SQL SERVER

SQL is structured query language, which is computer language for

storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in relational
database.
USE OF SQL:
1. ALLOWS USERS TO ACCESS DATA IN RDBMS.
2. ALLOWS USER TO DESCRIBE THE DATA.
3. ALLOWS USERS TO DEFINE AND MANIPULATE THE DATA IN
DATABASE.
4. ALLOWS USERS TO CREATE AND DROP DATABASES AND TABLES.
5. ALLOWS USERS TO CREATE VIEW, STORED PROCEDURES, AND
FUNCTIONS IN A DATABASE.
SQL COMMANDS
1. DDL (DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE):
IT IS USED TO CREATE AND MODIFY THE STRUCTURE OF
DATABASE OBJECTS IN DATABASE.
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
TRUNCATE
2. DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE):
IT IS USED TO RETRIEVE, STORE, MODIFY, DELETE, INSERT AND
UPDATE DATA IN DATABASE.
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE

3. DCL (DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE):

IT IS USED TO CREATE ROLES, PERMISSIONS AND REFERENTIAL

INTEGRITY AS WELL AS IT IS USED TO CONTROL ACCESS TO
DATABASE BY SECURING IT.
GRANT
REVOKE
4. TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE):
IT IS USED TO MANAGE TRANSACTIONS IN DATABASE. THERE ARE
USED TO MANAGE THE CHANGES MADE BY DML STATEMENTS, IT
ALSO ALLOWS STATEMENTS TO BE GROUPED TOGETHER INTO
LOGICAL TRANSACTIONS.
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
PROPERTIES OF TRANSACTIONS:
TRANSACTIONS HAVE THE FOLLOWING FOUR STANDARD
PROPERTIES, USUALLY REFERRED TO BY THE ACRONYM ACID:
ATOMICITY: ENSURES THAT ALL OPERATIONS WITHIN THE WORK
UNIT ARE COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY; OTHERWISE, THE
TRANSACTION IS ABORTED AT THE POINT OF FAILURE, AND
PREVIOUS OPERATIONS ARE ROLLED BACK TO THEIR FORMER
STATE.
CONSISTENCY: ENSURES THAT THE DATABASE PROPERLY
CHANGES
STATES
UPON
A SUCCESSFULLY
COMMITTED
TRANSACTION.
ISOLATION: ENABLES
TRANSACTIONS
TO
OPERATE
INDEPENDENTLY OF AND TRANSPARENT TO EACH OTHER.
DURABILITY: ENSURES THAT THE RESULT OR EFFECT OF A
COMMITTED TRANSACTION PERSISTS IN CASE OF A SYSTEM
FAILURE.

TABLE:
THE DATA IN RDBMS IS STORED IN DATABASE OBJECTS CALLED
TABLES. THE TABLE IS A COLLECTION OF RELATED DATA ENTRIES
AND IT IS CONSISTS OF COLUMNS AND ROWS.

FIELD:
EVERY TABLE IS BROKEN UP INTO SMALLER ENTRIES CALLED FIELDS.

SQL CONSTRAINTS
1. NOT NULL
2. DEFAULT
3. UNIQUE
4. PRIMARY KEY
5. FOREIGN KEY
6. CHECK
7. INDEX
DDL COMMANDS:
1. CREATE: CREATES A NEW TABLE, VIEW OF TABLE OR OTHER
OBJECTS IN DATABASE.
QUERY:
CREATE TABLE Sal(
ID
INT
NOT NULL,
NAME
VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,--USED TO CREATE A TABLE "SAL"
AGE
INT NOT NULL,
AMOUNT
INT,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

OUTPUT: COMMANDS COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY

2. ALTER: MODIFIES AN EXISTING DATABASE OBJECT SUCH AS A
TABLE.
QUERY: QUERIES RELATED TO ALTER

(1) ALTER TABLE Sal ADD EMAIL VARCHAR(50);-- ADDS EMAIL COLUMN

OUTPUT:

(2) ALTER TABLE Sal DROP COLUMN EMAIL; -- REMOVES EMAIL COLUMN
OUTPUT:

(3)

ALTER TABLE Sal ALTER COLUMN

DATATYPE FROM INT TO FLOAT
OUTPUT:

AGE

FLOAT;

--

CHANGING

(4) ALTER TABLE Sal ALTER COLUMN AMOUNT INT NOT NULL; -- WONT
ALLOW NULL VALUES IN AMOUNT COLUMN
(5) ALTER TABLE Sal ALTER COLUMN AMOUNT INT NULL; -- WILL ALLOW
NULL VALUES IN AMOUNT COLUMN
(6)

ALTER TABLE Sal ADD CONSTRAINT UNIQUE UK (AMOUNT);-- ADDING

UNIQUE CONSTRAINT

(7)

ALTER TABLE
CONSTRAINT

Sal

DROP

CONSTRAINT

UK;--

REMOVING

UNIQUE

(8)

ALTER TABLE Sal ADD CONSTRAINT

ADDING PRIMARY KEY CONSTRAINT

(9)

ALTER TABLE Sal DROP CONSTRAINT PK; -- REMOVING PRIMARY KEY

CONSTRAINT

PK

PRIMARY

KEY(ID);

(10) ALTER TABLE Sal ADD CONSTRAINT CK CHECK

(AMOUNT < 40000 ); -- ADDING CHECK CONSTRAINT
ALLOWING TABLE TO ENTER AMOUNT MORE THAN 40000
OUTPUT:

(11) ALTER TABLE

CONSTRAINT

Sal

DROP

CONSTRAINT

CK;--

AND

REMOVES

--

NOT

CHECK

3.DROP: THE SQL DROP TABLE STATEMENT IS USED TO REMOVE A

TABLE DEFINITION AND ALL DATA, INDEXES, TRIGGERS,
CONSTRAINTS, AND PERMISSION SPECIFICATIONS FOR THAT
TABLE.
NOTE: AS WE SEEN ABOVE HOW A DROP COMMAND
WORKS.
YOU HAVE TO BE CAREFUL WHILE USING THIS COMMAND
BECAUSE ONCE A TABLE IS DELETED THEN ALL THE
INFORMATION AVAILABLE IN THE TABLE WOULD ALSO BE
LOST FOREVER.
QUERY:
DROP TABLE Sal; -- REMOVES ENTIRE TABLE STRUCTURE, SCHEMA AND
FIELDS

4.

TRUNCATE: THE SQL TRUNCATE TABLE COMMAND IS USED TO

DELETE COMPLETE DATA FROM AN EXISTING TABLE. YOU CAN
ALSO USE DROP TABLE COMMAND TO DELETE COMPLETE TABLE

BUT IT WOULD REMOVE COMPLETE TABLE STRUCTURE FORM THE

DATABASE AND YOU WOULD NEED TO RE-CREATE THIS TABLE
ONCE AGAIN IF YOU WISH YOU STORE SOME DATA.

QUERY:
TRUNCATE TABLE SK; -- REMOVES TABLE DATA,BUT KEEPS SCHEMA AND
FIELDS.

OUTPUT:

DML COMMANDS:
1.SELECT: SQL SELECT STATEMENT IS USED TO FETCH THE DATA
FROM A DATABASE TABLE WHICH RETURNS DATA IN THE FORM OF
RESULT TABLE. THESE RESULT TABLES ARE CALLED RESULT-SETS.
QUERY: QUERIES RELATED TO SELECT
(1) SELECT * FROM Sal; -- DISPLAYS WHOLE TABLE DATA
OUTPUT:

(2) SELECT * FROM Sal WHERE ID = 1; -- TO SELECT

PARTICULAR ROW DATA
OUTPUT:

(3) SELECT * FROM Sal WHERE ID = 1 AND AGE = 25;

USING AND OPERATOR

OUTPUT:

(4) SELECT * FROM Sal WHERE ID = 1 OR AGE = 26; -USING OR OPERATOR

OUTPUT:

(5) SELECT NAME FROM Sal; -- TO SELECT PARTICULAR

COLUMN DATA
OUTPUT:

(6) SELECT NAME,AGE FROM Sal WHERE ID = 2; -- TO

SELECT PARTICULAR COLOUMN BY USING CONDITION
OUTPUT:

2.INSERT: THE SQL INSERT INTO STATEMENT IS USED TO ADD

NEW ROWS OF DATA TO A TABLE IN THE DATABASE.
QUERY:
INSERT INTO Sal(ID, NAME, AGE, AMOUNT)
VALUES
(1, 'RAJESH', 25, 15000),
(2, 'RAKESH', 26, 26000),
(3, 'SANGAMESH', 23, 32000),
(4, 'VARUN', 25, 28000),

(5, 'PRAVEEN', 24, 35000);

OR
INSERT INTO Sal VALUES
(1, 'RAJESH', 25, 15000),
(2, 'RAKESH', 26, 26000),
(3, 'SANGAMESH', 23, 32000),
(4, 'VARUN', 25, 28000),
(5, 'PRAVEEN', 24, 35000);

3. UPDATE: THE SQL UPDATE QUERY IS USED TO MODIFY THE

EXISTING RECORDS IN A TABLE. YOU CAN USE WHERE CLAUSE
WITH UPDATE QUERY TO UPDATE SELECTED ROWS OTHERWISE
ALL THE ROWS WOULD BE AFFECTED.
QUERY: QUERIES RELATED TO UPDATE
WE WILL SEE HOW WE CAN UPDATE DATA USING THE
FOLLOWING TABLE DATA.

(1)

UPDATE PERSON SET NAME = 'SATTI' WHERE ID = 5;

-- UPDATED THE DATA FOR ID =5
OUTPUT:

(2)

UPDATE PERSON SET SALARY = 5000; -- UPDATED

SALARY
VALUES

COLUMN

TO

5000

SINCE

WE

ARE

ALLOWING

DUPLICATE

OUTPUT:

4. DELETE: THE SQL DELETE QUERY IS USED TO DELETE THE

EXISTING RECORDS FROM A TABLE. YOU CAN USE WHERE
CLAUSE WITH DELETE QUERY TO DELETE SELECTED ROWS,
OTHERWISE ALL THE RECORDS WOULD BE DELETED.

QUERY:

(1)

DELETE FROM PERSON WHERE ID =5; -- DELETES THE

ENTIRE ROW

OUTPUT:

(2) DELETE FROM PERSON;-- DELETES THE ENTIRE TABLE.

KEEPS THE SCHEMA, STRUCTURE AND FIELDS

OUTPUT:

DCL COMMANDS
1.GRANT: SQL GRANT IS A COMMAND USED TO PROVIDE
ACCESS OR PRIVILEGES ON THE DATABASE OBJECTS TO THE
USERS.
THE SYNTAX FOR THE GRANT COMMAND IS:
GRANT PRIVILEGE_NAME
ON OBJECT_NAME
TO {USER_NAME |PUBLIC |ROLE_NAME}
[WITH GRANT OPTION];
PRIVILEGE_NAME IS

THE

ACCESS

RIGHT

OR

PRIVILEGE GRANTED TO THE USER. SOME OF THE

ACCESS RIGHTS ARE ALL, EXECUTE, AND SELECT.
OBJECT_NAME IS THE NAME OF A DATABASE OBJECT
LIKE TABLE, VIEW, STORED PROC AND SEQUENCE.
USER_NAME IS THE NAME OF THE USER TO WHOM
AN ACCESS RIGHT IS BEING GRANTED.
USER_NAME IS THE NAME OF THE USER TO WHOM
AN ACCESS RIGHT IS BEING GRANTED.
PUBLIC IS USED TO GRANT ACCESS RIGHTS TO ALL
USERS.
ROLES ARE
TOGETHER.

SET

OF

PRIVILEGES

GROUPED

 WITH GRANT OPTION - ALLOWS A USER TO GRANT

ACCESS RIGHTS TO OTHER USERS.
2. REVOKE: THE REVOKE COMMAND REMOVES USER ACCESS
RIGHTS OR PRIVILEGES TO THE DATABASE OBJECTS.
THE SYNTAX FOR THE REVOKE COMMAND IS:
REVOKE PRIVILEGE_NAME
ON OBJECT_NAME
FROM {USER_NAME|PUBLIC|ROLE_NAME}
TCL COMMANDS:
1. COMMIT: THE COMMIT COMMAND IS THE TRANSACTIONAL
COMMAND USED TO SAVE CHANGES INVOKED BY A TRANSACTION
TO THE DATABASE. THE COMMIT COMMAND SAVES ALL
TRANSACTIONS TO THE DATABASE SINCE THE LAST COMMIT OR
ROLLBACK COMMAND.
QUERY:
(1) BEGIN TRAN
DELETE FROM TBL_PERSON WHERE ID =2; -- IT WILL DELETE THE
ROW AND FINALIZESS YOUR PERMISSION BY COMMIT COMMAND
COMMIT;
OUTPUT:

2. ROLLBACK: THE ROLLBACK COMMAND IS THE TRANSACTIONAL

COMMAND USED TO UNDO TRANSACTIONS THAT HAVE NOT
ALREADY BEEN SAVED TO THE DATABASE. THE ROLLBACK
COMMAND CAN ONLY BE USED TO UNDO TRANSACTIONS SINCE
THE LAST COMMIT OR ROLLBACK COMMAND WAS ISSUED.
QUERY:

(1) BEGIN TRAN

DELETE FROM TBL_PERSON WHERE ID =1; -- IT WILL DELETE THE
ROW AND GETS IT BACK BY USING ROLLBACK COMMAND
ROLLBACK;
OUTPUT:

3. SAVEPOINT: A SAVEPOINT IS A POINT IN A TRANSACTION WHEN

YOU CAN ROLL THE TRANSACTION BACK TO A CERTAIN POINT
WITHOUT ROLLING BACK THE ENTIRE TRANSACTION.
QUERY:
(1) BEGIN TRANSACTION T1; -- BEGINNING OF TRANSACTION
SAVE TRANSACTION S1; -- BEGINNING OF SAVEPOINT
INSERT INTO TBL_GENDER VALUES(4, 'MALE');
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION S1; -- ROLLBACKING THE DATA
USING SAVE POINT
OUTPUT:

SYNTAX:
BEGIN TRANSACTION TRANSACTION_NAME;
SAVE TRAN | TRANSACTION SAVEPOINT_NAME;
--ENTER QUERIES HERE YOU WANT TO EXECUTE
ROLLBACK TRANSACTION SAVEPOINT_NAME

AGAIN