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Useful Math

This document provides an overview of vector calculus concepts used in electromagnetic theory, including: 1) Definitions of flux and circulation which are used in Maxwell's equations. 2) Vector operations like divergence, curl, and gradient. 3) Vector identities and differential operations in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

Derek Cheng
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

Useful Math

This document provides an overview of vector calculus concepts used in electromagnetic theory, including: 1) Definitions of flux and circulation which are used in Maxwell's equations. 2) Vector operations like divergence, curl, and gradient. 3) Vector identities and differential operations in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

Derek Cheng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 134

Electromagnetic Fields and Waves

Bob York

Vector Calculus for Electromagnetic Theory


Basic Concepts:
Maxwells equations are expressed in terms of two important vector eld concepts: ux and circulation. The
ux of a vector eld A through some surface S is dened as


A dS
ux of A through S
S

and the circulation of A around some path C is dened as

circulation of A around C =

A d

these concepts are expressed in dierential form as the divergence and curl


A dS
A d
Divergence: A lim S
Curl: A lim C
V 0
S0
dV
dS
V

where we have dened the del operator, which in rectangular coordinates is

x +
y +
z
x
y
z

The concepts of ux & divergence, circulation & curl, are also related through the Divergence theorem and
the Stokes theorem:


( A) dV =
A dS
Divergence Theorem:
S
V

Stokes Theorem:
( A) dS =
A d
S

Another important operation involves the gradient of a vector eld, which is essentially the vector equivalent
of a derivative operation. The gradient only operates on scalar elds, , and is written as . The gradient
produces a vector which points in the direction of greatest change of the scalar eld.
The Helmholtz Theorem states that any arbitrary vector function A can be decomposed as A = E +F where
E = 0 and F = 0. An important corollary of this theorem is that a vector function is completely
determined only if both its divergence and curl are specied.
Important Vector Identities:
() = +
(A) = A + A
(A) = A A

= 0
( A) = 0
A = ( A) 2 A

(A B) = B ( A) A ( B)
(A B) = A( B) B( A) + (B )A (A )B
(A B) = A ( B) + B ( A) + (B )A + (A )B

Differential operations for some coordinate systems:


Rectangular Coordinates (x, y, z):
= x

+ y
+ z
x
y
z

Ax
Ay
Az
+
+
x
y
z






Az
Ay
Ax
Az
Ay
Ax
A = x

+ y

+ z

y
z
z
x
x
y
A=

2 =

2 2 2
+
+
x2
y2
z 2

2 A = x2 Ax + y2 Ay + z2 Az
Cylindrical Coordinates (r, , z):
= r

+
+ z
r
r
z

1 (rAr ) 1 A
Az
+
+
r r
r
z






1 Az
A
Ar
Az
1 (rA ) Ar

A = r

+ z

r
z
z
r
r
r



1

1 2 2
+
2 =
r
+ 2
r r
r
r 2
z 2




2 A
2 Ar
Ar
A
2 A = r 2 Ar 2
2 + 2 A + 2
2 + z(2 Az )
r
r
r
r
A =

Spherical Coordinates (r, , ):


= r

1 1
+
+
r
r
r sin

1 (r 2 Ar )
1 (A sin )
1 A
+
+
2
r
r
r sin

r sin

 
 

r
(A sin ) A

1 Ar
(rA )
(rA ) Ar

A =
r sin

r sin
r
r
r





2


1
1

1
2 = 2
r2
+ 2
sin
+ 2 2
r r
r
r sin

r sin 2



2
A
A
2 A = r 2 Ar 2 Ar + A cot + csc
+
r




1
Ar
A
+ 2 A 2 A csc2 2
+ 2 cot csc
r




1
Ar
A
2
2

+ A 2 A csc 2 csc
2 cot csc
r

A =

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