Oxford Resources

for Cambridge

Extended

Cambridge IGCSE®
Complete

Mathematics
Sixth Edition
David Rayner
Ian Bettison
Mathew Taylor
Editor: Deborah Barton
Subscribe to our Cambridge
IGCSE® Complete Mathematics
Kerboodle course

What is Kerboodle?
Kerboodle is a digital learning platform that works
alongside your print textbooks to provide a wealth Sign your
of additional content and support. school up
• Motivate students with engaging content including for a free
interactive activities and auto-marked quizzes trial!
• Provide a personalised learning journey for every
student with adaptive technology
• Encourage knowledge retention with intervention
and extension support, and spaced repetition
• Support responsive teaching at individual and
class level with enhanced reporting and rich data
• Full online and offline access to the Student Book
with optimised Digital Books

204252_Math_SB6E_Ch6.indd Page 196 17/03/23 13:52 F-0212 204252_Math_SB6E_Ch6.indd Page 197 17/03/23 13:52 F-0212
/102/OUP00485/work/indd/9781382042529_Math_Extended_SB_6E/Chapter%2006 /102/OUP00485/work/indd/9781382042529_Math_Extended_SB_6E/Chapter%2006

6.1 Factorising

6 Algebra 2 6.1 Factorising

In Chapter 2 you expanded expressions such as x(3x − 1) to
give 3x2 − x.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887−1920) was a The reverse of this process is called factorising. When you
self-taught, Indian mathematician who made factorise an expression, you look for the highest common factor
a huge contribution to the subject in the early of all terms.
20th century. In 1914, he travelled to England
to work with G. H. Hardy at Trinity College in Example
Cambridge, but he was plagued by ill-health Factorise: a) 4x + 4y b) x2 + 7x c) 3y2 − 12y
and returned to India five years later. During d) 6a2b − 10ab2 e) 12ax2 + 4ax + 8a2x
his time at Cambridge, he made contributions
to many areas of mathematics, including a) 4 is common to 4x and 4y b) x is common to x2 and 7x
analysis and number theory, and solved many 4x + 4y = 4(x + y) x2 + 7x = x(x + 7)
problems that were at that time considered c) 3y is common to both terms d) 2ab is common to both terms
unsolvable. He was made a Fellow of the Royal
3y2 − 12y = 3y(y − 4) 6a2b − 10ab2 = 2ab(3a − 5b)
Society in 1918, two years before his death at
the age of 32. e) 4ax is common to all three terms
12ax2 + 4ax + 8a2x = 4ax(3x + 1 + 2a)

When a question asks you to factorise, you must factorise fully.

This means all common factors will be written outside of the
Ingrid Daubechies (1954−) is a Belgian brackets. In part (c) of the example above, if you had just written
physicist and mathematician, best known for 3(y2 − 4y) this would not be correct as it is only partially factorised.
her work on image compression technology.
Her work has also enabled scientists to extract Exercise 6.1A
information from samples of bones and teeth.
The image processing methods she has helped Factorise:
to develop can be used to establish the age and 1. 5a + 5b 2. 7x + 7y 3. 7x + x2 4. y2 + 8y
authenticity of works of art and have been used
on paintings by artists such as Vincent van 5. 2y2 + 3y 6. 6y2 − 4y 7. 3x2 − 21x 8. 16a − 2a2
Gogh and Rembrandt. 9. 6c2 − 21c 10. 15x − 9x2 11. 56y − 21y2 12. ax + bx + 2cx
13. x2 + xy + 3xz 14. x2y + y3 + z2y 15. 3a2b + 2ab2 16. x2y + xy2
17. 6a2 + 4ab + 2ac 18. ma + 2bm + m2 19. 2kx + 6ky + 4kz 20. ax2 + ay + 2ab

∙ Factorising and completing the square. 21. x2k + xk2 22. a3b + 2ab2 23. abc − 3b2c 24. 2a2e − 5ae2
∙ Solve simultaneous equations, where one is linear and one is nonlinear. 25. a3b + ab3 26. x3y + x2y2 27. 6xy2 − 4x2y 28. 3ab3 − 3a3b
∙ Solve quadratic equations including by factorising, completing the
29. 2a3b + 5a2b2 30. ax2y − 2ax2z 31. 2abx + 2ab2 + 2a2b 32. ayx + yx3 − 2y2x2
square and using the quadratic formula.

196 197

196 -197

For more information, visit:

www.oxfordsecondary.com/igcse-complete-maths

Need help?
Contact your local educational consultant: www.oxfordsecondary.com/contact-us
Contents
Introduction v 4. Trigonometry 1 120
1. Number 1 1 4.1 Pythagoras’ theorem 121
1.1 Arithmetic 2 4.2 Trigonometry 125

1.2 Negative numbers 9 4.3 Bearings 137

1.3 Number facts 12 4.4 Angles of elevation and depression 139

1.4 Sequences 17 4.5 Scale drawing 143

1.5 Approximations and estimation 22 4.6 Three-dimensional trigonometry 144

l
1.6 Indices 1 29 Revision exercise 146

ia
1.7 Standard form 31 Examination-style exercise 148

1.8 Surds 33

er
5. Mensuration 151
1.9 Calculator 41
5.1 Area 152
Revision exercise 48
5.2 The circle 157

at
Examination-style exercise 50
5.3 Arc length and sector area 161

2. Algebra 1 52 5.4 Chords and segments 164

eM
2.1 Substitution 53 5.5 Volume 167

2.2 Brackets and simplifying 58 5.6 Surface area 174

2.3 Solving linear equations 62 5.7 Similarity 178

2.4 Problems solved by linear Revision exercise 191

equations 68 Examination-style exercise 193
2.5 Simultaneous equations 74
pl

6. Algebra 2 196
2.6 Problems solved by simultaneous
equations 78 6.1 Factorising 197
m

Revision exercise 82 6.2 Quadratic equations 203

Examination-style exercise 83 6.3 Solving problems using
quadratic equations 211
Sa

3. Number 2 84 6.4 Nonlinear simultaneous equations 213

3.1 Ratio and proportion 85 Revision exercise 214
3.2 Map scales 91 Examination-style exercise 216
3.3 Percentages 94
7. Geometry 218
3.4 Financial mathematics 100
7.1 Angles 219
3.5 Time 107
7.2 Symmetry 224
3.6 Rates 110
7.3 Circle theorems 230
Revision exercise 116
7.4 Constructions 240
Examination-style exercise 117

iii
7.5 Nets 242 Revision exercise 368
Revision exercise 243 Examination-style exercise 369
Examination-style exercise 245
12. Vectors and transformations 371
8. Algebra 3 247 12.1 Vectors 372
8.1 Algebraic fractions 248 12.2 Column vectors 378
8.2 Changing the subject of a formula 254 12.3 Vector geometry 384
8.3 Proportion 261 12.4 Simple transformations 387
8.4 Indices 2 267 12.5 Combined transformations 400
8.5 Inequalities 271 Revision exercise 403

l
ria
Revision exercise 274 Examination-style exercise 405
Examination-style exercise 276
13. Statistics 407

9. Graphs 277 13.1 Pictograms, bar charts and 408

pie charts

e
9.1 Drawing linear graphs 278
13.2 Averages and spread 416
9.2 Coordinate geometry 281
9.3 Equations of straight lines
9.4 Plotting curves
284
291
at
13.3 Stem-and-leaf, frequency
polygons and histograms
13.4 Scatter diagrams
429

437
eM
9.5 Interpreting graphs 302
13.5 Cumulative frequency 441
9.6 Graphical solutions of equations 314
13.6 Comparing data sets 445
9.7 Differentiation 320
Revision exercise 447
Revision exercise 326
Examination-style exercise 448
Examination-style exercise 329
pl

14. Probability 451

10. Trigonometry 2 332 14.1 Simple probability 452
10.1 Sine, cosine and tangent for 333 14.2 Relative frequency 457
m

any angle
14.3 Mutually exclusive and 460
10.2 The sine rule 337 independent events
10.3 The cosine rule 339 14.4 Tree diagrams 462
Sa

Revision exercise 344 14.5 Probability from Venn diagrams 467

Examination-style exercise 345 14.6 Conditional probability 471
Revision exercise 474
11. Sets and functions 348
Examination-style exercise 476
11.1 Sets 349
11.2 Logical problems 357 479
Answers
11.3 Functions 360
Index 532
11.4 Composite and inverse functions 364

iv
Introduction
About this book Exercises
This book is designed specifically for the There are thousands of questions in this book,
Cambridge IGCSE® Mathematics course. providing ample opportunities to practise the
Experienced examiners have been involved skills and techniques required in the exam. The
in all aspects of the course, to ensure that the exercises contain questions of varying levels
content adheres to the latest syllabus. of difficulty, so that you can progress through
a topic as your knowledge and confidence
Using this book will ensure that you are well increases.
prepared for the exam at this level, and also
studies beyond the IGCSE level in Mathematics. Each exercise has an icon to denote whether

l
The features below are designed to make you can use a calculator or not. This means

ia
learning as interesting and effective as you can use a calculator, while this means
possible. you should not. The same icons also appear in
Finding your way around the Revision Exercises.

er
To get the most out of this book when studying Revision Exercise
or revising, use the: At the end of each chapter, you will find revision
questions to bring together all your knowledge
• Contents list to help you find the

at
and test your understanding of the contents of
appropriate units
the chapter.
• Index to find key words so you can turn to
any concept straight away. Examination-style questions
eM
The revision exercises are followed by
Learning objectives exam-style practice questions. These are very
At the start of each chapter you will find a list of similar to the kind of questions you should
objectives. These will tell you what you should expect to see in the real exam.
be able to do by the end of the chapter. They
Tips
are based on what you need to cover for the
Cambridge IGCSE syllabus. Yellow boxes throughout the exercises provide
further information, hints on how to approach a
pl

Famous mathematicians question, or reminders of other concepts.

These are included at the start of each chapter
Answers
to give you a brief insight into the life of a
These can be found at the back of this book,
m

mathematician who played an important part

in the development of the ideas contained in so you can find out immediately whether or
that chapter. not you have answered a question correctly.
Answers to all the numerical problems in the
By finding out about the history of mathematics
Sa

exercises, the review questions, and the

and considering a topic within the broader exam-style questions are all included.
context of the subject, you can make
connections between topics and develop a
greater appreciation of how mathematics has
developed over the centuries.
Additional support can be found on
Worked examples Kerboodle. There are resources for every
Worked examples are an important feature of sub-topic, including adaptive assessments,
the book and can be found in every personalised Next Steps and data-rich
sub-topic. These show you the important skills reports. You can also access the Digital
techniques required in the exercises below and Student Book.
also provide a model for how to structure your
solutions.

v
 2 Algebra 1

Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was an English

scientist and mathematician, and a prominent
figure in the Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century. He went to Trinity College Cambridge
in 1661 and by the age of 23 he had made

l
three major discoveries: the nature of colours,

ia
calculus and the law of gravitation. He used his
version of calculus to give the first satisfactory
explanation of the motion of the Sun, the

er
Moon and the stars. Because he was extremely
sensitive to criticism, Newton was always very
secretive, but he was eventually persuaded to

at
publish his discoveries in 1687.
eM
∙ Substitute into expressions and formulae.
∙ Simplify expressions and expand brackets.
∙ Construct and solving linear equations including those where x appears in the
denominator as part of a linear expression.
∙ Solve simultaneous equations.
pl
m
Sa

52
 2.1 Substitution
Algebra 1

2.1 Substitution
In algebra, letters are used to represent numbers. These letters
are called variables.
Mathematical expressions are made up of one or more terms and
operations. A term may be a number, a variable or a combination
of both. The expression 5x2 − 6x + 7 has three terms:
5x2, −6x and 7
You can evaluate an expression by replacing the variables in the

l
expression with specific values. This is called substitution.

ria
For example, when x = −1, the expression 5x2 − 6x + 7 is
evaluated:
5(−1)2 − 6(−1) + 7 = 5 × 1 + 6 + 7

e
= 18

Example
When a = 3, b = −2, and c = 5, find the value of:
at
eM
a+c
a) 3a + b b) ac + b2 c) d) a(c − b)
b

a) 3a + b = (3 × 3 ) + ( −2) b) ac + b2 = (3 × 5 ) + ( −2)2 c) a + c = 3 + 5
b −2
= 9−2 = 15 + 4
8
=7 = 19 =
−2
pl

= −4
d) a( c − b) = 3[ 5 − ( −2)]
m

= 3(7 )
= 21
Sa

Note that working down the page makes the steps easy to read and easy to follow.

Tip
When substituting, remember to always use BIDMAS.

53
Algebra 1

Exercise 2.1A
Evaluate the following.
For Questions 1 to 12, a = 3, c = 2, e = 5.
1. 3a − 2 2. 4c + e 3. 2c + 3a 4. 5e − a
5. e − 2c 6. e − 2a 7. 4c + 2e 8. 7a − 5e
9. c − e 10. 10a + c + e 11. a + c − e 12. a − c − e

l
For Questions 13 to 24, h = 3, m = −2, t = −3.

ria
13. 2m − 3 14. 4t + 10 15. 3h − 12 16. 6m + 4
17. 9t − 3 18. 4h + 4 19. 2m − 6 20. m + 2
21. 3h + m 22. t − h 23. 4m + 2h 24. 3t − m

e
For Questions 25 to 36, x = −2, y = −1, k = 0.
25. 3x + 1
29. 2k + x
26. 2y + 5
30. xy
at
27. 6k + 4
31. xk
28. 3x + 2y
32. 2xy
eM
33. 2(x + k) 34. 3(k + y) 35. 5x − y 36. 3k − 2x

Tip
2x2 means 2(x2)
(2x)2 means ‘work out
2x and then square it’
pl

−7x means −7(x)

−x2 means −(x2)
m

Example
When x = −2, find the value of:
Sa

a) 2x2 − 5x b) (3x)2 − x2

2 2
a) 2x 2 − 5x = 2( −2)2 − 5( −2) b) (3 x ) − x = (3 × −2)2 − 1( −2)2
= 2(4 ) + 10 = ( −6 )2 − 1(4 )
= 18 = 36 − 4
= 32

54
 2.1 Substitution
Algebra 1

Exercise 2.1B
If x = −3 and y = 2, evaluate:
1. x2 2. 3x2 3. y2 4. 4y2
5. (2x)2 6. 2x2 7. 10 − x2 8. 10 − y2
9. 20 − 2x2 10. 20 − 3y2 11. 5 + 4x 12. x2 − 2x
13. y2 − 3x2 14. x2 − 3y 15. (2x)2 − y2 16. 4x2
17. (4x)2 18. 1 − x2 19. y − x2 20. x2 + y2

l
ria
21. x2 − y2 22. 2 − 2x2 23. (3x)2 + 3 24. 11 − xy
25. 12 + xy 26. (2x)2 − (3y)2 27. 2 − 3x2 28. y2 − x2
x
29. x2 + y3 30. 31. 10 − 3x 32. 2y2
y

e
33. 25 − 3y 34. (2y)2 35. −7 + 3x 36. −8 + 10y
37. (xy)2 38. xy2 39. −7 + x2 40. 17 + xy
41. −5 − 2x2
45.
x2
42. 10 − (2x)2

at 43. x2 + 3x + 5 44. 2x2 − 4x + 1

eM
y

Example
When a = −2, b = 3, c = −3, evaluate:
2a (b2 − a )
a) b) ( a2 + b2 )
pl

a) (b2 − a ) = 9 − ( −2) 2a (b2 − a ) 2 × ( −2) × (11) Tip

∴ =
m

= 11 c −3
In mathematics,
−44
= the ∴ symbol
−3 means ‘therefore’.
Sa

44
=
3
2
= 14
3

b) ( a2 + b2 ) = ( −2)2 + (3 )2
= 4+9
= 13

55
Algebra 1

Exercise 2.1C
Evaluate the following expressions.
For Questions 1 to 16, a = 4, b = −2, c = −3.
1. a(b + c) 2. a2 (b − c) 3. 2c(a − c) 4. b2 (2a + 3c)
5. c2(b − 2a) 6. 2a2(b + c) 7. 2(a + b + c) 8. 3c(a − b − c)

9. b2 + 2b + a 10. c2 − 3c + a 11. 2b2 − 3b 12. (a 2

+ c2 )

l
b2 2c c2 4b
13. ( ab + c )
2
14. (c 2
− b2 ) 15. + 16. +

ria
a b b a

For Questions 17 to 32, k = −3, m = 1, n = −4.

(k )

e
17. k2(2m − n) 18. 5m 2
+ n2 19. (kn + 4m )
20. kmn(k2 + m2 + n2) 21. k2m2(m − n) 22. k2 − 3k + 4
23. m3 + m2 + n2 + n
26. m (k − n )
24. k3 + 3k
27. 100k2 + m at 25. m(k2 − n2)
28. m2(2k2 − 3n2)
eM
2k + m kn − k 3k + 2m
29. 30. 31.
k−n 2m 2n − 3k
k+m+n
32. 2
k + m2 + n 2

1
pl

For Questions 33 to 48, w = −2, x = 3, y = 0, z = −

2
w w+x x+z
33. +x 34. 35. y   36. x2 (z + wy)
z z  w 
m

37. x ( x + wz ) 38. w2 (z 2
+ y2 ) 39. 2(w2 + x2 + y2) 40. 2x(w − z)
z z +w x +w y2 − w2
41. +x 42. 43. 44.
Sa

w x z2 xz
1 1 1 4 10 yz − xw
45. z2 + 4z + 5 46. + + 47. + 48.
w z x z w xz − w

 a2 + b2 + c2 − 2c 
49. Find K =  2 2  when a = 3, b = −2, c = −1.
 a + b + 4c 
kmn(k + m + n ) 1 1 1
50. Find W = when k = , m = − , n =
(k + m )(k + n ) 2 3 4

56
 Algebra 1
2.1 Substitution

When a calculation is repeated many times, it is often helpful

to use a formula. An example of a scientific formula is the
formula for converting between degrees Celsius and degrees
Fahrenheit. An example of a mathematical formula is the one
for calculating the volume of a sphere.

Example 1 Tip
9
Use the formula F = C + 32to convert 45 °C to degrees Rearranging
5 the formula to
Fahrenheit.

l
convert degrees

ria
9 Fahrenheit to
If C = 45, then F = × 45 + 32 113
= °F. degrees Celsius
5
will be covered
in Chapter 8:
Example 2 Changing the

e
4 3 subject of a
Use the formula V = πr to calculate the volume of a sphere
3 formula.
with diameter 12 cm.
Leave your answer in terms of π.
at
eM
The diameter is 12 cm, so the radius is 6 cm.
4
So V = π × 63 = 288 π cm3
3

Exercise 2.1D
pl

1. The final speed v of a car is given by the formula v = u + at.

Tip
[u = initial speed, a = acceleration, t = time taken]
The period of a
Find v when u = 15 m/s, a = 0.2 m/s2, t = 30 s.
m

pendulum is the
2. The period T of a simple pendulum is given by the formula time it takes to
complete one full
 l 
T = 2π   , where l is the length of the pendulum and g cycle: a left swing
Sa

g and a right swing.

is the gravitational acceleration. Find T when l = 0.65 m,
g = 9.81 m/s2 and π = 3.142.
3. The total surface area A of a cone is related to the radius r
h l
and the slant height l by the formula A = πr(r + l).
Find A when r = 7 cm and l = 11 cm.
4. The sum S of the squares of the integers from 1 to n is r
1
given by S = n (n + 1) (2n + 1). Find S when n = 12.
6

57
Algebra 1

5. The acceleration a of a train is found using the formula

v2 − u2
a = .
2s
Find a when v = 20 m/s, u = 9 m/s and s = 2.5 m.
6. Einstein’s famous equation relating energy, mass and the
speed of light is E = mc2.
Find E when m = 0.0001 kg and c = 3 × 108 m/s.
7. The distance s travelled by an accelerating rocket is

l
given by s = ut + 1 at2 .
2

ria
Find s when u = 3 m/s, t = 100 s and a = 0.1 m/s2.
8. Find a formula for the area of the shape below, in terms
of a, b and c.
a
Tip

e
You can find out
b

at
a
more about area
in Chapter 5.
eM
c

9. Find a formula for the length of the shaded part below, in

terms of p, q and r.
p
pl

q
r
m

2.2 Brackets and simplifying

A term outside a pair of brackets multiplies each of the terms
Sa

inside the brackets. This is the distributive law.

Example 1
3(x − 2y) = 3x − 6y

Example 2
2x(x − 2y + z) = 2x2 − 4xy + 2xz

58
 2.2 Brackets and simplifying

Example 3
7y − 4(2x − 3) = 7y − 8x + 12

In general, like terms can be added:

x terms can be added to x terms
y terms can be added to y terms
x2 terms can be added to x2 terms
But they must not be mixed.

l
ria
Example 4
2x + 3y + 3x2 + 2y − x = 2x − x + 3y + 2y + 3x2 You can rearrange
= x + 5y + 3x2 the expression to
group together

e
like terms.

Example 5
7x + 3x(2x − 3) = 7x + 6x2 − 9x at
eM
= 6x2 − 2x

Exercise 2.2A
Simplify these expressions as far as possible.
pl

1. 3x + 4y + 7y 2. 4a + 7b − 2a + b 3. 3x − 2y + 4y
4. 2x + 3x + 5 5. 7 − 3x + 2 + 4x 6. 5 − 3y − 6y − 2
7. 5x + 2y − 4y − x2 8. x2 − 2 + 3x + x2 + 7 9. 2x − 7y − 2x − 3y
m

10. 4a + 3a2 − 2a 11. 1 + 7a − 8a2 + 6 + a2 12. x2 + 3x2 − 4x2 + 5x

3 7 4 7 1 2 m 2m
13. + b + − 2b 14. − + + 15. +
Sa

a a x y x y x x
5 7 1 3 2 n m n m
16. − + 17. + b + + 2b 18. − − +
x x 2 a a 4 3 2 3
19. x3 + 7x2 − 2x3 20. (2x) − 2x2
2
21. (3y) + x − (2y)2
2 2

3 5
22. (2x)2 − (2y)2 − (4x)2 23. 5x − 7x2 − (2x)2 24. 2 + 2
x x

59
Algebra 1

Expand the brackets and collect like terms to simplify

each expression.
25. 3x + 2(x + 1) 26. 5x + 7(x − 1) 27. 7 + 3(x − 1)
28. 9 − 2(3x − 1) 29. 3x − 4(2x + 5) 30. 5x − 2x(x − 1)
31. 7x + 3x(x − 4) 32. 4(x − 1) − 3x 33. 5x(x + 2) + 4x
34. 3x(x − 1) − 7x2 35. 3a + 2(a + 4) 36. 4a − 3(a − 3)
37. 3ab − 2a(b − 2) 38. 3y − y(2 − y) 39. 3x − (x + 2)

l
40. 7x − (x − 3) 41. 5x − 2(2x + 2) 42. 3(x − y) + 4(x + 2y)

ria
43. x(x − 2) + 3x(x − 3) 44. 3x(x + 4) − x(x − 2) 45. y(3y − 1) − (3y − 1)
46. 7(2x + 2) − (2x + 2) 47. 7b(a + 2) − a(3b + 3) 48. 3(x − 2) − (x − 2)

e
Two pairs of brackets

at
To expand two pairs of brackets, multiply each term in
the first pair of brackets by each term in the second pair.
eM
Example 1
Expand ( x + 5)( x + 3 )
( x + 5)( x + 3 ) = x ( x + 3 ) + 5( x + 3 ) (Multiply each term in the
= x 2 + 3 x + 5x + 15 second bracket by x and by 5.)
pl

= x 2 + 8 x + 15

Example 2
m

(2x − 3 )(4 y + 3 ) = 2x (4 y + 3 ) − 3(4 y + 3 )

= 8 xy + 6 x − 12 y − 9
Sa

Example 3
3( x + 1)( x − 2) = 3[ x ( x − 2) + 1( x − 2)]
= 3[ x 2 − 2x + x − 2]
= 3x 2 − 3x − 6

60
 2.2 Brackets and simplifying
Algebra 1

Exercise 2.2B
Expand the brackets and simplify:
1. (x + 1)(x + 3) 2. (x + 3)(x + 2) 3. (y + 4)(y + 5)
4. (x − 3)(x + 4) 5. (x + 5)(x − 2) 6. (x − 3)(x − 2)
7. (a − 7)(a + 5) 8. (z + 9)(z − 2) 9. (x − 3)(x + 3)
10. (k − 11)(k + 11) 11. (2x + 1)(x − 3) 12. (3x + 4)(x − 2)
13. (2y − 3)(y + 1) 14. (7y − 1)(7y + 1) 15. (3x − 2)(3x + 2)

l
ria
16. (3a + b)(2a + b) 17. (3x + y)(x + 2y) 18. (2b + c)(3b − c)
19. (5x − y)(3y − x) 20. (3b − a)(2a + 5b) 21. 2(x − 1)(x + 2)
22. 3(x − 1)(2x + 3) 23. 4(2y − 1)(3y + 2) 24. 2(3x + 1)(x − 2)

e
25. 4(a + 2b)(a − 2b) 26. x(x − 1)(x − 2) 27. 2x(2x − 1)(2x + 1)
28. 3y(y − 2)(y + 3) 29. x(x + y)(x + z) 30. 3z(a + 2m)(a − m)

Be careful with an expression like (x − 3)2.

at
eM
It is not x2 − 9 or even x2 + 9.
( x − 3 )2 = ( x − 3 )( x − 3 )
= x ( x − 3 ) − 3( x − 3 )
= x 2 − 6x + 9

Another common mistake occurs with an expression

pl

like 4 − (x − 1)2.
A common error is to forget that to multiply a set of brackets
m

by −1, you need to change the sign of all terms inside the brackets.
The following work is correct.
4 − ( x − 1)2 = 4 − 1( x − 1)( x − 1)
Sa

= 4 − 1( x 2 − 2x + 1) Using a bracket here helps to get

= 4 − x 2 + 2x − 1 the signs correct.
= 3 + 2x − x 2

Exercise 2.2C
Expand the brackets and simplify:
1. (x + 4)2 2. (x + 2)2 3. (x − 2)2
4. (2x + 1)2 5. (y − 5)2 6. (3y + 1)2

61
Algebra 1

7. (x + y)2 8. (2x + y)2 9. (a − b)2

10. (2a − 3b)2 11. 3(x + 2)2 12. (3 − x)2
13. (3x + 2)2 14. (a − 2b)2 15. (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2
16. (x − 2)2 + (x + 3)2 17. (x + 2)2 + (2x + 1)2 18. (y − 3)2 + (y − 4)2
19. (x + 2)2 − (x − 3)2 20. (x − 3)2 − (x + 1)2 21. (y − 3)2 − (y + 2)2
22. (2x + 1)2 − (x + 3)2 23. 3(x + 2)2 − (x + 4)2 24. 2(x − 3)2 − 3(x + 1)2

l
Three pairs of brackets

ria
To expand three pairs of brackets, expand the first two pairs
of brackets, and then multiply this result by the third pair.

Example

e
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3 ) = [ x ( x + 2) + 1( x + 2)]( x + 3 )
= [ x 2 + 2x + x + 2]( x + 3 )
= ( x 2 + 3 x + 2)( x + 3 )
at
= x ( x 2 + 3 x + 2) + 3( x 2 + 3 x + 2)
eM
= x 3 + 3 x 2 + 2x + 3 x 2 + 9 x + 6
= x 3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 6

Exercise 2.2D
pl

Expand the brackets and simplify.

1. (x + 2)(x − 3)(x − 4) 2. (x − 1)(x + 2)(x − 5) 3. (x + 6)(x − 3)(x + 5)
m

4. (2x − 1)(x + 1)(x − 1) 5. (3x + 1)(2x + 1)(x − 2) 6. (x + 2)(4x − 3)(2x + 3)

7. (6x − 5)(2x + 7)(3x − 8) 8. (x + 1)2(x − 4) 9. (x − 3)(x − 2)2
Sa

10. (x − 1)(2x + 3)2 11. (x − 1)3 12. (3x + 2)3

13. (x − 2)3 − (x + 1)3 14. (x + 3)3 − (x − 4)3 15. (2x + 1)3 + 3(x + 1)3

2.3 Solving linear equations

If an equation contains only one variable, and the highest power
of that variable is 1, then the equation is a linear equation. In this
section you are going to solve linear equations.

62
 2.3 Solving linear equations
Algebra 1

Here are some examples, illustrating a few of the techniques you

may use.
• If the x term is negative, add an x term with a positive
coefficient to both sides of the equation.

Example 1
Solve 4 − 3 x = 2

4 = 2 + 3x (Add 3x to both sides.)

l
2 = 3x (Subtract 2 from both sides.)

ria
2
= x (Divide both sides by 3.)
3

• If there are x terms on both sides, collect them on one side and
then simplify.

e
Example 2
Solve 2x − 7 = 5 − 3 x

at
eM
2x + 3 x = 5 + 7 (Add 3x to both sides.)
5x = 12
12 2
x= =2 (Divide both sides by 5 and simplify.)
5 5

• If there is a fraction in the x term, multiply out to simplify

pl

the equation.

Example 3
2x
m

Solve = 10
3
2x = 30 (Multiply both sides by 3.)
Sa

30
=x = 15 (Divide both sides by 2 and simplify.)
2

Exercise 2.3A
Solve:
1. 2x − 5 = 11 2. 3x − 7 = 20 3. 2x + 6 = 20 4. 5x + 10 = 60
5. 8 = 7 + 3x 6. 12 = 2x − 8 7. −7 = 2x − 10 8. 3x − 7 = −10

63
Algebra
Algebra 11

x x
9. 12 = 15 + 2x 10. 5 + 6x = 7 11. =7 12. = 13
5 10
x x 1 3x 4x
13. 7 = 14. = 15. =5 16. = −2
2 2 3 2 5
7x 3 2x 5x 1 3 3x
17. 7 = 18. = 19. = 20. − =
3 4 3 6 4 4 5
x x x x
21. + 7 = 12 22. −7 = 2 23. − 6 = −2 24. 4 = −5
2 3 5 2
x a
25. 10 = 3 + 26. − 1 = −4 27. 100x − 1 = 98 28. 7 = 7 + 7x
4 5

l
x
29. + 10 = 20 30. 1000x − 5 = −6 31. −4 = −7 + 3x 32. 2x + 4 = x − 3

ria
100
33. x − 3 = 3x + 7 34. 5x − 4 = 3 − x 35. 4 − 3x = 1 36. 5 − 4x = −3
37. 7 = 2 − x 38. 3 − 2x = x + 12 39. 6 + 2a = 3 40. a − 3 = 3a − 7

e
41. 2y − 1 = 4 − 3y 42. 7 − 2x = 2x − 7 43. 7 − 3x = 5 − 2x 44. 8 − 2y = 5 − 5y
45. x − 16 = 16 − 2x 46. x + 2 = 3.1 47. −x − 4 = −3 48. −3 − x = −5
x
49. − + 1 = −
2
1
4
50. −
3
+
5 10
x 1 x
= − −
5 5
at
eM
Equations with brackets
Example
Solve x − 2 (x − 1) = 1 − 4(x + 1) (Expand the brackets.)

x − 2x + 2 = 1 − 4 x − 4 (Be careful to get the sign of each term correct.)

pl

x − 2x + 4 x = 1 − 4 − 2 (Add 4x to both sides.)

3 x = −5 (Simplify.)
5
m

x = − (Divide both sides by 3.)

3

Exercise 2.3B
Sa

Solve:
1. x + 3(x + 1) = 2x 2. 1 + 3(x − 1) = 4
3. 2x − 2(x + 1) = 5x 4. 2(3x − 1) = 3(x − 1)
5. 4(x − 1) = 2(3 − x) 6. 4(x − 1) − 2 = 3x
7. 4(1 − 2x) = 3(2 − x) 8. 3 − 2(2x + 1) = x + 17
9. 4x = x − (x − 2) 10. 7x = 3x − (x + 20)
11. 5x − 3(x − 1) = 39 12. 3x + 2(x − 5) = 15

64
 2.3 Solving linear equations
Algebra 1

13. 7 − (x + 1) = 9 − (2x − 1) 14. 10x − (2x + 3) = 21

15. 3(2x + 1) + 2(x − 1) = 23 16. 5(1 − 2x) − 3(4 + 4x) = 0
17. 7x − (2 − x) = 0 18. 3(x + 1) = 4 − (x − 3)
19. 3y + 7 + 3(y − 1) = 2(2y + 6) 20. 4(y − 1) + 3(y + 2) = 5(y − 4)
21. 4x − 2(x + 1) = 5(x + 3) + 5 22. 7 − 2(x − 1) = 3(2x − 1) + 2
23. 10(2x + 3) − 8(3x − 5) + 5(2x − 8) = 0 24. 2(x + 4) + 3(x − 10) = 8
25. 7(2x − 4) + 3(5 − 3x) = 2 26. 10(x + 4) − 9(x − 3) − 1 = 8(x + 3)

l
27. 5(2x − 1) − 2(x − 2) = 7 + 4x 28. 6(3x − 4) − 10(x − 3) = 10(2x − 3)

ria
29. 3(x − 3) − 7(2x − 8) − (x − 1) = 0 30. 5 + 2(x + 5) = 10 − (4 − 5x)
 1  2
31. 6 x + 30( x − 12) = 2  x − 1  32. 3  2x −  − 7( x − 1) = 0
 2  3 
 1

e
33. 5(x − 1) + 17(x − 2) = 2x + 1 34. 6(2x − 1) + 9( x + 1) = 8  x − 1 
 4
35. 7(x + 4) − 5(x + 3) + (4 − x) = 0

37. 10(2.3 − x) − 0.1(5x − 30) = 0 at 36. 0 = 9(3x + 7) − 5(x + 2) − (2x − 5)

 1 3 1
38. 8  2 x −  − (1 − x ) =
1
eM
 2 4 4 2
x
39. (6 − x ) − ( x − 5) − (4 − x ) = −
2
 x  1
40. 10  1 −  − (10 − x ) − 100 (10 − x ) = 0.05
 10 
pl

Example
Solve ( x + 3 )2 = ( x + 2)2 + 32
m

( x + 3 )( x + 3 ) = ( x + 2)( x + 2) + 9
x 2 + 6x + 9 = x 2 + 4x + 4 + 9
6x + 9 = 4 x + 13
Sa

2x = 4
x = 2

Exercise 2.3C
Solve:
1. x2 + 4 = (x + 1)(x + 3) 2. x2 + 3x = (x + 3)(x + 1)
3. (x + 3)(x − 1) = x2 + 5 4. (x + 1)(x + 4) = (x − 7)(x + 6)

65
Algebra 1

5. (x − 2)(x + 3) = (x − 7)(x + 7) 6. (x − 5)(x + 4) = (x + 7)(x − 6)

7. 2x2 + 3x = (2x − 1)(x + 1) 8. (2x − 1)(x − 3) = (2x − 3)(x − 1)
9. x2 + (x + 1)2 = (2x − 1)(x + 4) 10. x(2x + 6) = 2(x2 − 5)
11. (x + 1)(x − 3) + (x + 1)2 = 2x(x − 4) 12. (2x + 1)(x − 4) + (x − 2)2 = 3x(x + 2)
13. (x + 2)2 − (x − 3)2 = 3x − 11 14. x(x − 1) = 2(x − 1)(x + 5) − (x − 4)2
15. (2x + 1)2 − 4(x − 3)2 = 5x + 10 16. 2(x + 1)2 − (x − 2)2 = x(x − 3)
17. The area of the rectangle here exceeds the area of the square by 2 cm2.

l
Find x.

ria
x
x−1

x+2 x

e
18. The area of the square exceeds the area of the rectangle by 13 m2.
Find y.

at
eM
y+1
y
y−3

19. The area of the square is half the area of the rectangle. Find x.
x
pl

2(x + 4)
x
(x − 2)
m

Equations involving fractions

When solving equations involving fractions, multiply both
sides of the equation by a suitable number or letter to eliminate
Sa

the fractions.

Example 1
5
Solve =2
x

5 = 2x ( Multiply both sides by x.)

5
= x (Divide both sides by 2.)
2

66
 2.3 Solving linear equations
Algebra 1

Example 2
x + 3 2x − 1
Solve =
4 3

( x + 3) ( 2 x − 1)
12 × = 12 × (Multiply both sides by 12.)
4 3
3( x + 3 ) = 4(2x − 1) (Or you can cross multiply.)
3x + 9 = 8x − 4

l
13 = 5x (Subtract 3x, not 8x, so that

ria
13 the x term is positive.)
= x
5
3
x =2
5

e
Example 3
Solve
5
( x − 1)
+ 2 = 12

at
eM
5
= 10 (2 and 12 are like terms so
( x − 1)
combine them first.)
5 = 10( x − 1)
5 = 10 x − 10
15 = 10 x
pl

15
=x
10
1
x =1
m

Exercise 2.3D
Sa

Solve:
7 6 5
1. = 21 2. 30 = 3. =3
x x x
9 5 4
4. = −3 5. 11 = 6. −2 =
x x x
x 3 x 5 x +1 x −1
7. = 8. = 9. =
4 2 3 4 3 4

67
Algebra 1

x+3 x−4 2x − 1 x 3 x + 1 2x
10. = 11. = 12. =
2 5 3 2 5 3
8−x 2x + 2 x + 2 3x + 6 1−x 3−x
13. = 14. = 15. =
2 5 7 5 2 3
2 x x x x
16. =1 17. + = 1 18. + = 4
x −1 3 4 3 2
x x x x 5 10
19. − = 3 20. = 2 + 21. =
2 5 3 4 x −1 x
12 18 5 15

l
22. =4 23. 2 = 24. =
2x − 3 x+4 x+5 x +7

ria
9 5 4 10 −7 14
25. = 26. = 27. =
x x −3 x − 1 3x − 1 x − 1 5x + 2
4 7 x +1 x −1 1 1 1
28. = 29. + = 30. ( x + 2) = (3 x + 2)

e
x + 1 3x − 2 2 3 6 3 5
1 1 1 2x 4
31. ( x − 1) − ( x + 1) = 0 32. ( x + 5) − =0 33. + 2 = 3
2
6
34. − 3 = 7
x
6 4
9
at
35. − 7 = 1
x
3 x

36. −2 = 1 +
3
x
eM
4 6 3
37. 4 − = 0 38. 5 − = −1 39. 7 − =1
x x 2x
5 9 x −1 x −1
40. 4 + = −1 41. −5 = 0 42. − =0
3x 2x 5 3
x − 1 2x − 3 1 4 3 x +1 x 1
43. − = 44. = 45. − =
pl

4 5 20 1−x 1+x 4 3 12
2x + 1 x − 1 5
46. − =
8 3 24
m

2.4 Problems solved by linear equations

Sa

Step 1 Let the unknown quantity be x (or any other letter) and
state the units (where appropriate).
Step 2 Express the given statement in the form of an equation.
Do not include the units in the equation.
Step 3 Solve the equation for x and give the answer in words. (Do
not finish by just writing ‘x = 3’.)
Step 4 Check your solution using the initial problem (not your
equation).

68
 2.4 Problems solved by linear equations
Algebra 1

Example 1
The sum of three consecutive whole numbers is 78. Find the
numbers.
Let the smallest number be x; then the other numbers are
(x + 1) and (x + 2).
Form an equation:
x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 78
3x + 3 = 78

l
Solve: 3x = 75

ria
x = 25
In words:
The three numbers are 25, 26 and 27.

e
Check: 25 + 26 + 27 = 78

Example 2
at
The length of a rectangle is three times its width. If the
eM
perimeter is 36 cm, find the width.
Let the width of the rectangle
be x cm. x

Then the length of the rectangle

3x
is 3x cm.
pl

Form an equation.
x + 3x + x + 3x = 36 or 2(x + 3x) = 36
Solve: 8 x = 36
m

x = 36
8
x = 4 .5
Sa

In words:
The width of the rectangle is 4.5 cm
Check: If width = 4.5 cm
length = 13.5 cm
perimeter = 36 cm

69
Algebra 1

Revision exercise 2
1. Solve these equations. 8. Solve these simultaneous equations.
a) x + 4 = 3x + 9 a) 7c + 3d = 29
b) 9 − 3a = 1 5c − 4d = 33
2. Given a = 3, b = 4 and c = −2, evaluate: b) 2x − 3 y = 7
a) 2a2 − b 2 y − 3 x = −8
b) a(b − c) c) 5x = 3(1 − y )

l
c) 2b2 − c2 3x + 2 y + 1 = 0

ria
3. Solve these simultaneous equations. d) 5s + 3t = 16
a) 3 x + 2 y = 5 11s + 7t = 34
2x − y = 8 9. Solve these equations.

e
b) 2m − n = 6 a) 4(2x − 1) − 3(1 − x) = 0
2m + 3n = −6 x+3
b) =2
c) 3 x − 4 y = 19
x + 6 y = 10
at x
10. Given that m = −2, n = 4, evaluate:
a) 5m + 3n
eM
d) 3 x − 7 y = 11
b) 5 + 2m − m2
2x − 3 y = 4
c) m2 + 2n2
4. Given that x = 4, y = 3, z = −2, evaluate: d) (2m + n)(2m − n)
a) 2x(y + z) b) (xy)2 − z2 e) (n − m)2
c) x + y + z
2 2 2
d) (x + y)(x − z) f ) n − mn − 2m2
pl

xy
e) x (1 − 4 z ) f) 11.Given that a + b = 2 and that a2 + b2 = 6,
z
show that 2ab = −2.
5. a) Expand and simplify Find also the value of (a − b)2.
m

(x − 2)(x − 3)(x − 4).

12. A jar contains 50 US coins, containing a
b) Expand and simplify (2x − 3)3.
mixture of dimes (10 cents) and quarters
6. Solve these equations.
Sa

(25 cents). The total value of the coins is

a) 5 − 7x = 4 − 6x $9.35. How many dimes are there?
7 2 13. Pat bought 45 stamps, some for 40c
b) =
x 3 and some for 58c. If he spent $22.50
2x − 3 y
7. Find the value of when x = 2a altogether, how many 40c stamps did
5x + 2 y
and y = −a. he buy?

82
 Algebra 1

Examination-style exercise 2

NON-CALCULATOR
5 11 x
1. a)+ = Work out the value of x. [1]
7 14 2
7 4 35
b) ÷ = Work out the value of y. [1]
4 y 16
2. Solve these simultaneous equations.

l
4 x + y = 17
[3]

ria
3 x − 2 y = 10
3. Solve these equations.
2x
a) − 12 = 0 [2]
3

e
x+8 8x − 1
b) = [2]
3 11
4. Solve these simultaneous equations.
0.3x + 2y = 17
at [3]
eM
0.6x + 3y = 27

5. a) Expand and simplify ( x − 3 )2 (3 x + 1). [3]

b) Fully simplify ( x − 3 )2 (3 x + 1) − ( x + 2)2 . [3]

pl
m
Sa

83
Oxford Resources for Cambridge

Where Cambridge exams

meet Oxford expertise

Digital Evaluation
Digital evaluation copies are available for our
resources. Access online evaluation titles for
up to 30 days, free of charge.
www.oxfordsecondary.com/evaluate-cambridge

Engage your Cambridge students with

Kerboodle, Oxford's innovative digital platform.
Speak to your local Educational Consultant about a
free trial or find out more by clicking here