of
arching effect due to masonry above the beam.
The beam with masonry behaves as a deep beam
due to composite
action.
7a

STEEL

NOMINAL

STEEL

6.10 GENERALLY ADOPTED CONFIG~JR.\TION FOR PILE CAPS

(ALONG n'lT11PL-~N AKR-\SG~SI~ST OF REISFORcxhlEST)

6.9.4.4
A levelling course of plain concrete
of about 80 mm thickness may be provided under
.the pile caps, as required.

6.9.5

MAIN

HANDBOOK

6.9.5.2
The minimum overall depth of grade
beams shall be I50 mm. The reinforcement
at the
bottom should be kept continuous
and an equal
amount may be provided at top to a distance of
quarter
span both ways from pile or footing
centres as the case may be. The longitudinal
reinforcement
both at top and bottom should not
be less than three bars of IO mm diameter (mild
steel) and stirrups of 6 mm diameter bars spaced
at a maximum spacing of 300 mm (see Fig. 6.13).
6.9.5.3
In
shall be kept a
ground. In other
over a levelling
(see Fig. 6.14).

expansive soils, the grade

minimum of 80 mm clear
soils.beams may rest on
concrete coarse of about

beams
off the
ground
80 mm

6.9.5.4
In case of exterior beams over piles
in expansive soils, a ledge projection
of 75 mm
thickness and extending 80 mm into ground (see
Fig. 6.14), shall be provided on outer side of
beams.
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34lS&T)_l987

HORIZ6NlAL 18% TO
RESIST BURSlIN6
WSUALLY u 12 b Iso)

I I
STARTER BAU

_.
3

CLEAR OVERHANG
rGENERALLY IOOTOI!

l-d-

SHEAR
REINR.

I-

:.%I;!

TOP STEEL
[IF REQUIRED1
bARS
REND AT STANDARD
~~%END fo GET REQUIRED
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

SECTION-

A A

PLAN -BOTTOM

SECTION-B8

STEEL

NOTE
- In a t-pile system, sufficient care should be taken to transfer bending in the transvcrsc direction.

FIG. 6.1 I TYPICAL DETAILS OF A ~-PILE CAP

HANDROOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

BEAM

SP : .U(SlrT)-1997

SECTION-BB
n-h--

CLEAR OVERMAN9

STARTER 6ARS

Iii --

UIU 1b

RI .

.-SHEAR

Ii
I

III
II

ri

II

II

IHI

r 75 COVER

L PAR

BENT AT 90 STANDARD
WEND TO GET THE REQUIRED
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

L ~W~LlN9
COURT
. --r.---~a,
5E LUNLESS
SPACIFIEO
PI uJRI;~(L IE
rUlO(@#K)(3NOS.WIN.~

SECTION-

REINFT.

A A

k_

I?

STEElAROUND
PROJECtQD#lE8ARS
BINOINO

PLAN
FIG. 6.12 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A ~-PILE CAP
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

RKINFORCKMKNT

AND DETAILING

A1CENTREOF SUPPORT
I L SPLICE
IF REWRED
I

UP SPLICES AT MID
SPAW. IF REQUlREO

BRICK

FOOTINO

WALL

i- LEVELING
h.IJA

I3lAMS

COURSE

IN NON-I Slh?.SIVI:

I WIDTH OF WALL A
1
1

SOII S

A WIDTH OF WALL 1
71

L SOmm THICK CONCRETE

OR BRICK ON EDGE

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND Dk:TAli.lNG

XI

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION
Columns

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(!wr)-1987

SECTION 7
COLUMNS

GeneraI - Reinforced concrete columns are

used to transfer the load of the structure to its
foundations. These are reinforced by means of
main longitudinal bars to resist compression
and/or bending; and transverse steel (ties) to
resist bursting force.
7.0

The column or strut is a vertical compression

member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times its least lateral dimension.
7.1

LongItudInaI Reinforcement

7.1.1 In a reinforced column, the area of

longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
0.8 percent nor more than 6 percent of the gross
cross-sectional area of the column.
The area of longitudinal reinforcement should
normally not exceed 4 rcent of the gross crosssectional area of the co fe
umn. This percentage can.
be considered as the maximum from practical
considerations.

7.2

Transverse Reinlorcemer?

73.1 A reinforcement concrete compression

member shall have transverse
or helical
reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal
bar nearest to the compression face has effective
lateral support against buckling. The effective
lateral support is given b transverse reinforcement either in the form o iycircular rings capabk
of taking up circumferential tension or by
polygonal links (lateral ties) with internal angIe
not exceeding 135O.
73.2 Arrangement of Transverse Reinforcement - Where the longitudinal bars are pot
spaced more than 75 mm on either side,
transverse reinforcement need only to go round
comer and alternate bars for the purpose of
providing effective supports (see Fig; 7.i).

However where bars from one column have to

be lapped with those of another column above,
the total maximum percentage of 6 percent may
be allowed at the lapping. Proper placing and
compacting of concrete should be ensured at the
place of lapping.
7.1.2 A minimum number of 4 bars shall .be
provided in a column and six bars in a circular
column with helical reinforcement.
7.1.3 The bars shall be not less than 12 mm in
diameter and spacing of the bars along the
periphery of the column shall not exceed 300 mm.
7.1.4 In the case of pedestals in which the
longitudinal reinforcement is not taken -into
account in strength calculations,
nominal
longitudinal reinforcement of not less than 0.15
percent of the gross cross-sectional area shall be
provided.

FIG. 7.1
7.23 If the longitudinal bars spaced at a
distance not exceeding 48 times the diameter of
the tie are effectively tied in two directions,
additional longitudinal bars in between these-bars
:Ilf
,p tied in one direction by open ties (see
l-l&.

I&J.

Note - Pedestal is a compression member. the effective

kn@h of which does not exceed 3 times the kast ktcral
dimension.

7.1.5 Dowels and Bar Sup OHS- Dowels

ati bar supports, s cer bars, L r chairs, etc,
should be specifml ?a
y listed on the structural
drawing and should be schedukd in that portion
of the structure in which they are first required so
that they can,be delivered wtth reinforcement and
are available for placement in time. Footing
dowtls shall be scheduled with footings rather
than in column. scheduks (see Section 6 for
requirements of dowels in footing).
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

@NFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

FIG. 7.2

SP : M(!i&T~l9111

7.2.4 Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars

in a compression member are placed in more than
one row, effective lateral support to the longitudinal bars in the inner rows may be assumed to
have been provided if:

a) transverse reinforcement is provided for the

outermost

row, and

b) no bar of the inner row is closer to the

nearest compression face than three times
the diameter of the largest bar in the inner
row (see Fig. 7.3).

A few examples of column ties are illustrated in

Fig. 7.5.
73.6

pirch and Diameter of Lateral Ties

7.2.6.1 Pitch-The.
pitch of the transverse
reinforcement shall not be more than the least of
the following distahces (see Fig. 7.6A):
a) the least lateral dimension of the compression member,
b) sixteen times the smallest diameter of the
longitudinal reinforcing bar to be tied, and
c) forty eight times the diameter of the transverse reinforcement.
7.2.6.2 Diameter -The
diameter
polygonal links or lateral ties shall not
than one-fourth
of diameter of the
longitudinal bar, and in no case less than
7.2.7 Helical Reinforcement
forced) (see Fig. 7.6B).

Ln

a
n

FIG. 7.3
73.5 Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars
in compression member are grouped (not in
contact) and each group adequately tied with
transverse reinforcement in accordance with 7.2.1,
the transverse reinforcement for the compression
member as a whole may be provided on the
assumption
that each group is a single
longitudinal bar for purpose of determining the
pitch and diameter of the transverse reinforcement in accordance with 7.2.1. The diameter of
such transverse reinforcement need not, however,
exceed 20 mm (see Fig. 7.4).
TRAMSVERSE REINFORCEMEMT

of the
be less
largest
5 mm.

(Spirally

Rein-

7.2.7.1 Pitch - Helical reinforcement shall

be of regular formation with the turns of the helix
spaced evenly and its ends shall be anchored
properly by providing one and a half extra turns
of the spiral preferably with a 135 hook. The
pitch of the helical turns shall be not more than
75 \rnrn or one-sixth of core diameter of the
column, nor less than 25 mm or 3 times the
diameter of steel bar forming helix. Tension lap
length shall be provided at lap splices.
NOTE - It is important to note that when the ratio of the
volume of helical reinforcement provided to the volume of

thecoreisgreaterthan0.36

(1-

l)*,thestreng&

of the compression member may be increased by 1.05 times

the strength of similar member with lateral ties.
where
A, = gross area of the section,
A, = area of the corn of the helically reittforced column
measured to the outside diameter of the helix,
fa = characteristic compressive strength of the c011cteW.
and
x = characteristic strength of the helical reinforcement
but not exceeding 415 N/mm*.

73.73
Diameter -The
diameter shall be
not less than one-fourth of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar, and in no case lessthan 5
mm.

\LINOIVIOUAL
ho.
Y

7.4

OROUPS

7.2.8 Temporary StirrupsAt least two

tern orary fixmg sttrrups should be provided to
hol s splices in position (see Fig. 7.7) or to stiffen
the helically bound columns during fabrication. It
is better to detail and schedule such stirrups in the
drawing. The stirrups coming above the floor
shall not be removed until the next column is
encted.

HANDROOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T~1987

SlMOlE IIE

TWO TIES

TWO TIES

ONE TIE rw0

Om TIE AND
ONE LINK

TWO TIES AnD

Two lIWI(S

TWO TIES

TMREETIES

Two 1lNKS

TWO TIES

FOUR TIES

THREE TIES

TNREE TIES

TWO TIES AND ONE LINK

WA11 - LIKE COLUMN

WALL -LIKE COLUYW

c
CORNER COLUMN

G 4.h

CORNER COUUN

7.5A LATERAL
FIG.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

_I
TIES

AND

LINKS

7.5 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF COLUMN

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

TIES (Conrim&

SP : 34WkT)_l987

,m
7.5H EXAMPLES
FIG.

7.5

OF AKKANCING
TYPICAL

BUNDLE

ARRANGEMENT

RAKS

IN COLUMNS

OF COLUMN

TIES

VER TO LONBITUOINAL

7.6A RECTANGULAR

COLUMN

7 6B CIRCULAR

*Cover can be reduced to 25mm when

aG200,
bG200
and &= 12.
FIG.

7.6

BAR SPACING

REQUIREMENTS

HANDBOOK

COLUMN

*Cover can he reduced to 25 mm when

Db200
and #I= I2
IN

ON CONCRETE

COLUMNS

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(s&T)-1987

TEMPORARY
FIXING SflRRuPs

to

MAINTAIN BARS IN
POSITION OURlNG CASTING)

EXTRA STIRRUP$, IF NOT

WITHIN BEAM OR SLAB
DOUBLE STIRRUPS
Al CRANK

MAIN COLUMN BARS

MAIN COLUMN STIRRUPS

FIG. 7.7 TEMPORARYFIXING OF STIRRUPS

7.2.9 Large Columns - Where reinforcement

for very wide columns is to be fabricated in
separate cages atid erected in sections, they should
be held together by at least 12 mm diameter bars
spaced at double the stirrup spacing (see Fig. 7.8).
Special requirements, if any, should be indicated
by the designer.
7.3

Splieing of Column Reinforcement

7.3.1 General - Splicing is normally effected

by the lapping of bars. The lengths of laps in the
main bars shall conform to the values given in
Section 4 (Tables 4.2 to 4.4). The bottom of the
t floor level. In exceptional
bars are normally
cases, the bars ma extend over more than one
storey, provided th i t check is made to ensure that
intersecting steel from beams, etc, can be placed
through the column without difficulty, that the
column reinforcement can be properly supported,
and the concrete can be properly placed. Some of
the bars terminating below floor level require
separate splicing (see also Section 4). Typical
splice details are shown in Fig. 7.9 (A to E) for
both internal and external columns.
7.3.2 Where a column at a particular floor is
smaller (in cross-section)
than the column
immediately below it, the vertical bars from the
HA\DBOOh

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

lower column shall be offset to come within the

upper column. or dowel shall be used. The slope
of the inclined portion shall not ex&ed I in 6. In
detailing offset column bars, a bar diameter
should be added to the desired offset; and in the
corner of the square columns, the bars should be
offset along the diagonal.
7.3.3 Longitudinal
reinforcement
bars in
square or rectangular columns should be offset
bent into the column above. Longitudinal bars in
round columns where the column size is not
changed should be offset bent if maximum
number of bars are desired in the column above.
The geniral practice is to sketch the offset for the
corner bars which should be bent diagonally and
make this the typical offset dimension for all the
bars in the column.
73.4 For offset between column faces up to a
maximum of 75 mm, the longitudinal bars should
be offset bent. When the offset exceeds 75 mm,
the longitudinal bars in the column below should
be terminated at the floor slab and separate
dowels used (see Fi& 7.9 Et and 7.9D).
73.5 Where adjoining beam is not provided,
the height of the column equal to say 75 mm
above the-floor level should be cast alon with the
lower column so that a kicker can be formed to
place the column shutters (see Fig. 7.9C).
DETAILING

SP :34(S&T~l987

hEBARs

(#12)

/
/

\
/

R
\
/
/

FIG. 7.8 REINFORCEMENT

.i~ CAGES FOR LANG COLUMNS

HANDRODK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SF : 34(S&T)-1987

Ei&
0

COLUMN

il%CSoLUMN

BARS

LOWER COLUMN BARS

V_DOWEL

FIXING TIES CAN GE

REMOVEDBEFORE
ERECTING CAGE OVER

II

BARS

;r--+F-FIXING
TIES TO BE
REMOVED
BEFORE
ERECTING CAGE OVER
%%EEcksOSS
SECTIONAL
AREA OF THE DOWELS
MUST BE SAME AS THE
BARS ON THE UPPER

1 IN 6 (MAX.)
ER BARS CRANKEO
THE POSITION INSIDE
UPPER BARS

EXTRA TIES AT
THE POINT OF GE

IE
7.9/I

11131

SPLICE
WITH
LOWER
BARS CRANKED
IUiO
POSITION
INSIDE
UPPER BARS (INTERMEDIA.1.E FLOOR)

7.3.6 When
the bar arrangement
changes
between floors, bars may extend through, stop
off, or require separate dowels (Fig. 7.9B). Each
situation requires its own solution. Steel equal to
an area and bond capacity to that in the column
above shall be extended. Column bars shall be
spliced at the top of upstand beams, if available,
rather than at floor level.
7.3.7 Where. the column verticals are offset
bent, additional ties/spirals shall be provided (see
Fig. 7.10) and placed at a distance not more than
8 bar diameters from the point of the bend. For
practical purpose, 3 osely spaced ties are usually
used, one of which $ ay be part of the regularly
spaced ties plus twoextra ties. The designer shall
indicate on the drawing the general arrangement
of vertical bars and all tie arrangements.
The number of additional ties/spirals should be
designed on the assumption that the horizontal
thrust to be resisted shall be 1.5 times the
horizontal components of the normal stress in the
inclined portion of the bars.
7.3.8 Welded
splice or other
positive
connections may be used as butt splices for
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMI:hT

r\hit

7.913 SIl.ICIN(i
REI.A-lIVlIS MORE

A.1. -l-HI. FLOOR

DISP1.ACEMEN.T
I-HAN 75 MM

LEVEL WHEN THE

OF COLUMN FACES

vertical column bars instead of lapped splices. For

bars of size 32 mm and above, such splices or
connections may be used to avoid overcrowding
of the bars due to extremely long laps which
would otherwise be required. Special preparation
of the ends of the vertical bars is usually required.
Where bars are welded, the most common
practice is to provide a square-cut end at the top
and a double bevelled end on the bottom of the
upper bar to rest on the square cut end (see Fig.
7.1 I). This permits filling the resulting space with
weld metal to develop the splice. Where a welded
sleeve or a mechanical device is used, both ends of
the bar may be either square cut or standard shear
cut, depending upon the type of connection used.
Since the point of splice is to be staggered
between alternate vertica1 bars and the splice
location
will depend
upon
the design
requirements, the designer should indicate the
types of splice permissible and their location on
the drawing.
7.4 Bundled bars shall be tied, wired or
otherwise fastened to ensure that they remain in
position. End-bearing compression splices should
DETAILING

91

SP : 34(S&T)_IY87

be held concentric, all bundles of column verticals

should be held by additional ties at each end of
end-bearing splices, and any short splice bars
added for tension should be tied as part of the
bundle within the limit of 4 bars in a bundle.: A
corner of a tie should be provided at each bundle.
7.5 Column in Flit Slabs - Mushroom heads
are normally cast with the columns, and the
details of reinforcement should be such that the
steel can be formed into a separate cage.
Therefore, it should be ensured that the column
stirrups end below the mushroom head to enable
a properly bonded cage to be positioned (see
Fig. 7.12).
NOTE- The designer shall determine the amount of steel
required in the mushroom to control cracks arising from the
out-of-balance moments.

7.6 Column-Beam Junction - Typical details of

junction
are illustrated
in
a . column-beam
Fig. 7.13.

At column-beam intersections, it is better to

avoid main beam bars clashing with main co!umn
bars.
If splice bars are used (see Fig. 7.13), the beam
cages may be prefabricated and splice bars placed
in position after the beam reinforcement has been
positioned
in place.
This also provides
considerable scope for positioning support bars
without resorting to cranking and avoiding
intersecting beam and column reinforcement.
However, this detail requires extra steel due to the
additional laps.
Where the beam does not frame into the
column on all four sides to approximately the full
width of the column, ensure that the stirrups are
provided in the column for the full depth of the
beam, or alternately, that special U-bars are
detailed with the beam to restrain the column bars
from buckling and to strengthen the concrete in
compression. This is especially important where

OOWEL

DOWELBAR
COLUMN

\-COLUMN

BAR

I-FIXlN6
TIES TO BE
REMOVED
BEFORE
ERECTING CAGE OVER

7.9C.SPl ICE WITH

UPPER
BARS CRANKED
10511 ION IYSILIE LOWER BARS

92

INTO

HANDBOOK

BAR
BAR

FIXING TIES TO BE
REMOVED
BEFORE
ERECTING CAGE OVER

7.9D SPLICE
WITH
THE LOWER
BARS CRANKED
INTO A POSITION
INSIDE
THE UPPER BARS
WHEN
THE
RELATIVE
DISPLACEMENT
OF
COLUMN
FACES IS LESS THAN 75 MM

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&1)-1987

FIXING TIES TO
BE RFMOVED
BEFORE ERECTING

1 STIRRUPS THROUGH
BEAM COLIUMN
JUNCTION
(SEE CLAUSE 7.6)

AOOITIONAL
TIES TO BE
WITH IN THIS
ZONE

C~LI#)NENT of THE FORCE

IN Tl4E INCUNEO PORTION
OF WE BAR TO BE TAKEN
BY AOOITIONAL TIES,
PLACEO )IDT MORE THAN
bil CROM TWi POINT OF
EEb40 AT @

FIG. 7.10

SPLICE
IN

WITH

OFFSET

.TWO

ADDITIONAL

A. END BEARING COMPRESSION

SPLICE

FIG. 7.1 I

Splicing when the Lower Bars Cranked into a Position

inside the Upper Bars with Stepping of Columns on
One Side

NOTE staggered

It is importa t to note
within the c% umn

that

splices should

be

Fig. 7.9 SPLICING

INTERMEDIATE

OF

COLUMN

BARS AT

FLOORS

the floor concrete is of a weaker grade than the

column concrete (see Fig. 7.14 and 7.15).
In general, it is advisable to use U-bars at the
non-continuous ends of beams of depth greater
than 600 mm.
NOTE
- It is important lo note that a joint by itself
shall have a dependable
strength sufficient to resist the
most adverse load combinations sustained by the adjoining
_
HANDBOOK

ON

BAR

SETS OF TYPICAL
TIES PROVIDED
AT EACH END

SLOPE
1 IN 6
(max.)

7.9E

CHANKEI)

COLIJMN

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

TYPICAL

DETAILS

B. WELDED BUTT SPLICE

TENSION/COMPRESSION

OF

BI:TT

SPLICES

members as specilied by the appropriate

loading code. A
higher factor of safety is sometimes necessary for joints.
Design and detailing of the joint should bc done 1o satisfy
this condition.

7.7

Column with Corbel Joints

7.7.1 Corbels - A corbel is a short cantilever

beam (see Fig. 7.16) in which the principal load is
applied in such a way that the distance between
the line of action of the load and the face of the
supporting member is less than 0.6d and the depth
at the outer face of the bearing is greater than
one-half of the effective depth at the face of the
supporting member.
7.7.2 Main
Reinforcement - The main
tension reinforcement in a corbel should be not
less than 0.4 percent and not more than 1.3
percent of the section at the face of the supporting
member, and should be adequately anchored.
DETAILING

93

SP : 34(!3&T)_1987

cOWcRLlL CAST TO
WEREBEFORE PLACINO

YUSnROOYCASE

FIG. 7.12 REINFORCEMENT OF MUSHROOM

HEADS

COLUMN BARS STRAWHT

THROUGH JUNCTION

STIRRUP HANGER
OARS STOP SHORT
OF COLUMN FACE

TOP BARS, PRIMARY

BEAM BARS PLACED
ABOVE SECONDARY
BEAM

SECONDARY

PRIMARY
BEAM

BEAM

1BOTTOM

BARS STOP
SHORT OF COLUMN FACE

BOTTOM SUPPORT
I

I BOTTOM

BARS STOP SHORT OF COLUMN FACE

FIG. 7.13 BEAM-COLUMN

94

BARS

IJ

HANDBOOK

INTERSECTION
ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

h-TYPE
BARS

7.14AFIXED Elr;L)
JOlNr

IN A COI.UMN

LEVEL

7.14B

OF COLUMN

Fig. 7.14 %&I;:

DETAILS

BARS

OF END

INSIDE

JOWTS

1~ A

Anchor the reinforcement at the front face of the

corbel either by welding it to a transverse bar of
equal stength or by bending back the bars to form
loops; in either case, the-bearing area of the load
should not project beyond the straight portion of
the bars forming the main tension reinforcement
(see Fig. 7.17 and 7.18).

H.4NDBOOK

OS

COUCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AhD

DETAILING

05

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
NOTE- The limitation on reinforcement percentages
is based on the limited number of tests available.

7.7.3 Horizontal Force - When the corbel is

required to resist a horizontal force in direction H
applied to the bearing plate (see Fig. 7.19) because
of shringkage or temperature changes, provide
additional reinforcement to transmit this force in
its entirety. This reinforcement should be welded
to the bearing plate and adequately anchored
within the supporting member.
7.7.4 Shear Reinforcement - .Provide shear
reinforcement in the form of horizontal stirrups
distributed in the upper two-thirds of the effective
depth of the corbel at the column face. This

reinforcement should have an area of at least onehalf of the area of the main tension reinforcement
and should be adequately anchored (see Fig.
7.19).
7.8 Detailing
of Reinforcement - Columns
should be detailed by means of enlarged views.
Indicate the levels of the bottom (top of bars at
floor level) and top of the column (at top of slab
or beam or upstand beam) and the floor height, if
necessary. Indicate on the schedule the positions
of all intermediate beams. Show each bar mark
once, and provide adequate sections showing all
main bars and the arrangement of stirrups. Keep
in view the effect of providing kickers on levels.

MAIN STEEL IN THE

FORM OF LOOPS
IA.

Ld IN

MAIN STEEL

SHEAR

REINFORCEMENT
NOMINAL STEEL FOR
ANCMORING STIRRUPS

FIG. 7. 19

FIG. 7. I8

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SECTION
Beams

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION

BEAMS

8.1 Arrangement of Bars - The main consideration when arranging bars in beam is to obtain
the most economical layout to satisfy the design
requirements. It shall also satisfy the relevant
rules concerning horizontal and vertical spacing
of bars and required bottom and side covers.
While fixing the overall dimensions of beams,
slenderness limits for beams to ensure lateral
stability and span-to-depth
ratios to control
deflection, shall be kept in view.

The following .points shall also be noted in

detailing (see Fig. 8.1).

d) Where bars in different horizontal rows have

different diameter, the larger diameter bars
shall be placed in the bottom row.
8.2

Longitudinal

a) the horizontal distance between two parallel

bars shall be usually not less than the
following:

1) diameter of the bar, if the diameters are

equal;

a) The bars shall be symmetrically placed

about the vertical centre line of the beams.

2) diameter of the larger bar, if the diameters are unequal; and

in a row, these
shall be placed at the outer edges.

b) Where there are only two bars

c) Where bars of different diameter are placed

in a single bottom row, the larger diameter
bars are placed on the outer side.

8,,A

OR(~+Srnrn)m

X.IH

3) 5 mm more than the nominal maximum

size of coarse aggregate.
NOTE-This
aggregates

KID

does not preclude the use of larger size

beyond the congested reinforcement
in the same

.
0

OOOQ:

MIN. VERTICAL tpwrW

=+h.OR#OIIlSmm*

MIN. WRlZONTrS SPAEINO

= LARGERRAR OIA.OR
()h*

Reinforcement

8.2.1. Minimum
Distance Between Individual
Bars-The
following rule shall apply:

IN. WRIzo)sIAL

SPAClN@

5ms.P

% - WHCWEVER It OREATER
# -DIAMETER OF TMt BAR

$-~N/wa~c.sizE
FIG.
HANDBOOK

AOIME@ATE:

8.1 MINIMUM CLEARANCE BETWEEN ~NDIWIXJAL BARS

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

99

SP : 34(S&Ttt987
mmkr, the size of aggrcytc mpy be reduced around where
congested reinforcement to comply with this provision.

b) Greater horizontal distance than the

A, = minimum area of tension reinforcement,

=
breadth of the beam or the breadth of
b
the web of T-beam,

mini-

mum specified in (a) should be provided,

wherever possible. However, when neeitle
vibrators are employed, the horizontal distance between bars of a group may be
reducid to two-thirds of the nominal maximum size of aggregate,
rovided vibrator
can be used without dd Plculty.

cl Where there are two or more rows of bars,

the bars shall be vertically in line and the

minimum vertical distance between bars
shall be 15 mm or two-thirds the nominal
maximum size of a regate or the maximum
size of the bar, wV lchever is the greatest.

The minimum spacin requirements of reinforcing bars in beams is iL:lustrated in Fig. 8.1 and
Fig. 8.2.
8.2.2 Tension Reinforcement

d = effective depth, and

strength
fy= characteristic
ment in N/mm2.

Faxiyum _distaye between bay in

Unless the calculation 01 crack wlatns
lenSIOn
shows that a greater spacing of bars is acceptable,
the following requirement should be fulfilled for
control of flexural cracking:
8.2.2.3_ _

The horizontal distance between parallel

reinforcement bars, or groups near tension
face of a beam shall not be greater than the
value given in Table 8.1 depending on the
amount of redistribution carried out in
analysis and the characteristic strength of
:he reinforcement (see Fig. 8.3).
1.

0.85 bd
A,,. Min = fr

YIN.COVER
=EQUIVAlENT
DIAMETER
OR 25mm.WHlCHEVER
IS GREATER

ii.

18

VERTICAL

~oRIZ~WIAL

SPACING _-d--t-~~oo

00

-++

SPACING

g.2A VERTICAL

reinforce-

8.2.2.2
Maximum rein orcement - The
maximum area of tension rein fforCement shall not
exceed 0.04 bD, where b is the width of the beam
rib or web and D is the total depth of the beam.

8.2.2.1
Minimum reinforcement - The
minimum area of tension reinforcement shall not
be less than that given by the following:

of

SPACING
8.2B HORIZONTAL

PAIRS

PAIRS

L
7

88

a6

VERTICAL SPACING SHOULD

6E NOT LESS THAN 15 m m
OR 2/3 h, OR @ WHICHEVER
IS 6R EATER.

88

a._

HORIZONTAL SPACING SHOULD

E NOT LESS THAN ( h,+ Smm)
OR EQUIVALENT DIAMETERS

VERTICAL
SPACINO

s NOM~NAL/UAX.

SIZE Of AGGRE6AlE

g?~s EQUIVALENT DIAMETER OF BAR

8.2C BUNDLES

FIG. 8.2 MINIMUM SPACING

100

BETWEEN

GROUPS OF BARS

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

ST : 3J(S&T)-IM7

SIDE FACE
REINFORCEMENT
(See clause 8.2.41

?
$3oOR
PREFERABLY
WJTHIN 30

$300 OR b

J.

*
VNOT
GREATER
THAN THE
VALUES
SPECIFIED
IN TABLE
FIG. 8.3 REINFORCEMENT SPACING

TABLE 8.1 MAXIMUM

CLEAR DISTANCE
TENSION BARS

BETWEEN

PERCENTAGE
REDISTRILIUTION
TO OR FROM
SECTION CONSIDERED

_-30

-15

+I5

+30

Clear Distance Between Bars

N/mm*

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

250
415
500

215
125
105

260
155
130

m
180
I50

300
210
175

300
235
195

8-l

RULES FOR CRACK CONTROL

spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thicknck.

whichever
is less (see Fig. 8.4).

8.3

Detailing of Shear Reinforcement

a) A stirrup in the reinforced

concrete beam
shall pass around or be otherwise adequately
secured
to the outer most tension
and
compression
reinforcement,
and such stirrups should have both its ends anchored
properly in any one of the fashion detailed
in Fig. 8.5. In T-beams and l-beams, such

reinforcement shall pass around longitudinal

bars located close to the outer face of the
flange.

NOTE-

The Cpacings given in the table are not applicable

to members subjected to particularly aggressive environments unless in the calculation of the moment of resistance,
h hu been limited to 300 N/mm* in limit state design.

8.2.3
CompreSsion
Reinforcement - The
maximum area of compression reinforcement
shall not exceed
0.04 bD. Compression
reinforcement shall be enclosed by stirrups for
effective restraint. The anchorage length of
straight bars in compression shall be equal to the
development length of bars in compression.

11.2.4 Side Face Reinforcement - Where the

depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm side
face reinforcement shall be provided along the
two faces. The total area of such reinforcement
shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area
and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a
HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND

FIG.

8.4 SIDE FACE REINFORCEMENT IN BEAMS

DETAILING

101

SP : 34(S&T)-I987

FIG. 8.5 DIFFERENTWAYS OF Ah'cHOHING ENDS OF STIRRUPS

While adopting stirrups, different shapes
(stie Fig. 8.6) may be considered depending
on constructional requirements keeping in
view the end anchorage requirements. However, while choosing a particular shape for a
particular situation, its vqlidity should be
considered from structural point of view.

b) Bent-up Bars - Tensile reinforcement which

is inclined and carried through the depth of
beam can also be considered to act as shear
reinforcement provided it is anchored in
accordance with 4.35 (see Fig. 8.7).
Usually two bars are bent up at ? time at an
angle 45O to 60 to the longitudmal axis of

102

the beam but other

adopted.

angles can also be

It is usual practice to combine bent up

bars and vertical stirrups to resist the
shear since some of the longitudinal bars
are bent up when they are no longer required at the bottom (see Fig. 8.7).
c) Maximum SpacingThe maximum s acing of shear reinforcement measured a ong
the axis of the member shall not exceed
0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined
stirrups at 45. where d is the effective depth
of the section under consideration. In no
case shall it exceed 450 mm.

HANUBOOK35 CONCRETE REINFORCE\lE~T AND

DETAILIhG

SI : 34(S&T)-W87

d) Use of Multi-hgged
Stirrups - Muhi-legged sturups are required from the consideration of shear stresses in the beam, or where
restraint against the buckling of bars in
compression is needed. The rules for stirrups
reinforcing steel in compression are the same
as those for columns. The vertical stirrups
may he provided as two-legged stirrups, fourlegged stirrups or six-legged stirrups at the
same section according to actual requirements (see Fig. 8.8). Open type stirrups as
shown in Fig. 8.9 may be used for beam-slab
construction where the width of rib is more
than 450 mm.

lx3
0

e) Stirhps

in Edge Beams - Where designer

shows stirrups in any edge or spandrel
beam, these stirrups shall be closed and at
least one longitudinal bar shall be located
in each corner of the beam section, the size
of this bar is to be at least equal to the diameter of the stirru but not less than 12 mm.
These details sha P1 be clearly indicated by
the designer. Typical cross-sectional details
are shown in Fig. 8.10 for normal and upturned edge or spandrel beams. For easier
placing of the longitudinal bars in the beam,
details for two-piece closed stirrups are
also shown. For the same reason, 90 stirrup
hook is preferred.

L7
0

NOTI-

Preferred

FIG.

8.6

1,)

shapes for

DIFFERENT

torsicn-

1.?,3,4.6,7,13

and

Minimum Reinforcement - The minimum

shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups
shall not be less than the following (see
Fig. 8. I I).

14

SHAPES OF STIRRUPS

r-

LINEOF POTENTIAL CRACK

I
djyd&cotaC

&

r4i

IMAX. SPACING)

8.7A REQUIREMENTS
FIG.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

8.7

BENT-UP

REINFORCEMENT

FOR BENT-UP BARS

BARS

(Contmued)

AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

RYEDlriTE SUPPORT

BARS AT SAME LEVEL

2 LEOBED CLOSED
BENT UP BARS

SECiION-AA
X.?H TYPICAL

ARRANGEMENT

OF BENT-IJP
FIG.

BARS AND

VERTlCAL

8.7 BENT-UP

STIRRUPS

IN A CONTINUOUS

HEAM

BARS

8.8C
THIS ARRANGEMEKT
IN WHICH LINKS
z;;IDyS
SHOULD BE

FIG.

8.8 EXAMPLES

OF MIJLTI~EGGED

HANDBOOK

STIRRUPS

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S;$rT)-1987
b = breadth of the beam or breadth

of the web of flanged beam; and

S, = stirrup spacing along the length
of the member;
fy = characteristic strength of the
stirrup reinforcement in N/mm*
which shall not be taken greater
than 415 N/mm2.
However, in members of minor structural
importance such a,s lintels, or where the maximum shear stress calculated is less than
the
permissible
value, this provision
need not be complied with.

FIG. 8.9 MULTI-LEGGED OPEN TYPE

STIRRUPS
.CROSS-SECTION OF A BROAD SHALLOW
BEAM WITH ~-LEGGED STIRRUPS
A,,,

Min

y
Y

la Beam o

Varying Depth - Detail stirrup

sizes in d ividually where beams have varying
depth. A range ot stirrup sizes nas to be
detailed (see fig. 8.12 and also 6.10).

where
A,, = total

cross-sectiodal
area of
stirrup legs effective in shear;

-120M!N84RSCONTINUOUS
EXCEPT WHEN SPLICED 10
OTHER TOP STEEL.
THESE
BARS SHALL BE OF SAME
SIZE AS STIRRUPS IF STARE LARGER THAN (16

4LL STIRRUPS IN EDOE

BEAM SHALL BE,CLOSEO

CORNER BARS SHALL BE -W

ANCHORED AT SUPPORtS

STIRRUPS

AS

CLOSED

TIE

IL

I I -!z

wdNER
BARS SHALL BE
~~PROPERLV
ANCHORED AT
SUPPORTS

STIRRUPS AND TOP BARS

FORM CLOSED TIE
12@Ml BARSCONTINUOUS rcI
GfHERTOP STEEL

STRAMII
BAR SWCE;
LAP LENQTH SPEClflED

-WHBTRUCTIon

WHERE REQUIRE0 BV oEsMR\

BREAR (IF REpufREO)

.
a

\
I

CORNER BARS SMALL #

PROPERLY ANCHORED AT
SUPPORTS

TWO-PIECESTIRRUPSFDRMCLOSEDTIE
Audimc&oMinl&limetra.
FIG.

8.10 TYPICAL DETAILS OF REINFORCEMEVTIN EDGE AND SPANDREL BEAM

HANDBOOK ON.CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

105

S! : 34(.S&T)-1987

LONGITUDINAL

SECTION
COVER 10
STIRRUPS 1s
bv . AREA OF
XWP
COVERTOMAIN STEEL=
2Smm OR 1 OIAOF BARI#
WHICHEVERIS GREATER.
SECTION- AA

FIG. 8.1 I REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS

CONCERTINA STIRRUPS

SIZE OF STIRRUPS TO
MAINTAIN

Ah-

SECTION-AA

ELEVATION

SECTION-BB

FIG. 8.12 USE OF CONCERTINA STIRRUPS IN BEAMS OF VARYING

W Force not Applied to Top of Beam -

Where
a load transfer is through the bottom or side

of a beam (for example, where one beam

frames into another), ensure that there is
sufficient suspension or hang-up reinforce-

106

SHAPE

HANDBOOK

DEPTH

men. at the junction in the main beam in the

form of stirrups to transfer the force to the
top of the beam. If the load is large, bent-up
bars may also be used in addition to
stirrups (see Fig. 8.13).

OK COSCRETE

REINFORCE~lENT

.\Sl) DET.4II,IKG

)-

SECONDARY

SEAM

SHALL SE PROPERLY
ANCHORED AT SUPPORT

FIG.8.13
H.14A SHEAR

AN ID TORSION

REINFORCEMENT

IN

BEAMS

8.4 Torsion Reinforcement - When a member

is designed for torsion, reinforcement
for the same
shall Ge provided as follows (see Fig. 8.14A):
reinforcement
for torsion
a) The transverse
shall be rectangular
closed stirrups placed
perpendicular_ to the axis of the member.
The spacing of the stirrups shall not exceed
the least of xl, (s, + d/4
and 300 mm,
where X, and yl are respecively the short
dnd long dimensions
of the stirrup. In a
beam with multi-legged
stirrup,
only the
stirrup going around the outer face shall
be considered
to resist torsional
force. In
members
having a complex cross-section
(such as 1 and T-sections), each part (flanges,
contain
closed
ribs, webs, etc.) should
stirrups of its own (see Fig. 8.14B and C).
reinforcement
shall be placed
b) Longitudinal
as close as is practicable to the corners of
the cross-section and in all cases there shall
be at least one longitudinal
bar in each
corner of the ties.
dimensions
of the
c) When the cross-sectional
members exceeds 450 mm, additional longitudinal reinforcements
shall be provided at
the side faces and the total area of such
reinforcement
shall be not less than 0.1
percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not
exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is lower.

8.148
1

8.5 Curtailmeht of Reinforcement - The extent

of curtailment
of main reinforcement
in beams
should be related to the.bending moment diagram
subject to the conditions
specified in Section 4.
However, simplified
urtailment rules illustrated in
Fig. 8.15, 8.16 a d 8.17 may be used for
continuous
beams, Fsimply supported beams and
cantilever beams, respectively under the following
circumstances:
a) the beams are designed for predominantly
uniformly
distributed
loads; and
b) in the case of continuous
beams, the spans
are approximately
equal (which do not
differ by more than
I5 percent of the
longest).

HANDBOOK

ON

~0t~3E-f~

RIINFORCEMENT

AND

8.14C
FIG.8.14 SEAR AND TORSIONREINFORCEMENT
IN
RECTANGULAR AND FLANGED BEAMS

DETA~L~NC

107

SP : 34( S&T)-1 987

EFFECTIVE
END SUPPORT
(RESTAINED)

No-l t
and

SPAN

11

12
1
INTERMEDIATE

it

0%

I1 SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN

Applicable lo continuous beams with approxrmakly

subjrcted to predominantly
U.D.L..
and desrgned

FIG. 8.15

SIMPI.IF1k.D

CUKTAlI,MEN

MINIMUM

*In cast partialI\

restrain: members,.35
percent
momtnt at the support and fully anchorrd.

rNOTLESS WAN

*st

10

25Afi (MIN.) SUBJECl 10 MINIMUM

OF Two BARS, IF NOT OESICNEO AS
- i. ,.
A DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION.

FOR

CONTINIK)IS

TWO BARS

of the. relnforcemen:

--

I 0.5 Ant

La

equal spans (not differrng more than

without comprcGon
steel.
Kl!l.ts

SUPPORT

I5 percent)

BEAMS

Jc

shall albo be probided

fo;. negative

8.6 Edge and Spandrel Beam -- T-beams or Lbeams

are usually
designed
as internal
and
external
beams supporting
a floor slab; where
part ot the slab form the horizontal
portions of
the T- or I.-beam.
Where the rcinforcemcnt
oi a slab which is
considcrcd
HIS the flange of T- or L.-beam, is
parallel
to the beam. transverse
reinforcement
extending
to the lengths indicated
in Fig. 8.18
shall be pro\,ided.
ii the quantity
of such
trans\crsc
reinfor-cement
is not
specially
determined by calculations
it shall not be less than
60 percent of main reiniorcement
in the centre of
the span of slab constituting
the flange.
8.7 Corners and Cranked Beams ~- Recommendationsfor various methods of reinforcing corners
are gi\,ing herein based on reference 6. It is to be
noted that closing
corners
present
no major,

108

Ii

\\I)BOOM

SP : 34(!3&T)_1987

_
BARS TO HAVE
THE REQUIRED
ANCHORAGE
VALUE ON
BOTHSIDES.

O-25 AH 1 MtU.) SUBJECT

TO MWMtM
TWO BARS

8 178 CANTILEVER BEAM PROJECTING FROM A BEAM OVER A COLUMN

FIG. 8.17 SIMPLIFIED

CURTAILMENT RULES FOR A CANTILEVER BEAM

__-_-_-

-a----

6:

;..

-*
.

.b

Xl

--.-

:.*C.

SECTION

XX

FIG. 8.18 TRANSVERSEREINFORCEMENTIN FLANGE OF T-BEAM WHEN MAIN REINFORCEMENT OF SLAB IS PARALLEL TO SEAM
HANDBCWK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

109

ST : 34(S&T)-I987
problem, but opening corners require
detailing (see Fig. 8.l9 and Fig. 8.20).

careful

RESUlTANtTENSILE

FORCE ACROSS

FIG. 8.22 HAIRPIN WITH SPLAY REINFORCEMENT

FG

8.19 OPENING CORNER

8.7.2 900~Opening Corners With More Than 1
Percent Reinforcement - If the area of reinforcement exceeds one percent. provide transverse steel
as well as splay steel as in Fig. 8.23. (The use of a
splay is also strongly recommended.)

COMPRESS\wE
FORCE ACROSS
CORNER

FIG. 8.20 CLOSING CORNER

8.3.1 9Qo-Opening Corners With I Percent
Rein orcement or Less - Where the amount of
rein f/&cement in the beam is equal to or less than
1 percent, detail the reinforcement as shown in
Fig. 8.21 or Fig. 8.22, the splay steel being equal
to 50 percent of the main steel.

FIG. 8.23
8.7.3 Cranked Beams - The recommended
methods of detailing are shown in Fig. 8.24, 8.25
and 8.26.

FIG. 8.24

FIG. 8.21

110

FIG. 8.25

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 34&S&T)-1987

F!G. 8.26
8, A Beam and Column Junclion - Where a
COIL hn extends above a beam, bend the beam top

rein arcement down into the column but if it is

necc sary to bend the bars up, detail additional
stee as in Fig. 8.27.

FIG. 8.28

FIG. 8.27

8.7.5 Closing Corners - At closing corners

provide adequate radii (equa! to at least 7.5 bar
diameters) and some additional reinforcement as
in Fig. 8.28.
8.8 Beam of Different Depths -- Typical
arrangements of reinforcement over the support
when the beam on either side of the support are of
different depths is shown in Fig. 8.29.
8.9 Tie Members - As a tie is under pure
tension there is no tendency to burst like an
axially loaded column and therefore binders are
not required.
But, in order to form the
longitudinal bars into a cage, a minimum number
of links is used. As there is theoretically no shear
or bending moment acting on a tie, only main
longitudinal reinforcement is required. The main
8.9.1 End Details -These
shall provide
adequate anchors and correct bond lengths. In
HANDBOOK

ON COSCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

FIG. 8.29 BEAMS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

consideration
is the end conditions where a
method should be devised to anchor the tie
and/or spread its axial load into the connecting
members.
practice a small splay at the ends of the tie is
made to allow for any slight moment that may be
induced at the ends. Simple end details for light
loading are shown in Fig. 8.30. The ties are shown
by the arrows.

AND DETAII.IN<;

111

SP:M@&T)-1987

NOMINAL LINKS

8.3OA
8.3aB

8
w
b

8.3OC

FIG.8.30TIE

112

END CONNECTIONS FOR LIGHT LOADING

11\vDBnGK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DRTAILING

SI : 34(S&T)-1987
For heavier axial loading, the ends shall be
more splayed
out to distribute * the load
adequately. Typical details are shown in Fig. 8.3 I.
In Fig. 8.31 (A and B) it will be seen that as the
splay is increased in size, the embedded and hence
bond length of the main tie bars is also increased.

In Fig. 8.31 C extra links or hoops shall be

provided as shown to resist the tendency of the
large loop to burst under axial load. In Fig. 8.31
the main bars have been shown with double lines
for clarity. When detailing they would be shown
thick lines in t.he norma! way.

8.3lR

8.3lA

8.3lC

FIG.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

8.31 TIE END CONNECTIONS FOR HIGH LOADING

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34&scT)-I987
8.10
Haunched Beam - In very heavily loaded
beams, for example a warehouse structure, the
shear stress and negative bending moment at the
supports will be high. An economical method of
overcoming this problems is to provide the beams
with haunches as shown in Fig. 8.32. There are-no
rules governing the size of haunches, but those
shown in Fig. 8.32 are considered ideal.
8.10.1

Figure

Main

8.33

Reinforcement

shows

the

typtcat

in

haunches -

main

tensrle

reinforcement in an end external haunch. The

main bars are carried through the haunch as if it
did not exist, with pairs of bars Q, 6, c, etc,
stopped off in accordance with acut-off bending
moment diagram. Bars h are placed parallel to the
haunch to carry vertical links (omitted in the
figure for clarity).
A similar method of reinforcing to that shown
in Fig. 8.33 can also be used for internal
haunches. This is shown in Fig. 8.34.
.

4
I

HAUNCH

FIG. 8.32 BEAM

HAUN(.HES

FIG.8.33 MAIN REINFORCEMENTIN END HAUNCHES (SW FIG. 8.33 FOR SECTION xx)

FIG.8.34 MAIN REINFORCE~~ENT

I& HAUNCHES (See FIG. 8.37FOR SECTION xx)
II4

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILlirG

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

8.10.2 Stirrups in Haunches - The stirrups in

haunches can either be positioned
normally to
the haunch as shown in Fig. 8.35A, or placed
vertically as in Fig. 8.358. Most designers prefer
method shown in Fig. 8.358.

LINK PLACED
NORMAL TO HAUNCH

SECTION
FIG.

8.12

8.36

Intersection

HAUNCH

X-X
LINKS

of Beams

8.12.1 General - Ensure that, at beam-beam

intersections, reinforcement is so arranged that
layers in mutually perpendicular beams are at
different levels.

8.12.2 Top Steel- It is good practice, for the

following reasons, to pass the secondary beam
steel over the main beam steel:
a) secondary beam steel is usually of smaller
diameter and requires less cover, and

8.358

FIG.

8.35

LINKS

OR TIES

IS

b) secondary
beam top reinforcement
is
available to act as a support for the slab top
reinforcement.

HALSCHS

If in Fig. 8.33 and 8.34, the h bars were placed

near the outside edge of the beam they would foul
the outside main horizontal bars. They should,
therefore, be placed on the inside as shown in
Fig. 8.36 so that two different sets of stirrups are
required throughout
the whole length of the
haunch (see 8.10).
8.11 Beam of Varying Depth - Stirrups need to
be detailed individually wherever beams have
varying depths and a range of stirrup sizes have to
be adopted.
8.11.1 The different stirrup sizes may be
reduced in number by using concertina stirrups
(see Fig. 8.12) with the legs lapped with tension
lap length. The difference between the lengths of
successive groups should be at least 50 mm. In
order to maintain the correct size of the member,
use closed stirrups at centre-tocentre distances of
at least 1000 mm. Ensure that concertina stirrups
are properly tied and maintained in position
during concreting.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

Where the main beam is very heavily stressed,

however, it may be more economical to pass the
beam
steel
over
the
secondary
main
reinforcement.
8.12.3 Bottom
Steel - To accommodate
bottom bars, it is good practice to make
secondary beams shallower than main beams,
even if by only 50 mm (see Fig. 8.37). Where
beam soffits are at the same level, the secondary
beam steel should pass over the main beam steel.
Unless the secondary beam span is short, bars of
diameter less than 25 mm be draped (see
Fig. 8.38). Cranking of bottom bars is usually not
necessary.
If it is required that the beam cages be preassembled. provide splice bars 7.6).
8.13 Opnings in the Web - Adjacent openings
for services in the web of flexural members shall
be arranged so that no potential failure planes,
passing through several openings, can develop. In
considering this, the possible reversal of shear
DETAILING

115

SP : 34@&TH987

Secondary beam

beam

Draoed
FIG.

(Tie

8.37

mam

bar

to side of stirrup)

FIG. 8.38

force, associated with the development of the

flexural overstrength of the members, should be
taken into account.

ensure that the moments and shear forces can be

effectively transmitted by the compression zone of
the member.

8.13.1 Small square or circular openings may

be @aced in the mid-depth of the web provided
that cover requirements
to longitudinal and
transverse reinforcement are satisfied, and the
clear distance between such openings, measured
along the member, is npt less than 150 mm, The
area of small openings shall not exceed I 000 mm?
for members with an effective depth,d, less than
or equal to 500 mm, or 0.004 n* when the
effective depth IS more than 500 mm.

11.13.4 For openings

defined
by 8.13.3,
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement shall be
placed in the compression side of the web to resist
one and one-half times the shear across the
opening. Shear transfer in the tension side of the
web shall be neglected.

NOTE- Smal openings with areas not exceeding those

specified in 8113 .l.are
considered not to interfere with the
development of the strength of the member. However, such
openings must not encroach into the flexural compression
zone of the member. Therefore, the edge of a small opening
lould
be no closer than 0.33 d, to the compression face of
the member. as required by[$.12.3. When two or more small
openings are placed transvertily
in the web. the distance
between the outermost edges of the small openings should
be considered as being equivalent to the height of one large
opening and the member should be designed accordingly.

8.133 Webs with openings larger than that

permitted by 18.12.1 shall be subject to rational
design to ensure that the forces and moments are
adequately transferred in the vicinity of the
openings.
This will require the design of
orthogonal or diagonal reinforcement around
such openings.
8.13.3, Whenever the largest dimension of an
opening exceed one-quarter of the effective depth
of the member, it is to be considered large. Such
openings shall not be placed in the web where
they could affect the flexural or shear capacity of
the member, nor where the total shear stress
exceed 0.36 a,
or in potential plastic hinge
zones. In no case shall the height of the opening
exceed 0.4 d nor shall its edge be closer than
0.33 d to the compression face of the member to

116

HANDBOOK

NOTE-Only
the part of the web above or below an
opening which is in compression should be considered to
transmit shear. The stiffness of the tension part is considered to be negligible because of extensive cracking.
The
amount,
locatIon and anchorage of the longitudinal
reinforcement
in the compression part of the web above the
opening must be determined from first principles so as to
resist one and one-half times the moment induced by the
shear force across the opening. Similarly shear reinforcement in the compression chord adjacent to the opening must
resist IS0 percent of the design shear force. This is to ensure
that no failure occurs as a result of the local weakening of
the member due to the opening. Effective diagonal reinforcement above or below the opening, resisting one and
one-half times the shear and moment, is also acceptable.

8.13.5 Transverse
web
reinforcement,
extendmg over the full depth of the web, shall be
placed adjacent to both sides of a large opening
over a distance not exceeding one-half of the
effective depth of the member to resist twice the
entire design shear across the opening.
NATE - At either side of an opening where the moments
and shear forces are introduced to the full section of a beam,
horizontal
splitting or diagonal tension cracks are to be
expected. To control these cracks, transverse reinforcement
resisting at least twuze the design shear force,, must bc
provided on both sides of the opening. Such sturups can
be distributed
over a length not exceeding 0.5 d at either
side immediately
adjacent to the opening.

8.13.6
A typical detail of reinforcement
around a large opening in the web of a beam,
complying with the above requirements, are
Shown in Fig. 8.39.

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP :34(s&T)_1987

d
t

r SftRRUPS

10 REStsr

l-5 V,,

STlRRUF% TO
REStST TV,

1 jowsd!

lwNOMtN*r

STIRRUB

AT A LARGEOPENINGIN THE WEB OF A BEAM

REOUIREMENTS

HANDBOOK ON CONCKKTKRKINFOKCKMKWTAND DefADJNG

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTlON

Floor Slabs

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

9P : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION 9
FLOOR

9.0

Solid Slabs-The

requirements specified in

9.1 to 9.7.2.2 apply to solid slabs other than flat

slabs.
9.1 Minimum
Reinlorcement
- In solid
reinforced concrete slabs, the reinforcement in
either direction expressed as a percentage of the
gross-sectional area of the concrete shall not be
less than:
a) 0.15 percent where plain bars are used, and
b) 0.12 percent where high yield strength (hot
rolled and cold twisted) deformed bars or
welded wire fabric are used.
9.2

Spacing,

9.2.1

Cover

and Diameter

Spacing

a) The pitch of the bars for main tensile rein-

forcement
in solid slab shall be not more
than thrice the effective depth of such slab
or 450 mm, whichever is smaller.

b) The pitch of the distribution

bars or the
pitch of the bars provided against shrinkage
and temperature shall not be more than 5
times the effective depth of such slab or
450 mm, whichever is smaller. Table C-6
(see Appendix C) give area of bars for
different spacing and diameter of bars.

9.2.2

Cover

a) The cover at each end of reinforcing bar

shall be neither less than 25 mm nor less
than twice the diameter of such bar.
b) The minimum cover to reinforcement (tension, compression, shear) shall be not less
than 15 mm, nor less than the diameter of
bar.
9.2.3 Bar Diameters-The
main bars in the
slab shall not be less than 8 mm (high yield
strength
bars)
or 10 mm (plain
bars) and
distribution
steel shall not be less than 6 mm

diameter bars. The dhmeter of the bar shall not

also be more thag one-eighth of the slab
thickness.
9.3

Simply

Supported

Slabs

9.3.1 Slabs Spanning in One Direction - A

slab that is supported on two opposite sides only
by either walls or beams is said to be spanning in
one direction. The s!ab is considered as spanning
in one direction even when the slab is supported
on all four sides if the effective length of the slab
exceeds two times its effective width. The shorter
span is to be considered for design.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AXD

SLABS

Figure 9.1 shows the general details of slab

spanning in one direction. It clearly indicates the
size and thickness of the slab and reinforcement,
the cover and the spacing. Slab thickness shall be
indicated both in plan and section. Where series
of identical bars are used, it is customary to show
only one bar. The bars in the shorter direction
(main bars) are placed in the bottom layer. At
least 50 percent of main reinforcement provided
at mid span should extend to the supports. The
remaining 50 percent should extend to within 0.1 I
of the support.
The bars in longer direction of the slab are
called distribution or transverse steel. These assist
in distribution of the stresses caused by the
superimposed loading, temperature changes and
shrinkage during the hardening process. These
bars are placed in the upper layer and tied with
the main steel bars to keep them in correct
position during concreting.
9.3.2

Slabs Spanning in Two Directions - A

simple slab spanning in two directions (lY/lx < 2)

and supported
on four brick walls is shown in

Fig. 9.2.
As the slab is spanning in both directions the
reinforcement
in each direction
shall be
considered as main reinforcement. The bars in the
shorter direction are generally placed in the
bottom layer and tied with the bars iti the longer
direction placed above at suitable intervals to
keep their relative positions
intact during
concreting.
At least 50 percent of the tension reinforcement
provided at mid-span should extend to the
supports. The remaining 50 percent should extend
to within 0.1 I, or 0.1 I, of the support, as
appropriate, where I, and I, are effective spans in
the shorter direction
and longer direction,
respectively.
9.4 Restrained Slabs - When the corners of a
slab are prevented from lifting, the following
simplified
detailing
rules may be applied,
provided the slab is designed for predominantly
uniformly distributed loads.
The analysis of uniformly distributed load and
loads may be done separately,
and with
appropriate
theories. The reinforcement
quantities
determined in this way should be superimposed.
NOTE I -

concentrated

NOTE2 -- If an end support is assumed to be a free support

in the analysis, but if the character of the structure is such
that restraint may nevertheless occur at the support, a
restraint moment equal lo half the mid-span moment in the
strip concerned may be adopted.
DETAILING

121

LDISTRIWTION

dC

_-

LMAIN

BARS

( SEE NOTE 2 1

SECTION

BARS ( SEE NOTE 1)

-88

_-----------L

---I-____------_--

DETAILS

.
z
a

B
3

Of MAIN BARS ALONG

THIS LINE

GW
mz
253
ILm
OE
v)*

_------_-__
-_-

4c

pciiizq

---------------&-

2
PLAN
Norm I -Diameter

Q 8 mm for

NOTE2 - Diameter Q
FIG.

6 mm;

deformed

Spacing

bars;

10 mm

IP Sd or 450

for

plain

bars; Spacing

3d or 450

mm

9.1 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A SLAB SPANNING IN ONE DIRECTION

mm

1,
B

-I

t
i

I+

-I

-------------~--~

BARS IN SHORTER DIRECTION SHALL

BE PLACED BELOW BARS PLACED IN
THE LONGER DIRECTION

DETAIL OF BARS IN SHORTER DIRECTION

I
I

I i

!
;

i
I
II
-1,
I
I.
I .

_-.

Bk-

II

Ad/

-7

3
z

--

I
I

--e---,--,----d

-A-

PLAN

DlSTRl8UTlON

BARS (2 BARS MIN.)

SECTION-AA
FIG. 9.2 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A SLAB SPANNING IN Two

DIRECTIONS

_.-

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
9.4.1 The slabs are considered as divided in
each direction int:o middle strips and edge strips
as shown in Fig. !9.3, the middle strip being threequarters of the width and each edge strip oneeighth of the width.

9.5 Cantilever Slabs-The

main reinforcement
shall be placed in the top of cantilever slab
extending to sufficient length over the support
and back into the normal span.Ttie method of
curtailment shall conform to the requirements
specified in Section 4.

9.4.2 The tension reinforcement provided at

mid-span in the imiddle strip shall extend in the
lower part of the slab to within 0.25 1 of a
continuous edge, or 0.15 I of a discontinuous
edge.

Support to the top steel of cantilever slabs at

spacings -(for stools and chairs) should preferably
be specified in the detailing drawing. The bending
of the main bars should be such that they
contribute to the supporting of the steel, that is,
bars that extend to the end should have vertical
bends, with a fixing bar at the bend.

9.4.3 Over the continuous edges of a middle

strip, the n.ension reinforcement shall extend in the
upper p&n; of the ,slab a distance of 0.15 1 from the
The secondary steel at right angles to fhe
support, and at least 50 percent shall extend a support may be designed and -detailed to carry
distance rif 0.30 1.
construction loading in the propped condition, if
9.4.4 ,4t a discontinuous
edge, negative necessary.
moments may arise. They depend on the fixity at
The deflection in cantilever slabs can be
the cedge of the slab but, in general, tension reduced by the addition of compression steel at
reinforcement
equal to 50 percent of that the bottom. This would also be . helpful in
provided at mid-span extending 0.1 I into the span counteracting
possible reversal
of bending
will be sufficient.
moments.
9.43
Reinforcement in edge strip parallel to
the edge, shall comply with the minimum
reinforcement
requirement
(9.1) and the
requirements for torsion in 9.4.6. to 9.4.6.2.
9.4.6 torsional
Reinforcement - Torsional
reinforcement shall be provided at any corner
where the slab is simply supported on both edges
meeting at that corner and is prevented from
lifting unless the consequences of cracking are
negligible. It sh;all consist of top and bottom
reinforcement,
each with layer of bars placed
parallel t3 the sides of the slab and extending
from the edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of
the shorter span. The area of reinforcement per
unit width in each of these four layers shall be
three-quarters
of the ~area required for the
maximum mid-span moment per unit width in the
slab (see Fig. 9.4A).
9.4.6.1 Torsional reinforcement
equal to
half that described in 9.4.6 shall be provided at a
corner cointained by edges over only one of which
the slab iscontinuous. (see Fig. 9.4B.)
9.4.6.2 Torsional reinforcement need not be
provided at any corner contained by edges over
both of which t.he slab is continuous.
9.4.7
way (in
effective
effective
than 2.

.A slab shall be treated as spanning one

the shorter direction) when ratio of
span in the longer direction to the
:span in. the shorter direction is greater

9.5.1 The simplified

curtailment
rules
illustrated in Fig. 9.7 may be used for cantilever
slabs when they are designed for predominantly
uniformly distributed loads.
9.5.2 Tie
Cantilevers

Backs

and

Counter

Masses

to

9.5.2.1
Cantilever
at the bottom
of
beams- Ensure, when a cantilever is at the
bottom of a beam, the design of the stirrups in the
beam provides for moment, shear, hanging
tension and, if necessary, torsion. If possible,
provide in the detailing of this steel for placing of
the beam steel without the necessity of. the
threading of the main beam steel through the
cantilever anchorage loops. The details should
conform to the basic principles a plicable to
opening corner in retaining walls an s the beams.
Figure 9.8 provides three alternative methods of
anchoring bars in supporting beams.
NOTE- Note the special difficulty induced by bent-up
bars in the beam steel:
a) Curtailed bars going to the back of a beam may drift
out of position during casting of concrete.
b) Hairpin type bars should be related to the horizontal
stirrup spacing, and this may cause difficulties.
c) Loops of 270 are difficult to bend and place in
position.

9.4.9 Re-entrant CornersDiagonal remforcement shall be placed at all re-&trant corners

to keep crack widths within limits (see Fig. 9.6).

9.5.2.2 Cantilever at the top of bedmsWhere the weathering course is 30 mm -or less,
crank the-bars at a slope not exceeding 1 in 6 [see
Fig. ~9.9(A)]. Ensure that the combination of top
bars and stirrups is such as to provide the
required restraint. Note that if a bar is laced over
and under the beam bars, it is fully restrained
provided that the beam top bars are heavy enough
and a stirrup is within 50 mm of such bar- If the
bar is not so laced, detail the steel to ensure the
anchorage against bursting (see Fig. 9.9).

124

ON CONCRETE

9.4.8 Figure 9.5 illustrates curtailment of bars

in a restrained slab spanning in two directions
based on the above rules using straight bars or
bent-up bars.

HANDBOOK

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP:34(S&T)_1987

1~ m SHORTER SPAN
9.4A

Corner with Two Discontinuous Ends

9.48 Corner with One Discontinuous Ends

FIG. 9.4 TORSIONAL REINFORCEMENT IN SLABS

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

I tI

A- USING BENT-UP

BARS

INTERMEDIATE

BEAM

EDGE BEAM
-3

h6E

f ;

0*2511

BEAM

B- USING
FIG. 9.5 SIMPLIFIED

STRAIGHT

BARS

O-25 12

L INTERMEDIATE

RULES FOR CIJRTAILMENT OF BARS-SECTION THROUGH MIDDLE STRII~

BEAM

-!
7

SP :31(s&'r)-l987
to frame circular openings. They should be
placed both at top and bottom if the thickness of slab exceeds 150 mm.-The diameter
of these bars should be the same as that of,
the larger of the slab bars, and their length
should be about 80 diameters.

WA11 SUPPORT

----1

l-----

iF$La9
I

-------a

NOTE - In general openings of diameter less than 250 mm

or of size smaller than 200 X 200 mm may be treated as
insignificant openings.

SLAB

hDDITlONAL
DIAGONAL
8ARS
(TOP ; BOTTOM1

SLAB

9.7

Slabs with Welded Wire Fabric

9.7.1 GeneralWelded wire fabric is either

oblong mesh or square mesh arid is supplied in
either rolls or flat sheets. The details regarding
material, types and designation, dimensions, sizes
of sheets or rolls, weight, tolerance, mechanical
properties, etc, are all covered in IS : 1566-1982
Specification for hard-drawn steel wire fabric for
concrete reinforcement (second revision) (see also
Section 1).
9.7.2

9.7.2.1
To ensure that correct size of fabric
is laid in right direction, small sketches should be
inserted on the plan to indicate the direction of
span of the fabric. Details at A and B in Fig. 9.12
indicate square and oblong welded wire fabric,
respectively, in plan view of slab.

ADDITIONAL DIAGONAL
BARS ( TOP 4 BOTTOM I

BEAM !%Pf'O~

FIG.Y.6ADDITIONAL

REINFORCEMENT

AT

RE-

ENTRANT CORNERS

9.5.3 Cantilevers
Around
Corners - Ensure
that, in a corner of a cantilever slab, the detailing
is such that tie-back loading and the deflections
that arise from this are accounted for. Avoid fan
type detailing. Take particular care with drainage
inlets.
9.6 Openings in Slab: -Special
detailing for
openings for lift shafts, large service ducts, etc, in
the floors shall be given in the drawing. Such
openings shall be strengthened by special beams
or additional reinforcement around the openings.
Due regard shall be paid to the possibility of
diagonal cracks developing at the corners of the
openings.
NOTE - The number, sire and position of trimming bars
is a function of the design, and should be determined by the
designer.

9.6.1 Where openings are small and the slab is

not subjected to any special type loading or
vibration
conditions,
the following general
detailing rules may be followed around openings
(see Fig. 9.10 and 9.11):
a) At least one half the quantity of principal
steel intersected by the opening is to be
placed parallel to principal steel on each side
of the opening extending Ld beyond the
edges of the opening.
b) Diagonal stitching bars are put across the
corners of rectangular holes or so placed as
128

Detailing

HANDBOOK

9.7.2.2 The actual position of the welded

wire fabric sheet in slab panels may be shown by a
diagonal line together with the description of the
mesh used. Bottom sheets should be shown with
diagonal drawn from bottom left-hand corner to
the top right-hand corner. Top sheets should be
shown from top left-hand corner to the bottom
right-hand corner. A schedule may also be
included in the structural drawing indicating the
mesh sizes, length and width, and cutting details
for welded wire fabric sheets for different slabs
panels. A typical plan is illustrated in Fig. 9.13
(see Section 5 for schedule).
9.8

Flat Slabs

9.8.1 Genera/The term flat slab means a

reinforced concrete slab with or without drops,
supported generally without beams, by columns
with or without flared column heads (see Fig.
9.14). A flat slab may be solid slab or may have
recesses formed on the soffit so that the soffit
comprises a series of ribs (waffles) in two
directions. The recesses may be formed by
removable or permanent filler blocks.
9.8.1.1

(see Fig. 9.15)

a) Cofumn strip -Column

strip means a
design strip having a width of 0.25 12, but
not greater than 0.25 k on each side of the
column centre line, where II is the span in
the direction moments are being determined,
measured centre-to-centre of supports and 1,
is the span transverse to II, measured centreto-centre of supports.
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP:34(S&T)-1987
t

9.48

3
CHAIRS

DOlTtONAL

NEAR

-fUPPOR7S

FIG. 9.10 ADDITIONAL

RilNFORClNG

REINFORCEMENT

A RECTANGULAR

A OPENING

BARS

AROUND
SLAB

IN A

.
NOTE-Bottom

bars left out for clarity

FIG. 9.8 CANTILEVER SLABS AT THE BOTTOM OF

a0

BEAMS

<

.I0

l,30

9.9A

3o<s<150

9.9B

\II AOOITIONAl

REINFORCING

BARS

--SOW ARCAOF CANTILCVLR

FIG. 9. I I ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT
AROUND
mwORCtYE*l

A CIRCULOR OPENING IN A SLAB

NOTE-

Bottom bars left out for clarity

FIG.9.12WELDED
FIG. 9.9 CANTILEVER AT THE

TOP

OF BEAMS

WIRE FABRIC IN

PLAN VIEW OF

_.

SP : 34(,c8;1)-1987

f
I%

.dP

lI

/
7
\

11
d

L
0
\
J

1
5

2540

SECTION

XX

2111)-

FIG. 9.13 PLAN SHOWING TYPICAL DETAILS OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE-REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

CRITICAL SECTION Foa

SHEAR

11A

SLAB
WITHOUT
OROP L COLUMN
WITHOUT
COLUMN
HEAO
CRITICAL
FOR

SCclIoH

116

SHEAR

SLAB

WITH DROP
WITH COLUMN

ANY CONCRETE
IN IHIS
10
BE
NEGLECTED IN

CALCULATIONS

.llC

SLAB

WITHOUT
DROP
WITH COLUMN

NOTE-De
is the diameter
of column
depth of slab or drop as appropriate.
FIG.

or column

head

9.14 CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR

design

sides

c) Panel - Panel means that part of a slab

bounded on each of its four sides by the
Centre line of a column or centre line of
adjacent spans.
Proportioning

9.8.2.1 The minimum thickness ofslab shall

be 125 mm.

9.8.2.2 Drops - The drops, when provided,

shall be rectangularcin plan and have a length in
each direction not less than one-third of the panel
length in that direction. For exterior panels, the
width of drops at right angles to the noncontinuous edge and measured from the centre
line of the columns shall be equal/to one-half the
width of drop for interior panels.
9.8.2.3 Column heads - Where column
heads are provided, that portion of a column head
which lies within the largest right circular cone or
pyramid that has a vertex angle of 90 and can be
included entirely within the outlines of the column
and the column head, shall be considered for
design purposes (see 9.13).
132

L COLUMN
HEAD

AREA

THE

8 COLUMN
HEAD

b) Middle strip - Middle

strip
means
a
strip bounded on each of its opposite
by tlie column strip.

9.8.2

WMtO4A1tLY

HANDBOOK

to be considered

SHEAR

9.8.3

IN

desgn and d is effective

for

FLAT

SLABS

Slab Reinforcement

9.8.3.1 Spacing - The spacing of bars in a

flat slab shall not exceed twice the slab thickness,
except where a slab is of cellular or ribbed
construction.
9.8.3.2 Area of reinforcement - When drop
panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for
determination of area of reinforcement shall be
the lesser of the following:
a) Thickness of drop, and
b) Thickness of slab plus one-quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of
capital.
9.8.3.3

Minimum

length of reinforcement

4 Reinforcement ih flat slabs shall have the

minimum lengths specified in Fig. 9.16.
Larger lengths of reinforcement shall be
provided when required by analysis.
b) Where adjacent

spans are unequal, the

extension of negative reinforcement beyond
each face of the common column shall be
based on the longer span.

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

I_
I

12,

12b

. OF PANEL-B

OF PANEL-A
I

COLUMN STRIP MIDDLE STRIP COLUMN STRIP MIDDLE STRIP COLUMN STRIP
I
I
I
I
FIG.

9.8.3.4

Anchoring

9.15 PANELS, C~L~JMNSTRIPS AND MIDDLE STRIPS

reinforcement

a) All slab reinforcement perpendicular to a

discontinuous edge shall have an anchorage
(straight, bent or otherwise anchored) past
the internal face of the spandrel beam, wall
or column of an amount:

1) for

positive reinforcement - not less

than 15 cm xcept that with fabric reinforcement
ving a fully welded transverse wire ?! irectly over the support, it
shall be permissible to reduce this length
to one-half of the width of the support or
5 cm, whichever is greater; and

2) for negative reinforcement - such that

the design stress is developed at the internal face, in accordance with Section 4.

b) Where the slab is not supported by a spandrel beam or wall, or where the slab cantilevers beyond the support, the anchorage
shall be obtained within the slab.

9.8.3.5 When the design is based on the

direct design method specified in IS : 456-1978,
simplified detailing rules as specified in Fig. 9.17
may be followed. A typical arrangement of bars in
a flat slab with drop panels is shown in Fig. 9.17.
9.8.4 Openings in Fiat Slabs - Openin s of
any size may be provided in the flat slab iP it is
shown by analysis that the requirements of
strength and serviceability are met. However, for
openings conforming to the following, no special
analysis is required (see also 9.6):

a) Openings of any size may be placed within

the middle half of the span in each direction,

provided the total amount of reinforcement
required for the pane1 without the opening is
maintained.

b) In the area common to two column strips,

not more than one-eighth of the width of strip

in either span shall be interrupted by the
openings. The equivalent of reinforcement

HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

133

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

wwoul

mop

PANEL

WIW DROP PANEL

---a

_ --

+
I

(NO

SLAe

CONTINWY

(CONlINUITy

BAR

LENGTH

FROM

PROVI~EO)

Length

0'14 1.

0.20 1.

0.22 1.

SLAB

CONTINUITY

J
c

F~ca oc SWPORT

Minimum Length

(H,

0.30 1.

O-S.9f.

Maximum

tngth

0*2OI,

0.24 1,

Ilent bon at exterior rupport~ may be used if a general anrlysh is made.

Nm - D II the diameter of the column and the dimension of t& rcetmnular column in the
direction under consideration.

134

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)_1987

+4

COLUMN CAP

r-

r --_

I--- -iCUMN S~RI_P~MIDDLESIR

INTERIOR
PANEL
PLAN

-_G

EXTERIORPANEL

SUPPORT

_ .___-.- --

e-

SECTION

THROUGH

COLUMN

SECTION THROUGH

MlDDLE

STRIP

STRfP

FIG. 9.17 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTOF BARS IN A FLAT SLAB WITH DROP PANELS
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

135

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

interrupted shall be added on all sides of the

openings.
c) In the area common to one column strip and
one middle strip, not more than one-quarter
of the reinforcement in either strip shall be
interrupted by the openings. The equivalent
of reinforcement interrupted shall be added
on all sides of the openings.
9.8.5 Shear Reinforcement
at Column Heads
and Dropped Panels - The best method of providing shear reinforcement for slabs at column
heads is to use beam cages in one direction and
bars in the other direction laid under and on top
of the steel in the cages (see Fig. 9.18). Other
methods such as the following may also be used
depending upon their suitability:

4 Half or open stirrups suspended from the

top steel;

W Use of serpentine bars (see Fig. 9.19A).

d Spiders made of bent bars (for deep slabs)
(see Fig. 9.19B).

4 Structural

steel frames made of plate.

HANDBOOK

A few more methods of detailing shear

reinforcement in flat slabs are givenirr Fig. 9.20 to
9.22.
9.9

Waffle Slabs

9.9.1 Definition - A waffle flat slab is a twoway joist system. The two-way joist portion may
be combined with a solid column head or with
solid wide beam sections on the column centre
lines for uniform depth construction.

9.9.2 Size of Waffles - Reusable forms of

standard size shall be used for economy. These
shall provide the width of rib at least 10 cm and
spaced not more than 100 cm clear, and depth not
more than 31/ times the minimum width.
Standard size may be adopted for these moulds as
50 X 50 cm, 60 X 60 cm, 80 X 80 cm, and 100 X
100 cm and depth as 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,
and 50 cm.
9.9.3
Waffle
Interior

Detailing
of Reinforcement
in the
Slab (With
Solid
Head and Square
Panel)Ensure that at least 50 percent

of the total main tension steel in the ribs is carried

through at the bottom on to the support and
anchored (see Fig. 9.23).

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

sr : 34(su)-1987

PLAN

SECTION

A-A

STIRRUP

LCOVER

SECTION

B-B

FIG. 9.18 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLAB AT COLUMN

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

HEADS
137

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

9.19A
FIG.

9.19B

9.19 EXAMPLESOF SHEAR REINFORCEMENTFOR SLABS AT COLUMN HEADS

COLUMN

..
I
I

-LINKSFIXED 10 SAME
CEVELS OF REINFORCEMENT

0
r;

PROVIDE FIXING BARS

WHERE MAIN BARS ARE
NOT PRESENT

L
Y

SECTION

-AA
LINKS (lYp.1

I
f SHOWING

PLAN
POSITION OF LINKS 1

FIG. 9.20 STIRUPPS-VERTICAL LINKS

138

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SI : 34(S&T)-1987

1
Y

PROVIDE FIXING BARS

WHERE MAIN BARS ARE
NOT PRESENT

SECilON

PLAN
FIG. 9.21 BEAM-CAGE STIRUPPS (SUPPLEMENTED

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

BY

ISOLATED

STIRRUPS).

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

BENT UP BARS

SECTION
O-25 d

PLAN
FIG. 9.22

BEAM-CAGE STIRRUPS (SIJPPLEMENTED RY BENT-IJPBARS).

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

HA

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

t,OF COLUMN
4
r-1

u_r:,

r-l

r-1 r-1r-1
r v
LmJ ~-J&-I 1-l

r-9

-a

r-1c-tr-3

-1
-1
I

-1
-J

_
I
I

INTERIOR

LAYOUT

SECTION.

PANEL

-4

EXTERIOR

PANEL
i. SUPPORT

PLAN

THROUGH

MtDDLE

STRIP

FIG. 9.23 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BARS IN A WAFFLE SLAB

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAII.Iiv<;

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTlON
Stairs

10

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SI : 34&Q-r)-19g7

SECTION 10
STAIRS
10.0 Introduction - Reinforced concrete stairs
are self-supporting or carried on beams or walls.
They are often built around open or lift wells
supported according to the type of structure.
Staircase with cantilevering treads from a column
or wall support are also commonly used for fire
escape stairs, etc.

10.2

Flight

Supported

on

CcMml

em

Figure 10.2 shows the cross-sectronal detar! of a

typical staircase sup orted on a central (strmger)
beam. Each step o P the staircase is acttng as a
cantilever on both sides of the main beam.

NOTE - Minimum steel, bar spacin

and cover should
conform
to the requirements
specs.f red for slabs and
beams as appropriate.

10.1 Flight Supported on Side Beams -The

reinforcement detail for a staircase supported by
edge beams along each edge is s@ilar to the one
supported along its edges b a brick wall. Figure
10.1 shows cross-sectional cretails of a flight with
two types of arrangements.
FIG.
rwcnl

CLEAR SCAN

WIUN

)0.11100451

10.2 TYPICAL CROSS-SECTION OF A FLIGHT

WITH A CENTRAL BEAM

I1

.WIOTW

10.3 Fli hts and Landings Supported at Enda 7

Figures I 8 .3 and .10.4 illustrate two types of stairs
with flight and landing supported at ends.
Figure 10.3 gives reinforcement details of a flight
spanning from outer edge to outer edge ot
landing. Figure 10.4 gives reinforcement detatls of
a flight together with its landings spanning from
inner edge to inner edge of landings.
10.3.1 Flight Supported on Brick WoNFigure 10.5 shows the elevation detail for a
straight stair flight with its landings at its ends
supported by brick walls.

IO.IA

10.4 Cranked Beams - Straight stairflights and

landings supported by side or centre beams as
shown in Fig. IO.1 to 10.3 will require cranked
beams. The elevation details of cranked beam is
shown in Fig. 10.6.
The method of reinforcing a cranked beam is
shown in Fig. 10.6. The bars at the intersections
shall be carried for development length past the
intersection, and one set of bars shall be cranked
inside the other because of fouling. To complete
the intersection extra bars, normal to the angle of
intersection, are usually added as shown by the
bars c and 5
10.5 Cantilever Stairs - A typrcal details of a
tread cantilevering from a wall is given in
Fig. 10.7. A typical detail of a staircase
CantikVCring
from the side of a wall is shown in
Fig. 10.8.

IO.18

10.6 Slableas Tread Riser Stairs- A. typical

FIG. 10.1 TYPICAL CROSS-SECTIONOF STAIRCASE detail of a slabless tread riser staircase is given in
Fig. 10.9.
SUPPORTED ON SIDE BEAMS

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

ASD

DETAILISG

14s

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

REINFT. IF REQUIRED
FROM B.M. CONSIDERAll
SLAB THICKNESS
REINFORCEMENT AS PER DESIGN

SLAB THICKNES
REINFT. AS PER 0

(WITH BRICK STEPS)

FIG. IO.3 STAIRS SUPPORTED AT ENDS OF LANDINGS-SHOWING POUTION OF MAlN
REINFORCEMENT

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

LENGTH

GREATER

OF O.I!$lOR L,,

FIG. 10.4 STAIRS SUPPORTEDAT ENDS OF FLIGHTS-SHOWING

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

MAIN REINFORCEMENT

ll?

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

Jc= so l
b UP TO o-25
so K UP TO 0.15

11

-9uICtt

WALL

FIG. lo.5 CROSS-SI:.<'TIONAL DETAILS OF A SINGLE SPAN STRAIGIIT

BRICK

FIXIIT S~;IW)KTI~D
ON

WALLS
e

FIG.

10.6 CRANKED BEAM

IF REQUIRED

* 50 % OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT
CAN BE CURYAILEDAl A
#STANCE QF O-5 1 DA Ld FROU
THE FACE OF SUPPORT

FIG. 10.7 STEPS CANTILEVERING FROM A CONCRETE WALL

148

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

10.10 Where construction requires bars larger

than # 10 or C#J16 should not be detailed to be
rebend, but mild steel bars are iecbmmended
if
rebending is unavailable.

LIWS AT 300 mm
UNLESS OTHERWIS
SPEClFlEO

DlSTRleUTlON
BARS A1
3OOmm UNLESS
OTHERWISE
SPECIFIED

HOLDING BARS

CORNER

--

BAR

DETAILED

-_5____

SECTION -AA

FIG. 10.8 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A STAIR CASE

CANTILEVERINGFROM THE SIDE OF A
WALL

10.7 Staircases
dia~rammz&ally

are
normally
detailed
in plan or section. This is best

done by arrafiging the placing detail and bending

schedule adjacent to one another on a single
drawing sheet (see Fig. 10.10).

10.8 Reentrant

Comers - When tension bars

meeting at a corner produce a resultant force
resisted by the concrete cover, the bars shall be
crossed over and anchored on either side of the
cross-over by adequate anchorage length for
taking up the stresses in the bar (see Fig. 10.11).
10.9 Hand Rail Supports - The designer should
ensure that adequate consideration is given to the
reinforcement detailing for hand rail supports. If
pockets are left in the concrete into which the
hand rail posts are later concreted,
the
reinforcement shall pass around Ithe pockets and
be anchored into the main body of the concrete. If
inserts are set into the concrete these should have
steel bars passing around them to have sufficient
anchorage ties build-in.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

ALTERNATIVE-11

FIG.

10.9 TYPICAL DETA.ILSOF A SLABLESSTREAD

RISER STAIRUASE

DE7

SP :34(S&T);1987

11 ( MIN.)

FIG. 10.1 I REQUIREMENTSFOR TENSION BARS CROSSING EACH OTHER AT A POINT

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAII.ING

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SECTION

11

Special Structures-Deep
Beams, Walls, Shells and Folded Plates,
Water Tanks, RC Hinges, Concrete Pipes, Machine Foundations,
and
Shear Walls

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SI : 34(S&T)-1917

SECTION

11

SPEClAL
STRUCTURES - DEEP BEAMS, -WALLS,
SHELLS
FOLDED PLATES
WATER TANKS, RC HINGES, CONCRETE
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS,
AND SHEAR WALLS
11.1 Deep Beams-A
beam shall be deemed
to be a deep beam when the ratio of effective
span to overall depth (r/D) is less than:
a) 2.0 for simply

supported

b) 2.5 for a continuous

11.1.1

beam,

c) be placed within a zone of depth equal to

(0.25 D - 0.05 I) adjacent to the tension
face of the beam where D is the overall
depth and I is the effective span. The arrangement is illustrated
in Fig. 1I. 1.

and

NOTE I - Ahchorage of positive reinforcement may be

achieved by bending of the bars in a horizontal plane (see

beam.

Reinforcement

Fig.

11.1.1.1
Positive
reinforcement
-The
tensile reinforcement
required
to resist positive
bending
moment
in any span of- a deep beam
shall:
a) extend
supports;

without

curtailment

ll.IB).

NOTE 2 -The
main reinforcement may be supplemented
by two layrrs of mesh ieinforcement
provided near each of
the two faces; in which case the spacing between two
adjacent parallel bars must not exceed twice the thickness of
deep beam or 300 mm, whichever is greater.

between

11.l .1.2

Negative reinforcement

a) Termination of reinforcement - For tensile

reinforcement
required
to resist negative
bending moment over a support of a deep
beam:

b) be embedded
beyond
the face of each
support so that, at the face of the support, it
shall have a development
length not less
than 0.8 Ld; where Ld is the development
length for the design stress in the reinforcement (Fig. 11.1);

I) it shall be permissible
to terminate
more than half of the reinforcement

NOMINAL
HORIZONTAL
REINFORCEMENT
PROVIDED
IN COMPRESSION
ZONE

NOMINAL
STIRRUPS

l- POSITIVE
FLE XURAL
REINFORCEMENT

REINFORCEMENT

DETAILING

IN

SIMPLY

Al
SUPPORTED

DEEP

AODll IONAL
REINFORCEMENT
NEAR SUPPORT

END BARS
ANCHORED
DISTANCE

I I.IA

11.1

not
at a

VERTICAL

/-

FIG.

AND
PIPES,

BEAMS

ARE TO BE
FW A
3F 04ld
BOTH SUPPOR%

(conrinupd)

Sk
HANDBOOK

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

IS5

SP : 34@&T~1987
Forspan to depth ratios kss than unity, the
steel shall be evenly distributed CIVET
a depth of
0.8 D measured from the tension face. Figure 11.2
shows the disposition oi this reinforcement.
11.1.13 Vertical reinforcement - If forces
are applied to a deep beam in such a way that
hanging action is required, bars or suspension
stirrups shall be provided to carry all the forces
concerned (see Fig. 11.3A).

11.1.1.4 Side fuce reinfojcemenf -Side

face reinforcement
shall
comply
with
requirements of minimum reinforcement for
walls.
11.1.1.5 Stirrups for deep beams-To
stiffen the legs of stirrups for deep beams against
buckling during construction, tie clips to the legs
and horizontal bars. Space the clips horizontally
at every second or third stirrup, subject to a
maximum space of 600 mm, and vertically at
alternate intersections of horizontal bars (see
Fig. I 1.3B).
il.2
Walls -This
clause deals with reinforced
concrete walls other than retaining walls.
NOTE - A wall. is a vertical structural element whose
length exceeds four times its thickness. A wail containing
only minimum
reinfocement
which is not considered in
design forms a plain concrete wall.

PLAN

FIG. lI.lB
FIG. I I.1 REINFOKCEMENT DETAILING IN SIMPLY
TS~~~p~)~~~~DEEP BEAMS

distance of 0.5 D from the face of the

support; and
2) the remainder shall extend over the full
span.

b) Distrihurion

steel- When ratio of clear

span to overall depth is in the range 1.0 to
2.5, tensile reinforcement over a support of a
deep beam shall be placed in two zones
comprising:

11.2.1 Walls to Carrv Vertical LoadsWhere reinforced concretewalls are intended to

can-y vertical loads, they should be designed
generally in accordance with the recommendations given for columns. The provisions with
regard to transverse reinforcement to restrain the
vertical bars against buckling need not be applied
to walls in which the vertical bars are not assumed
to assist in resisting compression. The minimum
reinforcement shall be as specified in 11.2.1.1. The
minimum thickness of wall should not be less
than 100 mm.
11.2.1.1 Reinforcement -The
minimum
reinforcement for walls shall be provided as given
below:
The minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement
to gross concrete area shall be 0.004 (irrespective of type and grade of steel).

I) a ~.onc of depth 0.2 I), adjacent to the

tension face, which shall contain a
proportion of the tension steel given by

b) Vertical reinforcement

shall be spaced not

farther apart than three times the wall
thickness or 450 mm, whichever is less.

os(A- 0.5)

ratio
of horizontal
cl The minimum
reinforcement to gross concrete area <hall
be:

where
I = clear span, and

I) 0.002 0 for deformed bars not larger than

16 mm in diameter
and with a
characteristic strength of 415 N/mm* or
greater.

D = overall depth.
2) a zone measuring 0.3 D on either side of
the mid-depth of the beam, which shall
contain the remainder of the tension
steel, evenly distributed.
HANDBOOK

2) 0.002 5 for other types of bars.

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

HA

SF : M(S&T)-1987

As2tNiL

IN fti6

CASE)

I-------4---l---_-l
I1.2A CI.EAR

I I.28 CLEAR
r

ALL

BARS

SPAN

OVERALI.

SPANOVERALL

IXPIH

DEWH

CONTINUING

(6)

=2-5

(A)

~1.5

f-S-A

i-----w---~--i
Il.2C

CLEAR

SPAN

0VERAI.I.

A. = AREA OF NEGATIVE

FIG. Il.2

DWXITION

d) Horizontal reinforcement shall be spaced

not farther apart than three times the wall
thickness or 450 mm.
e) In case of, plain concrete walls (where
vertical load IS not predominant) quanttty
of vertical reinforcement given in (a) shall be
modifwd as follows:
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

(b 1 d loo

REINFORCEMENT

OF NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

3) 0.002 0 for welded wire fabric not larger

than I6 mm in diameter.

HANDROOK

I>El ICI

IN

CONTINUOUS

DEEP

BEAMS

1) 0.0012 for deformed bars not larger than

I6 mm in diameter and with a characteristic strength of 415 N/mm- or greater.
2) 0.0015 for other types of bars.
3) 0.0012 for welded wire fabric not larger
than I6 mm in diameter.
11.2.2 Wails ro Resist Motqm and Sheat Horizontal wall reinforcement may be required

AND DETAILING

157

SE : 3&3&T)-1987

SUSPENDED
STIRRUPS
,-

A 3 0.002 bw S

II
Io I

SUSPENDED
STIRRUPS

-REDUCED
LENGT
OF STIRRUPS
NEAR SUPPORT

o-8D

OR
_I)8 1

f?!TqEyAp
POSITIVE
FL EXURAL
REINFORCEMENT
WITH
END ANCHORAGE
FIG. I 1.3A

P
-t-t
CLIP AT 2P OR 3P
Ck ( 600 MAX.1
MAIN STIRRUP

c-IUAIN
STIRRUP
AT P cjc

ELEVATION

SECTION
FIG. II.3B

FIG. Il.3 SUSPENDED BARS FOR DEEP BEAMS

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

For walls of thickness 170 mm or less, where the

insertion of a vibrator may lead to difficulties, a
single layer of vertical and horizontal bars may be
provided at the centre of the wall and an external
vibrator may be used (see Fig. Il.6A).

by the designer to resist moment, shear or merely

changes in length due to temperature
or
shrinkage. In any case, unless the designer
indicates a shrinkage control joint at this point,
all the horizontal bars in one or sometimes both
faces of a wall should be sufficiently extended
past a corner or intersection for development
length (see Fig. 11.4). Nevertheless it is necessary
for the designer to indicate which, if any,
horizontal reinforcement should be extended for
full development at intersections and corners of
walls and footings. Typical details are shown in
Fig. 11.4 for resistance against moment inward,
outward, or both with the reinforcement from the
appropriate face or faces anchored. Figure Il.5
shows a cross-section through floors and walls
indicating general arrangement of reinforcement.

11.2.4 Thick Walls - In case of walls of

thickness greater than 170 mm but less than or
equal to 220 mm, and also for walls of thickness
greater than 220 mm with more than nominal
reinforcement,
provide two layers of reinforcement
in both vertical and horizontal
directions, the former being placed on the inside
of the latter (see Fig. 11.6B). Clips should be
provided to restrain the vertical bars against
buckling, or displacement during concreting. In
walls of thickness greater than 220 mm with
nominal reinforcement, horizontal steel may be
placed inside the vertical steel to reduce the
possibility of the coarse aggregate being hung-up
on the horizontal bars (see Fig. I 1.6C).

11.2.3 Thin Walls - In case of thin walls,

reinforcement has to be detailed in such a way
that the concrete can be thoroughly compacted.

I I .4A

Il.4B

THESETWOBARSREOUIREO
FOR

WALL
THICKNESS
LESS THAN
FOR WALL THICKNESS
OREATER
300 mm 4 BARS
REPUIREO

300 mm
THAN

I l.4D
FIG.

Il.4

HANDBOOK

TYPICAL

CORNER

ON CONCRETE

AND

INTERSECTION

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILS

DETAILING

FOR

REINFORCED

CONCRETE WALLS
IS)

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

Tll$

VERTICAL BARS
ON KICKER

UP

LENOTt-

4L .
.

I
a

I I .h.

75

KICKER

lr

MUNMT~N

/
qb

(I

tkT,

NOTE- Horimntal bars are placed outside vertical bars

FIG. Il.5 GENERAL CROSS-SECTIONAL DETAILS OF WALLS

11.2.4.1 Walls with vertical reinforcement

close to or more than 0.4 percent of the plan area
of concrete - In heavily reinforced walls (with
vertical reinforcement close to 0.4 percent of the
plan area of concrete), the following requirements
should be satisfied:

a) Ensure that chps are provided for vertical

bars at a horizontal snacina not exceeding
twice the wall thickness. -

e) Preferably clips (alternately reversed) may

be used. or alternately, truss-type clips as
indicated in Fig. 11.7 may also be used.
11.2.5 Splices at Top of Wall - Whenever a
slab is to be cast at the ton of a wall, detail the
vertical continuity of steel from the wails into the
top of the slab as follows.

W Vertical bars that are not fully restrained are

a) If the diameter of deformed bars is less than

or equa! to 10 mm, the straight bars can be
bent into the slab as shown in Fig. 11.8A.

cl Vertical spacing of clips should not exceed

b) If the diameter of deformed bars is greater

than 10 mm, the detatls shall be as shown in
Fig. 11.8B or 1l.K.

d) At all splices, the top of each lower bar

c) If mild steel bars (any diameter) are used,

. they can be safely beni into the siab withoui
any damage.

placed within a centre-to-cehtre distance of

200 mm.from a bar that is fullv. restrained.
I5 times the diameter of the vertical reinforcement or 300 mm whichever is the lesser.

and the bottom of each upper bar are restrained by means of clips.

160

HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

SP : 34S&T)-1987
A
I

,HORIZCWAL BARS
TIED TO VERTICAL

,HORltOMTAlEkRS
TlEDTOVERTlCAl

-CLIPS WNNECTING
THE TWO UYERS OF
V;i;p&
REINFO-

7I)

CUPS CONNECTING
THE TWO LAYERSOF
HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT.

VERTICAL BARS flEt

TO HORImNTAl. RAR!

WALLS OF THICKNESS
< 170 mm. REINFORCEMENT
IN CENTRE OF WALL (CONSIDERED
TO BE NOMINAL)

NOTE -

Il.68WALLS OF THICKNESS
I1.6C WALI S OF THICKNESS
> 170 mm BUT ~220 mm
>220 mm WITH NOMINAL
AND WALLS OF THICKNESS
REINFORCEMENT
>220 mm WITH VERTICAL
REINFORCEMENT GREATER
THAN NOMINAL

POSITION OF CLIPS TO RF. INDICATED ON THE DRAWING

FIG. 11.6 VERTICAL SECTIONS FOR WALLS

contractor. In general, connections to slabs and

beams are by means of chases or pockets (or
both) as it is not generally feasible to leave splice
bars protruding from the walls. Splice bars to be
bent out should normally be not larger than # IO
or 4 16. If heavier splices are re uired and it is
not possible to provide pockets o4 adequate size,
consider the use of mechanical splices or welding.

FIG. I 1.7 TRUSS-TYPE CLIPS IN ALTERNATE

LAYERS IN A WALL

11.2.6 Walls Constructed by Means of Sliding

or Climbing Shuttering - Detailing of walls to be
constructed by sliding or climbing shuttering is
affected by constructiop techniques that are often
unique to the system involved. These techniques
include, for example, the use of jacking rods and
spacers, are reliant on casting cycles, have
separation problems, and depend upon a variety
of factors that require special detailing, and
should thus be planned in conjunction with the
HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

When sliding shuttering is used for walls,

vertical splices should preferably be staggered to
ease placing
problems
and to prevent
the
displacement
of reinforcement
during sliding.
Placing details should call attention to adequate
wiring together of upper and lower reinforcement.
11.3 Retaining Walls - The shape of a retaining
wall is a function of various factors including the
natural and final ground profiles, the proximity of
and relationship
to existing
and proposed
buildings and services, the economics of cut and
fill, the properties of the filling material, external
and subsurface
drainage,
and vertical
and
surcharge loads. As a result there are different
types of retaining walls, for example, cantilever
walls
with
L, T, and reversed
L bases,

AND DETAILING

161

SP : 34(S&T)_1987

I
I

II

I
I

mm-9

.-__

7-i

--.

SLAB

@-WALL

*WALL

11.8A

i
II.

88

U - TYPE BARS

FIG. 1I.,8 SPLICES

162

AT

HANDBOOK

TOP

OF WALL

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP :

counterforted
walls, crib walls, propped and
semipropped walls; each type of retaining wall
requtring its own individual reinforcing technique
(see Fig. 11.9 to 1 I .12). However, the same
general principles apply to all, the more important
of which are as follows:

4 So detail the reinforcement

as to keep the
placing as simple as possible and to
minimize difficulties on site which are often
compounded by the conditions under which
the work is carried out.

b) So arrange the distribution of reinforcement

(which is governed by design) as to allow for

adequate continuity and to avoid abrupt
termination of steel by the staggering of
laps.

4 Carefully control the cover to steel on faces

adjacent to earth, This applies especially to

faces where concrete is to be cast against
excavation, for example in footings where
the use of levelling course is recommended.

4 So detail expansion joints in the wall as to

ensure
that
relative
movements
of
continuous sections are minimized by the
transfer of shear across joints.

e) Ensure that at joints steel detailing caters for

the incorporation
of water-bars
when
required.

34@&T)_1987

Note that extra reinforcement

may be
required to meet additional stresses induced
by heavy earth compaction and by shrinkage
in the- wall against the restraint of such
compacted
earth
especially
between
counterforts.

g) Provide minimum horizontal reinforcement

as per 11.2.1.1 (c) and minimum vertical

reinforcement
as per 11.2.1.1
(e).
The steel (indicated by a dotted line in Fig.
I1.9to I I .I I) facilitates the maintenance m
position of main bars during concreting.

h) Take

account
of the reduction
of
effectiveness
of reinforcing
at corners,
especially at reentrant or opening corners.
The inclusion of fillets and splay bars in the
case of reversed L bases is recommended.

3 In the case of cantilever walls, place the

vertical steel on the outer layer to take

maximum advantage of the available lever
arm. Horizontal bars may be placed on
outside for exposed faces.

k) Ensure

that provision is made for the

structure above or beyond the wall where
the required information relating to the
continuity . of the reinforcing
must be
provided:

(SEE CLAUSE11-2-2 1

ii -REINFORCEMENTAl SAME PLANE

FIG. 11.9 L-WALLS (DISTRIBUTIONBARS OMITTED

FOR CLARITY)

FIG. 11.10 T-WALLS (DISTRIBUTION BARS

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE RphNFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

OMITTED FOR CLARITY)

163

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

ABOVE

-COLUMN

COLUMN
STARTERS

FIG. I&

REINFORCEMENTAl SAME PLANE

REVERSED L-BASES (DISTRIRIJTION

BARS OMITTED FOR CLARITY)

m) Note that the radius of bends for the main

tensile bars is critical and should be at least
7.5 bar diameters.
are encountered
in the
n) If problems
accommodation of bars at the intersection
of the base and wall, consider reducing the
bar diameters and increasing the member
tliickness.
P) Kicker height below ground level should be
a minimum of 150 mm.
9) Full contraction joints should only be used
when it is predicted that shortening along
the full length of the wall will be cumulative.
Where necessary they should be detailed at
30 m centres. Movement joints should only
be used when there is a risk of differential
settlement between adjacent members.
11.3.1

Counterfort

Nelaining

Wall -

Figure

I 1. I3 shows an elevation and section of a typical

counterfort
retaining wall illustrating general
arrangement of reinforcement.
As with the wall part, the bars projecting from
the base into the counterfort act as starter bars
and must be of sufficient length to allow for
lapping. These bars will normally be U-shaped.
The wall is anchored to the counterfort
by
extending the binders from the counterfort into
the wall. Opportunity has also been taken in Fig.
1I. I3 of showing the steel arrangement in the wall
where it is anchored to the counterfort. It will be
164

RCC SLAG

NOTE ~-. Precise

analysis.

layout

FIG. II.12

of reinforcement

PR~WED

depends

RETAI~ING

upon

full

W;\LLS

seen that the arrangement is exactly the same as

for a continuous floor slab supported on beams,
the beams being on the opposite side of the wall
to that of the counterforts.
11.4

Shell

and Folded

Plate

Structures

11.4.1
Genera/ - Shells and
folded plates
belong to the class of stressed skin structures
which, because of their geometry and small
flexural rigidity of the skin, tend to carry loads
primarily by direct stresses acting on their plane.
Different types of reinforced concrete shell and
folded plate structures are in use in present day
building practice for a variety of applications and
give roofing of large column-free areas.

Cylindrical type shells are relatively common

although shells of double curvature with the
exception of domes have been introduced lately
into building construction. However their use is
limited as they demand exceptionally high degree
of workmanship and costly formwork.
Folded plate structures are composed of
rectangular
plates/ slabs connected along the
edges in such a way as to develop special rigidity

HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
of component parts. Their structural behaviour
consists of transverse slab action by which the
loads are carried to the joints, and longitudipal
plate action by which they are finally transmitted
to the transverses. Because of its great depth and
small thickness, each plate offers considerable
resistance to bending in its own plane.
Folded plates are often competitive with shells
for covering large column free areas. They usually

consume relatively more matertaLs compared to

shells, but this disadvantage is often offset by the
simpler formwork required for their constnictiow.
The added advantage of folded plate design is that
its analysis is simpler compared to that of shells.
For detailing of reinforcement in shells and
folded plates, the provisions of IS : 2210-1962
Criteria for the design of reinforced concrete shell
structures
and folded plates are normally
followed.
11.4.2 Diamerer and Spacing of Reinforcement - The following diameters of bars may
be provided in the body of the shell/plate. Large
diameters may be provided in the thickened
portions. Reinforcement in the form of welded
wire fabric may also be used to satisfy design
requirements:
a) Minimum diameter : 6 mm
b) Maximum

diameter:

I) 10 mm for shells between 4 and 5 cm in

thickness,
2) 12 mm for shells between
cm in thickness, and
3) 16 mm for
thickness.

shells above

5 and 6.5
6.5 cm in

The maximum spacing of reinforcement in any

direction in the body of the shell/plate shall be
limited to five times the thickness of the shell and
in the area of unreinforced panels to 15 times the
square of thickness.
KEY

The cover requirements

be as per slabs.

-/

SECTION -AA

to reinforcement

shall

11.4.3 kfeinforcement in Shells - The ideal

arrangement
would
be to lay reinforcement in the shell to follow isotatics, that
is, directions of the principal tensile stresses
assumed to act at the middle surface of the plate.
However, for practical purposes, one of the
following methods may be used:
One is the diagonal grid at 45* to the axes of
the shell, and in the,other the rectangular grid in
which the reinforcing bars run parallel to the
edges of the shell. The rectangular grid needs
additional reinforcement at 45 near the supports
to take up the tension due to shear.
11.4.3.1 In the design of the rectangular
grid for cylindrical shells, the reinforcement shall
be usually divided into the following three groups:
a) Longitudinal reinforcement
longitudinal stress T,;

b) Shear reinforcement to take up the principal

tension caused by shear S; and

PLAN
FIG. Il.13 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A COUNTERFORT
RETAINING WALL
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

to take up the

c) Transverse
4.

AND DETAILING

reinforcement

to resist Ty and

165

SP : WS&T)-1987

11.4.3.2 Longitudinal
reinforcement
shall
be provided at the junction of the shell and the
traverse to resist the logitudinal moment
M,.
Where M, is ignored in the analysis, nominal
reinforcement
shall be provided.
11.4.3.3 To ensure monolithic
connection
between the shell and the edge members, the shell
reinforcement
shall be adequately anchored into
the edge members and traverses or vice-versa by
provtdmg
suitable
dowel bars from the edge
members and traverses to lap with the shell
reinforcement.
11.4.3.4
Thickness -Thickness
of shells
shall not be normally less than 50 mm if singly
curved and 40 mm if doubly curved. Shells are
usually thickned
to some distance from their
junction
with edge members and traverses. The
thickening is usually of the order of 30 percent of
the shell thickness. In the case of singly curved
shells. the distance over which the thickenin
is
made should be between 0.38fland
0.76 pa R
where R and d are the radius and thickness:
respectively.
For double
curved
shells, this
distance will depend upon the geometry of the
shell and boundry conditions.
11.4.4

Reinforcement

in Folded

Plates

11.4.4.1
Transverse
reinforcement
.Transverse reinforcement
shall follow the crosssection of the folded plate and shall be designed
to r:sist the transverse moment.
lJ.4.4.2

Longitudinal

reinforckment
may be
provtded
to take up the longitudinal
tensile
stresses in individual slabs. In folded plates which
are like beams, the longitudinal
reinforcement
may be provided for the overall bending moment
on the span treating the folded plate as a beam.

Longrtudinal reinforcement, in general,

The section of the concrete and transverse

reinforcement at the joint shah be checked for
shear stress caused by edge sheer forces.
11.4.4.3
Reinforcement
bars shall preferably be placed, as close as possible so that the
steel is well distributed
in the body of the slab.
Nominal reinforcement consisting of IO mm bars
may be provided in the compression zones at

about 20 cm centre-to-centre.
11.4.4.4
Thickness - The thickness of
folded plates shall not normally be less than 75
mm. It is sometimes advantageous, while using
the trough shape, to make the hortzontal plates
thicker than the inclined ones.
11.45 .T pica1 details of placing reinforcement
in shells a tJ folded plates are shown in Fig. I I. I4
to 11.17.

166

11.5 Reservoirs and Tanks - The reservoirs and

tanks for storage
of liquids can be square,
rectangular,
circular or hexagonal in plan with a
roof over them. One of the important
detailing
considerations
is the sealing of the construction
joints and the same should be detailed on the
drawing. The grade of concrete below M 20 shall
not be used for sections of thickness equal to or
less than 450 mm. Tanks shall generally
be
designed as untracked
section.
11.5.1
Cover
- Minimum
.cover
to
reinforcement
of members
on faces either in
contact with the liquid or enclosing space above
the liquid (such as inner face of roof slab), should
be 25 mm or the diameter of the main bar,
whichever is greater. In the presence of sea water,
soils and water of corrosive character, the cover
shall be increased by 12 mm but this additional
cover should not be taken into account for design
calculations.
11.5.1.1
For faces away from the liquid and
for parts of the structure not in contact with the
liquid, the cover shall conform to requirements of
Section 4.
11.5.2
Minimum
Reinforcement
- The
minimum reinforcement
in walls, floors and roofs
in each of two directions at right angles shall have
an area of 0.3 percent of the concrete section in
that direction for sections up to 100 mm thick.
For sections of thickness greater than 100 mm
and less than 450 mm the minimum reinforcement
in each of the two directions shall belinearly
reduced from 0.3 percent for 100 mm thick
section to 0.2 percent for 450 mm thick section.
For sections of thickness greater than 450 mm,
minimum
reinforcement
m each of the two
directions shall be kept at 0.2 percent. In concrete
sections of thickness 225 mm or greater, two
layers of reinforcement
shall be placed one near
each face of the section to make up the minimum
reinforcement.
11.5.2.1
The
minimum
reinforcement
specified in 11.5.2 may be decreased by 20 percent
in case of high strength deformed bars.
11.5.2.2
In special circumstances
such as
tanks resting on ground floor slabs, percentage of
steel less than that specified above may be
provided.
11.5.3

Joints

11.5.3.1
General - This clause defines the
types of joint which may be required in liquidretaining
structures.
The types of joints are
rllustrated in Fig. I 1.18 and are only intended to
be diagrammatic.
The location of all joints should
be decided by the engineer and shall be detailed
on the drawings.
ll.i.3.2

Types

of joint

joint - A construction joint

is a joint in the concrete introduced
for

a) Construction

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 346&T)-1987

REINFORCEMENT
OVER
ENTIRE SHELL
(SPACING
VARIED ACCOROING
TO DESIGN
)
TOP REINFORCEMENT
AT ,
DIAPHRAGM ANCHORED
ACCORDING TO END CONDITION

\
SQUARE MESH ALTERNATE
TO DIAGONAL BARS
LONGITUDINAL
TENSILE
BARS IN THE EDGE MEMBER

ADDITIONAL
DIAGONAL BARS ANCHORED
IN EDGE MEMBERS OR DIAPHRAGM

11.14A

IS0

METRIC

VIEW

OF

BARREL

SHELL

INTERMECNATE

11.14H

REINFORCEMENT

NEAR

AN

IN-I-ERMEDIATF

EDGE. MEMBER

INTERMEDIATE
DIAPHRAGM

I1.14C

REINFORCEMENT

NEAR

AN

INTERMEDIATE

DIAPHRAGM

FIG. II.14 T~PICAI. MANAGEMENTOF BARS IN A LONG BARREL SHELL

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

167

SP : 34(S&T)-I!287

EDGE

II.ISA

AT

MEMBER

EDGE

MEMBERS

IA-I l.ISB
FIG.

I 1. IS

ABOVE

INTERMEDIATE

INTERMEDIATE
DIAPHRAGM

DIAPHRAGMS

TYPICAL DETAILS OF )I SIIOKI BAHWL SIIELI.

FIG. Il.16 REINIWRCEMEN~

IN A Dorm
HANDROOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP:34(S&T)4987

ELEVATION SHOWING PRbFlLE

ri

TRANSVERSE
112 ta is0

STEEL c

TRANSVERSE

STEEL d *

r-

,.

HALF PLAN OF FOLDED PLATE ROOF

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP:34(S&T)-1987

SECTIONAL

ELEVATION OF DIAPHRAGM

SIPS.

6$22-

DETAIL

AT- F

SECTION- DO

SECTION-E

TRANSVERSE STEEL c

SECTION-AA
FIG. 11.17A

170

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP:34(s&Tp87

SECTION -AA

TRANSVERSE SIEEL b'

SECTION -8 B

TRANSVERSE SlEa

SECTIONFIG.

convemence
in construction
at which
measures are taken to achieve subsequent
continuity with no provision for further
relative moment. A typical application is
between two successive lifts in a tank wall
(see Fig. Il. 18A).

b) Movement joipt.-- A movement joint is a

specially formed joint intended to accommodate relative movement between adjoining parts of a structure, special provrsion
being made for maintaining the water-tightness of the joint. Movement joints may be of
.the following types:
1) Contraction joint -This
is a movement
joint which has a deliberate discontinuity
~DBOOY

CC

11.17

but no initial gap between the concrete

on both sides of the joint. The joint is
intended to permit contraction of the
COIlCEte.

A distinction should be made between

a complete
contraction
joint
(see
Fig. I l.l8C), in which both the concrete
and reinforcement are interrupted, wand
a partial contraction joint (see Fig.
1.1.18B), in which only the concrete is
interrupted while the reinforcement
is
continued through the joint.

2) Expan&rf' joint- This is a movement

joint Which has complete discontinuity in

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAlblI4G

171

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

both reinforcement and concrete and 1s

intended to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure (see
Fig. 11.18D).
3) Sliding joint -This

is a movement joint
which has complete discontinuity in both
reinforcement
and concrete.
Special
provision is made to facilitate relative
moment in the plane of the joint. A typical application is between wall and floor
in some cylindrical tank designs.

11S.4

Rectangular

Tanks

11.5.4.1 General - Rectangular water tanks

are generally analyzed
in accordance
with
IS : 3370 (Part 4)-1967 Code of practice for
concrete structures for storage of liquids: Part 4
Design tables. This code gives tables for moment
coefficients and shear coefficients for fixed wall
panels along vertical edges but having different
end conditions at top and bottom. In arriving at
these coefficients, the slabs have been assumed,to
act as thin plates under various edge conditions
given in the code.

SECOND STAGE
STEEL CONTINUITY

CONCRETE
JOINT TO BE PREPAREDFOR
SUBSEQUENTCONTINUITY

pre
*

Fif
in

E
wil
f9,
tar

FIG. 11.18AA CONSTRUCTION JOINT

of
mc
exl

JOINT SEALMG
COMPOUNO

rN0
CONCRETE
CONTINUITY
AND
NO INITIAL GAP

sla
rei
toI
cal
ful
wa
or

NO STEEL
CDNTINWTY

L WATERSTOP
II.188
PARTIAL CONTRACTION JOINT

Il.18C
COMPLETE CONTRACTION JOINT

FIG. II.18 TYPES OF JOINTS (To ILLUSTRATEBASIC PRINCIPLES)

(Continued)
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

Pc
to
co
an
mc
the
nc

SP : 34S&T)-1987

JOINT FILLER7

QTEEC

.I

No

::

CONllNlIlTY

rSEALlNG

It/;- ~NI~IAc cw

TV PE
\-EXPANSION
WATERSTOP
I I. 180 EXPANSION JOINT
FIG. I I .I8 TYPES OF Jorw

(To .ILLUSTRATE BASIC PRINCIPLES)

In the plan, the corners ,restrain the walls under

pressure from their tendency to bend outward (see
Fig. I 1.19). This produces tension zones as shown
in Fig. I I. 19, at the middle of each outer face of
wall and on each side of corners on inner wall
faces. These tension portions shall be provided
with ~horizontal steel in addition to that required
to reinforce the vertical cantilever effect of walls.
The general arrangement of bars in a rectangular
tank resting on beams is shown in Fig. 11.20.

When
of steel
moment
external

the tank is below ground, the dispersion

in the wall depends on the bending
diagram for internal water pressure and
earth/ water pressure.

Il.55
Circular Tanks - Circular water tanks
are generally
analyzed
in accordance
with
IS i 3370 (Part 4)-1967. This code gives tables for
moment coefficients and shear coefficients for
different end conditions at top and bottom.
11.5.5.1
Wall
reinfor-cement
- The
horizontal hoop reinforcement in the circular
tanks are provided either in one layer (for small
tanks) or in two layers (for large tanks). Typical
details are shown in Fig. I 1.22.
The spacing of hoop reinforcement is increased
from bottom to top of the wall to allow for
reduction in pressure. Practically it can be varied
at every 1.0 to 1.2 m.

11.5.4.2 Base reinforcement - The bottom

slab of a tank resting on ground shall be doubly
reinforced with horizontal reinforcement at the
top and bottom of the slab. This is required to
cater for the downward pressure when reservoir is
full and upward ground pressure when empty. A
typical reinforoement detail is shown in Fig.
11.21. The use of dowel bars (starter bars) to the
walls shall depend on whether the tank is shallow
or. deep.

The maximum and minimum spacing. of the

hoop steel and the proportions of distribution
steel used will be similar to that of floor slab. The
wall thickness shall be taken as equivalent to the
floor thickness. The laps shall be provided in the
main hoop steel in accordance with Section 4. For
continuity of reinforcement between the base and
the wall diagonal corner reinforcement shall be
provided.

The main and dis ibution bars in the base shall

be placed as per sl bs. If the walls are high and
long then counter-f s rt or buttress walls shall be

11.5.5.2 Base reinforcement - The base of.

the circular tank shall be doubly reinforced to
resist the downward pressure when full and
upward soil pressure when empty.

Used.

11.5.4.3,
Roof joint -To
avoid
the
possibility of sympathetic cracking, it is important
to ensure that movement joints in the roof
correspond with those in walls if roofs and walls
are monolithic. If, however, provision is made by
means of a sliding joint for movement between
the roof and the wall, correspondence of joints is
not so important.
HANDROOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

The best reinforcement for the base is a square

mesh fabric and this does not require a detailed
plan. When base reinforcement is provided with
corner bars, the details of reinforcement shall be
shown giving details of corner bars (see Fig.
I I .23).
It shall be advisable to specify that main bars in
the top layer shall be placed .at right angles to

AND DETAILING

1?3

sp : 34(wr)-1987
11.6.1.1
Figure
Il.25A
is a type of
reinforced concrete hinge suitable for a large
portal frame or vertical support to a long bridge.
The resilient material placed between the member
and its foundation can be bituminous felt, lead,
rubber or plastic. When the type of hinge is
detailed make sure that the hinge reinforcing bars
are adequately held in place by binders or hoops
as shown. Also the area of concrete marked A is
sufficient to transfer the whole of the compressive
force from the member to the foundation.
The Mesnager hinge showri in Fig. 11.25B has a
short portion reduced in cross-sectmn to about
one-third of the width. The narrow concrete
section is heavily reinforced, and provided with
closely spaced bmders or hoops. The considered
hinge has spiral reinforcement as shown in Fig.
I1.25C. If the section of the hinge is wide then
extra spirals must be detailed. The gap formed
between the abutment and the member is filled
with suitable flexible material.
11.6.2 Crown Hinges - These are inserted
into certain types of arch structures known as
three-hinges, or pinned arches. Figure 11.26 gives
general details for this type of hinge.
In the Mesnager hinge shown in Fig. I 1,26B,
DEFORMATIONOF the main reinforcement crosses at an angle of 60
RECTANGULOR
TANK UNDERINTERNAL and the gap is filled with a waterproof, resilient
PRESSURE
The joint develops
considerable
material.
resistance against thrust and shear, yet has little
resistance to rotation. Figure 11.26C shows a
those in the bottom layer and that the position of modification to the Mesnager type of hinge-the
overlaps, if required, will be staggered.
considered hinge. This only acts as a hinge during
the construction of the arch. When the formwork
11.5.6
Overhead
Tanks-Circular
and
IntzeA water tower is a typical type of the is removed and the arch drops slightly under its
overhead tank. The only difference between this own action the main reinforcing bars are welded
type of tank and one constructed at ground level, together and the hinge is concreted in to form a
permanent joint.
is in the method of support.
FIG. 11.19

SKETCH

SHOWING

11.5.6.1 Roofs-The
reservoirs and tanks
shall be provided with roof and will be detailed as
a normal slab supported on beams and columns
or a flat slab supported on columns alone.
In a reservoir that is roofed over, it is possible
that the side walls may not act as a cantilever
walls but as vertical slabs like basement walls.
Then the walls shall be detailed as a slab spanning
vertically between the reservoir base and roof.
Figure 11.24 shows the typical arrangement of
bars (cross-section) in a lntze tank.
11.6 Reinforced
Concrete Ijinges - Many
reinforced concrete structures, such as bridges and
portal frames, are designed on the premise that
parts of the structure act as hinges. In very large
structures, the use of a normal metal hinge would
be very expensive and it is, therefore, more
ecionomical to form a hinge using reinforcing
bars. This is possible because the actual rotation
required to satisfy the condition is very small.
11.6.1 Figure II.25 gives details
typical RC hinges used at supports.
174

of three

11.7 Concrete
Pipes - Reinforced
cement
concrete pipes are widely used for water mains,
sewers, culverts and in irrigation. When used for
carrying highly acidic sewage or industrial wastes,
necessary precautions shall have to be taken
against chemical attack and corrosion.
Reinforced concrete pipes either spun or cast
shall be designed such that the maximum tensile
stress in the circumferential steel due to the
specified hydrostatic test pressure does not exceed
the limit of 125 N/mm* in the case of mild steel
rods, 140 N/mm* in the case of cold-drawn steel
wires and high strength deformed bars/wires.
The barrel thickness shall be such that under
the specified hydrostatic
test pressure, the
maximum
tensile stress in concrete
when
considered as effective to take stress along with
the tensile reinforcement
shall not exceed
2 N/mm* but the wall thickness shaI1 not be less
than those given in IS : 458-1971 Specification
for precast concrete pipes (with and wlthout
reinforcement (second revision).

HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

SP:34(S&T)-1987

.
.

I
AB

.
a
1

c
1

1
1

SECTION -A A

SECTIONFIG.

BB

II.20
RECTANGULAR TANK SUPPORTING ON BEAMS GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

REINFORCEMENT

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

175

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

FIG. 11.21 RECTANGULAR

TYPICAL

CROSS

TANK
RESTRAINED
SECTION

AT BASE WITH

THICKENING

AT THE BASE-

MAIN HOOP
L
diY&%E
SPACING
OR
REDUCE.
DIAMETER
WITH HEIGHT

11.22~ SECTION

THROUGH

A CIRCULAR

TANK

WIIH

HOOP

REINFORCEMENT

IN A SINGLE

LANCER

DETAILS OF MAIN BARS

PlACED AL0116 HERE
I1.22B CIRCULAR

SLABS

FIG.

FIG. II.22 CIRCULAR TANK

176

HANDBOOK

Il.23 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTOF BARS IN A

CIRCULAR
BASE

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34@&T)-1987
11.7.1 Reinforcement - The reinforcement
(circumferential and longitudinal) shall extend
throughout the length of the pipe. The pitch of
the circumferential reinforcement shall be neither
more than 10 cm or four times the thickness of
barrel, whichever is less, nor less than the
maximum size of aggregate plus the diameter of
the bar used. There is no internationally accepted
design method for concrete pipes. Design had to
be based on both practical experience and theory.
Accordingly minimum quantity of steel has been
specified in IS : 458-1971. All pipes with wall
thickness 75 mm and above shall have double
reinforcement cage and the amount of hoop steel
in the outer cage shall be 75 percent of the mass
of the ho.op steel in inner cage.

noRlzDNlAL l&S
At lNltRvALs
TO
YAIWIAIW COVLR

NOTE-The
ends of concrete pipes shall bc suitable
for butt, flush collar, spigot and socket. rebated or
flexible rubber ring joints. All pressure pipes shall
have flexible rubber ring ioint. Dimensions of collars
shall be according to IS : 458-1971. The reinforcement
for the collars shall be same as that provided in the
nearest nominal bore of the pipe and the longitudinal
reinforcement shall be proporttonal to the length of the
collar. The collars shall be spun up to 1200 mm diameter
pipes. Rebated joints shall be used in case of pipes having
wall thickness of I IO mm or more.

A typical arrangement
shown in Fig. 11.27.
Fro. 11.24

TYPICAL

ARRANGEMENT

TANK

INTZE

OF

BAHS IN

so as to help

in binding

the cage securely.

RElNFORCEMEh

I1 *,__---A--CONFINING

ABUTMENT

REINFORCEMENT.J$

WINCE BARS WITH J

I
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT
( CONFINING REINFORCEMENT )
FOUNDATION

is

Nope .-.- Diagonal reinforcement may be provided at IS

percent of longitudinals in pipes for which the cages are
not welded

rRESILIENT
MATERIAL
-

of reinforcement

SP : 34(!3&T)-1987

I 1.26A

il.26C

I I.268

FIG. II.26 CROWN HINGES

taken to provide a proper joint. The following

measures are recommended:

11.7.2
Cover-Clear
cover
to any
reinforcement
should not normally be less than

the following:
Barrel Thickness

Nominal
Clear Cover

mm

mm

Up to and including 25
Over 25 up to and including 30
Over 30 up to and including 75
Over 75
As spigot steps
NOTE458-1978,

Il.8

Dowels of 12 or 16 mm diameter should be

embedded at 60 mm centres to a depth of at
least 300 mm at both sides of the joint. Before
placing the next layer of concrete,
the
previously laid surface should be roughened,
thoroughly cleaned, washed by a jet of water
and then covered by a layer of rich 1 : 2 cement
grout (1 cement : 2 sand), 2 cm thick. Concrete
should be placed not later than 2 hours after
the grout is laid.

For class NP4

the mmimum

Machine

:
:;
6

pipes (in accordance with

cover

shall

IS

be 20 mm.

Foundations

11.8.1
Foundations for Impact Type Machines
(Hammer
Foundations)
[IS : 2974 (Part 2)1980
Code of Practice for Design and Construction
of
Machine Foundations:
Part 2 Foundarions for
Impact Type Machines(Second
Revision)l-The

foundation block should be made of reinforced

concrete. It is desirable to cast the entire
foundation
block in ane operation.
If a
construction joint is unavoidable, the plane of the
joint shall be horizontal and measures shall be
178

HANDBOOK

11.8.1.1 Reinforcement
shall be placed
along the three axis and also diagonally to
prevent shear failure (see Fig. I 1.28). Additional
reinforcement shall be provided at the top side of
the foundation block than at the other sides.
Reinforcement at the top may be provided in the
form of layers of grills made of 16 mm diameter
bars suitably placed to allow easy pouring of
concrete. The topmost layers of reinforcement
shall be provided with a cover of at least 5 cm.
The reinforcement provided shall be at least 25
kg/m3 of concrete.
Figure I I .28 shows typical reinforcement details
of a hammer, foundation block.
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S%T)_1987

I ,100

r?ncH SL*

SECTION

Il.27A

SINGLE

AA

LAYER

SECTION

AA

AT SUITABLE
INTERVALS TO KEEP
THE CAGE IN POSITION

DETAIL

AT

II.278 DOUBLE LAYER

FIG. 11.27 TYPICAL DETAILS OF PIPES

11.8.2

Foundations

for Rotary

Type Machines

of Low Frequency [IS : 2974(Part 4)1979] -The

amount of minimum reinforcement for block
foundation shall be 25 kg/m- of concrete. The
amount of minimum reinforcement for frame
foundations shall be 40 kg/m3 of concrete for
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

base slab, 70 kg/m3 of concrete for columns and

90 kg/m3 of concrete for top slab.
Stirrups suitably spaced shall be provided to tie
together the main longitudinal bars.
DETAILING

179

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
11.8.4

Foundations
for
Rotary
Type
(Medium
and High Frequency)
(Part 3)_1975 Code of Practice for
and Construction
of Machine
Foundations: Part 3 Foundation for Rotary Type
of Machines (Medium and High Frequency)
(First Revision)].
Machines
g.SiiTn74

CUT-IN

11.8.4.1 The vertical reinforcing bars of the

column shall have sufficient embedment in the
base slab to deveiop the required stresses.

L FOUNOATION

BLOCK

FIG. I I .28 TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT

DETAIL

The minimum diameter of the mild steel bars

shall be 12 mm and the maximum spacing shall be
200 mm.

11.8.4.2 All units of foundation shall be

provided
with
double
reinforcement.
Reinforcements shall be provided along the other
two sides of cross-sections of beams and columns,
even if they are not required
by design
calculations so that symmetric reinforcement will
be ensured in opposite sides.
11.8.4.3 The amount of minimum reinforcement for major structures components of the
framework shall be as follows:

The concrete
cover
for protection
of
reinforcement shall be 75 mm at the bottom, 50
mm on sides and 40 mm at the top.

a) Base slab

40 kg/m3 of concrete

b) Columns

70 kg/m3 of concrete

Typical arrangement
of reinforcements
shown in Fig. I 1.29 to I I .31.

are

c) Top table
(slab and beam)

90 kg/m3 of concrete

Type

Typical arrangement
in Fig. 11.33.

11.8.3 Foundations for Reciprocating

Machines [IS : 2974 (Part 1)1982].

11.8.3.1 Minimum reinforcement in block

foundations - Minimum remforcement
in the
concrete block shall be not less than 25 kg/mJ.
For
machines
requiring
special
design
considerations
of foundations,
like machines
pumping explosive gases, the reinforcement shall
be not less than 40 kg/ m3.

The minimum reinforcement

usually consist of 12 mm bars
mm centre-tocentre
extending
horizontally near all the faces
block.

in the block shall

spaced at 2001250
both vertically and
of the foundation

11.8.3.2 The

considered

following points shall be

while arranging the reinforcements:

a) The ends of mild steel (if used) shall always

be hooked irrespective of whether they are
designed for, tension or compression;

W
cl If the height of foundation
Reinforcement

shall be used at all faces;

block exceeds
one metre, shrinkage reinforcement shall be
placed at suitable spacing jn all three directions; and

of reinforcement

is shown

11.8.4.4 Stirrups suitably spaced shall be

provided to account for the entire shear in the
foundation elements.
11.8.4.5
The minimum
diameter
of
longitudinal steel for beams and columns should
be selected so that the maximum spacing of these
bars shall not be more than 150 mm.
11.8.4.6 Reinforcement
cover - Unless
the concrete
cover for
specified otherwise,
reinforcement protection shall be as follows:

a) Base slab

100 mm for top,

bottom and sides

b) Columns and
pedestals

50 mm on sides

c) Beams

40 mm on sides

rade of concrete
11.8.4.7 Minimum
foundation shall be not Bess than M20.

for

11.8.4.8 Construction
joints - The base
slab shall be cast in a single pour. A properly
designed construction joint shall be provided
between the base slab and the columns.

pits and openings and shall be equivalent to

0.50 to 0.75 percent of the cross-sectional
area of the opening.

Wherever
intermediate
decks exist and
construction joints are to be provided, the
subsequent set of construction joints shall be
provided at the top of each such intermediate
deck:

A typical arrangement of reinforcement in a

reciprocating machine foundation is shown in
Fig. 11.32.

In case there is no intermediate

deck,
continuous concreting shall be done for the
columns and the upper deck.

4 Reinforcement shall be provided around all

180

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION-AA

SECTION-BB

SECTION -cc
FIG. II.29

11.9
Shear Watls - In tall buildings, rather than
relaying on columns alone for resisting moments
due to lateral forces, it is common practice to
provide a core of shear walls to take major part of
lateral force agamsr the building. Figure 11.32
shows the structural effects on the wall, and since
the wind can act in either direction, compression
bands occur at both ends of the wall.
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

The general principal being the cross-sectional

area of the concrete alone must resist the shear
forces imposed at joints with the slab whilst the
remainder acts like a beam on edge spanning
between floors.
Reinforcement in the compression band must
be tied in two directions as in the case of column
bars and compression beam steel.
DETAILING

181

SP:WS&T)-1987

SQ WCKEt FOR
ANCWOR BOLT
UNIT

TOP OFs;;R;CTURA~

ClRCULAR BINDERS

RADIAL BAR

f-SAND

SEGt ION
(CONCRETE NOT

xx

FILLIND
+

SNOWNI

FIG. 11.30 TYPICAL FOUNDATIONFOR CRUSTING MILL (PULVERIZERUNIT)

HANDROOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

4 OF OISCMAR~
AIR

FAN

OF PRIMARY
UNIT

F PRIMARY Ail?
FAN FOUNDATION

COVERED

RETAINING

WALL

TRENCH

SECTION XX
(CONCRETE NOT SHOWN)

FIG. 11 .jl

TYPICAL FOUNDATION FOR PRINARY AIR FAN

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34@&TJ-1987

FIG. 11.32 TYPICAL FOUNDATION

; OF lUR@tNL-\

FOR INSTRUMENT AIR COMPRESSOR

F%R FOR suPPoR1

of -al,

11.33A
TYPICAL LONGITUDINAL SECTION

THROUGH

A TURBO

GENERATOR

FOUNDATION

FIG. 11.33 TYPICAL DETAILS OF A TURBO GENERATOR FOUNDATION (Continufed)

I84

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING

SP : 34(SLT)-lYN7

ENLARGED SECTION DD

ENLARGED SECTION BB

ENLARGED SECTION EE

ENLARGED SECTION CC
11.33BTYPICAL

REINFORCEMENT
FIG.

HANDBOOK

11.33 TYPICAL

OF BEAMS
DETAILS

ON CONCRETE RhNFORCEMENT

I 1.32~ TYPICAL

OF A TURBO

AND DETAILING

REINFORCEMENT

GENERATOR

FOUNDATION

OF COLUMNS

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Ductility

SECTION 12
Requirements of Earthquake

Resistant Buildings

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&Tbl987

SECTION
DUCTILITY

REQUIREMENTS

12

OF EARTHQUAKE

12.0 General -The

primary members of structure such as beams and columns are subjected to
stress reversals from earthquake
loads. The
reinforcement provided shall cater to the needs of
reversal of moments in beams and columns, and
at their junctions.

Earthquake motion often induces forces large

enough to cause inelastic deformations in the
structure. If the structure is brittle, sudden failure
could occur. But if the structure is made to
behave ductile, it will be able to sustain the
earthquake effects better with some deflection
(Am) larger than the yield deflection (Ay) by
absorption
of energ . Therefore,
besides the
design for strength o rythe frame, ductility is also
required as an essential element for safety from
sudden collapse during severe shocks. It has also
been observed during past earthquakes that
structures designed and built for low seismic
coefficients survived severe earthquakes with little
damage because of energy absorption in plastic
deformations.

RESISTANT

BUILDINGS

where
p = As/M,
F, = 28day cube crushing strength of concrete,
F, = yield stress of reinforcing steel,
A, = area of steel on a face,
b = breadth

of beam web, and

d = effective depth of section.

12.1.2 The maximum tensile steel ratio on any
face at any section shall not exceed the following
For M 15 concrete and plain mild steel bars,
pmax

PC +

0.011

For other concrete and mild steel reinforament, pm, = pc + 0.19 FJF,
For concrete reinforced with coldworked
deformed bars, prmX= ps + 0.15 F,/ F,

where
In zones where risk of major damage from
PC = actual steel ratio on the compression face.
earthquake loads is possible, ductile frame is
12.1.3 When a beam frames into a column,
reqmred m accordance with IS : 4326-1976 Code
of practice for earthquake resistant design and both the top and bottom bars of the beam shall be
construction of buildings (first revision). These anchored into the column so as to .develop their
provisions are generally applicable to all seismic full tensile strength in bond beyond the section of
zones but its importance is greater where severe the beam at the face of the column. Where beams
earthquake
loadings will become much more exist on both sides of the column, both face bars
of beams shall be taken continuously through the
significant
than
other
concurrent
loads.
Accordingly the Code makes it obligatory that in column.
all cases where the design seismic coefficient [see
NOTE- To avoid congestion of steel in a column in which
the beam frames on one side only, it will be preferable to use
IS : 1893-1976 Criteria for earthquake resistant
U-type of bars spliced outside the column instead of
design of structures (third revision)] is 0.05 or
anchoring the bars in the column.
more (which invariably includes zones IV and V)
ductility provisions specified in IS : 43261976
Figure 12.1 shows ,the typical detail for a beam
shall be adopted. The ductility requirements will framing into column from one side -or two sides.
be deemed to be satisfied if the conditions given in Such an arrangement will ensure a ductile
the following clauses are achieved.
junction and provide adequate anchorage of beam
reinforcement into columns. Top and bottom
12.1 Flexural Members
longitudinal steel for beams framing into both
as well as bottom steel sides of column should extend through the
12.1.1 The to
reinforcement sha P1 consist of at least two bars column without splicing.
each throughout the length of the member, and
12.1.4 The tensile steel bars shall not be
the steel ratio p on either face (both on
compression and tension face) shall not be less spliced at sections of maximum tension and the
splice shall be contained within at least two closed
than as given below:
stirrups (see Fig. 12.2).
For M 15 concrete and plain mild steel bars,
12.1.5 The web reinforcement in the form of
pmin = 0.003 5
vertical stirrups shall be provided so as to develop
For other concrete and steel reinforcement,ptii, the vertical shears resulting from all ultimate
vertical loads acting on the beam plus those which
= 0.06 FJ F,
HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

189

SP : 34@&T)-1987

2 STIRRUPS t WIN.)

Designer should provide dimension A, S, d, anchorage length, cutoff points of discontinuous bars, etc.
*provide not kss than two stirrups throughout splice length.
A = distance to point of Section plus anchorage lengthbut not kss than1./4. Designer may cut some
bars shorter than this but at kast one-third the area of bars at the face of column must extend this
distance
d = Effective depth of beam
IR = Internal radms = 4 db minimum, 6 db preferable
& = development kngth
C&= diameter of bar

FIG. 12.1 EXAMPLEOF TYPICAL BAR DETAILSFOR SPECIALDUCTILE MOMENT KESISTING

FRAMES (COLUMN DETAILS EXCLUDED)

maximum
restricted

Od

shear

carrying

12.2

Columns. Subjected

Bending

h FSINGLELOOP

will

be

to

Axial

Load

and

12.2.1 If the average axial stress P/A on the

column under earthquake condition is less than
0.1 F,, the column reinforcement will be designed
according to requirements of flexural members
given in 12.1. But if P/A 2 0.1 F,, special
confining reinforcement will be required at the
column ends as given in 12.2.2 to 12.2.4.

FIG. 12.2 CLOSED STIRRUPS

h

capacity

below 50 percent of the design shear.

Closely spaced stirrups are preferable.

12.2.2 The cross-sectional area of the bar

forming circular hoops or a spiral used for
confinement of concrete will be :

where
FIG. 12.3 DIMENSION h

IN RECTANGULARHOOP

can be produced by the plastic moment capacities

at the ends of the beam. The spacings of the
stirrups shall not exceed d/4 in a length equal to
2d near each end of the beam and d/2 in the
remaining length (see Fig. 12.1). It is important to
note that in no case shear failure should preceed
flexural failure.
12.1.6 Because of the possibility of reversal of
shears in the beams, the earthquake shears shall
be provided for by the vertical stirrups as they will
be effective both for upward and downword
shears. Where diagonal bars are also used, their
190

Ash = area of bar cross-section,

s = pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops,
4, = diameter of core measured tothe outside
of the spiral or hoop,
F, = 28day cube crushing strength of concrete,
Fy = yield stress of reinforcing
(hoop or stirrups),

steel

A = gross concrete area of the column

section, and
Ak = area of core = Tdk.

HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENTAND DETAlLlNG

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
In the case of rectangular closed stirrups used
in rectangular sections, the area of bar shall be:

The spacing of the hoops or closed stirrups

used as special confining steel shall not exceed
10cm (see Fig. 12.4 and 12.5).
12.2.4 Shear reinforcement shall be provided
in the columr:s to resist the shear resulting from
the lateral ana vertical loads at ultimate load
condition of the frame. The specing of shear
reinfordement shall not exceed d/2, where d is the
effective
depth of column
measured
from
compression fibre to the tension steel.

where
h= longer dimension of the rectangular confining stirrup, and
Ak = area of confined concrete core in the
rectangular stirrup measured to its outside dimensions.

Connections - Joints
12.3 Beam-Column
between exterior columns and adjoining flexural
members shall be confined by transverse column
reinforcement
through
the joint.
Such
reinforcement shall consist of circuiar hoops or
spiral in .the case of circular co!umns and
rectangular
closed stirrups in the case of
rectangular columns, as required at the column
ends. This is required because on exterior or
corner columns the joint core is not confined by
flexural members on all sides. To provide some
measure of confinement in these situations giving
some strength against brittle failure in the joint
core, transverse reinforcement as required at the
column ends is continued through the joint core
(see Fig. 12.4 and 12.5).

NDTE - The dimension /I of the stirrup could be reduced

by introducing
links at intermediate
points as shown in
Fig. 12.3. In this case also Ar shall be measured as overall
core area regardless of the stirrup arrangement.
Each end of
the intermediate
tir shall engage the periphery hoop with
a standard semicircular
hook and shall be secured to a
longitudinal bar to prevent displacement of the intermediate
tie during construction.

12.2.3 The special confining .steel, where

required, shall be provided above and below the
beam connections in a length 6f the column at
each end which shall be the largest of:
a) l/6 of clear height of the column,
b) larger lateral dimension of the column, and

The transverse reinforcement is required at the

end of the column even if the column is confined

c) 450 mm.

71

! END REGION (See

tCOLUMN

END

CORE*

REGION

( See

Claurr

12.2.3

COLUMN CORE HAS TO BE CONFINED

BY CIRCULAR OR RECTANGULAR TIES
IN ACCOROAWCE WITH END REGION

FIG. 12.4 BEAM COLUMN

HANDBOOK

ON

c0NcRE-w

REINFORCEMENT

JOINT AT EXTERNAL COLUMNS

AND

DETAILING

SP :

34(S&T)-1987

by beams from all four sides. Ttie amount

transverse reinforcement in this case may
reduced to half the value. The tie reinforcement
beam-column joints may be provided by

shaped ites (hair pin type), the length of the legs

beyond the columns being kept is dictated by
bond requirements so as to develop full strength
of the tie (see Section 7).

of
be
at
U-

FROM

SRCINO
AS PER

END

D+b

SECTlOt

FIG.

192

12.5

SPACING

AA

OF SHEAR

REINFORCEMENT

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

IN COLUMNS

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SECTION

I3

Transport, Storage, Fabrication, Assembly and

Placing of Steel Reinforcement

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTION
TRANSPORT,

13.1

Tmnsport

STORAGE,

FABRICATION,
ASSEMBLY
REINFORCEMENT

and Storage

134.1

Trunsporr - This clause only concerns

the transport
of unshaped
reinforcement.
Reinforcement is to be protected during loading,
unloading and transport. The following shall be
avoided:

a) Accidental damage or notches causing a

decrease in section.

W Contact

with other products liable to

deteriorate or to weaken the bonding of the
reinforcement.

4 Any permanent bends in the reinforcement, straightening

13

being unadvisable.

d) Removal of any anticorrosive

protection

present.

Care should be taken not to destroy the marking

or labelling of the products. In order to facilitate
any subsequent handling (unloading, distribution
in the stock), batches of identical reinforcement
should be grouped during transport.
13.1.1.1 Transport between the supplier
and the consumer-Transport
is generally by
road. Wherever possible good accessibility to
bundles of reinforcement should be maintained to
allow rapid handling (separation timbers, slings).
Unloading should be carried out mechanically
wherever possible.

AND

PLACING

OF STEEL

markings which are not repeated. It is thus

necessary to use the entire length of the
reinforcement or the cut reinforcement bearingc
the distinctive mark last of all. The cleanness or
the steel without stains, such as grease, oil, paint,
earth, non-adherent rust or any other substance
which is harmful to its good preservation and
bonding is important. The whole of protective
coating, if any, shall be protected during storage
is
and steel-fixing. When the reinforcement
removed from store, the surface state should be
examined to ensure that the steel has not
undergone any harmful deterioration.
If the
design engineer considers
it necessary, the
manufacturer (or the fabricator) shall carry out
quality control tests.
This examination
should be all the more
detailed the longer the storage period, the more
severe
the
environmental
conditions,
and
higher the grade of steel.
Both on site (as far as possible) and in the
works, a sufficient storge area should be provided
to facilitate handling to prevent any error or
confusion.
The storage area shall rovide free access for
the arrival of unbent rein Porcement and be close
to the measuring tables and other bending
equipment. When a fabrication post is set up on
site, but mainly during the design of larger
reinforced units, any handling which is not strictly
necessary shall be avoided wherever possible. As
commercial lengths are large, any rotation of the
reinforcement in a horizontal plane shall be
excluded. This ispossible when the reinforcement
is stored in alignment or parallel to the measuring
tables and the cutting tables.

23J.1.2
Transport .on the fabrication
areu - The operation
is generally expensive.
However, rationalization
and industrialization
may lead to greater mass production which allows
better use of mechanical lifting methods and
reduces reliance on manual transport. Transport
between various shaping machines may be carried
out on tables fitted with rollers; these tables may
.be mobile and thus serve several production lines.
Transport by lifting necessitates the use of a hoist
fitted with several attachments for holding the
bundle
and preventing
any permanent
deformation in the reinforcement.

13.2 Cutting- The reinforcement

is cut in
accordance with the cutting schedules. Cutting is
carried out with the aid of shears power-operated
or otherwise taking care not to damage the ribs in
the neighbourhood of the sheared section.

13.1.2
Storage - During storage,
the
reinforcement elements should be carefully
indexed and classified according to their diameter,
typei grades, length and batch of origin.

Flame cutting and electrode cutting is not

advised for reinforcement other than that in mild
steel. It may alter the properties of beat-treated
steel over a small length (a few diameters).

When the design of ribs or the distribution of

the marking allows easy identification even for cut
lengths, accidental substitution is not frequent; on
the other hand, there is danger of confusion for
-plain reinforcement without markings or with

The cut lengths are generally measured. on a

measuring table; this ensures that flatness and
straightness of the reinforcement are checked
during measuring and the tolerances are complied
with more easily.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

195

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
For repetitive series, that is generally in
measuring
tables are fitted with
factories,
detachable sto s, fixed in advance by the operator
to obtain
t Re desired lengths for several
reinforcing bars simultaneously. Reinforcement
on these measuring benches is transported by
means of rpllers, in some cases power-driven or
by winches.
Tolerances on cut
tolerances for:

lengths

depend

on the

a) the concrete

cover to the reinforcement,

b) the position

of the reinforcement,

c) the structural
Other tolerances
conditions:

and

element (shuttering).
may be imposed by special

a)orthogonality
of the sheared section in
relation to the axis of the reinforce.
ment (flash welding, sleeve splice), and
b) absence of burns, (sleeve splice).
Depending on the criteria of use, one may
prefer one piece of cutting equipment to another
(cutting by shears, cutting by power saw, etc).
13.3

Fabrication

13.3.1
General
- Fabrication
involves
shaping of the reinforcement elements, that is,
bending and radiusing (that is, bending with a
large radius of curvature).
Fabrication is carried out in accordance with
the schedules. The schedules shall be followed as
strictly as possible; in fact, straightening is always
hazardous,
systematic
rebending
should,
therefore, be avoided. It is advisable, if the
bending has to be corrected in-i/u,
for this
operation to be carried out by accentuating the
bending rather than by straightening.
During fabrication, consideration shall be given
to the fact that due to the elastic return of a bent
bar, the real angle may (as function of the grade
and diameter) be greater than the angle of
rotation of the plate. The operator should
therefore, overbend.

overall dimensions of the fabricated reinforcement

conform to the plan (correct placing, sufficient
concrete cover, etc).
The bending speed depends on the nature of the
steels and the ambinet temperature: it shall be the
subject
of a preliminary
experimental
determination if it is not fixed in the Agreement
or by the regulations.
Bending and radiusing, which are similar
operations, are carried out cold. The use of a
torch to facilitate this operation is generally
prohibited, since it can, for exam le, alter the
mechanical properties of cold wor t:ed steel.
Fabrication, even when mechanized, requires
many operations: its relative importance in the
overall
cost
of reinforcement
is high.
Rationalization of these operations and use to the
greatest
possible
extent
of rectilinear
reinforcement are essential in order to reduce the
overall cost.
13.3.2 Equipment - Bending of bars may be
done either by improvised means or by handoperated machines (see Fig. 13. I, 13.2 and 13.3)
and by power-operated bender. For bars of I2
mm diameter and under, mechanical contrivances
of the type illustrated in Fig. 13. I may be
advantageously employed.
13.3.2.1 Two of the most common types of
bar-bending machines suitable for bending bars
cold are shown in Fig. 13.2 and 13.3. The essential
components of the machines are also illustrated in
the figures. The hand machine shown in Fig. 13.2
could be employed for bending bars up to 16 mm
diameter and for larger diameters geared bar
bender shown in Fig. 13.3 is required. Special
roller spindles may be necessary for bending
deformed and twisted bars.
13.3.2.2 Bending of bars of 36 mm diameter
am larger require special equipment, such as

The minimum diameter of the mandrel shall be

at least equal to the minimum diameter of the
bending-rebending
test specified
in the
Agreement, and shall be selected so as to avoid
crushing or splitting of the concrete under the
effect of the pressure which is exerted inside the
curve.
For anchor
hooks at the ends of the
longitudinal bars, the minimum diameter of the
mandrel shall never be less than 5 4. The
fabricator shall ensure the quality of bending
(absence of cracks, etc) by a visual examination.
In general, tolerances are not fixed on bending
angles; on the other hand, it is important that the
1%

HANDBOOK

blANOREL

FIG. 13. I

BENDING

ON CONCRETE

OF BAR BY

REINFORCEMENT

MEANS

OF CLAW

AND DETAILING

SP : 34@&T)-1987

HOLE

SOCKET.

MANDREL
FIG. 13.2 SIMPLE BAR-BENDING. MACHINE

LEVER

/-RATCHET

MANDREL

PLAIN

GROOVED

ROLLER

ROLLER

FIG. 13.3 GEARED BAR-BENDING MACHINE

benders. However, where only a

few bars are to be bent, easy bends may be
formed by jimcrow or rail bender, an appliance
comprising forged bow with a steel square
threaded screw.
power-operated

Dimension

13.3.2.5 Special patented appliances for

bending bars into helical, rectangular and other
shapes are available and they may also be used.
13.3.3 Bending and Cutting Tokrances Where an overall or an internal dimension of the
bent bar is specified, the tolerance, unless
otherwise stated, should be as follows:
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

mm

cm
For bent
bars

13.3.2.3 Where large quantities of bars are

to be bent, power-operated
benders may be
advantageously used.
13.3.2.4 Operation -The
hand-operated
benders are generally mounted on tables. Various
operations involved and the schematic way of
bending are illustrat d in Fig. 13.4. The bar to be
bent should be pla I ed between two stops driven
into a steel or wooden table. The bar should be
held rigid at one of the stops by a roller sitting
over the mandrel. By using a tommy bar and
levering, the bar may be bent to the desired angle.

Tolerance

>

For straight
bars

+3
-5

< 75
75<

IS0

+5
- 10

> 150<250

+6
-IS

> 250

+7
-25

All lengths

+25
-25

13.3.3.1
Any excess in length of bar
supplied over the total of lengths of the various
portions of the bar between bends, including the
specified tolerances or not, shall be taken up in
the end anchorages, or in that portion of the bar
which shall be indicated on the schedule. The
cutting lengths shall be specified to the next
greater whole 25 mm of the sum of the bending
dimensions and allowance.
DETAILING

197

SP : 34(S&T)-1983
BODY OF MACHINE

CENTRE

OF BAR

TO
r

of the Reinforce-

13.4.1
General - This section
covers the
partial or total (flat or spatial) assembly, in
accordance with the reinforcement drawings, of
the reinforcement elements. This assembly may be
carried out:

a) at the works,
b) at the fabrication

location on site, and

c) at the immediate position of the component,

that is:
I) in the shuttering,
2) above the shuttering,

If assembly is not carried out at the spot where

it is to be positioned, the accuracy of the assembly
shall be closely monitored. Depending on the
assembly
point and subsequent
handling,
various precautions have to be observed:
conformity to the schedules, respect of
tolerances imposed, respect of spacing, cover
and lapping of the bars;
b) invariability of the position
rigidity of the whole; and

of the bars,

c) possibihty of placing and compacting the

concrete (with a vibrating poker in many
cases).
These problems shall be taken into account
from the design stage onwards.
These conditions can be satisfied by wellthought out design and careful assembly.
Forassembly outside the shuttering, the fixer
uses gauges, trestles and special temporary
wooden supports (or steel in the works). These

and

3) outside the shuttering.

198

BAR

13.4 BENDING OF BAR

13.3.3.2 The cutting tolerance for bars to be

bent shall be the tolerance given for straight bars.
To allow for this cutting tolerance
when
dimensioning bent bars, at least one dimension
shall not be specified.
Placing

EDGE

TO OBTAIN DESIRED DISTANCE FROM

BEND C TO INSIDE OF HOOK 0,
MEASURE FROM OPEN SET C TO FAR
SIDE OF MANDREL 0. FOR OVERALL
MEASUREMENT ADD THICKNESS OF BAR

FIG.

Assembly
and
ment Elements

STRAIGHT

BEND

TO OBTAIN ANY DEPTH OF SET

PLACE BAR TOUCHING
STOP
AND MANDREL. MEASURE THE
REQUIRED DISTANCE FROM A TO 6

BENT

13.4

START OF

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
devices can sometimes consists of auxiliary
reinforcing bars which do not play a part in
carr ing stresses. The placing of these bars shall
con Porm to the various regulations concerning the
concrete cover, distance between bars, etc.

Production costs (cutting, bending, transport,

assembly and fixing) may vary depending on the
product, preparation, design of the reinforcement,
from 4 to 5 manhours per tonne to 150 manhours
per tonne.

In addition
some auxiliary
bars are? if
necessary, planned to prevent large deformations
in the reinforced and assembled structures.
Handling of prefabricated reinforcement requires
some care: any accidental displacement of a bar
or any permanent deformation should be avoided.

Examples

In some cases, and in particular for large

reinforced structures, hoisting equipment is fitted
,with a spreader bar hooked in several places to
the element to be positioned (see Fig. 13.5).
Assembly may involve cases where only partial
assembly can be carried out since the weight to be
lifted and/or the accessibility of the shuttering
and the possibility of making satisfactory joints
inside the formwgrk act as limits.

Reirzforcement of a Beam or Column (Outside

the Shuttering).
Cut and bent bars are stored nearby, sorted and
collected into bundles and labelled (these have
been produced either on site, or delivered cut and
bent by a reinforcement factory).
The fixer puts longitudinal bars on chair
supports (minimum 2 chairs). The position for
stirrups is measured and marked off. Each stirrup
by being moved slightly apart is introduced
around the bars. Angle bars are tied with a double
knot to the main upper bars. By separating
slightly either the chair, or the bars, the lower
bars are brought down; these are held by the
stirrups. The necessary intersections are tied up.
In some cases, dowel bars are introduced at the
ends of the cage. Removal of the whole after
labelling (if not to be used immediately).
Reinforcement
-

SPREADER
BAR

1.

1 _

!!-![IIrl I[-! [ !!-I[

I. Bridle

2. Spreader

FIG.

Bar

3. Hooks

13.5 HOISTING EQUIPMENT

The various assembly operations shall take

account of the presence of elements such as
recesses and service pipes and conduits, etc,
embedded in the concrete of the structural
element.
Prefabricated reinforcement is fixed with ties,
couplers, welds or carefully arranged supports, of
suitable solidity and in sufficient number so that
they can be neither displaced nor deformed during
placing of the concrete or during transport and
placing of the reinforcement structure when it is
assembled outside the shuttering.
The cost of reinforcement
as follows:
cost

I -

HANDBOOK

raw materials
production
design costs ON CONCRETE

may be broken down

calculations
drawings
preparing schedules
checking
REINFORCEMENT

AND

qf a Slab :

marking off in chalk the distances between

axes;
placing of the main bars;
placing of the secondary reinforcement;
tying of intersections;
placing of the spacers for the lower bed;
placing of spacers between two layers;
placing of the distribution reinforcement on
the spacers, and other secondary reinforcement on the lower bed;
placing of the main reinforcement; and
lifting of the secondary reinforcement and
tying.

Reinforcement of a Wall - In general, the wall

remains accessible from at least one side: reinforcement starts on the other:
-

fixing of vertical bars to the dowel bars and

the spacers;
positioning and tying of horizontal bars;
positioning of the horizontal dowel bars for
the front bed;
fixing of vertical bars and tying in horizontal bars lifted as needed; and
placing of spacers between the two vertical
layers.

Assembly of Prefabricated Reinforcement Apart from the problem of deformability during

transport and handling, assembly is carried out in
the same way as above, but at the works. Fixing is
carried out by welding or tying. Units are limited
by the lifting capacity available on site and the
maximum dimensions authorised for the means of
transport anticipated.
The reinforcement
method of jointing
DETAILING

factory decides on the

reinforcement
structures
199

SP:34(S&T)-1987
(independent bars to be drawn from the cages,
welding or mechanical coupling methods, etc).
13.4.2 Fixing - As regards assembly on site,
bars which touch while crossing are fixed
generally by very tight annealed wire ties of 1 to 2
mm, or sometimes by some special device.
13.4.2.1 Tying -Tying
may, in order of
increasing resistance to slipping, be by means of a:
-

single or snap tie (see Fig. 13.6)

SADDLE

SINGLE

FIGURE

FIN. 13.6
Recourse to stronger ties may enable the
number of nodes tied to be limited. It is, in any
event, recommended that the direction of single
knots be alternated so as to increase the rigidity of
the mesh (see Fig. 13.7).

FIG.

13.7

ALTERNATED

The bottom of the shuttering must be cleared of

any wire waste before concreting -to prevent it
causing rust stains and corrosion paths on the
surface from which the shuttering is to be
removed. For this purpose a magnet suspended at
the end of a chain which is taken along the
bottom of the shuttering, or even a jet of
compressed air, may be used.
13.4.3 Placing the Reinforcement - Correct
placing
of reinforcement
requires
proper
maintainance of the distances between bars, and
concrete cover, that is, the exact placing of the
reinforcement in accordance with the drawings.
This is, in general, achieved by using spacers to
ensure that the reinforcement is kept in the
position allocated in the design, resisting the
actions to which it is subjected during placing.
The parts of spacers in contact with the shuttering
shall resist corrosion and shall not affect the
appearance of the concrete when the shuttering is
removed. When the concrete has hardened they
shall not cause cracking or infiltration of water,
which causes corrosion.
13.4.3.1 Distance
forcement elements:

FIG. 13.9 LAYER SPACERS

This high chair, which is easy to make on
site, is fixed to the main reinforcement and
is never in direct contact with the shuttering.

Pieces of wire with two eyelets are also used,

tied with the aid of special -pliers with a hook.
This method is faster with an unskilled workforce
(see Fig. 13.8).

Prefabricated
devices such as those
indicated in Fig. 13.10 are also used, either
for isolated bars (bar chairs), or for heavy
layers (continuous chairs and bolsters).

With skilled fixers tying is the best method of

jointing on site.

b)

rein-

TYING

Tying wire is delivered in small coils.

13.8

parallel

a) Between horizontal
layers - The distance
between these layers 1s often ensured by
means of a bar (say I2 mm diameter) bent as
shown in Fig. 13.9.

The need to tie a certain percentage of the

nodes depends not only on the type of tie used,
but also on the diameter of the bars, their surface
shape (smooth or notched) and the rigidity which
one wishes to give to the reinforcement (handling,
transport, etc).

FIG.

between

PREFABRICATED FIXING

WIRE
HANDBOOK

Between
vertical
layers - The distance
between vertical layers of reinforcement (see
Fig. 13.11) is usually ensured by means of
straight bars, hooked bars or bars bent into,
a U, tied to the main reinforcement.

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SY : 34(S&T)-1987
r

13.10A FOR

ISOLATED

BARS

(HIGH

SHUllERlNG

CHAIRS)

bLASllC
FIG. 13.12

CAP

SPACERS
FOR
SHUTTERING

REINFORCEMENT AND

c) In beatis and columns 13.lOB FOR HEAVY

LAYERS

(COWI-INUOUS

In beams, columns
and other elements the main bars, which are
parallel, are connected by tying to the
stirrups in order to form a rigid cage.

CHAIRS)

FIG. 13.IO CHAIRS

13.4.4 Fixing
[he Shuttering -

Reinforcement
in Relation lo
It is essential to maintain the

distance between the reinforcement

shuttering indicated on the drawing.

HOOKED

BAR

STRAiGHT

FIG. 13. I I
Fixing

correctly

SPACERS
by

BAR

FOR VERTICAL
straight

bar

the

This is necessary to provide a uniform concrete

cover to the reinforcement so as to protect it from
corrosion.
13.4.4.1 Horizontal shutrering - In the case
of horizontal shuttering, the device used must be
able to support the following without risk of
piercing the shuttering:

U-BAR

and

can

the weight of the reinforcement;

supplementary
loads resulting from the
placing of the concrets;
supplementary loads due to movement of
workers over the reinforcement network.

In foundation pads, the layer of reinforcement

is placed on mortar or concrete blocks or on
strips of mortar cast in place between two joists.
These supports themselves rest either on blinding
concrete (general case) or directly on the ground
(see Fig. 13.13).

LAYERS
never

be

ensured.

Hooked bars do not prevent vertical

layers from moving closer together, therefore. tying is necessary.
Bars bent into a U may be easily and
correctly tied to the main reinforcement and
is the best solution.
There
are metal devices
ensurinq
simultaneously
correct
SpaCihR
of th?
vertical bars (Fining bv griiping). the cover
reotiired and the distance between the walls
of ihe shuttering. Plastic caps are fitted to
prevent corrosion of the metal piece on the
surface of the concrete (see Fig. 13.12).
HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

L( JOISTS
FIG.

13.13

DETAILING

(10

BE REMOVE6 BEFORE
CONCRETINGI

OF
MORTAR
CAST
ON
THE
SHUTTERING (OR ON THE GROUND)

STRIP

201

SP:34(S&T)-1987
The mortar should, of course, have hardened
sufficiently before the reinforcement is Place.
The disadvantages attributed to this system
arise from the haste in placing reinforcement
structures which are often very heavy on moriar
which is too fresh and which is then likely to
break.
At the bottom of the shuttering, continuous
metallic supports are also used, the feet of which
are sometimes fitted with plastic caps to prevent
rust stains on visible surfaces, or continous
supports entirely in plastic. The latter model
presents the disadvantage of not guaranteeing
correct filling of the lower part by the concrete
(see Fig. 13.14).

LIC

ORfS

PLASTIC
SUPPORT

The blocks or wedges of mortar are visible

after the shuttering has been removed if
their composition is differ*ht from that of
the concrete in the structure and if their.
porosity is likely to cause absorption of the
oil used for removal of the shuttering.
Bonding to the concrete is always well
assured, and no cracking is noted where the
block of mortar is located.
Rings of mortar through which the reinforcement is threaded are relatively fragile;
they can break when the reinforcement is
put in place in the shuttering.
NOTE- Mortar blocks as spacer blocks should not be
permitted on the faces in contact with the liquid in case
of reservoirs and tanks.

b) Asbestos-cement
supports (Fig. 13.16) There are different forms, with or without
tying wire, which limit the area of contact
with the shuttering.
The mechanical strength is at least as
good as that of blocks of mortar; they are
less fragile and bond well with the concrete.

FIG. 13. I4 CONTINUOUS SUPPORTS FOR LAYERSOF

REINFORCEMENT

For layers of reinforcement

for reinforced
concrete road surfaces in the USA, bent ribbed
sheet-metal supports placed directly on the
ground are very widely used.
There is a very wide variety of individual
supports which may, for greater ease, be classified
according to the constitutent material:

a) Mortar

supports (see Fig. 13.15) - The

blocks of mortar are most often produced
on the site. The trend is, however, towards
an increasing use of prefabricated pieces, the
shape of which is sometimes more suitable
and the composition more homogeneous.
The blocks often have a tying wire in mild
annealed steel or in galvanised steel, or a
wire with two eyelets.

,The area of contact with the shuttering

may be reduced by giving a hemispherical or
cylindrical shape to the block. In this case
adequate cover of the block is not always
ensured if the concrete used is very dry or
has undergone little vibration.

FIG. 13.15 TYPES OF MORTAR BLOCK SUPPORT

202

HANDBOOK

FIG. 13.16 TYPES OF ASBESTOS-CEMENT

SUPPORTS

c) Plastic supports-These
(see Fig. 13.17).

are of two types;

a) Suppcrts of the chair type on which the

bar is generally simply placed, sometimes gripped. They look like a cradle
resting on a cylindrical base or with
components which are either parallel or
crossed (cruciform contact with the
shuttering).
Supports of this type can generally
support heavy loads. They do on the
other hand have the disadvantage of
presenting a large area of contact with
the shuttering; some models have cavities, the complete filling of which with
concrete may create problem.
b) Supports of the circular type which are
fixed to the reinforcement by gripping.
They are generally weaker and may give
way under the weight of heavy reinforcement.
They are certainly more suitable for
vertical reinforcement
than for horizontal reinforcement. The support must
be designed to allow good anchoring in
the concrete. while not constituting too
large a discontinuity
in the section
passing through its plane.
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

of
di:
of
la
th
it!
m
et
(n
el
g
e
t 1;
th
HA

SP : 34(3&T)-1987

FIG. f3. I7 PLASTIC SUPPORTS

Contact with the shuttering is limited

to the ends of the spokes or a very
limited portion of rim.

reinforcement, since they constitute obstructions

when concreting; it is preferable to place them on
the horizontal reinforcement.

13.4.4.2 Vertical shurrering - Here the role

of the spacer is basically to maintain the desired
distance between the reinforcement and the wall
of the shuttering; the spacer does not have to bear
large loads.

13.4.q.3 Upper reinforcement

in slabs The upper network of remforcement in slabs or
floors usually rests on the lower network by
means of chairs (see Fig. 13.18).

It must, on the o her hand, be correctly fixed to

the reinforcement i o that it does not move under
its own weight (vertical reinforcement), or at the
moment of concreting (fall of concrete, vibration,
etc).

The reinforcement network sometimes rests on

the bottom of the shuttering by means of high
blocks of mortar or concrete (up to 15 to 20 cm
high) which are in the form of a pyramid or a
truncated cone.

This fixing is carried out either by binding

(mortar or asbestos cement blocks) or by the very
elasticity of the material (plastic spacers fixed by
gripping). The types listed in 13.4.4.1 may, in
eneral, be suitable on condition that they are
t txed correctly to the reinforcement.

High metal chairs, individual or continuous, are

also used and sometimes fitted with plastic caps.

governing

In columns, in particular, it is better not to use

the circular
type spacers on the vertical

When two figures are given for a .single

characteristic, each concerns a support variant or

13.4.5
Sysrem

HANDBOOKON CONCRETEREINFORCEMENTAND DETAILING

Factors
-

Determining

the Choice

of a

Table
13. I presents
the factors
the choice of reinforcement supports.

203

SP : 34(S&T)-I987

FIG.

13.18

HIGH

METALLIC

the table

a different method. It is necessary in this case to

refer to the corresponding
comments.

TABLE

(1)
Economic

13.1 THE CHOICE

GRADE OF APIJRE~IA~ION

Mortar

Asbestos
Cement

Plastic

Chair

Cir?
cular

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

l-3

l-3

factors

Purchase
price
Ease of storage and
handling
Speed and ease of
placing

I =excellent;

204

l-2
I
2-3
I

2= good; 3 = admissible;

3
3

3:

I
I

accordingly.

OF A SUPPORT

GRADE OF APPRECIATION

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
/

Mortar

(1)
Focrors associated
the device placed
concrete

Asbestos
Cement

Plastic

Chair

Circular

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2-3

with
in ihe

Thermal treatment
the concrete

of

Facing concrete (immediately after removal

of shuttering)

Techtticol factors ossobaled Hi/h the device

ifself
Crushing
strength
Strain under load
Uniiormity
of
dimensions
Use in cold weather
Scratching,
scoring or
piercing of the
shuttering

be altered

~_

- .-______

. _--__

FACTORS_TOBE CONSIDEWED
f

shall

It is advisable
to avoid the use of supports,
specially mortar supports which are left behind on
the inner face of water retaining
structures.

It is obvious that some criteria may be essential,

for example, fiie resistance, and that the use of
-_

CHAIRS

Treatment
concrete

of the
surface

Rond

the concrete

l-2

Corrosion
of the reinforcement

with

Fire resistance

4= not recommended.

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SECTION
Typical Structural

14

Drawings

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

SECTlON

TYPICAL

STRUCTURAL

14.1 Some examples of structural drawings (see

pages 243-280)
giving
details
of structural
elements-footings.
columns. beams, slabs, etc.
are included. These are included for the purpose
of illustration
only; they are not intended as
recommendations
for
design
although
they
generally meet the requirements of IS : 456-1978.
These drawings are intended to emphasize how
design information
is represented on structural
engineering drawings. Specific locations of cut off
points, bends. amounts of steel, etc. are shown as
examples
to convey
necessary
information
through
the drawings.
These are not to be
considered as standard methods of detailing for a
specific structure.
The above drawings

HANDBOOK

are based on the drawings

ON CONCRETE

14

RElNFORCEiHENT

AND

DRAWINGS

of different projects from different organisations*

and each one gives only a part of the information
relating to each structure/project.
These drawings
have been modified, wherever necessary, more or
less to suit the requirements
of the Handbook.
Details of minor nature (as were relevant to the
situation) have also been deleted for the purpose
of this Handbook.
lBlS acknowledges with thanks the following organizations who
were helpful in providing the basic drawings on the basis of
which the present drawmgs have been included:
I. National
Corporation
Industrial
Developmen
Limited, New Delhi;
2. Engineering .Consultants (India). New Delhi;
3. z;;tral
Pubhc Works Department (CDO), New Delhi;
4. Bharat Heavy Electricals I_imited, New Delhi.

DETAILING

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

APPENDIX

(CIuuse 4.4)

WELDING
A-O GENERAL -- Welded joints are permitted
in reinforcement (mild steel and deformed bars)
subject to the condition that in all cases of
important connections, tests shall be done to
prove that the joints are of the full strength of
bars connected.

A-1.2.1
Preparation for Welding 2 The ends
of the bars to be welded shall be sheared off so
that fresh steel surfaces are available for welding.
The surfaces of the ends of the bars to be clamped
shall be cleaned free from rust to enable free flow
of electricity in the bars.

A-l
WELDING
OF
AND HOT ROLLED

A-1.2.2
Procedure - The procedure for flash
butt welding shall generally be in accordance with
the Indian Standard Recommended Procedure
for Flash Butt Welding (under print).

MILD

STEEL

DEFORMED

PiAIN
BARS

A-1.0

The requirements for welding mild steel

round and deformed bars conforming to mild
A-1.2.2.1
The ends of the bars to be welded
steel, Grade I, conforming to IS : 432(Part l)1982 Specification for mild steel and medium are placed in proper alignment in the clamps so
tensile steel bars and hard-drawn steel wire for that bend or eccentric joints do not result. The
concrete reinforcement: Part r Mild steel and clamps should be cleaned before each welding
medium tensile steel bars (third revision)and hot operation to avoid current losses and also to
rolled deformed bars conforming to IS : 1786- eliminate harmful notches or grooves due to
burning in of spots of arcing.
1985 Specification for high strength deformed
steel bars and wires foi- concrete reinforcement
A-1.2.2.2
Welding should be done without
(fhird revision)are given in IS : 2751-1979 Code
of practice for welding of mild steel plain and any preheating of bars. The bar ends shall be
uniformly pushed against each other from the
deformed
bars
for reinforced
concrete
moment of contact up to the upsetting. The
construction yirst revision) .
transformer regulator should be so set that the
NOTE I - Hot roiled deformed bars/wires conforming to
current at the contact area is between 85 and
IS : 1786-1985
will have their transverse and longitudinal ribs
90 A/mm2.
in straight lengths.
NOTE 2 - For guaranteed
weldability,
the percentage
carbon shall be restricted
to 0.25 percent, maximum.

A-l.1

of

Electrodes and Filler Rods

A-l .1.1 Electordes - Covered electrodes for

manual metal arc welding shall conform to
IS : 814 (Part I)-1974 Specification for covered
electrodes for metal arc. welding of structural
steel: Part I For welding products other than
sheets Vourth revision) and IS : 814 (Part 2)1974 Specification for covered electrodes for
metal arc welding of structural steel: Part 2 For
welding sheets Vourrh revision).
A-1.1.2
Filler Rods - Mild steel filler rods
for oxyacetylene
welding shall conform to type
S-FS7 of IS : 1278-1972 Specification for filler
rods and wires for as welding (second revision)
provided they are apable of giving a minimum
butt weld tensile f trength of 410 MPa.

A-1.1.3 Mixtures for thermit welding shall be

capable of yielding weld metal of the required
composition and the tensile strength shall be at
least 410 MPa.
A-1.2 Flash Butt Welding - Electric flash butt
welding may be adopted if a number of welds
have to be done at the same place and when the
electric supply is available of the required capacity
in respect of the cross-sectional area of the
maximum size of bar to be welded.
HANDBOOK

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

A-1.2.2.3 If the butt welding machine or the

available power is not sufficient to take the load
for welding the bar in the cold condition, welding
may be done after preheating. By repeated
making and breaking of the contact arc, heat can
be made to spread over the entire cross-section of
the bar. The number of short circuits (contacts
and reversing) should be kept to the minimum
possible so that the welding time and spread of
heat in the longitudinal directions in the bar is
minimum. Satisfactory joints with only slight
reduction in the original strength of the bar
can be achieved with current densities up to
25 A/mmz.
A-1.2.2.4 In automatic machines, the flash
rate should be so set that a continuous flash
without interruption can be achieved. If too high
a rate is set, then additional short circuits are
required leading to a heat spreading. If the rate is
too low, the flash
~111 be interrupted,
consequently air penetrating into the joint will
form oxides. If the machine is hand operated, the
flash should be maintained to avoid interruption.
A-1.2.2.5 Burn-off length - For bars with
sheared ends a burn-off (flash-off) length of about
IO mm is required, this length being practically
independent of the bar diameter. Very short burnoff length leads to defective welding because all
the impurities will not have been removed from
the place of welding. Increase in the burn-off
DETAII.ING

209

SP : 34(S&T)-I987
length
bar.

of the bar thus reducing

the strength

of the

A-1.2.2.6
Upsetting - The upsetting should
result from the burning
off, that is, without
interruption
in the rain of sparks. The electric
supply should be switched off about l/3 to I
second after the start of the upsetting or m the
case of automatic
machine, after I to 3 minutes of
upset travel.
The voltage
and frequency
of the current
should
be checked
before
commencing
the
welding
operation.
Such deviations
from the
nominal
value or large fluctuations
during the
operation
may lead to gross defects in the
welding. Wherever
possible, welding should be
done in periods of the day when the total load on
the network is fairly balanced.
A-4.3
Steel

Fusion Welding of Mild Steel Bars -~

bars shall be either butt welded or lap
TABI.1

A-l

EDGE

I_

DI.

10.

a) Manual

OF

metal-arc

b) Oxy-acetylene
c) Gas

fusion

welding

welding,

welding,

pressure

d) Thermit

welding,

and

welding.

in
Thermit
welding _ shall
be generally
accordance
with the Recommended
practice for
fusion
welding
of ferrous
metal by .aluminothermic process (under prim).
A-1.3.1
Butt Welding of Miid Steel Bars Bars may be spliced by butt welding them directly
or through a splice number such as angle, sleeve,
bars, etc.
A-1.3.1.1
The
preparation
of edges for
different
types
of butt
welds
shall
be in
accordance
with Table A-l.

PREPARATION
FOR MANUAL
( Clause A- I .3. I. I )
TYPE

I-All

welded using any of the following

processes:

METAL

ARC

SYMROLIC

JOINT

WELDING

SIZE

REPRESENTATION

RANGE

APPLICATION

(5)

20 to
25mm

(6)

Where the root IS

accessible for backchipping and appli:ation of a sealing
run.

Smaller bar

20 to
25mm
welded to
larger
bar

kit=

0 TO 13mm

Where the root is

accessible for backchipping and application of a sealing
run.

_----_
f2225f
20 to
5Omm

1;

Where access to the

root of the weld is
unobtainable.
Alternatively
a removable copper backing bar may be used
in place of the
integral steel backing
shown.

I
LOTO3mm

25 to
50mm

For general use;

Horizontal
bars
should be turned
for flat position
welding,wherever
possible.

40 to

Where access to
the root of the
weld is unobtainable.

-_

210

50mm

HANDBOOK

ON

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

TABLE

A-l EDGE PREPARATION

FOR MANUAL

METAL

ARC WELDING

(Contd.)

((Iuuse A-3.1.1.1)

TYPE OF JOINT

DETAIL

SY h4~0Li~
REPRESENTATION

iIZE
LANGE

APPLICATION
(6)

40 to
50mm

For general use:

Horizontal bars
should be turned
for flat position
welding. wherever
possible.

40 to
50mm

Nhere access to the

oot of the weld is
mobtainable.

40 to
50mm

Where the increased

difficulty of pre aration will be 0 Pfset
by the reduction in
welding cost.

40 to
50mm

Where access to
the root of the weld
is unobtainable.

--!I--

0 TO 13 mm

--O&I TO15mm

Smaller ba
over
ZSmm
welded to
larger
bar

ID

A-1.3.1.2
The edges shall be prepared by
flame
shearing, machining or oxy-acetylene
ay be done by chipping,
cutting. Bevelling
machining grinding or oxygen cutting. The joint
faces and the sur Pounding portion of the bars
shall be free from scale, dirt, grease, paint, rust
and contaminants.

For aeneral use:

HorGontal bars
should be turned
for flat position
for flat position
wherever possible.

A-1.3.1.3 When it is not possible to rotate

the bars for welding in fiat position, the axis of the
bars shall be horizontal and the respective axes of
welds shall be vertical, that is, welds being carried
out in the vertical position.

A-1.3.1.5
All the bars to be welded should
be aligned and set up in position with their axes in
one straight line. The joints may not be out of
alignment by more than 25 percent of the
thickness of the thinner material for material UP
to and including I2 mm thick, or by more than 3
mm for thicker material. Alignment may be
accomplished in a jig, or by means of a clamp or
by using guides. Rotation of the bars should be
avoided until they are adequately welded, so that
no disturbance to the alignment is caused and no
twist is introduced in the bars during the process
of welding.

A-1.3.1.4
In the case of inclined bars, the
edge preparation shall be such that welding is
done only on sides (see Fig. A-l).

A-1.3.1.6 In the case of details 4. 6. 7.8 and

10 of Table A-l, back chipping in the root is

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAlLINC

211

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

INCLINATION

FIG. A-l EDGE PREPARATION OF INCLINED BARS

recommended

second
should

before

welding

is commenced

on

side. The root run and one further run

be deposited
on the first side. Where

possible

the back chipping

TABLE A-2 DLTAILS FOR LAP WELDED

((hrsr

A-1.3.1.7
Indirect butt splices may be made
by weldirig bars to splice plate, angle, sleeve, etc.
using single or double fillet welds as shown in
Fig. A-2. The splice member used. that is, plate,
angle, bar, sleeve, etc. should
have a crosssectional area such that its strength is at least 5
percent higher than the strength of the bars being
welded. The bars shall not be eccentric by more
than 3 percent of the bars joined. The angles when
used may be flattened to suit for welding higher
size bars.

Lap Welding of Mild Step1 Bars

A-1-.3.2.1 Edge preparation is not necessary

for lap welds. The length of bars to be welded
should be free from scale, dirt, grease, paint. rust
and contaminants.
A-1.3.2.2
The bars
the details given in Fig.
A-3(A) is used when the
each others. If the bars
gap shall be 6 mm.

may
A-3.
bars
are

be lap welded using

Detail given in Fig.
are in contact with
bent, the maximrlm

When the gap between bars is more than 6 mm

the joint should be made using a splice bar or
plate [set Fig. A-3 (A)]. The gap between the bal
and splice plate should not exceed 0.25 times the
diameter of the bar or 5 mm,whichever
is less.
The area of the splice materiai shall be at least 5
percent more than the area of the higher size bar
being welded.
Some information
regarding throat thickness
and reinforcement
is given in Table A-2.
A-1.3.2.3
The dimensions
of the fillet welds
(length and throat thickness) shall be capable of
developing
the full strength
of the bar. The

212

A-1.3.2.2)

and root run on the

BAK DIAMI~H

second side should then follow and the remaining

runs should preferably
be deposited on alternate
sides of the joint to assist in controlling distortion.

A-1.3.2

JOINTS

HANDBOOK

TIIIWAT
TIIICKNESS

GAP
HETWFFii
REINFOWCI~WNT
(AIVROS)

Min

Over

0,

(2)

(3)

mm

mm

mm

1.5
3
3

Up to
I? up to
Over

Non:
I
II
should be made

MI

Non: 2
exceed

12
I6
16

2,)
prior

weld
is
overhead
to the flat welds.

If the bars are bent. the maximum

6 mm.

eccentricity
consideration

required.

it

gap should

in the joint should be taken

in the design calculations.

into

A-1.3.3
Square Burr Melds - Square
butt
welds may be used for direct butt welding and
shall
be made
using
hydrogen
controlled
electrodes or the thermit welding process.
A-l.4

Selection

of Welded Joints

A-1.4.1 Direct butt splices (Table A-I) and,

as a second choice indirect butt splices (see Fig.
A-I), should be specified for bars of diameter 20
mm and over in order to reduce effects of
eccentricity.
A-1.4.2
For bars of diameter
up to 20 mm
indirect
splicing
(see Fig. A-l) may be used
although lap welds are normally adopted for such
bars.
A-I .4.3 Square Butt Welds - The bars may
he directly jointed with square butt welds provided
the welds are made using hydrogen
controlled
electrodes or thermit welding process.
A-1.5
joints

Location
should

ON CONCRETE

of

Welded

be staggered

Joints - Welded

in the length

REINFORCEMENT

AND

of the

DETAILING

SECTION
A-2A

AA

A-l

lNDlRECT

BUTT SPLICE

USING

A PLATE

HE ANGLE MAY BE
FLATTENED FOR
WELDING LARGE
DIAMETER
BARS

A-28

INDIRECT

BUTTSPLICE

20 mm max.--l

USING

AN

ANGLE

B
EXTERNAL FILLET WELD
p--_
.

SECTION

I--8
A-2C INDIRECT

BUTTSPLICE

SECTION

USING

BB

A SLEEVE

CC

ENLARGED
SECTION 00
A-2D

INDIRECT

FIG. A-2

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

BUTT SPLICE
INDIRECT

REINFORCEMENT

AND

USING

BUTT

TWO

BARS

SPLICES

DETAILING

213

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

014 20mm max.

A-3A

A-3B LAP

LAP

WELDING

WEI.DING

BARS

BARS

WITH

IN CONTACT

BARS SEPARA-rED

BY A DISTANCE

FIG A-3 LAP WEL.DING or MII.D STEI:L BARS

reinforced
concrete
components.
The joints
should also not be positioned in highly stressed
areas.
A-I.6

Quality

Control

Tests

A-1.6.1
Buff Welds - Test pieces containing
butt welds at the centre in the as welded
condition shall be selected at the rate of one for
tensile test and one for nick break test for every
500 joints.

test -The
selected
A-1.6.1.1 Tensile
pieces, when subjected to a tensile test, shall
have a tensile strength not less than 410 MPa
(42 kgi/ mm2).
A-1.6.1.2 Nick break test - The test specimen
shall be notched as given in Fig. A-4 and shall be
broken open along the weld, the fractured surface
visually examined for fusion, root penetration,
gas cavities and quality of weld metal. The surface
should
be reasonably
free from cavities,
inclusions, etc. There shall be no lack of fusion.
Small porosity may, however, be permitted.
A-1.6.1.3 Bend test - The specimen shall
be bent using any suitable jig. The weld oint
should be capable of being bent to an angle o 60
around a mandrel of diameter equal to diameter
of bar before any crack appears.

A-1.6.2 Lap Joints - Test pieces containing

lap joints at their centre shall be selected at the
rate of I per 500 joints.
A-1.6.2.1 Tensile test - The load required
to shear the joint shall be at least equal. to the
tensile load required to fracture the ~bar.
214

HANDBOOK

NOTE-- When pulling lap weld specimens to determine

the tensile
strength
a jig should
be used to prevent
distortion
due to secondary
stresses. The jig may be of
design and detail preferred
by the testing agency
but
should prevent change in geometry of the specimen as it is
being pulled.

A-l.7 Retests-Ii
a sample selected for testing
fails to meet the requirements
given under
A-1.6.1 or A~1.6.2, the purchaser
or his
representative shall select two further samples
from the same lot. Ii on testing, either of the
samples fails to meet the specified requirements,
the whole lot shall be rejected.
A-1.8 Inspection - For purpose of inspection
reference shall be made to IS : 822-1970 %ode of
procedure for inspection of welds.
A-1.8.1 The weld size, length and location
shall be as stipulated in the drawings, and the
metal designated shall be tree from cracks,
excessive slag inclusions and excessive porosity.
A-1.8.2 The weld metal shall be properly
fused with the parent metal without overlapping
at the toes of the weld.
A-1.8.3 There shall be no cracks in the heat
affected zones of the reinforcing bars or splice
members
A-1.8.4 There shall be no serious undercuts in
joint subjected to tension.
A-1.8.5 All craters shall be filled to the crosssection of the welds.
A-1.8.6 The visible surfaces of all welds shall
be free from entrapped slag and shall be regular
and of consistently uniform contour.
ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

--

FIG. A-4 NICK BREAK TEST SPECIMENS.

A-1.8.7 All direct butt welds shall be of full

cross-section with maximum reinforcement
of
ia;rn and shall blend smoothly into the face of
.

A-2.8.8 The profile of fillet welds shall be

substantialiy flat or slightly convex.
A3

WELDING OF COLD-WORKED
STEEL BARS

A-2.0 The recommendation

for welding coldworked steel bars conforming to IS : 1786-1985 is
given in IS : 9417-l-979 .
NOTE I -Cold-work
deformed bars conforming to
IS : 17864985 will have their longitudinal and transverse
ribs twisted and .not in straight lines.
Nom 2 - For guaranteed weldability, the percentage of
carbon shall be restrWed to 0.25 percent, maximum.

A-2.1
Electrodes - Electrodes
used
conform
to IS : 8~14(Part
1)-1974
IS : gl4(Part 2),-1974 .
A-2.2 Procedure be either butt-welded
may be carried out
flash butt or by
process.

shall
and

Cold-worked steel bars shall

or lap-welded. Butt-welding
either by resistance butt or
manual metal arc welding

A.2.2.1 Resistance Butt Welding and Flash

Bu#t Welding of Cold- Worked Bars - Flash or
resistance butt welding may be adopted if a large
number
f welding has to be done at the same
place an 8 when the electric supply is available of
the required capacity in respect of the crosssectional area of the maximum size of bar to be
welded.
A-2.2.1.1 Preparation for welding A The
ends of the bars and the extreme untwisted ends
of new bar shall be sheared off so that fresh steel
surfaces are available for welding. the surfaces of
the ends of the, bars to be clamped shall be
cleaned free from rust to unable free flow of
current in the bars.
A-2.2.1.2 Procedure - The ends of the bars
to be welded are placed in proper alignment in the
clamps so that bent or eccentric joints do not
result. The clamps should be cleaned before each
welding operations to avoid current loss and to
eliminate harmful notches or grooves due to
burning in of spots of arcing.
The bar ends shall be uniformly pushed against
each other from the moment of contact up to the
upsetting. The transformer regulator should be
HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

so set that the current at the contact

between 85 and 90 A/,mm*.

area .is

If the capacity of butt welding,machine or the

available power is not sufficient to take the load
for welding from cold, welding may be done after
preheating. By making and bre_aking of the contact
arc repeatedly, heat can be made to spread over
the entire cross-sections of the bars. The number
of &short-circuits (contacts and reversing) should~
be kept to the minimum possible so that the
welding time and spread of heat in the
longitudinal direction in the bar is minimum.
Satisfactory joints with only slight reduction in
the original strength of the bar can be achieved
with a current densities up to 25 A/mm*.
In automatic machines the flash rate should be
so set that a continuous flash without interruption
can be achieved. If too high a rate is set, then
additional short-circuits are required leading_ to a
heat spreading. If the rate is too low, the flash will
be interrupted, consequently air penetrating into
the joint will form oxides. If the machineis handoperated, the flash should be maintained to avoid
interruption. Too long flashes lead to generation
of large quantities of heat thus removing the effect
of cold-working in .the bar.
Burn-offlength - For bars with.sheared ends, a
burn-off (flash-off) length of about 5 to 7 mm is
required, this length being practically independent
of the bar diameter. Very short burn-off lengths
lead to defective
welding because all the
impurities will not have been removed from the
place of welding. Increase in the burn-off length
will spread heat along the length of the bar thus
reducing the strength of the bar.
Upsetting - The upsetting should result from
the burning off, that is, without interruption in
the rain of sparks. The electric supply should be
switched off about l/3 to 1 second after the start
of the upsetting or in the case of automatic
machine after I to 3 mm of upset travel.
The voltage and frequency of the current
should be checked before commencing
the
we!ding operation. .Such deviations from the
nominal value or large fluctuations during the
welding. Wherever possible, welding should be
welding. Wherever possible welding ,should be
done in periods of the day when the total load on
the network is fairly balanced,
A-2.2.2 Butt- Welding by Metal-Arc Welding
Process - Butt-welds are normally adopted to

AND DETAILMG

21s

SP : 34&S&T)-1987
join bars of thickness more than 20 mm. Welding
electrodes with flux covering of Type 3 or 6 (see
IS : 8 151974Classification
and
coding
of
covered
electrodes
for metal *arc 1.-Iding. of
structural
steel
(second
revision)
are
recommended
for better results depending on the
size of bar to be welded.
A-2.2.2.1

Preparation

for

welding

The preparation
of the edges of the rods shall
be as shown in Fig. A-5. The edges shall be
prepared by shearing, machining or oxy-acetylene
flame
cutting.
Bevelling
may
be made
by
machining,
grinding or oxy-acetylene
cutting. The
fusion faces and the surrounding
material shall be
free from scale, dirt, grease, paint,
rust and
contaminants.
when it is not possible to rotate the bars for
welding in flat position, the axis of the bars shall
be horizontal
and the respective welding shall be
vertical, that is, the welds being carried out m the
vertical position.
In the case of non-rotatable
inclined bars, the
edge preparation
shall be such that welding is
done only on sides (see Fig. A-5).
All the bars to be butt welded should be aligned
and set up in position
with their axis in one
straight line. This may be done in a jig or by
means of a clamp or by using guides. Rotation of
the bars should
be avoided
until
they are
adequately
welded, so that no disturbance
to the
alignment
is caused and no twist is introduced
in
the bars during the process of welding. The joints

may not be out of alignment

by more than 25
percent of the thickness of the thinner material up
to and including
12 mm thick, or by more than
3 mm or thicker material.
A-2.2.2.2
Electrodes -The
electrodes shall
be so selected that relatively short beads can be
rapidly made, since with each bead only a small
quantity
of heat is transferred
to the steel which
the steel can conduct away without any harmful
effects on the material. If the electrodes move out
slowly, a concentration
of heat takes place thus
removing the effects of cold-working
on the bar.
The size of electrode depends upon the length
of the bead and thickness of the bar to be welded.
The root runs should be made with electrodes of
size 3.15 mm. With the number of beads the size
of electrode should be gradually
increased from
3. I5 to a maximum size of 5 mm for the top bead.
A-2.2.2.3
Welding
procedure
und
technique-.-The
sequence
of welding beads is
shown in Fig. A-6 for information.
The runs ! to
4 are made in the position of welding best suited
for
the quality
of the weld.
Besides
the
interruption
in welding required for cleaning of
each bead, a pause shall be made after ever!
second bead and the bar is allowed to cool down.
The temperature
of the bars at a distance of about
20 mm from the joint shall not exceed 300C
immediately
after the bead is made.
Before
commencing
the next bead, the temperature
shall
not exceed
250C.
The temperatures
can be
checked
approximately
using
temperature
indicating
crayons.

\
ANGLE OF
INCLINATION

FIG. A-5

EDGE PKEPAKATION OF INCLINED

SEQUENCE
FUSION

FACES

B:\Ks

OF

10

FIG. A-6 SEQIIEME OF WELDING BL\IX

216

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAH.INC

SP : 34(S&T)-1987
Atter completing the bead 4, .he bars are
rotated by 180 about therr axes, and the beads 5
to 8 are made in a manner described above. The
tinal bead 9 is made in the case of horizontal and
freely rotatable bars by weaving in the direction
of the bar periphery, the bars being continuously
rotated during welding.
In the case of vertical. inclined and nonrotatable bars the beads 1 to 4 shall be made as
explained in this clause. The top bead is made by
making separate annular runs (see Fig. A-7), the
electrode being drawn up to the edge of the top
bead. The starting and withdrawal position of the
electrodes are shown in Fig. A-7. The top beads
are made by drawing the adjacent beads in the
longitudinal direction of the bar. The diameter
measured over the top of the butt welded joint
shall be equal to at least 1.2 times the diameter of
the bar.
A-2.2.3 hap Welding of Cold-Worked Bars Lap joints may be made in bars of all sizes and
qualities of cold-worked bars. They are preferred
when access ior welding is from only one side and
while connecting prefabricated
units. Use of
electrodes with flux covering of type 3 or 6 are
recommended for better results depending on the
size of bar being welded.
Edge preparation is not necessary
A-2.2.3.1
for lap welds. The Joint faces and the surrounding
material shall be free from scale, dirt, grease,
paint, rust and contaminants.
A-2.2.3.2
Electrodes
- The size of
electrodes according to the diameter of the bar to
be welded shall be as follows:
Size of &w

Size of
Electrode,
h4in
mm

mm
Up to and including 6
Over 6 up to and including 10
Over 10 up to and including 14
Over 14 up to and including 20
Over 20

1::
:*:5
4

A-2.2.3:3 Procedure-The
arc should be
struck as shown in Fig. A-Et somewhere in the
middle of the joint and not at its beginning.
The movement of the electrode for welding lap
joints in the horizontal and vertical position is
indicated in Fig. A-g.
In Fig. A-9 to A-12 are given the various lap
joints used to connect cold-worked bars.
A-2.3

Quality

Control

Tests

A-2.3.1
Butt Welds - Test pieces containing
butt welds at the centre in the as welding
condition shall be selected at the rate of one for
tensile test and one for bend test for every 500
joints.

A-2.3.1.1 Tensile test - The selected pieces,

when subjected to a tensile test, shall have a
tensile strength not less than 90 percent of the
actual tensile strength of the bar but in no case
less than the tensile strength of the bar specified in
IS : 1786-1985. The fracture shall take place away
from the weld.
A-2.3.1.2 Bend test-The
welded joint
should be capable.of being bent to an angle of 60
around a mandrel of diameter equal to diameter
of bar before any crack appears.
A-2.3.2 tap Joints - The pieces containing
lap joints at their centre shall be selected at the
rate of one in 500 joints.

A-2.3.2.1 Tensile test - The load required

to shear the lap joint shall be at least equal to the
tensile load required to fracture the bar.
A-2.4 Retests - If a sample selected for testing
fails to meet the requirements given under A-2.3.1
and A-2.3.2, the purchaser or his representative
shall take two further samples from the same lot.
If on testing either of the samples fails to meet the
specified requirements, the whole lot shall be
rejected.

FIG. A-7 MAKING OF TOP BEAD

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

217

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

HORIZONTAL
WELDING

~HDRAwL
STRIKING OF ARC

A-8A

WELDING

IN I-HE

HORIZONTAL

FIG. A-8

WEI.IIIN<;

Strike the arc with the electrode;

which is finally welded.
Welding
Electrode

A-XH WELDING

POSI-I-ION

the

IN THE

VERTICAL

Posinos

OF LAP JOISIS

arc

striking

point

should

lie in the gap

dislocation.
withdrawal.

Bar to be spliced.

FIG. A-9

LAP

JOINT

USING

STAGES

2 TO 3mm

FIG.

218

A-IO

HANDBOOK

L.-zP

j--a

- o*Z.d

JOINT

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

SF : 34(S&T)-1987

FIG. A-l I I.AP JOIST

FIG. A-12 L>\P JOINI

HANDBOOK

0s

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

APPENDIX

(Chuse 59.1)

IS0

B-O.

4066-1977

BUILDING

AND CIVIL

ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

As the use of preferred shapes is considered to

be very advantageous
both for simplifying design
and manufacture
and for the use of covputers,
the opportunity
has been taken to include a list of
preferred shapes and a coding system; the layout
of the bar schedule
is based on the use of
preferred
shapes.
B-l.

SCOPE

This International
Standard
establishes a system
for the scheduling
of reinforcing
bars, and
comprises
-

the method

a coding

a list of preferred

the bar

B-2.

FlELD

of indicating
system

for

Steel fabric and

are excluded.

shapes;

be indicated

as

is reproduced here in full as a supplement

contained in this handbook.

CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

SHAPES

It is recognized
used for end

that in some countries

anchorages.

The letter symbols

which shall be given
B-6.

BAR

hooks

refer to the dimensions

in the bar schedule.

SCHEDULE

The bar schedule

is the document
used to
specify and identify reinforcing
bars. The format
specified below incorporates
the use of preferred
shapes.
Information

content

in which

the

of the structural
bar is located;

reference

of the

bar;

cl type of steel;
d) diameter

of bar;

for loss or gain at bends, calculated from the

dimensions
and radii given in (k); see B-3);

The total
length
(cutting
length)
shall be
calculated on the basis of the appropriate
bending
dimensions
with
corrections
for bends
and
allowances
for anchorages.
*This IS0 standard
to the information

of two or, if
as defined in

e) iength of each bar (cutting length, allowing

P
Dimensions
shall be outside dimensions
except
for radii and the standard radius of bend shall be
the
smallest
radius
permitted
by national
standards
or regulations.

ON

are

b) bar mark-unique

steel reinforcement

ns shall
B-5.

SHAPES

When a third character is used, the direction

of
the end anchorages
shall be as shown by the
dotted lines in the examples
in Table B-2.

a! member - identification

APPLICATION

The bending
dimens
shown in Fig. B-l t

FOR BAR

OF PREFERRED

member

prestressing

SYSTEM

A bar schedule
shall contain
the following
information
in the sequence listed below:

bar shapes;

METHODS
OF INDICATING
BENDING
DIMENSIONS

HANDBOOK

LIST

B-S.

schedule.
OF

SCHEDULING*

The shape code number consists

essential, three or four characters,
Table B-l.

B-6.1

dimensions;

This International
Standard applies to all types of
steel bar for the reinforcement
of concrete.

B-3.

CODING

B-4.

The purpose of this International

Standard
is to
ensure uniformity
of practice in the scheduling of
steel bars for the reinforcement
of concrete. To
establish
a clear and unambiguous
system for
scheduling, it is necessary to specify the method of
indicating dimensions
to be used and the order in
which
the information
is given on the bar
schedule.

DRAWINGS-BAR

AND

0 number

of members;

9) number

of bars

h) total

number

length

total

in each

of bars [(f) X (g)];

[(e) X (h)];

k) shape code (as defined

m) bending
n) revision
P) title

in B-5);

dimensions;
letter;

block.

An example of a form
on page 236.
DETAILING

member;

of bar schedule

is shown

221

SP : .34!McT)_1987

WI
she
Spi

B-c
Th
an

4
FIG.

FIG. B-2

B-i

FIG. B-4

FIG. B-5

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34@&3)-1987
B-6.2

d) drawing number;

Special shapes

d bar schedule reference;

When special shapes are required, these shall be

shown by a dimensioned sketch drawn in the
space normally used for bending dimensions.
B-6.3

f-l revision letter and date of last revision;

and

Title Block

Id a statement that the schedule has been prepared in accordance

of IS0 4066.

The title block shall be placed below the schedule,

and shall contain the following information:
a) name of the structural

designer;

b) title of the project;

B-7.

c) date prepared
prepared by . ..
checked by . . .

No

0 -~- Straight

bends (optional)

I -

I -- I bend
2-2

bends

3-

3 bends

4--

4 bends

5-5

bends

6 -- Arcs
7-

SUMMARY

SHEET

If required, summary sheets may be used; separate

sheets shall be used for each type of stee!.

TABLE B-I CODE NUMBER

0 -

with the requirements

0--

No end anchorage
(optional)
I -- End anchorage at one end,
as defined in national
standards

bars (optional)

90 bend(s) of standard
radius all bent in the
same direction

3 --

Helices

S -- Where a national standarc

specifies a special raditu
of bend (for example
stirrups. links) this shall
be indicated by USC of
the charactrcr
S.

2 --~ End anchorages at both

ends. as defined in
national standards

2-90
bend(s) of nonstandard radius, all bent
in the same direction

of circles

COMPOSITION

180 bend(s) of nonstandard radius. all bent

in the same direction

4--90
bends of standard
radius not all bent in the
same direction
5-

Bends<90.
all bent
the same direction

in

6---

Bends <90,
not all bent
in the same direction

7 -

Arcs

or helices

--

El to 89 -- Shapes
99

NOTE

defined

in national

standards

Special non-standard
shapes defined by a sketch.
It is recommended
that code shapes 99 for all
non-standard
shapes be used. However,
the
numbers 91 to 99 are available for countries which
require more than one number for special shapes.

-The

table explains

the logic behind the numbering

up codes for

additional

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

of the shapes in Table

H-2.

It is not to be used for

making

shapes.

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

223

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

TABLE B-2 PREFERRED

SHAPE
CODE

SHAPE

SHAPES

EXAMPLES

(Conhued)

224

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

TABLE

B-2 PREFERRED

SHAPES

Codwed

EXAMPLES

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

EXAMPLE

OF IS0

BAR

SCHEDULE

All dimensions in millimetres.

N

garmar~

TY~~~,o~

Diameb

er

~a~~t~a~f
.Nutfkr
pF:ktotal
ember m each number

Bending dimensions

Shape
code

Total
length

member

_.-

-_.
I
i
.?_-

Prepertiion d8t*
I

A. 9. CEO md PARTNERS
2 XY stmt.
mom

This rhMu&

hr

(TITLE

London WIA

:014o@oooO

bow prgwad

in asaedma

Of

PROJECT!

Pr*pmred bv
Checked bv

with the mquirWnU

Of IS0 4OSS.

-ww

elr

Revision
letter

SP : 34(!3&T)-1987

APPENDIX
DIMENSIONS

AND

C-l DIMENSIONS

TABLE

SL
No.

PROPERTIES

OF HARD
DRAWN
OTHER BARS

NOMINAL
WEICIIT

(2)

(3)

(4)

mm

mm

kg/ m2

:I

2.220
3.560
6.160
I .430

(1)

STEEL

AND PROPERTIES OF HARD-DRAWN

(SQUARE
AND OBLONG MESH)

DIAMETER
OF WIRE
EACH WAY

MESH SIZE
(No;N;~~FH

Sl.

No.

MESH SIZE
(No;~ING~_FH

3.0
3.4
3.6
4.0
4.5
4.8

:
4
2

loo
I50
I50
I50

I!

I::
150
I50
I50
I50

::
::

(1)

:;
:t
31
32
::
::
37
38

B. Oblong Mesh

K
2.060
2.300
2.57
2.76O
:$O
3:480
4.14
4.62
5.260
6.660
8.220
0.980
I .260
I .420
I.740
2.080
2.6oo
3.02o
3.940
5.3oo
6.160

t3
6:5
7.1
:I
9.0
10.0
4.0
4.5
4.8
;:;

s
200
200
200
200
200

s
41

::%
5.200
6.040
7.900
0.82
I.060
1.320

:I!
5.6
5.8

1::
I50
I50
I50
I50
I50
I50
200
200
200

z
26

(3)

(2)

75
::

;:;
8.0
9.0
10.0

. ,

z
46
41
48
49

::
75
::

z
52

75
75

i 250
250

:i

5.3
5.6

::

if

i!
8:
:65

8::

2
68
69
70
::
73
::
:;
:t
80
::
83
84

IM
I50
Iso
I50
ISO
I50
I::
I50
I50
250

zz
300

::

z
92
93
94
95

250
300
300
.uw)
_3oo
-100
300
z(w)

$8
:

HANDBOOK

DN CONCRETE

4.2
4.2
5.0
2.65
2.65
2.65
3.0
3.15
3.15
:62
5:o
3.15

~GINFORCEMENT

2.490
I.09
3.580
0.96
I.IX
I .45
I.510
1.870
2.o6
2.16o
2.420
::f

1:
IO1
I02
103
lo4
105
1:
IO8
lo9
II0
Ill
II2

AND DETAILING

;:8
9.0
10.0
9.0
9.5
10.0
8.0
7.5
7.1
6.3
4.2
4.5
4.6
4.8
::;
:.:
6:5
:.z
5:o

:g

:z
87

z!
98
5.0
4.2
6.0
3.15
3.55
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.1
4.8

NOMINAL
WEIGHT

(4)
b/m2

E
300
zz
3oo
300

:I
4:o
4.2
4.5
4.2
4.8
5.0
4.0

cross
3.6
3.55
3.6
5.0
4.0
6.0
4.0
4.8
4.8
5.8
4.75
5.6
5.6
4.75
4.75
4.5
4.0
3.0
3.0
:z
3:o
3.6
::6
4.0
4.0
4.2
4.2
4.2
z.8
5:o
:::
:.8
4:20

Z:EO
;:g
4:260
4.360
5.730
7.130
8.910
7.00
7.90
8.71
5.60
4.97
4.46
3.50
I.460
1.620
1.670
I.950
I.910
%
2:tQo
3.260
3.680
1.530
::z
3.640
I.180
I.640
I.440
1.450
i:g
I:730

:z

:i

t8
6:5

::t
t :8

z
300

?oo
710
7.5
8.0

!:S

g
42
43

OF WIRE

EACH WAY

!:%
2.530
2.840
3.080

:::
5.8
6.5
7.0
8.0
3.15
3.6
4.0
4.5
4.75

AND

FABRIC

DIAMETIUt

main

FABRIC

STEEL WIRE

A. Sqarc Mesh

8
9
IO
II
I2
I3
I4
I5
16
I7

WIRE

z%
21730
2.9M
3.350

:.t
6:0
4.8
6.0
1:

%
250
250
250

1:::
iI2
:::
:3
8::

z
300

87::

227

!SP:

34(S&T)-1987
TABLE c-2 P~ORCKMENT

SIZB

(0

mm

ARrnA
(2)

tcm3
0.283
0.503
0.785
I.131
I.539
2.01I
2.545
3.142

228

CHARACTBRISIICS_

AREA,

WEIGHT

AND PKRIMETER

SIZE

AREA

WEIGHT

PERIMETER

LENGTII
PER TONNE

(9

(0

(2)

(9

(4)

(5)

(cm)

(m)

mm

(cm?)

Owl ml

(cm)

(ml

0.222
0.395
0.617
0.888

I .89
2.51
3.14
5.77

4310
2332
1621
1125

6.91
1.85
1:::

336

4.40
5.03

633
829

::it

6.28
5.65

3.801
4.909
6.157
8.042
10.179
12.566
15.904
19.635

2.980
3.854
4.830
6.313

I:%

::
28
32
36
40
45
50

WEIGHT

PERIMETER

LENGTH
PER TONI&

(3)

(4)

(kg/ mj

HANDBOOK

ON. CONCRETE

i-z
I2:490

11.31
12.57
14.14

z
I59
I25
IOI

15.410

15.71

:i

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

TABLE C-3 AREAS OF GROUPS OF STANDARDS

NUMBER
OF BARS

BARS (IN SQUARE

CENTIMETRES)

BAR DIAMETER IN mm
I

IO

12

14

16

18

20

22

25

0.28
0.56
0.84
I.13

0.50
Ki

I.13
2.26
3.39
4.52

1.54
3.07
4.61
6.15

2.01
4.02
6.03
8.04

%
7163
IO.17

3.14
6.28
9.42
12.56

3.80
IZ

2:01

0.79
1.57
2.35
3.14

IS:20

4.9 I
9.81
14.72
19.63

6.16
12.31
18.47
24.63

I.41
I .69
1.97
2.26

2.51
3.01
3.51
4.02

3.92
4.71
5.49
6.28

5.65
6.78
7.91
9.04

7.69
9.23
10.77
12.31

10.05
12.06
14.07
16.08

12.72
15.26
17.81
20.35

15.70
18.85
21.99
25.13

19.00

24.54

30. Id

26.60
30.41

36.94
43.10
49.26

40.21
48.25
56.29
64.34

5O.UY

29.45
34.36
39.27

2.54
2.82
3.11
3.39

4.52
5.02
5.52
6.03

7.06
7.85
8.63
9.42

IO.17
I I.31
12.44
13.57

13.85
15.39
16.93
la.47

18.09
22. I I
24.12

22.90
25.44
27.99
30.53

28.27
31.41
34.55
37.69

34.21
38.01
41.81
45.61

44.17
49.08
53.99
58.90

55.41
61.57
67.75
73.89

72.33
80.42
88.46
96.51

91.60
101.78
I Il.96
122.14

3.67
3.95
4.24
4.52

6.53
7.03
7.54
8.04

IO.21
10.99
I I .78
12.56

14.70
15.83
16.96
18.09

20.01
21.55
23.09
24.63

26.13
28.14
30. I5
32.17

33.08
35.62
38.17
40.71

40.84
43.98
47.12
50.26

49.41
53.21
57.02
60.82

63.81
68.72
73.63
78.54

80.04
86.20
92.36
98.52

104.55
112.59
120.63
128.68

132.32
142.50
152.68
162.86

4.80
5.08
5.37
5.65

a.54
xz

13.35
14.13
14.92
15.70

19.22
20.35
21.48
22.62

26.17
27.70
29.24
30.78

34. I8
36.19
38.20
40.21

43.2b
45.80
48.34
50.89

53.40
56.54
59.69
62.83

64.62

83.44
88.35
93.26
98.17

104.67
110.83
116.99
123.15

136.72
144.76
152.80
160.85

173.03
183.21
193.39
203.57

lo:05

%.iO

22.80

!2%
76:02

28

32
1:X
24:12
32.17

36
IO.18
20.35
30.53
40.71
61.07
71.25
8 I .43

TABLE C-1 PERIMETER

OF GROUPS OF STANDARD

NLMRER
OF BAR,

BAR DIAMETFRIS
6

IO

1:
I3
14
1:

1:
19
20

BARS (IN CENTIMETERS)

mm

12

14

16

18

3.77
1::3:
15.08

4.40
8.79
13.19
17.59

5.03
10.05
15.08
20. IO

5.65
I I.31
16.96
22.62

6.28
12.56
18.85
25.13

6.91
i 3.82
20.73
27.64

7.85
15.70
23.56
31.41

8.80
17.59
26.38
35.18

10.05
20. IO
30.15
40.2 I

I I.31
22.62
33.92
45.23

20

22

25

28

32

36

1.88
3.77
5.65
7.54

2.51
5.02
7.54
10.05

*O
3.14
6.28
9.42
12.56

9.42
II.31
13.19
IS.08

12.56
15.08
17.59
20.10

15.70
18.85
21.99
25.13

18.85
22.62
26.38
30.15

21.99
26.38
30.78
35.18

25.13
30.15
35.18
40.21

28.27
33.92
39.58
45.23

31.41
37.69
43.98
SO.26

34.55
41.46
48.38
55.29

39.27
47.12
54.97
62.83

43.98
52.77
61.57
70.37

SO.26
60.31
70.37
80.42

56.54
67.85
79.16
90.47

16.96
18.85
20.73
22.62

22.62
25.13
27.64
30.15

28.27
31.41
34.55
37.69

33.92
37.69
41.46
45.23

39.58
43.98
48.38
52.77

45.23
SO.26
55.29
60.31

50.89
56.54
62.20
67.85

56.54
62.83
69. I I
75.39

62.20
69.1 I
16.02
82.93

70.68
78.54
86.39
94.24

79. I6
87.96
96.75
105.55

90.47
100.53

I 10.59

101.7x
I 13.09

120.63

135.71

24.50
26.38
28.27
30.15

32.67
35.18
37.69
40.21

40.84
43.98
47.12
SO.26

49.00
52.77
56.54
60.31

57.17
61.57
65.97
70.37

65.34
70.37
75.39
80.42

73.51
79.16
84.82
90.47

81.68
87.96
94.24
100.53

89.85
96.76
103.67
I IO.58

102.IO
109.95
117.81
125.66

114.35
123.15
131.94
140.74

130.69
140.74
150.79
160.85

147.02
158.33
169.64
180.95

32.04
33.92
35.81
37.69

42.72
45.23
47.75
50.2c

53.40
56.54
59.69
62.83

64.08
67.95
71.62
75.39

74.77
79.16
83.56
87.96

85.45
90.47
95.50
100.53

96.13

106.81
113.09
119.38
123.66

117.49
124.40
131.31
138.23

133.51
141.37
149.22
157.08

149.54
158.33
167.13
175.93

170.90
180.95
191.00
201.06

192.26
203.57
214.88
226. I9

IK!
113.09

111.40

TABLE C-5 ARE&OF

BARS IN SLABS (IN SQUARE

CENTIMETRES

PER METRE

WIDTH)

BAR DIAMETER in mm
6

5.65
4.71
4.04
3.53
3.14
2.83
2.57
2.36

10.05
8.38
7.18
6.28
5.58
5.03
4.57
4.19

2.17
2.02
1.88
1.77
I .66
1.57
I .49
I.41

IO

I2

14

15.71
13.09
Il.22
9.82
8.73
7.85
7.14
6.54

22.62
18.85
1x
l2:57
II.31
10.28
9.42

30.79
25.66
21.99
19.24
17.10
15.39
13.99
12.83

16

18

40.21
33.51
28.72
25.13
22.34
20.I I
18.28
16.75

50.89
42.41
36.35
31.81
28.27
25.45
23.I3
21.21

62.83
52.36
44.88
39.27
34.91
31.42
28.56
26.18

3.87
3.59
3.35
3.14
2.96
2.79
2.65
2.51

6.04
5.61
5.24
4.9I
4.62
4.36
4.13
3.93

8.70
8.08
7.54
7.07
6.65
6.28
5.95
5.65

Il.84
II.00
10.26
9.62
9.05
8.55
8.10
7.70

15.47
14.36
13.40
I :z
II:17
10.58
10.05

19.57
18.18
16.96
15.90
14.97
14.44
13.39
12.72

24.17
22.44
20.94
19.63
18.48
17.45
16.53
15.71

I.35
1.28
1.23
I.18
1.13
1.09
I .05
I.01

2.39
2.28
2.18

5.39
5.14
4.92
4.71
4.52
4.35
4. I9
4.04

7.33
~~
6:4l
6.15
5.92
5.70
5.50

9.57
9.14
8.74
8.38
8.04
7.73
7.45
7.18

12.12
II.57
II.06
10.60
IO.18
9.79
9.42
9.09

14.96
14.28
13.66
13.09
12.57
12.08
II.64
II.22

18.10
17.28
16.53

xc
1:93
I .86
1.79

3.74
3.57
3.41
3.27
3.14
3.02
2.91
2.80

0.97
0.94
0.88
0.83
0.78
0.74
0.71

1.73
1.68
1.57
I .48
1.40
1.32
1.26

2.71
2.62
2.45
2.31
2.18
2.07
I .96

::?t
3.53
3.33
3.14
2.98
2.83

5.31
5.13
4.8I
4.53
4.28
4.05
3.85

6.93
6.70
6.28
5.91
5.58
5.29
5.03

8.77

10.83
10.47
9.82
9.24
8.73
8.27
7.85

Ki
7148
7.07
6.70
6.36

20

22

25

28

32

76.03
63.36
it:
42.24
38.01
34.56
31.68

98.17
81.81
70.12
61.36
54.54
49.09
44.62
40.91

123.15
102.68
87.96
76.97
68.42
61.57
55.98
51.31

160.85
134.04
114.89
100.53
89.36
80.42
73.1I
67.02

:;.:I:
25:34
23.76
22.36
21.12
20.01
19.01

37.76
35.06
32.72
30.68
28.87
27.27
25.84
24.54

47.37
43.98
41.05
38.48
36.22
34.21
32.41
30.79

61.86
57.45
53.62
50.27
47.31
44.68
42.33
40.21

I :z
l4:62
14.08
13.58

23.37
22.31
21.34
20.54
19.63
18.88
18.18
17.53

29.32
27.99
26.77
25.66
24.63
23.68
22.81
21.99

38.30
36.56
34.97
33.51
32.17
30.93
29.79
28.76

13.11
12.67
Il.88
It.18
10.56
10.00
9.50

16.93
16.36
l&5.34
14.44
13.63
12.92
12.27

21.23
20.52
19.24
18.11
17.10
16.20
15.39

27.73
26.8I
25.13
23.65
22.34
21.15
20.I I

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. IS : 456-1978 Code of practice
Indian Standards
Institution

for plain

and

2. IS : 2502-1963 Code of practice for bending

ment. Indian Standards
Institution
3. IS : 5525-1969
Recommendations
concrete works. Indian Standards

reinforced

(third

revision).

and fixing of bars for concrete

reinforce-

for detailing
Institution

of

concrete

reinforcement

4. IS : 4326-1976 Code of practice for earthquake

resistant
buildings
(firsr revision).
Indian Standards
Institution

in

reinforced

design and construction

of

of mild steel and medium tensile steel bars and

5. IS : 432 (Part I)-1982 s ecification
hard-drawn
steel wire rpor concrete reinforcement:
Part I Mild steel and medium
tensile steel bars (third revision).
Indian Standards
lnstituticn
6. SABS : 1044-1978 Code of practice for
African Bureau of Standards,
Pretoria

detailing

of steel

reinforcement.

7. IS : 1786-1979 Specification
for cold-worked
steel high strength deformed
concrete reinforcement
(second revision).
Indian Standards
institution
8. IS : 1566-1982 Specification
for hard-drawn
ment (src~rd
rrvision).
Indian Standards
9. IS : 962-1969 Code of practice
I.ndian Standards
Institution

steel wire fabric for concrete

Institution

for architectural

and building

drawings

South
bars for
reinforce-

yirst revision).

IO. CEB Application

Manual on Concrete Reinforcement
Technology (Bulletin D Information N 140) December
1981 /September
I9822 prepared by Euro lnternational
Committee for Concrete. Published by Georgi Publishing Company-CH
1813 SaintSaphorin,
Switzerland.
1I. John A. Barker.
Press, London

Reinforced

Concrete

Detailing

12. IS : 1139-1966 Specification

for hot-rolled
yield strength
steel deformed
bars for
Standards
Institution
13. IS0 3766-1977(E)
Building
reinforcement.
International

(second

16. Reinforced

232

University

and civil engineering

drawings-Symbols
for concrete
Organization
for Standardization
(ISO).

Manual--l980

Concrete

Oxford

mild steel, medium tensile steel and high

concrete
reinforcement
(revised).
Indian

14. IS0 4066-1977(E)

Building and civil engineering
national
Organization
for Standardization.
15. AC1 Detailing
Detroit.

edirion).

(Publication

Detailing

Sp-66).

Manual-----1975.

HANDBOOK

drawings-Bar
American

Concrete

ON CONCRETE

scheduling.lnterConcrete

Institute

Institute,

of Australia

REINFORCEMENT

AND

DETAILING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The followihg clauses and figures
publications
indicated against them.

in this publication

Clauses - 8.9 to 8.10.2, 10.4 and I 1.6

Figures --- X.29 to 8.36; 10.6, 11.19, 11.21,

11.23, II.25

and

Il.26

13.1 to 13.3.1, 13.4 to 13.4.5,

4.4.3.1, 4.4.3.2
Figures ---4.8
lo 4.15, 13.5 to 13.18

Clauses --

are reproduced

by permission

from the

Reinforced
Concrete Detailing (second edition),
by John A. Barker. Published by Oxford
University
Press, London,
198 I.
CEB Application
Manual on Concrete Reinforcement Technology
(Bulletin D
Information
No 140)
December
1981 /September
1982-prepared
by
Euro International
Committee
for Concrete,
Paris. Published by Georgi Publishing
Company --CH 18I3 Saint
Saphorin,
Switzerland.

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

!I

k
t

.-.

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34@&T).1987
i

+---A-

ni

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

SP : 34(S&T)-1987

VIEWC-C

DETAILS OF UNOERGIIOUNO
WATER TANK-OPEN AT TOP

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

AMENDMENT

NO. 1

MARCH 1989

TO

Sp:34(

S&T)-

1987

HANDBOOK

ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

AND DETAILING
( page 30,clause 4.3.1.2
) - Add the following matter at the end of the clause:
If for one bar size, straight anchorage length, Lat will develop the tecsile desigo yield stress in
tension, then by bending a standard hook or bend at the end, a length ( Ldt - L, ) will develop the
design yield stress also. This aspect is illustrated in the figure given below, where L,.,,, is the develop
ment length in tension and L, is the anchorage value of hook/bend.
In some cases the length
( &

- ,L~) will have a negative value, io which case it shall be assumed that the hook/bend
an adequate development length.

alone

provides

When hooks/bends do not conform to standard bends/hooks giveo in Table 4.1, anchorage value
total development length provided ( measured aloog bend/
hook ) shall be equal to the required development length ( Ldt ).
of hook,bznd shall be neglected and the
.A few examples concerning

development

length in tension are illustrated in the following figures:

L22.-

Available space for straight bar =

1400 - 25 = 1 375
Ldt required ( for # 28 ) = 1 580
.Straight # 28 will not fit
( Ldt - Le ) = 1 580 - 224 = 1 3%
:. # ZSBar with standard bend will tit

Available space for str&ht bar = 560

I dt requited ( for # 10 ) = 564
:. Straight bar # 10 will fit

)O_CUVER

Available space for straight bar = 560

&t required ( for # 12 ) = 677
Straight bar will not fit
( tit - Le ) = ( 677 - 192 ) = 485
# 12 with standard hook will easily fit

:.

Available space for straight bar = 350

Ldt required ( for # 12 ) = 677
( Ltt - Le ) = ( 677 - 192 ) = 485
Straight bar with or without standard hook/bend
will not be suitable
Provide # 12 bar with full embedded length =
677 and also check for bearing stress at the end

( Page 4 1, clause 4.5.2 ) -

Add the following at the end of the clause:

However this should be subject to the following conditions:

a) Where the bar does not .extend beyond a point four bar-diameters

past the end of the bend; and

b) Where the bar is assumed not to be stressed beyond a point four bar-diameters past the end
cf the bend at the ultimate design stress, that is, where the length of the bar extends beyond
4 # from end of the bend, it is not considered for development length.
( Page 46, Fig. 4.18 ) -

Delete STANDARD

in the legends.

< Puge 47, Fig. 4.19 ) -

Delete STANDARD

in

( Page 70, Fig. 6.1, Note 1 ) -

the legends.

Delete standard.

( Page 71, F/g. 6.2, Note ) - Delete standard.

( Page 79, Fig. 6.11, SECTION AA ) - Delete STANDARDin the legend.
2

( Puge 81, Fig. 6.13 ) AT MID SPAW, IF REQUIRED

Substitute LAP SPLICES AT

MID

SPAN,

ii: REQUIRED

for

LAP

SPL,lCES

and the same should be referred to top steel instead of bottom steel as

shown by the arrow lime.

( Page 129, Fig. 9.7A ) - Delete STANDARDin tlie legend.
( Puges 181 fo 185, Fig. 11.29 lo 11.33 ) - Change Fig. 11.29 to Fig. 11.32; Fig. 11.30 to Fig. 11.29;
Fig. 11.31 to Fig. 11.30; and Fig. 11:32 to Fig. 11.31.
( Page 181, Claude11.9,
line 5 ) - Substitute Fig. 11.34 for 6 Fig. 11.32
( Puge 185) - Add the following Fig. 11.34 below Fig. 11.33:
1

VERTICAL

t_
REINT.)

CENTRAL
SECTION ACTING
4s Di,4Piit?AGH

Forces in Shear Wall

11.34A

/MAIN

FORCE

(NOMINAL

REIN1 .I

./
.

STRAIGHT

11.34B

Cross

Section

BARS

Showing

Typical

Details

FIG. 11.34 SHEAR WALL

( Page

227, Table C-l, Sl No. 3 ) - Substitute 50for 3.0

( Page 449, Sheet 8 ) - Substitute ( SEE SHEET 10 FOR
SHEET

9 FOR REINFORCEMENT
(,

Page

SCHEDULE

) in the

title

co1 3.

REINFORCEMENT

SCHEDULE

) for

! See

block.

253, Sheet 10 ) - Substitute I( REFER SHEET

(REFER SHEET 9 FOR ARRANGEMENT

in

OF REINFORCEMENT

8 FOR ARRANGEMENT

OF

REINFORCEMENT

).

( SCIP)

3
printed

at

Nutan

PrintersNEWOELHI

for