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HF TRANSCEIVER

HF TRANSCEIVER

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HF TRANSCEIVER :

V.I.P Member

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Oct 2007

388

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R
This page
will describe
the
construction
of a multi
band SSB
transceiver.
Because I do
99% of my
operating on
my four
favourite
bands, I
decided to
build a four
band rig with
provision for
adding a fifth
band later.
The design
can be used
on any band
from 160M
to 10M. Mine
covers 80M,
40M, 17M,
.10M

SIMPLIFIED
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
This is
definitely not
a project for
the
beginner. I
will only
provide a
circuit
diagram and
a brief
de******ion
of each part
of the
transceiver.
The
construction
details and
choice of
construction
method,
PCB, ugly

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construction,
Stripboard,
etc, are left
to the
individual
.constructor

Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

RF BAND PASS FILTER

The band pass filter unit is one of the most important
parts of of the transceiver. The PCB has four filters and
space for a fifth, in case I decide to add an extra band
later. There are three parallel tuned circuits in each
filter. Each tuned circuit is coupled to the next by a
capacitor (C2, C3). Diodes are used for input/output
switching. The filters have an input and output
.impedance of 50 Ohms

Oct 2007

388

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BAND PASS FILTER

The schematic shows the arrangement of the band pass
filters and i/o switching. To keep things clear and simple,
only two bands are shown. You can have as many as you
like. When using ordinary Silicon diodes instead of
proper PIN diodes, it is very important to ensure that the
DC current (more than 20mA in this circuit) is greater
than the RF signal current. The diodes in the filters that
are switched out, have several volts of reverse bias
.applied

BPF DETAIL
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BPF TOP VIEW

PCB
Hand drawn PCB layout for the BPF circuit board. I drilled
the holes for the inductors first, then drew the PCB
tracks with an etch resist pen. It looks ugly but it works
quite well. I used a simple template to help drill the holes
.for the Toko inductors

DRILLING
TEMPLATE

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TOKO 10K Coil

All of the inductors were wound on Toko 10mm formers
that were recovered from scrap equipment. These
transformers are used in television receivers, car radios,
CB radios etc. Most of the Toko formers in the BPF were
stripped from an old VHF two way radio. The ****l
screening can on the Toko coils is secured to the plastic
base of the coil former by four dimples. They can be
flattened by using a carpet knife. It takes a bit of
pressure so BE CAREFUL. Once the ****l can is out of
the way, it is quite easy to remove the copper wire from
the former. Use a jewellers screwdriver to break the wire
away from the pins, then unwind the wire from the
former. If there is a capacitor in the base of the coil, cut
the leads off and remove it. Use enamelled copper wire
.for the new windings. See table below for details

BandT1T2T3C1C2C3C4C580M21T,4T21T21T,
4T270p22p22p270p270p40M18T, 3T18T18T,
3T100p7p7p100p100p17M10T, 2T10T10T,
2T47p5p5p47p47p10M8T, 2T8T8T,
2T33p3p3p33p33pCOMPONENT VALUES
The inductance of a Toko 10K coil is approximately: L in
microHenries = (16 * turns squared)/1000. Despite the
fact that there are many different types of 10mm
inductors, this formula usually gives reasonably accurate
results. This type of coil has a tuning range of about
30%. I tested the BPF unit by connecting it to the input
of my nine band HF rig. The 40M, 17M and 10M filters
worked perfectly, the 80M filter was very lossy. I had to
change the original 220pf capacitors to 270pF to get it
working properly. I used ceramic disc capacitors for
everything except the 0.1mFd de-coupling capacitors.
They are surface mount types, mounted on the solder

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.side of the board

Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER, LPF AND

BALANCED MODULATOR

Oct 2007

388

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MIC AMPLIFIER AND LPF

The microphone amplifier has a gain of more than 20dB.
The amplifier is followed by an 2.7KHz active low pass
filter. A dual op-amp is used for both stages. The choice
of op-amp is not critical. I use an LF353 but most dual
.op-amps should work in this circuit

MIC AMP PCB TOP VIEW

Like all the other circuit boards in this transceiver, the
PCB was drawn by hand. I used double-sided PCB. All

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ground connections are made to the top PCB foil (Ground

plane). The holes for any component leads that are not
grounded, must be reamed out (countersunk?) with a
.suitable tool. I used a 3mm HSS drill bit

OSCILLATOR/MODULATOR

OSC/MOD PCB
Top view
The carrier oscillator/balanced modulator unit is very
similar to the circuit used in the 80M SSB rig. All
transistors are 2SC710's. Any general purpose NPN
transistor with an ft of a couple of hundred MHz should
be suitable. I used BC547's in the 80M rig. The
transformer is 6 turns, trifilar wound on a medium to
.high permeability ferrite core

.Details of transformer phasing

I tried several types of diode in the balanced modulator.
OA91 and 1N34 point contact diodes worked well.
1N4148 silicon diodes also gave rood results. I decided to
.use the 1N4148's, as they are more readily available

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Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

RECEIVE/TRANSMIT MIXER

Oct 2007

388

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RX/TX SCHEMATIC
The same diode ring mixer and post mixer amp are used
for transmitting and receiving. A pair of miniature realys
are used for TX/RX switching. I use a pair of National
SPDT relays. These relays are almost completely silent
when changing over. Avoid using noisy relays, especially
for VOX operation. I use four standard silicon switching
diodes 1N4148, 1N914 etc. I spent some time with a
fistful of diodes and a multimeter to select four that were
closely matched for forward resistance. Use 8 turns
trifilar wound on a medium to high permeability toroid
core, for the transformers in the mixer. The mixer I.F.
port is terminated by a 3dB attenuator. The post mixer
amp is a 2SC784. I intended to use a 2N3866 but I had
none left in the junk box. Use 8 turns bifilar wound for
the output transformer. Have a look at the 80M
.Transceiver.for more tips on making diode DBM's

RX/TX MIXER
As you can see in the picture, the mixer is built dead bug
style, on a piece of circuit board. I was planning to etch a

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proper PCB but the circuit works so well, I decided to use

.the rough looking prototype

Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

LOW LEVEL TRANSMIT AMPLIFIER

Oct 2007

388

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LOW LEVEL AMPLIFIER

The low level amplifier is very similar to the one used in.
the 80M Transceiver Many of the components were
chosen because of their availability rather than their
suitability. I used a 2SC1166 transistor for the first stage
and a 2N4427 for the second stage. Any VHF/UHF
transistor with a maximum power rating of about one
Watt should work work well in this circuit. I can
recommend The 2N4427, 2N3866 and 2N5109. Both
transistors need a clip on heatsink. The interstage
transformer is 6 turns on a medium to high permeability
ferrite toroid. The 470 microHenry inductor can be
replaced with a much smaller one, 22 microHenries
.should be about right

TOP VIEW

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Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

I.F. Amplifier

Oct 2007

388

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I.F. Amplifier
The I.F. amplifier is similar to the one used in the 80M
receiver project . The original design has been modified
by putting a couple of LED's in the source circuit of each
Mosfet. The voltage drop across the LED's keeps the
source voltage at about two volts. This results in a much
greater AGC range. This arrangement was suggested by
.N6BIU. Thanks Jim
The I.F. transformer primary has 18 turns, the secondary
winding has 4 turns. The capacitors across the IFT
primaries are 82pF. The input/output transformer has 12
turns, tapped at 3 turns from ground. This transformer is
wound on a ferrite core. The mosfets are 3SK45's. The
diodes in the product detector are 1N34's. I use a six
pole SSB filter from a scrap CB. The centre frequency is
.7.8MHz. The -6db bandwidth is about 2.5KHz

.Update: 8 Feb. 2002

Since I built this rig, I have replaced the original IF
amplifier board with a completely new unit. I used a
dual-gate mosfet as the first IF amplifier and a Motorola
MC1350P as the second IF amplifier. The low noise of the
mosfet combined with the excellent AGC characteristics
.of the MC1350P results in a very good IF amp

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The schematics for the new IF and AGC modules are

below. I haven't had time to make a careful check for
.errors, please let me know if you find any

New IF amplifier

New AGC circuit

PCB top view

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Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

AGC

Oct 2007

388

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:

AGC

After trying several more elaborate AGC circuits, I came

up with the very simple circuit above. On a quiet
frequency the output to the IF amplifiers is about 6 volts.
When the receiver is tuned to a strong signal, the signal
from the audio pre-amp is amplified by the first BC109
transistor, then converted to a slowly changing DC
voltage by a voltage doubling rectifier. This DC voltage is
inverted by the second BC109. The voltage at the
collector of the second BC109 will decrease as the
received signal gets stronger. This voltage is applied to
gate 2 of the IF amplifiers. The output is also used to
drive the signal meter. I used a 50 microamp moving coil
meter. The 10K pot is used to zero the meter. The 100K
pot sets the meter deflection. I set mine so that very
strong 100KW broadcast stations read full scale on the
meter. If you have an accurate signal generator, you can
calibrate the meter to read S9 for 50 microvolts input. I
......will calibrate mine properly, one of these days

Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

VFO

Oct 2007

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388

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BAND SWITCHED VFO

The VFO is a simple Clapp/Gouriet oscillator. J113 FET's

are used for the VFO and first buffer amp. One pole of a
double pole, six way switch is used for band switching.
The other pole is used to supply DC to the BPF and LPF
boards. The digital display and stabiliser unit controls the
frequency by feeding a DC control voltage to a varicap
.diode in the VFO
The capacitor marked '*' is a 'gimmick' capacitor, made
from two short lengths of insulated wire twisted together.
The value of this capacitor is chosen to give a frequency
change of 2KHz over the control voltage range of 1V to
4V. The 47pF and 220PF capacitors should be
polystyrene, silvered mica, or NPO ceramic types. I used
a good quality air spaced tuning capacitor with a 60:1
.anti-backlash reduction drive
The inductor (L) is wound on a ceramic former. The coil
.in this VFO has 44 turns

Re: HF TRANSCEIVER

V.I.P Member

Driver

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Oct 2007

388

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DRIVER

Like all the other stages of the transmitter, the driver

amp is run in class A. Shunt feedback and emitter
degeneration is used to ensure good linearity and wide
bandwidth. The transistor is a CB output transistor. The
2SC2216 or 2SC1306 should also be suitable. The
standing current is just under 500mA so a good heat
heat sink will be required. The input transformer is 8T/2T
on a pair of high permeability ferrite cores. The output
.transformer is 4T, bifilar wound on four ferrite cores

IMD Test
I have received some very complimentary reports about
the transmit audio quality, even from the 'audiophiles' on
40M. The spectrograph above shows the results of a
two-tone test. The 3rd order (A) and 5th order (B)
intermodulation products are clearly visible. All IMD
products are 40dB or more, below either tone. This is
equivalent to 46dB below PEP. There is no trace of IMD
(splatter) at +/- 3KHz, when listening on my other
.receiver. The circuit was tested at an output level of 2W

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V.I.P Member

A.F. AMP

Oct 2007

388

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RECEIVE A.F. AMPLIFIER

The A.F. amplifier is very standard stuff. The pre-amp is

an inverting amplifier with a gain of about 27dB. The
audio output amplifier is a 2 Watt I.C. I used the 14 pin
version of the LM380. There is an 8 pin version, so make
sure you don't buy the wrong one. I built mine on a piece
.of stripboard (Veroboard)

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Channels, Propagation and Antennas for Mobile Communications (Iee Electromagnetic Wav |
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