Igcse Math Chapters 1 To 4
Igcse Math Chapters 1 To 4
Igcse Math Chapters 1 To 4
Algebraic Manipulation
Aims: At
Simplifying Expressions
Drill 1
1.
Expansion of Brackets
Remember:
a b c a b a c where a, b, c
a b c a b a c where a, b, c
Drill 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Product of
Outer terms
Product of
Inner terms
Product of
Last terms
Note that:
If the terms of the second binomial differ in ordering of the terms of the first binomial,
we have to rearrange it first.
Rule:
a b 2 a2 2 ab b2
a b 2 a2 2 ab b2
Remark:
a b 2 a2 2 ab b 2
Product of
First term
Product of
Last term
Twice the
Product of the two terms
(2a+3b)2 =.
x 3y
=.
Rule:
a b a b a2 b2
a b a b a2 b2
Note that:
The result a2 b2 is called the difference of two squares.
3b 2a 3b 2a =
Chapter 1 Algebra Page 2
Factorisation of expressions
Remember:
2 is a factor of 10 means 10 is divisible by 2.
a is a factor of b means b is divisible by a.
The Factorisation process is the inverse of the expanding of multiplication.
The prime expression is divisible by 1 and itself only.
H.C.F Highest Common Factor .
Note that:
The complete factorisation means to factorise into prime factors.
Answer:
250=.
The H.C.F for any algebraic terms is a term which has common variables have the least
power found.
Example (3): Find the H.C.F for the following algebraic terms:
a 3 and a 5
Answer:..
3
24a and 36a
Answer:..
2 6
3 4
2 2
24m n ,36m n and 54m n .
Answer:..
x( a b) and y( a b)
Factorising by extracting the H.C.F:
Remark:
To factorise by extracting the H.C.F:
Answer:..
12 a 15b 3 =.
ab ac ad =.
bx
c :
(1) Arrange its three terms in descending order according to the powers of the given
symbol.
(2) Take the H.C.F. ( If exists ).
If the absolute term ( c ) is positive ,then the signs of m and n must be the same as
the sign of b. moreover the sum of m and n is equal to b.
11x 24 x 3 x 8
If the absolute term ( c ) is negative ,then the signs of m and n must be different
and the greater number of m or n has the same sign of the middle term ( bx ).
5x 24 x 8 x 3
Example (1): x 2 5x 24 x 8 x 3
Example (2): x 2
c) x 2 5x 6
d) 84a 2 a2 2 a3
2
Factorising quadratic expressions in the form of ax bx c , a 1
2x2 x 6
c) 6x2 3 3x
b)
3a 2 2 a 8
d) 2x3 x2 10x
Remark:
Always check whether the factors you get can be factorised again or not.
Dont forget to check for the existence of the H.C.F.
Example (1) : Factorise each of the following:
a) 8a2 144b2
b) a3 25a
Algebraic fractions
1. Expressing a fraction in its simplest form
Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Use formulae from mathematics and other real life contexts expressed initially in words or
diagrammatic form and converting to letters and symbols.
Understand the process of manipulating formulae to change the subject where the subject may
appear twice or a power of the subject occurs.
Using Formulae
Drill 1
Drill 2
1.
2.
Drill 4
1.
2.
Drill 5
1.
2.
Drill 6
1. Given that ab+ c = d(b + 2), express b in terms of a, c and d.
(This means 'make b the subject of the formula'.)
1 1 2
v u r
ab
3. Make b the subject of the formula r
ab
4. Given that F
R
, express R in terms of F and r.
Rr
a
g
6.
Proportion
Aims: At
Set up problems involving direct or inverse proportion and relate algebraic solutions to graphical
representation of the equations
Direct Proportion
Drill 1
Inverse Proportion
1.
Linear Equations
Aims: At
Solve linear equations with integer or fractional coefficients in one unknown in which the
unknown appears on either side or both sides of the equation
Simple Equations
Drill 1
1.
2.
Solving Equations
Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculate the exact solution of two simple simultaneous equations in two unknowns.
Calculate the exact solution of two simultaneous equations in two unknowns
Interpret the equations as lines and the common solution as the point of intersection
Drill 1
1.
2.
3.
Quadratic Equations
Aims: At
Drill 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
Drill 3
1.
2.
2.
x-y = 3
xy + 2 = 0.
3.
xy2
x 2 2 y 32
Inequalities
Aims: At
Drill 1
1.
Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
1.
2. By shading the unwanted region, show the region that represents the inequality
3x - 5y 15.
1. Given that x and y are whole numbers, find the pairs of values (x, y) that satisfy all the
inequalities x + y 4, y- 2x 2, y > 0.
2.
Sequences
Aims: At
Generate terms of a sequence using term-to-term and position-to-term definitions of the sequence.
Find subsequent terms of an integer sequence.
Use linear expressions to describe the nth term of an arithmetic sequence.
2.
1.
2.
1.
Drill 4
1.
2.
Understand the concept that a function is a mapping between elements of two sets
Use function notations of the form f(x) = and f : x
Understand the terms domain and range and which parts of a domain may need-1to be excluded
Understand and use the notations composite function fg and inverse function f
Functions
If X and Y are 2 non-empty sets. Any relation R from X to Y is called a function if:
Each element of X appears one and only one as an element of Y, Such that x R y
Remarks:
The set X is called the Domain.
The set Y is called the Co-Domain.
The Range:
The set of all images in the Co-Domain which have corresponding
elements in the domain.
Example: 1
Let X = {x: x Z, -1 x 4} and f(x) = 2x - 3
1. Find the Domain and then deduce the Range.
g x , then its domain is the set of all real numbers. where g(x) 0.
4. If F(x) =
1
, then its domain is the set of all real numbers such that. g(x) > 0.
g( x )
Drill 1
Find the excluded value(s) of the domain of the following:
1. f(x) = -4x
3
2. f(x) =
2x 3
1
3. f(x) = 2
9x 25
4. f(x) = 35
5. f(x) =
1
x 7
10. f(x) =
11. f(x) =
12. f(x) =
6. f(x) = x 3
7. f(x) = 1 x
8. f(x) =
9. f(x) =
1
x2
13. f(x) =
14. f(x) =
15. f(x) =
Function notation
Consider the familiar y=x+2. This can also be written as f(x) = x + 2.
Example: g(x) = x2 - 2x- 3 and h(x) = 4x + 1.
Bear in mind that the following are all the same function:
x 2x 3
t 2t 3
y 2y 3
Drill 2
2
d) g(6)
2. Given h : x 9 x 2
a) Write down the expression for h(x): h x 9 x 2
b) Find the image of:
(i) 0
(ii) 3
Composite functions
You can think of a composite function as a function of a function.
It is the result of applying one function to a number and then applying another function to the result.
Consider the two functions: f(x) = 2x+ 1 and g(x) = x2
f(4) = 9 and g(9) = 81
This can be written as g[f(4)] =81, but it is normally shortened to g f(4).
Remember:
gf(x) stands for g[f(x)].
Thus gf(x) is a composite function in which f is applied first and g second.
Drill 3
Given the functions f(x) = x2-2x and g(x) = 3-x, find the values of:
a) g f(4) =
b) fg(4) =
c) ff(-1) =
d) gg(100) =
Chapter 1 Algebra Page 30
Flow diagrams
The steps taken to work out the value of any function f(x) can be shown on a flow diagram.
For example, the function f(x) = 2x + 5 can be represented as:
......
x ....
..... ..........
Notice that these flow diagrams show the same operations but the order is different.
Inverse of a function
The inverse of a function is the function that will do the opposite of f or, in other words, undo the effects of f
For example, if f maps 4 onto 13, then the inverse of f will map 13 onto 4.
In general, if f is applied to a number and the inverse of f is applied to the result, you will get back to the
number you started with.
In simple cases, you can find the inverse of a function by inspection.
For example, the inverse of x x 7 must be x x 7 because subtraction is the opposite of addition,
and to undo +7 you have to subtract 7.
x
Similarly, the inverse of x 2x is x because to undo 2 you have to
2
divide by 2.
The inverse of the function f is denoted by f 1 .
Hence, if f(x) = x + 7, then f-1(x) = .
And if g(x) = 2x, then g-1(x) = .
Not all functions have an inverse function.
Consider x x 2 . This is a function because for every value of x there is only one value of x2. However, the
inverse is not a function because a positive number has two square roots (one negative and one positive).
Note
When a graph of y = f(x) has been drawn, then f(1) requires the y value when x = 1.
f 1 1 requires the x value to be read from the graph when y = 1.
This is because f 1 1 = x implies f(x) =1.
Example
Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x- 4.
Example
....... ......
Drill 4
1.
Example:
Given that g(x) = 5 - 2x, find g 1 x .
Graphs
Aims: At
Or:
E F
in which
x x2
(i) The constants are numerical and at least three of them are zero.
(ii) The letters x and y can be replaced with any other two letters
Find the gradients of non-linear graphs
Find the intersection points of two graphs, one linear (y1) and one non-linear (y2), and recognise
that the solutions correspond to the solutions of y2 - y1 = 0.
Calculate a gradient of a straight line given two coordinates
Recognise that equations of the form y = mx+c are straight line graphs with gradient m and
intercept on the y- axis at the point (0, c)
find the equation of a straight line parallel to a given line
y
Ax 3
Bx 2
Cx
Drill 2
1.
2.
3. Find the gradient of the line that joins the points with coordinates (-2,4) and (4,1).
5. If the coordinates of the midpoint of AB is (2,4) and A(6,5), then find the coordinate of B.
Drill 3
1.
Drill 4
Drill 6
:
Drill 7
Drill 8
Calculus
Aims: At
Distinguish between maxima and minima by considering the general shape of the graph
Apply calculus to linear kinematics and to other simple practical problems
Stationary points
dy
dx
Exercise:
1. Find the gradient of the tangent of each of the following curves at the given point:
a. y = 6 + 3x4 x2
at the point (-1, 2)
c. y =
1
x
2. Find the points on the curve Y = 2x3 3x2 12x + 5 at which the tangent on the curve is
parallel to the X axis.
4. If p(x) = 1
4
, then find the value of x, which makes p x = 8
x2
: 1.
Drill
1. For a particle moving in a straight line, its displacement s m from a point O on the line is
given by s t 2 4t 5 , where t is the time in seconds from the start. Find:
(i) The initial distance of the particle from O.
(ii) Its initial velocity.
(iii) The time when the particle comes to instantaneous rest.
(iv) At what time (s) after the start it passes through O. The distance travelled in the first 4
seconds.
Evaluate Highest Common Factors (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
Drill 1
1.
Index Notation
Drill 2
1.
2.
3.
Factors
A factor of a number will divide exactly into it.
Drill 2
1.
2.
Prime Factors
Drill 3
1.
2.
6,8,12
Another
method:
The highest common factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the highest number which will
divide into them both. the
Drill 4
1. Write the following numbers as a product of prime factors.:
a) 18
b) 16
c) 64
d) 108
2. In each of the following questions, find the LCM & HCF of the given numbers:
a) 9 and 12
b) 15 and 24
c) 4, 14 and 21
d) 12, 16 and 24
Drill 5
1.
2.
Surds
Surds are numbers left in 'square root form' (or 'cube root form' etc). They are therefore irrational
numbers. The reason we leave them as surds is because in decimal form they would go on forever
and so this is a very clumsy way of writing them.
Multiplication of Surds
5 15 = 75 (= 15 5)
= 25 3
=5 3
(1 + 3)(2 - 8)
= 2 - 8 + 2 3 - 24
=2-2 2 +2 3 -2 6
4 7 - 2 7 = 2 7.
5 2 + 8 2 = 13 2
Note: 52 + 33 cannot be manipulated because the surds are different (one is
2 and one is
3 ).
However, if the number in the square root sign isn't prime, we might be able to split it up in order to
simplify an expression.
Example
Simplify 12 + 27
12 = 3 4. So 12 =
Similarly,
(3 4) = 3 4 = 2 3.
27 = 3 3 .
Hence 12 + 27 = 2 3 + 3 3 = 5 3
b)
1 2
1 2
2. Simplify :
a.
20 45 6 5
b.
3
5 2
c. 5 7 4 28 3 63 7
d.
3 27
5
3
e.
54 12
f.
128 3 10 3 25
Sets
A set is a well-defined collection of objects that usually have some connection with each other.
Sets can be described in words.
For example: set A is a set of the oceans of the world; set B contains natural numbers less
than or equal to 10.
Sets can also be listed between curly brackets {} or braces.
For example:
A = {Indian, Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Antarctic}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Objects that belong to a set are called elements and are indicated by the symbol . means is an
element of .
In the examples above, we can say Atlantic .. or 2 ..
means is not an element of .
Again using our examples, we can say Cairo A and 11 B.
The sets described and listed above are finite sets - they have a fixed number of elements.
Sets that do not have a fixed number of elements are infinite sets.
The set of natural numbers greater than 10 is an example of an infinite set. This can be listed as {10,
11, 12, 13, ...}.
A set may also have no elements. Such a set is called an empty set.
The symbols {} or indicate an empty set.
An example of an empty set would be women over 6 m tall.
Notice that The number of elements in an empty set is 0 but {0} is not an empty set - it is a set
containing one element 0.
Examples
1. The infinite set of even natural numbers can be listed like this:
{2; 4; 6; 8; 10;...}. This set can be described in set builder notation like
.
this:
You read this as 'the set of all elements x such that x is an element of the set of natural numbers and
is even'.
x : x , x is an even number
x : x ,9 x 90
.
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 67
You read this as 'the set of elements x such that x is an element of the set of natural numbers and x
is bigger than 9 and smaller than 90'.
Subsets
If every element of set A is also an element of set B, then A is a subset of B.
This is written as A B.
means is a proper subset of .
means 'not a proper subset of.
Proper subsets always contain fewer elements than the set itself.
The proper subsets of {D, E, N} are:
{} {.} {.} {.,.} {.,.} {., }
Trivial subsets of {D, E, N}are {} (the empty set) and{, , .}.
Notice that
If a set has n elements, it will have 2n subsets.
For example, a set with 3 elements will have 23 subsets. That is 2x2x2 = 8 subsets.
The set of elements from which to select to form subsets is called the universal set.
The symbol E is used to denote the universal set.
Notice that
You should remember that the universal set could change from problem to problem.
Example
1. Find a universal set for each of the following sets.
the set of people in your class that have long hair
the set of vowels
{2,4,6,8}
{goats, sheep, cattle}
2. If E is the set of students at your school, define five subsets of E .
A BB
A.
When two sets have no elements in common, they are called disjoint sets.
The intersection of disjoint sets is the empty set or .
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 68
The elements of two or more sets can be combined to make a new set. This is called the union
of the sets.
For example:
A ={1,2, 3, 4}
B = {4, 5, 6}
C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Set C is the union of set A and set B. We write this as A B C .
Remember
n(A) means the number of elements in set A. In the union of sets, when n(A) + n(B) = n(C) then A
and B were disjoint sets.
When n(A) + n(B) n(C) then the sets were not disjoint; in other words
A B.
Example
List the set which is the intersection of the two sets.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and {4, 5, 8, 9, 10}
........
Example
Write down the union of the following sets.
A = {a, b, c} and B = {d, e, f}
........
For example, if E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {2, 4, 5}, then all the members of E that are not in A
make the subset {.,.}.
This subset is the complement of A, so A' = {.,.}.
Notice that
A set and its complement are disjoint. A A' .
The union of a set and its complement is the universal set. A A' E
Venn diagrams
Sketches used to illustrate sets and the relationships between them are called Venn diagrams. You
need to understand the basics of Venn diagrams before you can use them to help you solve
problems involving sets.
Example
Use the given Venn diagram to answer the following questions.
a) List the elements of A and B.
b) List the elements in A B .
c) List the elements in A B .
.
Percentage
Aims: At
Drill 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Percentages of Quantities
Drill 2
1.
2.
Quantities as Percentages
Drill 3
1.
2.
2.
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 72
Drill 4
1.
2.
2. Find the selling price of an article that is bought for $400 and sold at a loss of 10%.
Drill 6
1. Find the cost price of an article sold at $360 with a profit of 20%.
2. If a shopkeeper sells an article for $440 and loses 12% on the sale, find his cost price.
Simple interest
The money you pay to live in somebody else's house is called rent.
The money you pay to the post office to use one of their post boxes is also called rental.
If you borrow money from a bank, you also have to pay for the use of the money borrowed.
This money you pay is called interest.
If you deposit (or invest) money in a bank, the bank will pay you interest. The letter I stands
for interest.
The interest depends on the sum of money borrowed or invested The initial amount of money
borrowed or invested is called the principal amount. The letter P stands for the principal
amount.
The interest also depends on the length of time for which the money is borrowed or invested. T
is the letter used for time. Time is usually measured in years.
The bank pays you interest (I) at a fix rate (R) per annum I
PTR
.
100
For any number of years (T) you have kept your money in the bank, you can calculate the final
amount (A) of money. The final amount will be equal to the principal plus interest (A = P + I).
Examples
1. $500 is invested at 10% per annum per year simple interest. How much interest is
earned in 3 years?
2. How long will it take for $250 invested at the rate of 8% per annum simple interest to
amount to $310?
3. A farmer gets a loan of $8 000 and clears the loan at the end of 5 years by paying $12 000.
What rate percentage of simple interest did the farmer have to pay per annum?
Every year, if the money is left sitting in the bank account, the amount of interest paid would
increase each year.
This phenomenon is known as compound interest.
100 + %change
100
i.e:
no of years
original value
Drill 7
1.
2.
Use ratio notation including reduction to simplest form and its various links to fraction notation.
Divide a quantity in a given ratio.
Use the process of proportionality to evaluate unknown quantities.
Calculate an unknown quantity from quantities that vary in direct proportion.
Solve word problems about ratio and proportion.
Simple Ratios
If the ratio of one length to another is 1 : 2, this means that the second length is twice as large as the
first.
If a boy has 5 sweets and a girl has 3, the ratio of the boy's sweets to the girl's sweets is 5 : 3 . The
3
5
boy has times more sweets as the girl, and the girl has as many sweets as the boy. Ratios
3
5
behave like fractions and can be simplified.
Drill 1
1.
2.
Drill 1
1.
2.
Map Scales
The scale of a map is usually given as a ratio in the form of 1: n. If a map has a scale of 1 : 50 000,
this means that 1 unit on the map is actually 50 000 units across the land.
So 1cm on the map is 50 000cm along the ground (= 0.5km). So 1cm on the map is equivalent to
half a kilometre in real life.For 1 : 25 000, 1 unit on the map is the same as 25 000 units on the land.
So 1 inch on the map is 25 000 inches across the land, or 1cm on the map is 25 000 cm in real life.
You can manipulate these ratios if necessary.
Drill 2
1.
2.
Proportional Division
Drill 3
1.
2.
Degree of Accuracy
Aims: At
Rounding Numbers
Decimal Places (dp)
Often you are asked to write an answer to a given number of decimal places (be careful to read the
question properly!).
What you need to do:
1. Count the number of decimal places you need.
2. Look at the next digit. If its 4 or below just write down the answer with the right amount of
decimal places. If its 5 or above write down the number but put your last decimal place up by one.
places
Tips!
If you are not told how many places to write just be sensible!
Generally, you should go to one more place than the numbers used in the question.
With angles, no more than one decimal place should be used unless told otherwise.
Significant Figures ( sf )
These involve all digits, not just decimal places. Zeros are only significant if they separate two
other non-zero digits!
What you need to do:
1. Start counting at the first non-zero digit until you have the number of digits that you need.
2. Look at the next digit. If its a 4 or below just write the number down leaving the last digit the
same. If its a 5 or above put the last digit up by one.
3. If you are rounding whole numbers (i.e. to the left of the decimal point) put zeros in all the
other columns after your last digit until you reach the decimal point.
Tip!
In real situations, use common sense to decide on your accuracy. E.g. Length of a back garden
would not be written as 8.5632 metres. It would be more sensible to write 8.6 metres!
Example: 0.00256023164, rounded off to 5 decimal places (d.p.) is ... You write
down the 5 numbers after the decimal point.
To round the number to 5 significant figures, you write down 5 numbers. However, you do
not count any zeros at the beginning. So to 5 s.f. (significant figures), the number is
0.0025602 (5 numbers after the first non-zero number appears).
From what I have just said, if you rounded 4.909 to 2 decimal places, the answer would be
., because the next number is a 9.
So 3.486 to 3 s.f. is 3.49
0.0096 to 3d.p. is .. (This is because you add 1 to the 9, making it 10.
Estimating
Arithmetic Operations
You should always do a quick estimate in your head when doing arithmetic so you can see if your
answer is reasonable.
Sometimes an exam question will test your ability to do this!
Generally, you should round each number involved to one significant figure and then its easy to
estimate by using the single digits and moving the point around.
Lets have a look at one:
936 27 this is difficult to do in your head but if we round both numbers to one significant figure
it becomes 900 x 30.
Now this is easy to do in your head by doing 9 3 = 27 then moving the point 3 times (putting three
noughts on!) giving the answer 27 000 which is a good estimate of the real answer 25 272.
Heres some more!
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 79
45 72 becomes 50 70 which is ..
317 23 becomes 300 20 which is .
Check these are reasonable estimates of the real answers!
Heres a more difficult one:
Tip!
If you cant perform your estimate in your head then its too complicated - think again!
Error
It is important to remember that most measurement is approximate.
If you say your garden is 8 metres long you are rounding to the nearest metre and it could be
anything from 7.5 to 8.5 metres long.
5.35 x 5.45
Less than or equal to because
5.35 would round to 5.4
For 6.0kg you need to go 0.05kg either way so the upper bound is 6.05kg and the lower bound is
5.95kg.
Note that: Sometimes you will be asked the upper and lower bounds of the area.
Example
If the side of a square field is given as 90m, correct to the nearest 10m:
The smallest value the actual length could be is 85m (since this is the lowest value which, to the
nearest 10m, would be rounded up to 90m). The largest value is 95m.
Using inequalities, ...... length < ......
The area will be smallest when the side of the square is 85m. In this case, the area will be 7725m.
The largest possible area is 9025m (when the length of the sides are 95m).
Drill 1
1. In a race, Nomatyala ran 100 m in 15.3 seconds. The distance is correct to the nearest
metre and the time is correct to one decimal place. Write down the lower and upper
bounds of:
a) The actual distance Nomatyala ran
b) The actual time taken.
2. The length of a piece of thread is 4.5 m to the nearest 10 cm. The actual length of the
thread is L cm. Find the range of possible values for L.
Minimum Value
Maximum
Value
Subtraction - For the maximum you need the biggest difference between the two measurements i.e.
the upper bound of the first number and the lower bound of the second and for the minimum its the
other way round.
For example:
David and Steven were given seeds to plant in Biology and decided
to see whose would grow the highest. After two weeks they
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 81
measured them to the nearest centimetre and Davids had grown to 11cm whereas Stevens had
grown to 15cm. What are the maximum and minimum values of Stevens victory?
Maximum Value
Minimum Value
Examples
1. What are the upper and lower bounds of the sum of the measurements 8 cm and 4 cm, each of
which is correct to the nearest centimetre?
2. Two lengths are given correct to 3 significant figures as 2.63 m and 4.75 m.
Find the upper and lower bounds of the sum of these measurements.
3. What are the upper and lower bounds of the difference between the measurements 8 cm and
4 cm, each begin correct to the nearest centimetre?
Standard Form
Aims: At
Standard Form
Drill 1
1.
2.
3.
Applying Number
Aims: At
Measurement
Today most countries in the world use a decimal system of measurement. Decimal units of
measurements are also called SI (System International) units.
The table below will help you to remember what units are used to measure length, mass, capacity,
area and volume.
This table shows you only the commonly used units. However, there are some other units that we
do not use often.
Measure
Units used
Equivalent to ...
Length:
how long (or tall) something is
Millimetres (mm)
10 mm = 1 cm
Centimetres (cm)
Metres (m)
Kilometres (km)
100 cm = 1 m
1 000 m = 1 km
1 km = 1 000 000 mm
Mass:
The amount of
material in an object,
sometimes incorrectly
called weight
Capacity:
The inside volume of a container,
how much it holds
Milligrams (mg)
1 000 mg = 1 g
Grams (g)
Kilograms (kg)
Tonnes (t)
1 000 g = 1 kg
1 000 kg = 1 t
1 t = 1 000 000 g
Millilitres (ml)
10 ml = 1 cl
Centilitres (cl)
Litres (l)
100 cl = 1 l
1 l = 1 000 ml
Area :
The amount of space taken up by a
flat
(two-dimensional) shape, always
measured in square Units
Volume:
The amount of space taken up by a
three- dimensional object, always
measured in cubic units
10 000 cm2 = 1 m2
1 000 000 m2 = 1 km2
1 km2 = 100 ha
1 ha = 10 000 m2
1 000 000 cm3 = 1 m3
1 m3 = 1 000 t
1 cm3 = 1 ml
Remember
For square units, each place counts 100 or 102. For cube units, each place counts 1 000 or 103
milli
Remember
When you change from a large unit (km) to a smaller unit (m), you multiply.
Remember
When you change from a small unit (m) to a larger unit (km), you divide.
Examples
1. Express 5 km in metres.
1 km =..m
So 5 km = 5 m = .m
2. Express 3.2 cm in millimetres.
1 cm = mm So 3.2 cm = 3.2 .. mm = .. mm
3. Express 1 425 m in kilometres. 1 000 m = 1 km
1 425 m = (1 425 1 000) km = 1.425 km
4. Express 2 m 37 cm in centimetres.
Only the 2 m must be changed into centimetres.
1 m =.. cm
So 2 m = 2 100 cm= .cm
2 m 37 cm = ..cm + ..cm
= .cm .
5. Express 2 000 000 cm2 in m2.
10 000 cm2 = l m2
2 000 000 cm2 = (2 000 000 10 000) m2 = 200 m2
Money
Working with money is the same as working with decimal fractions, because most money amounts
are given as decimals. Remember, though, that when you work with money, you need to include the
units ($ or cents) in your answers.
Notice that
Many countries use the dollar as their main currency. When we write US$, we are referring to the
currency of the USA, and not to all dollars.
In 2002, 11 countries in Europe changed to a common currency called the Euro () 1 = 100 cents.
Chapter 2 Numbers & the number system Page 85
Foreign currency
The money a country uses is called its currency. Each country has its own currency and most
currencies work on a decimal system (100 small units are equal to 1 main unit). This table shows
you the currency units of a few different countries.
Foreign exchange
When you change one currency for another, it is called foreign exchange. The rate of exchange
determines how much of one currency you will get for another. Exchange rates can change daily.
The daily rates are published in the press and displayed at banks. When you are asked to convert
from one currency to another, you will be given a rate of exchange to work with.
Country
Main unit
Smaller unit
USA
Dollar ($)
= 100 cents
Japan
UK
Yen ()
Pound ()
= 100 sen
100 pence
Germany
Euro()
= 100 cents
France
Euro( )
= 100 cents
Time
You have already learnt how to tell the time and you should know how to read
and write time using the 12-hour and 24-hour system.
The clock dial on the right shows you the times from 1 to 12 (a.m. and p.m.
times). The outside dial shows what the times after 12 p.m. are in the 24-hour
system.
Remember
Always bear in mind that time is written in hours and minutes and that there are 60 minutes in an
hour. This is very important when calculating time - if you put 1.5 hours into your calculator, it will
assume the number is decimal and work with parts of 100.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Exterior angles
The exterior angles of a shape are the angles you get if you extend the
sides. The exterior angles of a hexagon are shown:
A polygon is a shape with straight sides. All of the exterior angles of a polygon add up to 360.
because if you put them all together they form the angle all the way round
a point:
Therefore if you have a regular polygon (in other words, where all the
sides are the same length and all the angles are the same),
Each of the exterior angles will have size 360 the number of sides. So,
For example, each of the exterior angles of a hexagon are 360/6 = 60.
Exercise
Chapter 3
Module 2-Polygons
Aims: At
Understand the term regular polygon and calculate interior and exterior angles of regular
polygons.
Chapter 3
Rule:
For a polygon with n sides, the sum of the interior angles is (n - 2) 180
(n - 2) 180
n
Exercise
Chapter 3
Symmetry
Aims: At
Two-dimensional symmetry
When two sides of a shape or object are identical (each side is a mirror image of the other), the shape or
object is symmetrical.
There are two kinds of symmetry in flat shapes:
1. Line symmetry
2. Rotational symmetry.
Line symmetry
Look at the drawing of the African mask on the right.
The drawing is said to have line symmetry and the dashed line is called the
drawing's line of symmetry.
The line of symmetry is sometimes called a 'mirror line'.
Rotational
symmetry
The shape on
the left can be
turned (or
rotated),
keeping its
centre point P in a fixed position. The shape can be turned so that X is in
position X, Y or Z, and the shape will still look the same. We say that the
shape has rotational symmetry. In this case, it fits onto itself three times when
rotated through 360 (one full revolution). We therefore say it has rotational
symmetry of order 3.
Order of rotational symmetry = the number of times a shape looks the same when rotated through 360.
Hint:
There is another way of working out the order of rotational symmetry. If the smallest angle through which
360
the shape can be rotated and still look the same is A, then the order of rotational symmetry =
A
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Measures
Aims: At
Chapter 3
2.
3.
Chapter 3
Drill
1
Chapter 3
Remember, when using any formula, the units must all be consistent.
For example: speed could be measured in m/s, distance in metres and time in seconds.
If speed does change, the average (mean) speed can be calculated:
Average speed = total distance travelled
total time taken
Units
In calculations, units must be consistent, so if the units in the question are not all the same (e.g. m/s,
m and s or km/h, km and h), change the units before starting, as above.
The following is an example of how to change the units:
Drill
1. Change 15km/h into m/s.
2. If a car travels at a speed of 10m/s for 3 minutes, how far will it travel?
When the velocity (speed) of a moving object is increasing we say that the object is
accelerating.
If the velocity decreases it is said to be decelerating.
Acceleration is therefore the rate of change of velocity (change in velocity /time) and is
measured in m/s.
Example: A car starts from rest and within 10 sec is travelling at 10m/s. What is its acceleration?
Chapter 3
Construction
Aims: At
Scale Drawings
1.
1.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Drill
Chapter 3
Recognise the terms centre, radius, chord, diameter, circumference, tangent, arc, sector and
segment of a circle.
Chapter 3
Drill 1
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Trigonometry
And PythAgorAs theorem
Aims: At
Pythagoras' Theorem
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Mensuration
Aims: At
Convert measurements within the metric system to include linear, area and volume units.
Find the perimeter of shapes made from triangles and rectangles.
Find the area of simple shapes using the formulae for the areas of triangles and rectangles.
Find the area of parallelograms and trapezia.
Find circumferences and areas of circles using relevant formulae.
Find the surface area of simple shapes using the area formulae for triangles and rectangles.
Find the volume of right prisms, including cuboids and cylinders, using an appropriate formula.
Understand the terms face, edge and vertex in the context of a three-dimensional solid.
Find perimeters and areas of sectors of circles.
Find the surface area and/or volume of a sphere and a right circular cone using relevant formulae.
Convert between volume measures.
2.
Drill 1
2.
1.
Drill 1
Chapter 3
2.
3. .
4.
Chapter 3
Drill 6
1.
2.
Chapter 3
3.
6.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
10.
11.
Chapter 3
Exercises
1.
2.
Surface Area
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Similarity
Aims: At
Understand and use the geometrical properties that similar figures have corresponding lengths in
the same ratio but corresponding angles remain unchanged.
Understand that areas of similar figures are in the ratio of the square of corresponding sides.
Understand that volumes of similar figures are in the ratio of the cube of corresponding sides.
Use areas and volumes of similar figures in solving problems.
Similarity
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Vectors
Aims: At
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
y2
Examples
5
1. If a= find |a|
12
If a and b are parallel vectors (parallel means pointing in the same direction), then a will be a scalar
multiple of b and vice-versa. So there will be a constant k with a = kb
Example
5
2
and b = , find the magnitude of their resultant.
3
1
If a =
The resultant of two or more vectors is another word for their sum.
....
Chapter 3
Drill
1. O is the point (0, 0), P is (3, 4), Q is (-5, 12) and R is (-8, -15).
Find the values of |OP|, |OQ| and |OR|.
2. OA , OB and OC
2
3
2
a) Write down the coordinates of A, B and C.
b) ON
c) NM .
b) TN
c) MN
Chapter 3
Transformation Geometry
Aims: At
Rotations
Chapter 3
Reflections
Chapter 3
Further Reflections
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Translations
Chapter 3
Enlargements
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Pie Charts
Line Graphs
2.
Frequency Graphs
3.
4.
4.
Statistical Measures
Aims: At
Cumulative Frequency
Probability
Aims: At
List all the outcomes for single events and for two successive events in a systematic way
Estimate probabilities from previously collected data
Calculate the probability of the complement of an event happening
Draw and use tree diagrams
Determine the probability that two or more independent events will both occur
Use simple conditional probability when combining events
Apply probability to simple problems
Probabilities
Simple Probability
B:
Determining Probabilities