Foundation Studies - Pile Group

PART III: PILE GROUP
Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006
A. Introduction
Example of Pile Group
Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile,

footing
Pile Group in Clay
Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

Topic Associated with Pile

Group
Efficiency of Pile Group
Settlement of Pile Group
Load Distribution Among Pile in Pile
Group
Negative Skin Friction
Effect of Pile Driving in Pile Group
B. Efficiency of Pile Group

Objectives:
Appreciate the difference between single pile and
pile group (model test by Kezdi and Whitaker)
Understand approach to consider effect of pile group
Definition
Qg ( u )
Qu
Group efficiency
Qg (u ) Ultimate capacity of group pile

Qu Total capacity of single pile
Stress increase below pile group
Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

Factors Affecting Group

Capacity/Efficiency
Pile group in sand (model test) by Kezdi
Keywords: load, displacement, pile group, Kezdi, diameter, spacing, fine sand
Efficiency of pile group in sand by Kezdi
Keywords: efficiency, width, length, model test, fine sand, row, group, pile
Indra
spacing
S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006
Efficiency of pile group (model test) by Whitaker

Efficiency > 1
Efficiency <1
Keywords: pile load, applied load, Whitaker, ultimate load of pile group, center
pile, corner pile, model test
Efficiency of pile group in clay (experimental) by Sowers
Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model

test, clay, Bentonite, calculated, measured
Proposed efficiency equation
Capacity of pile group in clay

Step 1: Calculate capacity of single pile
Qu=Qp+Qs
Step 2: Calculate ultimate capacity of group pile
(taking into account efficiency of group pile)
Step 3: Assuming that group pile act as a single
block with dimension LgxBgxL, calculate point
bearing and shaft resistance and of the block as:
Qp=Agxqg=Agcu=(LgxBg)cuNc*, and
Qs=2(LgxBgxL)L
Step 4: Compare ultimate load from Step 2 and 3
and the lower value is Qg(u).
Example and Application

Efficiency of pile group
Consider a group pile . If n1=4, and n2=3, the

pile diameter, D=400mm and pile spacing,
d=900mm. Determine the efficiency of pile
group.
tan 1 (400 / 900) 23.962
(4 1)3 (3 1)4
23.962 0.9934
90 * 4 * 3
Group capacity in clay

Example 11.14
Let n1=4, n2=3, D=305mm, d=1220mm, L=15m. Pile has square cross section and
embedded in a homogenous saturated clay with cu=70kN/m2. Using factor of safety equal
to 4, determine the bearing capacity of group pile.
Step 1: Calculate bearing capacity of single pile
Step 2: Calculate efficiency and group capacity (Qg(u)1)

tan 1 (305 / 1220) 23.962
(4 1)3 (3 1)4
23.962 0.9934
90 * 4 * 3
Step 3: Assume single block, calculate block bearing capacity (Qg(u)2)

Step 4: Compare Q
and Q
and use the smaller as Q
Section Outcomes
Able to explain the difference in behavior
between single pile and group pile
Able to outline factors affecting
capacity/efficiency of group pile
Able to calculate efficiency of group pile
Able to calculate capacity of group pile in
sand
Able to calculate capacity of group pile in clay
Reference
Chapter 11.24 and 11.25 (Das, Principles of
Foundation Engineering)
C. Settlement of Pile
Group
Topic Associated with

Settlement of Pile Group
Elastic settlement of single pile
(Meyerhof and Vesic method
Elastic settlement of group pile
(Meyerhof, Vesic and
Berezantsev method)
Consolidation settlement of
group pile
Background
Load distribution below pile foundation
Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand

Settlement below pile group in sand
Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

Settlement in pile group
Keywords: side of pile group, Skempton, single pile, pile group, width
Settlement calculation
Load distribution for settlement calculation of pile group in clay
Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

Load distribution for settlement calculation of pile group in sand
Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
Pile load transfer mechanism
Settlement of single pile

General equation
se se(1) se( 2) se(3)

se (1) Elastic shortening of pile
se( 2) Elastic settlement of surrounding soil
due to tip load
se(3) Elastic settlement of surrounding soil
due to shaft load
Elastic shortening of pile, se(1)
se(1)
(Qwp Qws ) L
Ap E p
Elastic settlement of surrounding soil due to tip load, se(2)
se( 2)
qwp D
Es
(1 s2 ) I wp
Elastic settlement of surrounding soil due to shaft load, se(2)
se(3)
Qws D
2

(
1
s ) I ws
pL Es
Vesic method
se( 2)
se(3)
Qwp C p
Dq p
Qws Cs
Lq p
Settlement of group pile

Elastic settlement (Vesic and Meyerhof)
Vesic equation
s g (e)
Meyerhof chart
Bg
D
se
Elastic settlement (Berezantsev)
Keywords: single pile, pile group, settlement, width, Berezantsev, friction angle
Consolidation settlement
zi
( Bg zi )( Lg zi )

Soil and foundation data as given.
Calculate consolidation settlement.
General equation for consolidation
settlement:
sc
v
Cc H
log v
1 eo
v
Layer No
1
2
3
Section Outcomes
Able to calculate elastic settlement of single
pile using Meyerhof and Vesic method
Able to calculate elastic settlement of group
pile using Meyerhof, Vesic and Berezantsev
methods
Able to calculate consolidation settlement of
group pile
References
D. Load Distribution in Pile

Group
Load Distribution in Play Group
Keywords: pile group, ultimate strength, compression, tension, center or

rotation
Eccentric Loading in Pile Group
Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

Eccentric Load in Pile group
Keywords: assumed centre of rotation, imaginary pile, rows

E. Effect of Negative Skin

Friction on Pile
Two cases of negative skin friction
(a) Clay fill over sand

(b) Sand fill over clay
(a)
(b)
Negative skin friction along pile shaft in clay
Keywords: fill, clay, neutral point, ground water level, lowering

Effect of negative skin on pile in clay
Keywords: point bearing piles, floating piles, crushing, settlements

a. Clay fill over sand

' '
Qn
pK
'
Hf
tan
b. Sand fill over clay

Neutral point, L1
(l H f ) L H f 'f H 2 'f H
L1
'
L
2

'
2
' '
L
pK
tan
Qn ( pK ' 'f H f tan ) L1 1
2
Protection of pile for reduction of

negative skin friction in clay
Keywords: protection piles

Reference
F. Effect of Pile Driving on

Pile Group
Heave caused by pile driving
Keywords: clay, surface heave

Settlement caused by pile driving in sand
Keywords: settlements, cone

Settlement caused by pile driving in excavation
Keywords: clay, sand, sheet pile wall, vibrations, soil anchor

Effect of point resistance by pile driving
Keywords: sand, pile length, vibrations, adjacent pile


Foundation Studies - Pile Group

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Foundation Studies - Pile Group

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Foundation Studies - Pile Group

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PART III: PILE GROUP

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Keywords: single footings, foundation walls, friction pile, end-bearing pile,

Pile Group in Clay

Keywords: elevation, plan, perimeter, plan, undrained shear strength

Topic Associated with Pile

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

B. Efficiency of Pile Group

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Qg (u ) Ultimate capacity of group pile

Stress increase below pile group

Keywords: single pile, pile group, stress distribution

Factors Affecting Group

Efficiency of pile group in sand by Kezdi

Efficiency of pile group (model test) by Whitaker

Efficiency of pile group in clay (experimental) by Sowers

Keywords: pile spacing, efficiency, optimum spacing, Sowers, length, model

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Proposed efficiency equation

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Capacity of pile group in clay

Example and Application

Consider a group pile . If n1=4, and n2=3, the

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Group capacity in clay

Step 2: Calculate efficiency and group capacity (Qg(u)1)

Step 3: Assume single block, calculate block bearing capacity (Qg(u)2)

and use the smaller as Q

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Topic Associated with

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Keywords: pressure bulb, raft, piled raft, width, sand

Settlement below pile group in sand

Keywords: applied load, single pile, loaded pile, sand

Settlement in pile group

Keywords: pile group, clay, 2:1 distribution, pile length

Load distribution for settlement calculation of pile group in sand

Pile load transfer mechanism

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Settlement of single pile

se se(1) se( 2) se(3)

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Elastic shortening of pile, se(1)

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Elastic settlement of surrounding soil due to tip load, se(2)

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Elastic settlement of surrounding soil due to shaft load, se(2)

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Settlement of group pile

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Elastic settlement (Berezantsev)

Example and Application

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

Indra S. Harahap VAB2013/EVB 4013 - Jan 2006

D. Load Distribution in Pile