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    Set Solutions and Venn Diagram - Pps

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    Rio Perez
    The document provides information about set operations and Venn diagrams. It defines intersection, union, and complement set operations. It gives examples of using Venn diagrams to illustrate these operations by shading the regions that represent the resulting sets. It also introduces DeMorgan's Laws, which allow rewriting expressions involving complements of unions and intersections. Finally, it provides exercises asking the reader to select Venn diagrams with shading that represents given set operations.

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    Set Solutions and Venn Diagram - Pps

    Uploaded by

    Rio Perez
    258 views31 pages
    The document provides information about set operations and Venn diagrams. It defines intersection, union, and complement set operations. It gives examples of using Venn diagrams to illustrate these operations by shading the regions that represent the resulting sets. It also introduces DeMorgan's Laws, which allow rewriting expressions involving complements of unions and intersections. Finally, it provides exercises asking the reader to select Venn diagrams with shading that represents given set operations.

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    Set Solutions and Venn Diagram.pps

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    The document provides information about set operations and Venn diagrams. It defines intersection, union, and complement set operations. It gives examples of using Venn diagrams to illustrate these operations by shading the regions that represent the resulting sets. It also introduces DeMorgan's Laws, which allow rewriting expressions involving complements of unions and intersections. Finally, it provides exercises asking the reader to select Venn diagrams with shading that represents given set operations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pps, pdf, or txt
    258 views31 pages

    Set Solutions and Venn Diagram - Pps

    Uploaded by

    Rio Perez
    The document provides information about set operations and Venn diagrams. It defines intersection, union, and complement set operations. It gives examples of using Venn diagrams to illustrate these operations by shading the regions that represent the resulting sets. It also introduces DeMorgan's Laws, which allow rewriting expressions involving complements of unions and intersections. Finally, it provides exercises asking the reader to select Venn diagrams with shading that represents given set operations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pps, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Part 1 Module 2

    Set operations, Venn diagrams

    Set operations
    LetU={x|xisanEnglishlanguagefilm}
    SetAbelowcontainsthefivebestfilmsaccordingto
    theAmericanFilmInstitute.
    SetBbelowcontainsthefivebestfilmsaccordingto
    TVGuide.
    SetCbelowcontainsthefivemostpassionatefilms
    accordingtotheAmericanFilmInstitute.

    Set operations
    A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,
    GoneWiththeWind,LawrenceofArabia}
    B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizard
    ofOz,CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}
    C={GoneWiththeWind,Casablanca,WestSide
    Story,AnAffairToRemember,RomanHoliday}.

    Set operations
    FormanewsetwhoseelementsarethosethatsetsAandB
    haveincommon
    A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththe
    Wind,LawrenceofArabia}
    B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,
    CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}

    {CitizenKane,Casablanca}
    ThissetiscalledtheINTERSECTIONofAandB,denotedA
    B.
    AB={CitizenKane,Casablanca}

    Set operations
    FindBC
    B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,
    CitizenKane,ToKillAMockingbird}
    C={GoneWiththeWind,Casablanca,WestSideStory,An
    AffairToRemember,RomanHoliday}
    BC={Casablanca}

    Set operations
    Adifferentoperation:formanewsetthatcontainsalltheelementsofA
    alongwithalltheelementsofB.
    A={CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththeWind,
    LawrenceofArabia}
    B={Casablanca,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,CitizenKane,
    ToKillAMockingbird}
    {CitizenKane,Casablanca,TheGodfather,GoneWiththeWind,
    LawrenceofArabia,TheGodfatherPart2,TheWizardofOz,ToKill
    AMockingbird}
    ThissetiscalledtheunionofAwithB,denotedAB.

    Set operations
    Wehaveencounteredthreebasicsetoperations(including
    somethingfromPart1Module1).
    Intersection
    ST={x|xSandxT}
    Union
    ST={x|xSorxT}.
    Complement
    S={x|xS}.

    Venn Diagrams
    A Venn diagram is a drawing in which sets are
    represented by geometric figures such as circles and
    rectangles.
    Venn diagrams can be used to illustrate the
    relationships between sets, and the effects of set
    operations.
    Venn diagrams are also used in other areas of
    mathematics, such as counting, probability and logic.

    Venn Diagrams - Intersection


    Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
    diagram below illustrates the effect of
    intersection. The shaded region corresponds to ST.

    Venn Diagrams - Union


    Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
    diagram below illustrates the effect of
    union. The shaded region corresponds to
    ST.

    Venn diagrams - Complement


    Let S, T represent any sets in a universe U. The Venn
    diagram below illustrates the effect of
    complement. The shaded region corresponds to S.

    Exercise #1
    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    S={3,5,8,11}
    T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
    V={2,5,6,7,8}
    W={1,3,5,6}
    Find ( V S ) ( W T )
    A.{}
    B.{4,10,11}
    C.{1,4,10}
    D.Noneofthese

    Solution #1
    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    S={3,5,8,11}
    T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
    V={2,5,6,7,8}
    W={1,3,5,6}
    Find ( V S ) ( W T )
    First, find V and S
    V = {1,3,4,9,10,11} S = {1,2,4,6,7,9,10}
    So V S = {1, 4, 9, 10}
    Next,T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11} and W={1,3,5,6}
    W T = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11}
    Finally,( V S ) ( W T ) = {1, 4, 10}

    Exercise #2
    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
    V={2,5,6,7,8}
    Find (V T)
    A.{1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    B.{3,4,10,11}
    C.{1,3,4,6,8,9,10,11}
    D.Noneofthese

    Solution #2
    U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    T={3,4,6,7,8,10,11}
    V={2,5,6,7,8}
    Find (V T)
    T = {1, 2, 5, 9} and V = {2,5,6,7,8}
    so V T = {2, 5}
    Since V T = {2, 5} and U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}
    (V T) = {1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11}

    EXAMPLE 1.2.1 Venn diagrams

    From your text:


    EXAMPLE 1.2.1 #13
    On the Venn diagram below, shade the region corresponding to
    AB.

    Solution
    To shade the region corresponding to AB,weneedtounderstandthemeanings
    ofbothterms,andunderstandtheoperationofunion.

    within set A is
    shaded.

    outside set B
    is shaded.

    Solution, page 2
    Now, apply the inclusive operation of union to the shaded figures for AandB
    TheshadedfigureforABwillincludealltheshadingfromtheAfigurealong
    withalltheshadingfromtheBfigure.

    A
    AB

    Exercise #3
    Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
    AB .

    Solution #3
    For AB ,we need to draw the shaded figure for A,theshaded
    figureforB,andthenperformtheunionoftheshadingfromthose
    twofigures.
    UNION

    AB

    Exercise #4
    Select the Venn diagram whose shaded region corresponds to
    (A B).

    Solution #4
    Tomaketheshadedfigure(A B),weneedtofirstmakethe
    shadedfigureforA B,andthenapplytheideaof
    complement.
    INTERSECTION

    DeMorgans Laws
    Intheprevioustwoexerciseswesawthattheshadedfigurefor(A B)is
    identicaltotheshadedfigureforAB.ThismeansthatAB and
    (A B)areequivalentoperations.Thisconfirmsoneofthefollowing
    generalfacts,whichareknownasDeMorgansLawsforSet
    Mathematics.

    ForanysetsS,T
    ( S T) = S T
    ( S T) = S T
    The complement of a union is the intersection of the
    complements; the complement of an intersection is the
    union of the complements

    Exercise #5, DeMorgans Laws


    Let U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
    T = {c, e}
    V = {a, d, e}
    Find ( T V )
    A. {e}
    B. {a, c, d, e}
    C. {b, f, g}
    D. None of these

    Solution #5
    U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
    T = {c, e}
    V = {a, d, e}.
    Find ( T V )
    We will first simplify ( T V ) by applying one of DeMorgans Laws, which
    states that we can distribute the outer complement onto both terms inside the
    parentheses, if we also change the union to intersection:
    ( T V ) = T V
    Now, finish the calculation by evaluating T V:
    T = {c, e} and V = {a, d, e}, so T V = {e}

    Alternative Solution #5
    U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
    Find ( T V )

    T = {c, e}

    V = {a, d, e}

    Instead of using one of DeMorgans Laws to simplify first, we can find the elements
    of T, the elements of V, perform the union of those two sets, and then the
    complement.
    T = {a, b, d, f, g}
    V = {b, c, f, g}
    So, T V = {a, b, c, d, f, g}
    and finally
    ( T V ) = {e}

    Exercise #6
    LIKE EXAMPLE 1.2.3 from your text:
    On the Venn diagram below, shade the region
    corresponding to B(AC)
    A

    Solution #6
    To shade the region corresponding to B(AC),wemust
    findtheshadedfigureforB,theshadedfigureforAC,
    andthefindtheintersectionofthoseshadedfigures.

    B

    Solution #6, page 2


    TheshadedfigureforACrequiresthatwedrawtheshadedfigureforA,
    andshadedfigureforC,andapplyuniontothosetwofigures.
    UNION
    C C
    A

    Solution #6, page 3


    Now that we have produced the shaded figure for BandtheshadedfigureforAC,
    weintersectthosefigurestogettheshadingforB(AC).
    INTERSECTION
    B C
    B
    A
    (A C)

    Exercise #7
    Select the shaded figure for ( C B ) A

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