IS 11204 Information System

Infrastructure
T. Vinothraj
Lecturer in Computer Science
Eastern University Sri Lanka

Introduction

About me!

About you!

About Course!

About Contents!

Computer Systems: Types of computer systems,

Introduction to personal Computers, networks and
internet, CPU, Memory, I/Os.

Software systems: OS, Application SW, utility SW.

Data communication: Communication fundamentals,

communication networks and internet based
solutions.

Introduction to IS
Lecture 01

Introduction

Information system (IS)

A set of interrelated components that collect,

manipulate, and disseminate data and information, and
provide feedback to meet an objective

Business firms and other organizations rely on

information systems to carry out and manage their
operations, interact with their customers and suppliers,
and compete in the marketplace.

Introduction (continued)

Businesses use IS to

reach their potential customers with targeted

messages over theWeb

process financial accounts, and to manage their human

resources

to increase revenues and reduce costs

Governments deploy IS to

provide services cost-effectively to citizens.

Digital goods

such aselectronic books andsoftware, and online

services, such as auctions andsocial networking

Information Concepts

Information

an organizations most valuable resources

often confused with the term data

Data, Information, and

Knowledge

Data

a collection of raw and unprocessed facts, figures, and

symbols.

It may describes a particular thing in the real world.

It may represent a single value or multiple values.

Information

Collection of facts organized in such a way that they

have value beyond the facts themselves

Simply, it has more value than data to understand a

particular context.

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Data, Information, and

Knowledge (continued)

Process

Set of logically related series of activities

Data can be converted into information by carrying out

some series of activities on data

Knowledge

Awareness and understanding of a set of information

Knowledge is the body of rules, guidelines and

procedures used to select, organize and manipulate
data to make it suitable for a specific task

Data, Information, and Knowledge

11
(continued)

Data, Information, and Knowledge

12
(continued)

Types of Data

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The Characteristics of
Valuable Information

If an organizations information is not accurate or

complete

Depending on the type of data you need

People can make poor decisions, costing thousands, or

even millions, of dollars

Some characteristics become more valuable than

others

Accurate, complete, economical, flexible, reliable,

relevant, simple, timely, verifiable, accessible,
secure

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The Value of Information

Directly linked to how it helps decision makers

achieve their organizations goals

Valuable information

Can help people and their organizations perform tasks

more efficiently and effectively

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System Concepts

System

A collection of elements or components which work

together to achieve a specific goal.

Components of a system

Inputs

Processing mechanisms

Outputs

Feedback

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System Concepts (continued)

Components of a System

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System Concepts Example

- Car wash (continued)

Input: dirty car, water, cleaning ingredients, time,

energy, skill, knowledge

Processing mechanism: select the cleaning options:

wash only/wash with wax/ wash with wax/ and hand
dry

Feedback: your assessment of how clean the car is

Output: clean car

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System Performance and

Standards

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Measure of what is produced divided by what is

consumed

Extent to which system attains its goals

System performance standard

Specific objective of the system

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System Performance and

Standards (continued)

System Performance standards

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System Performance and

Standards (continued)

System Performance standards

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What is an Information
System?

Information system (IS) is a set of interrelated

elements that

Collect (input), manipulate (process), store, and

disseminate (output) data and information, and provide
a corrective reaction (feedback mechanism) to meet an
objective

What
is
an
Information
System?
22
(continued)

The components of an Information System

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Input, Processing, Output,

Feedback

Input

Processing

Converting data into useful outputs

by calculations, comparisons and arranging raw data.

Sometimes, involves storing data for future use.

Output

Activity of gathering and capturing raw data

Production of useful information, usually in the form of

documents and reports

Feedback

Information from the system that is used to make changes

to input or processing activities

Feedback is critical to the successful operation of the

system

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Manual and Computerized

Information Systems

An information system can be:

Manual

Computerized

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Computer-Based
Information Systems

Single set of hardware, software, databases,

telecommunications, people, and procedures

That are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and

process data into information

Technology infrastructure

Includes all hardware, software, databases,

telecommunications, people, and procedures
Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data
into information

We are concern about !

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Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)

Components of a CIBS

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Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)

Hardware

Software

Consists of computer equipment used to perform input,

processing, and output activities

Consists of the computer programs that govern the

operation of the computer

Database

Organized collection of facts and information, typically

consisting of two or more related data files

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Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)

Telecommunications

Telecommunications
The electronic transmission of signals for communications

Networks
Connect computers and equipment to enable electronic
communication

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Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)

Internet

Intranet

Worlds largest computer network, consisting of

thousands of interconnected networks, all freely
exchanging information

An internal network based on Web technologies that

allows people within an organization to exchange
information and work on projects.

Extranet

A network based on Web technologies that allows

selected outsiders, such as business partners and
customers, to access authorized resources of a
companys intranet.

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Computer-Based Information
Systems (continued)

People

include all the people who manage, run, program, and

maintain the system, including the CIO, who manages
the IS department.

End users, Clients, Developers, Development managers

Can be the most important element in most computerbased information systems

Procedures

Include strategies, policies, methods, and rules for

using the CBIS

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Systems Development

Systems development

The activity of creating or modifying existing business

systems

Outsourcing

Allows a company to focus on what it does best and

delegate other functions to companies with expertise
in systems development

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Systems Development
(continued)

An Overview of
Systems Development

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Information Systems in Society,

Business, and Industry

Information systems

Have been developed to meet the needs of all types of

organizations and people

Speed and widespread use opens users to a variety of

threats from unethical people

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Drawbacks of information
systems

Drawbacks of information systems

To protect against threats to your privacy and data

Always being connected at work and to your boss

through the Internet, minimizing free time

Install security and control measures

Use of information systems

Raises work concerns, including job loss through

increased efficiency

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SOCIAL AND ETHICAL

ISSUES

Computer science has created some peripheral

issues, the most prevalent of which can be
categorized as social and ethical issues

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Social Issues

Dependency

Some people think that computers have created a kind

of dependency, which makes peoples lives more
difficult.

Social justice

Social justice is another issue we often hear about. The

advocates of this issue argue that using computers at
home is a luxury benefit that not all people can afford.
The cost of a computer, peripheral devices, and a
monthly charge for Internet access is an extra burden
on low-income people

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Digital divide

The concept of digital divide covers both the issues of

dependency and social justice discussed above. The concept
divides society into two groups: those who are electronically
connected to the rest of society and those who are not.

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Ethical issues

Privacy

Computers allow communication between two parties

to be done electronically. However, much needs to be
done to make this type of communication private.
Society is paying a big price for private electronic
communication. Network security may create this type
of privacy, but it needs effort and costs a lot.

Copyright

Another ethical issue in a computerized society is

copyright: who owns data? The Internet has created
opportunities to share ideas, but has also brought with
it a further ethical issue: electronic copyright.

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Computer crime

Computers and information technology have created

new types of crime. Hackers have been able to access
many computers in the world and have stolen a lot of
money. Virus creators design new viruses to be sent
through the Internet and damage the information
stored in computers. Although there are many antivirus programs in use today, society is paying a big
price for this type of crime, which did not exist before
the computer and Internet era.

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Computer and Information

Systems Literacy

Computer literacy

Knowledge of computer systems and equipment and

the ways they function

Information systems literacy

Knowledge of how data and information are used by

individuals, groups, and organizations

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Information Systems in the

Functional Areas of
Business
Finance and accounting

Sales and marketing

Manufacturing

Human resource management

Legal information systems

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Information Systems in
Industry

Airline industry

Investment firms

Banks

Transportation industry

Publishing companies

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Information Systems in
Industry (continued)

Healthcare organizations

Retail companies

Power management and utility companies

Professional services

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Global Challenges in
Information Systems

Cultural challenges

Language challenges

Time and distance challenges

Infrastructure challenges

Currency challenges

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Global Challenges in Information

Systems (continued)

Product and service challenges

Technology transfer issues

State, regional, and national laws

Trade agreements

Example for Information

Systems

Transaction processing systems

Transaction handling, record keeping

Primarily for clerical personnel and operational-level

managers

Example for Information

Systems

Management information system

Uses an integrated database and supports a variety of

functional areas

Structured information (for example, a weekly

inventory status report with predefined content and
format)

Applications in hospitals (patient accounting, point-ofcare processing), insurance (claims-processing

systems, policy administration, actuarial statistics),
and colleges (student registration, placement)

Example for Information

Systems

Decision support system

Helps the decision makers, especially those at the

tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-making
process

Interactive system

Example for Information

Systems

Executive information system

Subset of DSS

Supports decision making at the executive levels of

management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels

Artificial intelligence

Expert systems, simulation of human sensory capabilities, neural

networks, intelligent agents, robots and robotics

Virtual reality

Combines computer graphics with special hardware to immerse

users in an artificial three-dimensional world

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Summary

Data

Information

Collection of facts organized in such a way that they

have value beyond the facts themselves

System

Raw facts

Set of elements that interact to accomplish a goal

Components of an information system

Input, processing, output, and feedback

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Summary (continued)

Computer-based information system (CBIS)

Single set of hardware, software, databases,

telecommunications, people, and procedures
Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data
into information

Transaction processing system (TPS)

Organized collection of people, procedures, software,

databases, and devices
Used to record completed business transactions

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Summary (continued)

Management information system (MIS)

Organized collection of people, procedures, software,

databases, and devices
That provides routine information to managers and
decision makers

Decision support system (DSS)

Organized collection of people, procedures, software,

databases, and devices
Used to support problem-specific decision making

Systems development

Creating or modifying existing business systems

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Thanks!