LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

Ex.1.Write a Matlab code in Command window

to generate and Display Matrix.

Program:
>> x=rand(3,4)

Program:
Output:
>> x = [ 67 75 78 12 13; 21 22 64 87 87]
x=
Output:
0.9649

0.9572

0.1419

0.7922

0.1576

0.4854

0.4218

0.9595

0.9706

0.8003

0.9157

0.6557

x=
67

75

78

12

13

21

22

64

87

87

Ex.2. Write a Matlab code in Command window

to Find (i) Complement of a Matrix (ii) Addition
of two Matrices (iii) Multiplication of Two
Matrices.
Program:

Ex.4 Write a Matlab Code to generate a Sine

wave and Plot it.
Program:
clc; % clear command window
clear all; % Remove Items from work space and

>> x= [2 5 6;7 5 3;9 8 1]

freeing up system memory

Output:

close all;

x=

t=0:0.01:1;

x=sin(2*pi*t);
plot(t,x); % plots vector Y versus vector X.
Figure:

(i)Program:
>> y=x'
Output:
y=
2

(ii) Program:
>> z=x+y
Ex.5. Write a Matlab Code to generate and
display (i) Unit Impulse (ii)Step signal
(iii)Rectangular Pulse (iv) Triangular Pulse (v)
square wave (vi) Decreasing exponential:

Output:
z=
4

12

15
(i) Unit Impulse:

12

10

11

15

11

Program:
%Unit Impulse:
Ex.3 Write a Matlab Code to generate Random
sequence.

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n=-10:0.001:10;

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delta=(n==0);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,delta);% continuous time
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('signal value');
title('unit impulse signal');
subplot(2,1,2);

(iii)Program:

stem(n,delta);% discrete time

% Rectangular pulse

xlabel('time-->');

clc;

ylabel('signal value');

clear all;

title('unit sample sequence');

close all;

Figure:

t = -1:0.0001:1; % sampling rate 10KHz

x2 = rectpuls(t,1);
subplot(212);
plot(t,x2);
xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Rectangular Pulse');
Figure:

(ii) step function:

Program:
clc;
clear all;

(iv) Triangular Pulse:

close all;

Program :

fs = 10;

clc;

ts = [0:1/fs:5 5:1/fs:10];
clear all;
x = [zeros(1,51) ones(1,51)];
close all;
stairs(ts,x); % draws a stairstep graph
of the elements in vector Y at the
locations specified in X.

t = -1:0.0001:1; % sampling rate 10KHz

x1 = tripuls(t,1); % duration 1

Figure:

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subplot(211);% divides the fig. window in two

rows
and one column
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('Time -->');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Triangular Pulse');
clc;
Figure:
close all;
clear all;
%syms a t w
t=0:0.1:10;
y=exp(-5*t);
plot(t,y);
(vi) Decreasing Exponential:
(v) Square wave:

Program:

Program:

clc;

clc;

close all;

clear all;

clear all;

close all;

%syms a t w

t = -10:0.001:10;

t=0:0.1:10;

x = square(2*pi*t,50); % dutycycle 50%

y=exp(-5*t);

plot(t,x);

plot(t,y);

title('Square Wave');

Figure:

xlabel('Time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
axis([-10 10 0 1.5]);% sets scaling for the x- and yaxes on the current plot.
Figure:

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Ex.6. Write Matlab code for Trigonometric

Fourier Series representation of Rectangular
Pulse train for various number of harmonics.

subplot(3,1,3);

Program:

xlabel('Time-->');

clc;

ylabel('Signal Value');

clear all;

title('reconstructed sig. with ripples')

close all;

Figures:

plot(t,x3);

t=-2*pi:0.001:+2*pi;
% Rectangular Signal
x=square(2*pi*1/(2*pi)*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
title('periodic rectangular signal');
N=10 (No.of harmonics)

N=5; %harmonics in the series

% fourier coefficients and basis vector
n=0:N-1;
n1=2*n+1;
for i=1:N
x1(i)=4/(pi*n1(i));
x2(i,:)=(4/(pi*n1(i)))*(sin(2*pi*1/(2*pi)*n1(i)*t));
end
% Plot discrete fourier coefficients
subplot(3,1,2);

N=15

stem(n1,x1);
xlabel('value');
ylabel('Freq. index')
title('Discrete fourier spectrum');
%Reconstruction
x3(1,:)=sum(x2);

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N=55

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

Ex.7 Write a Matlab code to find DTFT and

Inverse DTFT of given sequence x[n]=[6 8 9 4 0
15].
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=[6 8 9 4 0 15];
L=length(x)
n=0:L-1;

N=105

k=0:L-1;
wn=exp(-j*2*pi/L);
nk=n'*k;
wLnk=wn.^nk;
df=x*wLnk;
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x,abs(df));
title('DTFT Mag');
xlabel('k');
ylabel('Magnitude');

N=500

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(x,angle(df));

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title('DTFT phase');
xlabel('k');
ylabel('phase');
wn=exp(j*2*pi/L);
nk=n'*k;
Ex.9. Write a Matlab code to Show Continuous
and Discrete Sine Wave.

wLnk=wn.^nk;
inversdf=(x*wLnk)/L;

Program:
subplot(3,1,3);
n=-10:10; % row vector, time points,
stem(x,abs(inversdf));
theta=2*pi/20;%frequency parameter
title('Inverse DTFT');
xlabel('N');

x=0.8*sin(theta*n);%sinusoidal
column vector x

sig.

stored

ylabel('Magnitude');

stem(n,x,'b');% discrete time plot in blue colour

Figure::

hold on;% to use the same figure window

in

xlabel('n'), ylabel('x[n]');
plot(n,x,'r');% continuous time plot in red colour
Figure:

Ex.8. Write a Matlab Code for Fourier

Representation of a Sequence.
Program:
clc;
clear all;

Ex.10. Write a Matlab Code to show Sampling

and Reconstruction.

close all;

%fs > 2fM: Original signal and sampled signal

have the same frequency.

syms a f; % constructing symbolic objects.

x = a*exp(-abs(a));
fourier(x,f) % is the Fourier transform of the sym
scalar f with default independent variable x. The
default return is a function of w.
Figure:

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%fs < 2fM: Sampled signal is aliased to half the

original frequency.
Program:
t1 = 0:0.001:1;
x_ana = sin(2*pi*5*t1);
figure;
plot(t1,x_ana,':');

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hold on
stem(t1,x_ana);

(i) Time shifting using Rectangular Pulse

Program:

f_samp1 = 50;
t_samp1 = 0:1/f_samp1:1;
xs1 = sin(2*pi*5*t_samp1);
figure;
plot(t_samp1,xs1,'--b');
hold on
stem(t_samp1,xs1,'r');
f_samp2 = 7.5;
t_samp2 = 0:1/f_samp2:1;
xs2 = sin(2*pi*5*t_samp2);
figure;
plot(t_samp2,xs2,'r')
hold on
stem(t_samp2,xs2,'b')
hold off

clear all;
close all;
t = -10:0.01:10;% sampling rate
10KHz
x2 = rectpuls(t,1);
subplot(211);
plot(t,x2); %continuous time
stem(t,x2);%discrete
xlabel('Time ');

Figures:

ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Rectangular Pulse');
x3 = rectpuls(t-4,1);
subplot(212);
plot(t,x3); %continuous time
stem(t,x3);%discrete
Figure:
Continuous

Time:

Discrete Time:

Ex.11. Write a Matlab code to perform Delaying

and Advancing of signals using (i) Rectangular
Pulse (ii) Sinusoidal Signal.
(ii) Time shifting using Sinusoidal signal:

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Program:

clear all;

clear all;

close all;

close all;

t = -5:0.001:5;

clc;

x1 = rectpuls(t,3);

t =[ -8:0.001:8];

subplot(221);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,x1); %continuous time

plot (t ,( sin ( -2*t)).*(t >0) );% original signal plot

title( 'original s i g n a l' );

xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');

xlabel('Time-->');
title('Rectangular Pulse Continuous');
ylabel('sig.value');
subplot(222);
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t,x1);%discrete
plot (t ,( sin ( -2*(t -2))).*((t >2)))% d e l a y i n g
x(t) by 2 s e c ond

xlabel('Time ');

title('delayed signal');

ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Rectangular Pulse Discrete');

subplot(3,1,3)
plot (t ,( sin ( -2*(t+2))) .*(t > -2)) % advanc ing
x(t) by 2 s e c ond

x2 = rectpuls(4*t,3);
subplot(223);

xlabel('time-->');

xlabel('Time ');

ylabel('sig.value'); title ('advanced signal');

ylabel('Signal Value');

Figures:

title('Time scaled Rectangular Pulse Continuous');

plot(t,x2); %continuous time
subplot(224);
xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Time scaled Rectangular Pulse Discrete');
stem(t,x2);%discrete
Figure:

Ex.12.Write a Matlab code to perform

Compression and Expansion of signal using (i)
Rectangular Pulse (ii) Exponential Signal (iii)
Sinusoidal Signal.
(i) Rectangular Pulse Program:
%Compression:

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Program:

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%Expansion

Figure:

clear all;
close all;
t = -5:0.001:5;
x1 = rectpuls(t,3);
subplot(221);
plot(t,x1); %continuous time
xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Rectangular Pulse Continuous');
subplot(222);
stem(t,x1);%discrete
xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Rectangular Pulse Discrete');

(ii) Exponential Signal.

Program:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
t =[ -8:0.001:8];
subplot(3,1,1);

x2 = rectpuls(t/2,3);

plot (t ,( exp ( -2*t)).*(t >0) );%exponential signal

plot

subplot(223);

title( 'original s i g n a l' );

plot(t,x2); %continuous time

xlabel('Time-->');

xlabel('Time ');

ylabel('sig.value');

ylabel('Signal Value');

subplot(3,1,2);

title('Expansion in Time Domain');

plot (t ,( exp ( -2*(t)*4)).*((t>0)))% Compressed

signal

subplot(224);
stem(t,x2);%discrete
xlabel('Time ');

title('compressed signal');
subplot(3,1,3);

ylabel('Signal Value');

plot (t ,( exp ( -2*(t)*(1/2))) .*(t>0)) % expanded

signal

title('Expansion in Time Domain');

xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('sig.value');
title ('expanded signal');

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Figure:

(iii) Compression
Sinusoidal Signal:

Figure:

and

Expansion

using

Program:
clear all;
Ex.13. Write a Matlab code to perform Folding
in Time Domain.

close all;
clc;

Program:
t =[ -8:0.001:8];
%Time reversal: Folding
subplot(3,1,1);
clear all;
plot (t , sin(t) );%original signal plot
close all;
title( 'original s i g n a l' );
t=-5:0.001:5;
xlabel('Time-->');
subplot(3,1,2);

ylabel('sig.value');
x1=exp(t);

plot (t ,sin(t*4))% Compressed signal

subplot(221);

title('compressed signal');

plot(t,x1); %continuous time

subplot(3,1,3)

xlabel('Time ');

plot (t ,sin (t*(1/4))) % expanded signal

ylabel('Signal Value');

xlabel('time-->');

title('Original signal');

ylabel('sig.value');

subplot(222);

title ('expanded signal');

stem(t,x1);%discrete
xlabel('Time ');
ylabel('Signal Value');
title('Exponential sequence Discrete');
x2 = fliplr(x1);
subplot(223);

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plot(t,x2); %continuous time

clear all;

xlabel('Time ');

t=-10:0.001:10;

ylabel('Signal Value');

%Original Exponential Signal:

title('time reversed');

u=(t>=0);

subplot(224);

subplot(411);

stem(t,x2);%discrete

plot(t,u);

xlabel('Time ');

x1=exp(-1.5*t).*u;

ylabel('Signal Value');

subplot(4,1,2);

title('time reversed');

plot(t,x1);

Figure:

title('x1(t)');
%Time reversed signal x1(-t)
x2=fliplr(x1);
%Even component x1e(t)
x1e=0.5*(x1+x2);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,x1e);
title('even component');
%Odd component x1o(t)

t=-5:0.1:5;

x1o=0.5*(x1-x2);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,x1o);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('signal value');
title('odd component');
Figure:
Ex.14. Write a Matlab code to find Even and
Odd functions of (i) Exponential signal (ii) Sine
wave.
(i)Exponential signal:
Program:
%Even_odd
clc;
close all;

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(ii) Sine Wave:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
t=-10:0.001:10;
%Original Sine wave:
u=(t>=0);
subplot(411);
plot(t,u);

Ex.15. Write a Matlab Code to find Magnitude

and Phase Response of a system.

x1=sin(t).*u;

Program:

subplot(4,1,2);

% magnitude and phase response

plot(t,x1);

clc;

title('x1(t)');

clear all;

%Time reversed signal x1(-t)

close all;

x2=fliplr(x1);

x1=3.005;

%Even component x1e(t)

A=0.654

x1e=0.5*(x1+x2);

omega=0:0.001*pi:2*pi

subplot(4,1,3);

x2=[2.5 -1.766]

plot(t,x1e);

x3=1-(A.*exp((-j).*(omega)))

title('even component');

x3=x1./x3

%Odd component x1o(t);

x4=conj(x3);

x1o=0.5*(x1-x2);

mag=abs(x3);

subplot(4,1,4);

phase_angle=angle(x3);

plot(t,x1o);

freqz(x1,x2)

xlabel('time');

figure,plot(omega,20*log10(mag))
magnitude vs frequency

% absolute value of c
% angle of c

% plot the

ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('frequency-angular');
title('odd component');
ylabel('magnitude');
Figure:
title('magnitude vs angular-Frequency')
grid on;
figure,plot(omega,phase_angle)

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xlabel('angular Frequency');
ylabel('Phase_angle_variations');
title('Variations in Phase vs angular-Frequencyl')
%plot phase vs frequency
grid on;
energy=x3.*x4
figure,plot(omega,20*log10(energy))
energy vs frequency

% plot

xlabel('angular Frequency');
ylabel('Energy');
title('Energy vs Frequency')
grid on;
Figure:

Ex.16.Write Matlab code to find Impulse

Response of a system.
Program:
clear all;
close ;
clc ;
n =(0:0.1:10) ;
x =[1 zeros(1,length(n)-1)];
a =[0.5 -0.55 -0.156];
b =[4 0 0];
h= filter (b,a,x);

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subplot(2,1,1);

y2=sqrt(x2); %square root system

plot(n,h);

yt=a.*y1+b.*y2;% homogenity and superposition --o/p(2)

subplot(2,1,2);
stem (n,h);

d=y-yt;% difference between o/ps (1)and (2)

xlabel ( ' n ' );

subplot(3,1,1);

ylabel ( ' h [ n ] ' );

stem(n,y);

Figure:

axis([0 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('n-->');
ylabel('signal value');
title('o/p of system for x[n]');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yt);
axis([0 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('n-->');
ylabel('signal value');

Ex.17. Write a Matlab code for checking

Linearity of following systems (i) Square root
system (ii) Amplitude Scaling system (iii)
Logarithmic System.
(i)

Square root system

title('o/p of system for a.*x1+b.*x2 ');

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d);
axis([0 10 -5 5]);

(a)Program:

xlabel('n-->');

clear all;

ylabel('difference value');

close all;

title('difference between o/ps');

clc;

Figure:

n=0:10;
a=2;
b=-3;
x1=cos(2*pi*.1*n);%i/p1
x2=cos(2*pi*.5*n); %i/p2
x=a.*x1+b.*x2;%homogenity and superposition
y=sqrt(x);% square root system---o/p(1)
y1=sqrt(x1); %square root system

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(b) Program:
clc;

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clear all;

x1=sin(2*pi*.1*n);%i/p1

close all;

x2=cos(2*pi*.5*n); %i/p2

x1=[1 6 8 9];

x=a.*x1+b.*x2;%homogenity and superposition

x2=[5 8 2 0];

y=0.5*x; %o/p(1)

y1=sqrt(x1);

y1=0.5*x1;

y2=sqrt(x2);

y2=0.5*x2;

x=x1+x2;

yt=a.*y1+b.*y2;% homogenity and superposition --o/p(2)

y=sqrt(x); %square root system

d=y-yt;% difference between o/ps (1)and (2)
y3=y1+y2;
subplot(3,1,1);
y4=y-y3;
stem(n,y);
if y4==0
axis([0 10 -5 5]);
disp('linear');
xlabel('n-->');
else
ylabel('signal value');
disp('nonlinear');
title('o/p of system for x[n]');
end
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,yt);
axis([0 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('n-->');
ylabel('signal value');
title('o/p of system for a.*x1+b.*x2 ');
subplot(3,1,3);
(ii)

Amplitude Scaling System:

(a) Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:10;

stem(n,d);
axis([0 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('n-->');
ylabel('difference value');
title('difference between o/ps');
Figure:

a=2;
b=-3;

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Output:

(c) Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
x1=[1 6 8 9];
% Amplitude scaling system:

x2=[5 8 2 0];

(b) Program:

y1=0.5*(x1);

clc;

y2=0.5*(x2);

clear all;

x=7*x1+0.8*x2;

close all;

y=0.5*(x);

x1=[1 6 8 9];

y3=y1+y2;

x2=[5 8 2 0];

y4=y3-y;

y1=0.5*(x1);
y2=0.5*(x2);

if y4<0.0000000001
disp('linear');
else

x=x1+x2;
disp('nonlinear');
y=0.5*(x);
end
y3=y1+y2;

Output:

y4=y-y3;
if y4==0
disp('linear');
else
disp('nonlinear');
end

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clc;
clear all;
close all;
b= input('coefficiens of i/p terms, b=');
a=input('coefficiens of i/p terms, a=');
x1=rand(1,10); % i/p original

(iii) Logarithmic system:

Program:

x2=[zeros(1,4) x1]% Time shifted i/p by 4 samples

clc;

y1=filter(b,a,x1);% original o/p

clear all;

y2=filter(b,a,x2);% o/p due to shifted i/p

close all;

y3=[zeros(1,4) y1]; %shifted o/p

x1=[1 6 8 9];

if y3==y2

x2=[5 8 2 0];

disp('Time Invariant');

y1=log(x1); %logarithmic system

else

y2=log(x2);

disp('Time Variant');

x=x1+x2;
end
y=log(x);
Output:
y3=y1+y2;
y4=y-y3;
if y4==0
disp('linear');
else
disp('nonlinear');
end
Output:

Ex.19. Write a Matlab code to perform Z.T of

(1/16)n and Inverse Z.T also plot pole-zero plot.
(a) Z.T. :
Program:
Ex.18. Write a Matlab Code to check Time
Invariance / Variance of a system.

clc;

Program:

clear all;

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close all;
syms z n; % symbolic objects
x=(1/16)^n;
disp('original is (1/16^)n ');
disp('Z.T. is ');
X=ztrans((1/16)^n) %Z.T.
% inverse Z.T.
disp('inverse z.t. is');
x1=iztrans(16*z/16*z-1)
% Roots
b=[1];
a=[1 -1/16];
display('poles');
A=roots(a)
display('zeros');
B=roots(b)
zplane(b,a);

(b)Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms b n;
g = b^n;
ztrans(g)
Output:

title('pole-zero plot in z-plane');

Output:

Ex.20. Write Matlab code for Root Locus in Splane.

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x = tf([5 4 3 2],[1 0 0 0]); % transfer function: (5
s^3 + 4 s^2 + 3 s + 2)/ s^3

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

rlocus(x); %computes and plots the root locus of

the single-input,single-output LTI model SYS

close all;
clear all;
syms a t w
x = sin(a*t)*exp(-5*t);
L = laplace(x)
Output:

Ex.21. Write Matlab code to Perform Laplace

Transformation
of
(i)
exp(-a*t)
(ii)
sin(a*t)*exp(-5*t)(iii) sin(a*t)*exp(5*t).

(iii) sin(a*t)*exp(5*t).

Program:

x = sin(a*t)*exp(5*t);

(i)exp(-a*t)

L = laplace(x)

clc;

Output:

close all;
clear all;
syms a t w
x = exp(-a*t); %EXP(X) is the exponential of the
lements of X
L = laplace(x)
%LAPLACE(F) is the Laplace
ransform of the scalar sym F with default
independent variable t.
The default return
is a function of s.
Output:

Ex.22. Write Matlab code to find closed loop

transfer function.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
a=tf([2 6],[2])%Transfer function: (2s + 6)/2
b=tf([5],[3 7]) % 5/(3 s + 7)

(iii)

sin(a*t)*exp(-5*t)
Program:

k=feedback(a,b) %Transfer function: (6 s^2 + 32 s

+ 42)/(16 s + 44)

clc;

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('time-->');
title('convolved signal') ;
Figure:

Ex.23. Write Matlab code for Linear

convolution of (i) Impulse and Ramp signals (ii)
Sine and Exponential signals.
(i) Impulse and Ramp signals
Program:
(ii) Sine and Exponential signals.
clc;
Program:
clear all;
close all;
x1=zeros(1,100);
x1(1,50)=1;
a=1:0.01:50;
x2=a;
y=conv(x1,x2);
subplot(2,2,1);plot(x1);
ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('time-->');
title('first signal');
subplot(2,2,2);plot(a,x2);
ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('time-->');
title('second signal');
subplot(2,2,3:4);plot(y);

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clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-40:0.1:40;
x1=sin(t);
a=1:0.1:40;
x2=exp(a);
y=conv(x1,x2)
subplot(2,2,1);plot(t,x1);
ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('time-->');
title('first signal');
subplot(2,2,2);plot(a,x2)
ylabel('signal value');
xlabel('time-->');
title('second signal');

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

subplot(2,2,3:4);plot(y);

stem(con_cir)

ylabel('signal value');

title('Circular Convolution of a1 and b1');

xlabel('time-->');

Output:

title('convolved signal');
Figure:

Figure:

Ex.24. Write Matlab code to find Linear and

Circular Convolution of two sequences.
(i)

Program:

clc;
close all;
(ii)

clear all;

Program:

a= [2 5 9 6];

clc;

b = [1 2 3];

close all;

con_lin = conv(a,b);

clear all;

subplot(2,1,1);

a= [2 5 9 6];

stem(con_lin);

b = [1 2 3 5];

title('Linear Convolution of a and b');

con_lin = conv(a,b);

a1 = [a zeros(1,6-length(a))];% padded sequence

subplot(2,1,1);

b1 = [b zeros(1,6-length(b))];% padded sequence

stem(con_lin);

con_cir = ifft(fft(a1).*fft(b1));

title('Linear Convolution of a and b');

subplot(2,1,2);

display(con_lin);

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

a1 = [a zeros(1,7-length(a))];% padded sequence

stem(con_lin);

b1 = [b zeros(1,7-length(b))];% padded sequence

title('Linear Convolution of a and b');

con_cir = ifft(fft(a1).*fft(b1));

display(con_lin);

subplot(2,1,2);

a1 = [a zeros(1,5-length(a))];% padded sequence

stem(con_cir)

b1 = [b zeros(1,5-length(b))];% padded sequence

title('Circular Convolution of a1 and b1');

con_cir = ifft(fft(a1).*fft(b1));

display(con_cir);

subplot(2,1,2);

Output:

stem(con_cir)
title('Circular Convolution of a1 and b1');
display(con_cir);
Output:

Figure:
Figure:

(iii)

Program:

clc;
close all;
clear all;

Ex.25. Write Matlab Code for finding Fourier

Transform.
Program:

a= [2 5 87];
clc;
b = [1 2 3];
clear all;
con_lin = conv(a,b);
close all;
subplot(2,1,1);

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

syms x y

Ex.27. Write Matlab code to Plot the

autocorrelation sequence of (i)sine wave with
frequency 10 Hz, sampling frequency of 1000 Hz
(ii) Exponential signal, sampling frequency of
500 Hz.

f = exp(-x^2);
fourier(f, x, y)
Output:

(i)
Auto Correlation of sine wave with
frequency 10 Hz, sampling frequency of 1000 Hz
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;

Ex.26. Write Matlab Code to find Fourier

Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform.

N=256 % Number of samples

f_original=10; % Original sinewave freq.

Program:
F_Samp=1000; % Sampling Frequency
clc;
n=0:N-1; % Sample index
clear all;
close all;

x=sin(2*pi*f_original*n/F_Samp); % sinusoidal
signal

syms x t y

t=[1:N]*(1/F_Samp); % time axis

f = exp(-x^2)*exp(-t^2);

subplot(2,1,1); % for figure

display('F.T. of exp(-x^2)*exp(-t^2)is ');

plot(t,x); % Plot x(t)

F=fourier(f, y) % F = FOURIER(f) is the Fourier

transform of the sym scalar f

title('Original Sinwave');

with default independent variable x. The d

xlabel('Time, [sec]');

display('Inverse F.T. of fourier(f, y)is ');

ylabel('SIGNAL VALUE');
ifourier(F) % inverse Fourier transform of the
scalar sym F with default independent variable
w.The default return is a function of x.
Output:

Rxx=xcorr(x); % autocorrelation
subplot(2,1,2); % for figure
plot(Rxx); % Plot the autocorrelation
xlabel('lags');
ylabel('Autocorrelated Value');
title('Autocorrelation function of the sinewave');
Figure:

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

(ii) Auto Correlation of Exponential signal,

sampling frequency of 500 Hz.
Program:
clc;

Ex.28. Write Matlab code to find Cross

Correlation of (i)Sinusoidal signal and Random
Noise signal (ii) Exponential signal and Random
Noise signal.

clear all;
close all;

(i)Cross Correlation of Sinusoidal signal and

Random Noise signal

N=512; % Number of samples

Program:

FS=500; % Sampling Frequency

title('Autocorrelation function');

clc;
clear all;
close all;
% cross correlation
N=512; % Number of samples
f_original_sine=10; % Frequency of the original
sinewave
F_Samp=1000; % Sampling frequency
n=0:N-1; % Sampling index
x=sin(2*pi*f_original_sine*n/F_Samp);
%
sinusoidal signal x[n]
y=x+10*randn(1,N); % Generate random noise
y(n)
subplot(3,1,1); % for figure
plot(x);
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
title('Original Sinewave');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(y); % Noise
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
title('Sinewave + Noise');
Rxy=xcorr(x,y); % Estimate the cross correlation
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(Rxy);
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Correlated value');
title('Cross correlated signal');

Figure:

Figure:

n=0:N-1; % Sample index

x= exp(2*pi*n/FS); % Exponential signal
t=[1:N]*(1/FS); % time axis
subplot(2,1,1); % for figure
plot(t,x); % Plot x(t)
title('Original signal');
xlabel('Time, [s]');
ylabel('SIGNAL VALUE');
Rxx=xcorr(x); % autocorrelation
subplot(2,1,2); % for figure
plot(Rxx); % Plot the autocorrelation
xlabel('lags');
ylabel('Autocorrelated Value');

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LABORATORY MANUAL

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH MATLAB

(ii) Exponential signal and Random Noise signal.

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
N=512; % Number of samples
f_original_expo=10; % Frequency of the original
signal
F_samp=1000; % Sampling frequency
n=0:N-1; % Sampling index
x=exp(2*pi*f_original_expo*n/F_samp);
%
exponential signal x[n]
y=x+10*randn(1,N); % Generate random noise
y(n)
subplot(3,1,1); % for figure
plot(x);
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
title('Original signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(y); % Noise
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Signal value');
title('original signal + Noise');
Rxy=xcorr(x,y); % Estimate the cross correlation
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(Rxy);
xlabel('time-->');
ylabel('Correlated value');
title('Cross correlated signal');
Figure:

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