£ 3320-0E FURUM® OPERATOR'S MANUAL _MARINE RADAR _ MODEL 1930 FURUNO ELECTRIC CO., LTD. NISHINOMIYA, JAPANWARNING AGAINST HIGH ‘TENSION The operation of this equipment involves the use of high voltage, which endangers human life, Although the design of the equipment has been made in due consideration of measures to insure the operator's safety. adequate precaution must be exercised when reaching inside the equipment for the purpose of maintenance and sorviee. Do not change a component or inspect the equipment with the voltage applied. A residual charge imay exist in sume capacitues mith ue equipment turned oft. always short all supply. lines to the chassis with an insulated serewdriver or a similar tool prior to touching the cireuit. FIRST AID IN CASE OF 6 ECT RIC SHOCK When a vietim struck by electricity is found, first switeh off the equipment via the main switch on the equipment or the ship's disteibution board. If thio io not poooible, protect yourself with uty insulating material (a wyvdeH plate or rod, cloth, your bell, ete.) and pull the victim clear of electricity. If the victim is not breathing’ himself, apply artificial respiration according to the "sethod of Artificial Respiration.” — Do not give np halfway. Perseverance and continual efforts are important in artificial respiration. ME LHUY UE AILIPIUIAL KEOPLKALION Lay the victin on his back. — Position yourself beside the vietim's head and pineh his nose by your thumb and forefinger to, prevent aif leakage. Insert the thumb of your other hand between the victim's teeth and lift his ehin up. ‘Then, place the arm Cine one closing the victim! avse) um the s forehead and press the head down so that the victim's head is given a maximum backward tilt with the chin prominent and the neck bent back. Seal the victim's mouth with your mouth and blow therein about half of the deeply jue alr every ume. atuer exnaang. turn your head to wateh for a chest contraction, whilst inhaling deeply in readiness for the novt hlowing. Repeat the movements faster for the first 1 to 2 minutes and 12 times per minute thereafter. Radiation emitted from the seanner ean be harmful, particularly to the eyes. Vo avoid harmful radiation, ensure the radar is set to either ST-BY or OFF before beyinuing wurk un bie eauner, Unuee Ho clreumstanees should you look directly into the scanner from a distance of less than 2 feet when the radar is in operation.A WORD TO FURUNO MODEL 1930 OWNERS: Congratulstions on your choice of the FURUNO Model 1930 Radar. We are confident that you will enjoy many years of operation with this piece of equipments For over 40 vears FURUNO Fletrie Company hac anjayed an onviable reputation for quality and reliability throughout the world. This dedication to exeslience is furthered by our extensive global network of agents and dealers. ‘The Modet 1930 Radar is just one of the many Furuno developments in the Field of eden. Tho sompast, Kghtwoight but rugged unit is easy W lista and operate and is suitable for use on a wide variety of vessels. This unit is designed and constructed to give the user many years of trouble-free operation. However, to obtain optimum performance from this unit, you should carefully read and follow the recommended procedures for inotallation, uperativn ant ualnwnuice. Ro macnine ean pertorm to. the utmost of its ability unless it is installed and maintained properly. We would appreciate feedback from you, the end-user, about whether we are achieving our purposes. ‘Thank you for considering and purchasing Furuno equipment. No une navigational aid slivuld ve relied upon exciusively tor we sarety ot vessel and crew. This navigator has the responsibility to check all aids available to confirm his position, Fleetronie aids are stitute for basie navigational principles and naman conseCONTENTS SPECIFICATIONS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION INSTALLATION GENERAL eveeees SCANNER UNIT” INSTALLATION DISPLAY UNIT INSTALLATION CHECKTHG THE INSTAL TATION INTTTAL "PROCEDURES RELATIVE BEARING ALIGNMENT SWEEP TIMING ADJUSTMENT PRESET GAIN AOJUSTRENT TOE TUNING & TUNING INDICATOR SENSITIVITY ADJUSTMENT’ PANE ILLUMINATION ADJUSTMENT .......ece00 aye S26 AN,uISTMERT Ct MAGNETRON HEATER VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT MEASUREMENT OF BLIND SHROON SECTORS UPERAILUNAL OVERVIEK THE FRONT PANEL THE REAR PANEL vtitereceseseeaee TURNING THE UNIT ON AND OFF SETTING UP esseseeeseaees Pevececiatisestadt MEASURING RANGE AND BEARING aso e es seesceeeesaeee REDUCING OR ELIMINATING INTERFERENCE’ ""*S.: BETTER DISTINCTION OF ECHOES SEE SETTING/DELETING THE ALARM SHITTING THE DISPLAY wees PLOTTING saesseeeeeseees DISPLAYING NAV DATA (OPTION) APPLICATION FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM RANGE... FACTORS ATTECTING MAKIMUM RANGE l.ceseusee INTERPRETING THE DISPLAY vs. seesseeeesseeee POSETION FIXING WITH RADAR sess... PALL TSEAN AvNTAANCE AIDS TO NAVIGATION ..essee MAINTENANCE GENERAL seeeesesseeeeeee SCANNER UNIT DSSS DIspeay KIT an TROUBLESHOOTING BASIC TROUBLESHOOTING... WORE EXTENSIVE TROUBLESHOOTING ie CHECKING THE VAGNETRON seeeesesessssseeeensere SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS. OUTLINE DRAWINGS. if 24 to 38 39 to 48 Sel to S-9 1 to DmFEATURES ‘The Model 1930 has a large variety of functions, all contained in a mugged plastic case. All controls respond immediately to the operator's command and each time a touchpad is depressed, the corresponding change can be seen on the screen. * Daylight viewing radar specially designed for small craft and sailing yachts. Traditional FURUNO reliability and quality in a compaet, lightweight and low-cost radar. Field-proven, heavy duty gearbox and attractive 3.5-ft open radiator capable of withstanding 100-kt wind velocity. dui uefuutuon 10" raster-sean aisplay. 4 levels of target quantization for high target definition without problems associated with single-level quantization eystome On-sereen slpha-numeric readout of all operational information . + ¥ ranges tron 0.29 to 38 nm. 3 pulselengths and pulse repetition rates automatically selected, for ‘optimum short-range to long range perfumacer Guard zone alarm, for use as an anti-collision aid, provided as standard feature. EBL (Electronic Bearing Line), VRM (Variable Range Marker), Guard Alarm and Cursor are controlled by a trackball. * Operates on 10.2 to 40.0VDC power supply and consumes only 52W. Protection against reverse polarity and excessive voltage provided. Ship's position in latitude/longitude, ship's speed and range/bearing to 4 waypoint optionally shown in the bottom text area from external navigator having NMEA 0183 output format.SCANNER 4 2 2. 4 5. SPECIFICATIONS OF MODEL 1930 Radiator: Radiator Longth: Horizontal Beanwidth Vertical Beanwidth: Sidelobe Attenuation: Within + 20° of maintoby Outside + 20° of mainlobe: Polarization: Antenna Rotation: the Slotted Waveguide Array 100em 208° 28° 2408 or less =30d8 or less Horizontal 24 r.pem. nominal snner_hous ing) 1. Transmitting Tube: Magnetron 94302/£3513 2. Frequency & Modulation: 9410¥Hz + 30%Hz, PON 3. Peak Output Power: kW nominal 4, Pulselength & Pulse Repetition Rate: Tren ———__wangetnm)] v.2s]0.5]u./5] io 6 | 2) 2a, 36 Pulse Repetition Rate | fnprox. 2100H2 | Approx. 1200H2| Approx. 600H2 | Pulselength “"] .08us (Short) | 0.3us (Wid.) | 0.8u5 (Lon 5. Modut stor: FET Suitehing Method LF 60M 7. Tuning: Nanuat 8. Receiver Front End: NIC (Microwave IC) 9. Bandwidth: 7MHz (short /mid. pulses) Site Chung wulse> 10. Duptexer: Circulator with diode Timiter DISPLAY UNIT 1. Indication Systems Raster sean, Daylight dicolay 2, Picture Tube: 10-inch rectangular CRT A. Range fam) aoe[ae[av] te] 2 [ela] on |ae 4, Range Ring Interval (am): [0.05] 0.1} 0.25! 0.25] 0.5] 2] 2] 4] 6 2. number of Kings: > 3 | 6 | 616) 6] 6| 6 6. Roaring Resalutinn: Rattor than 2 4° 1. Bearing Accuracy: Better than 1°8. Minimum Range: 3. Range Riny Aur acy: 10. VRM Accuracy: 4 11. Mark Indication 17 Nunaral (Character Indication: 13. Interference Rejector: ENVIRONMENT CONDITION 1. Vibration: 2. Anbient Temperature: 2. Humidity Better than 29m 0.9% or om, wnicnever 1s the greater. 0.9% or 8n, whichever is the greater. Hoading Mark, foaring Sealey Range Rings YRM, EBL, Tuning Bar, Cursor “#", Alarm Zone, WP'Mark (Option) Bango, Range Ring Intervel, COL, Vity Interference Rejection (IR), ST-BY, Rain Clutter Rejection (FTC), Echo Stretch (ES), Radar Alarm (GUARD), Plottina Interval/ Timer, Bearing/Rangs to Cursor (C), 6yRO (option), Nay Data (Option) Built-in Vibration Freq. Total Amplitude 1 to 12.5 Hz 17 6 tn 98 He 25 to 50 Hz Scanner Unit = -25°C to 470% Display Unit = =15°C to +55°C Relative humidity, 06% or Teas at 14086 POWER SUPPLY & POWER CONSUMPTION 10.2vDC - 40,0vDC, S2W 100/110/220/230VAC, 50/602, 1a (rectifier required) COMPASS SAFE DISTANCE Display Unit o7m Stondord Conass | steering Conass | Scanner Unit Oba 1.35 in 1Remarks Tyee toue woe | Oly 1 Scanner unit xn8-RS8-0035 | 000-083-986 | 1 | 23 kg 2 | Display Unit ROP-077-5 000-088-603} 1 | 8 kg | 3 | Installation P03-06600 | 000-080-906 w/in signal | ater tats | cable ass, 4 Accessories FP03-03100 | 000-081-058 5 | Snare Parte “Tspnacasina | 900-080-010 nn) Wo; Waris Tbe Tode Wo. [Wty] Remarks Pi] Pie Hs16P-2 000-503-281 | 1 | for power | in : BH cable | ‘Signal CabYe Assy) S03-23-10 ‘008-240-300 | {TOm] —SeTect_one- 2| Stunat Cabre Assy) S0s-esm19 ws-zau-siy | (15m)] Connector Signal Cable Assy.) S03-23-20 008-240-320 | (20m)] fitted at Signa! Cable Assy.| $03-23-30 | 008-240-330 | (30mi| display. 2] Seal Washer Gut08a0« ‘000-030-021 | 4 a] Vent Tube ‘93-002-3226 | 100-087-630 | 1 [> | crimp-on Lug SLU 000-537-110 | 1 [6 | Crimp-on Lug FVL.25-3 red | 000-538-113 | 20 7 | Crimp-on Lug FV5 5-53 000-838-120 | 1 | 8] Hex. Bort 12x60 SUS3OF )7300-862-T9T a 9| Hex. fut mi2 sus3oa [000-863-112 | 4 | for scanner PE unit mount ing Ta) Flat Wachar wia susaoa | na0-aea-192 | 4 11| Spring Washer | wi2 susaoa | 000-864-263 | 4 [te] srortea vin u-type| 1uxa5 Silss04 | 000-866-390 | 2 13 | Hex. Bolt ————*( MBx30-SuS304 [000-862-187 | 4 14 | Flat Washer ma SuS30@ 000-864-130 | 4 | [15] Spring Washer [wa Sus304 {000-864-262 | 4 16] O-Ring “JTS82401 -1A-G80) 000-851-313 | 1 1? | Advesive #ieti (Soy) [ooo-o54-118 | 1 Note: No.13 thru No.7 are cunnlied with wadiator ¥NRACCESSORIES: Na. ‘Name Type Code No. Q'ty Remarks: 1 | Bracket Accy. Fon2.03110 009-239 100 1 “| 2 | Hood Assy. FP03-03120 008-239-110 1 ~~] 3 | Tapping screw “ox20 Sus308~ | 000-800-814 | 5 for display 4 Flat Washer M6 SUS304 000-864-129 | 5 unit mounting 5 | knob Bott KG-63 Nax25 | 000-800-554 [2 6 | Rubber Washer 02-052-1302-1 | 100-022-531 2 7 | Washer 05-012-0125-1 | 591-201-251 2 SPARE PARTS: Now Nane Type Code Wo. | Q'ty | Remarks 1 | Fuse FGBO TOA 125VAC | 000-549-065 | 2 2 [L-handle Sarkot Wrench) Atagonat 12w | 000 920 i10| 4 3 | Spare Parts Box For F710 000-831-610] 1 nortow Wo. None Type Code Wo. | O'ty | Remarks 1 [Rectifier RU-3423 000-030-483 | T | for AC mains 2 [External Buseer | OPOd-e1 po0-030-097 | 1 3 | Power CabTe wes 2.0x2¢ | 000-104-818 Sm 4 [Basket 05-47 008-238-170 | 1} for Flush rrount 5 | WMEA Cable ‘eesooz1 ooo-ios-s17 | 1 | connector fitted, 5m 6 [Gwe Cable 780097 nan-ama-ene [1 | onnector | Fitted, dnPRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ‘The term "RADAR" is an acronym nveaning RAdio Detection And Ranging. Although the basic principles of radar were developed during World War Il, primarily by scientists in Great Britain and the United States, the use of echoes as an aid to navigation is not a new development. Before the invention of radar, when running in fog near a rugged shoreline, chips would sound a ohort blast on tiie wliatce, fue w sWvly ur ousike a bell. The time between the origination of the sound and the returning of the echo indicated how far the ship was from the cliffs or the shore. The direction trom which the echo was heard indicated the relative honring wf the shore. Today, the method of determining the distance to a target is much more avcuraiy Uecuuse of pulseniouuiated radar. Pulse=modulated radar determines the distance to the target by calculating the time difference between the transmission of a radar signal and the reception of the reflected echo. Tl is a knawn fant that nada waves trowel at's nearly aonctant epood of 162,000 nautical miles per socond. Therefore the time required for a transmitted signal to travel to the target and return as an echo to the source is a measure of the distance to the target. Note that the echo makes a compiete round trip, but only half the time of travel is needed to determine the one-way distance to the target. This radar automatically takes this into account in making the range calculation. ‘The bearing to a target found by the radar is determined by the direction in which the radar scanner antenna is pointing when it emits an electronic pulse and then receives a returning echo. Each time the scanner mtatas pulses are transmitted in the fall 360° circle, each pulse at a. slightly different bearing from the provious one. Therefore, if we know. the direction in which the signal is sent out we know the direction from which Qe eeu must recurn Note that the spoed af the wodan uustes out to the target and back again ao echoes is extremely fast compared to the speed of rotation of the antenna. By the time radar echoes have returned to the scanner, the amount of scanner rotation after initial transmission of the radar pulse is extremely small. ‘The range and bearing of a target is displayed on what is called @ Plan Position Indicator or PIL, ‘This display ia csowutiolly @ ywlas Giaguainy mith, the transmitting ship's position at the center. Images of target echoes (sometimes called a "pip") are received and displayed at their relative bearings, and at their distance from the PPI center. With a continuous display of the images of targets, the motion of the transmitting ship is also displayed. Fig.l How Racar WorksINSTALLATION GENERAL ‘Thio wader oyotem is mainly compooed of ty units, die ulsplay unl and ine scanner unit, and operates direetly from 10.2 to 40.0VDC. When the radar is first unpacked, check that all necessary units, parts and materials are contained. Refer to the oquipment. installation materials, aceessnries und spare parts lists. ‘The steel and wood works should be arranged locally. SCANNER UNIT INSTALLATION Seanner 0 a Siting C2 The scanner unit is generally Installed either on top of the wheelhouse or on the radar mast on an appropriate platform. When siting the unit. consider the following points. 1, The interconnection cable run between the scanner and the display is 10m tong. If additional cable is reywinest Bae partivukir Useatladon, An unbroken length must be used (i.e., no splices allowed!), and’ the maximum length is 30 meters. 2. Any large metallic objects such as funnels, masts or derrick posts around the radar scanner may well block its line of sight, eausing blind sectors in the radar picture. The sector directly ahexd is obviously most impor- int to the radar operator, so carefully plan the site of the scanner so the forward area is clear of obstructions. R. Nepasite and fumoe foe @ fannol om other ethaust yent van elveracly affect the acrial performance and hot gases tends to distort the radiator portion. The scanner unit must not be mounted in a position where it may be subjected to temperatures in excess of 70°C. 4. The compass safe distance, 1.8m, standard compass and 1.35m, steering compass, should be observed. 5. The unit must not be positioned in close proximity to a radio direction finder antenna, since the DF would be adversely affected. A separation of more than 2’ meters is recammended. | (a) Commostly 0 conted () Wrongly oriented Fig.2. Mounting of Seanner ‘nitScanner Housing Mounting. he following procedure mast be followed when mounting the scanner unit. Caution: 1. As the scanner base is made of cast aluminium, the mounting platform should be paiuted if i ip made of leon, oMerwise the scanner might be damaged due to electrolytic corrosion. 2. Do not fail to anply silicone conlant cupplied with the radiator to bolts, nuts and washers to make future removal 3+ Do not paint the radiator aperture. 4, Do not lift the scanner unit by the radiator. 1, Drill four bolt holes (13mm dia.), one eable entry hole (approx. 50mm dia.) and one vent tube hole (5mm dia.) in the radar mast platform or the deck. See the seanner outline drawing on page D-2. Detach the seanner housing cover from the seanner housing after loosening the four fixing bolts. The scanner housing cover fitted with the transceiver mulule van be stural in a convenient place unt te wirings to the scanner unit are accomplished. 3. Place the seanner honsing an the chasan position, and aniont it ae shown In Fig.2(a). 4, To prevent corrosion, apply silicone sealant to the M12x60 hex. bolts, Seat washers, nuts and washers, and secure the seanner housing with them, The bolts must be inserted with their heads facing upward (froin inside the scanner housing) so that they do not touch the transceiver mode Note 1. Do not turn the bolt to secure the scanner housing. It must be fixed by turning the nut Otherwise the seal washer will be damag 2. Take care the direction of the seal washer. 3. Take off the rubber blind on the vent hole, and insert the vent tube. Never apply silicone sealant around the tube. Vent Tube spareOmy wie mulucore cape runs Irom the display unit to the scanner unit. A hole at least 20mm (3/4") dia. must be drilled through the deck or bulkhead for cable entry. After the cable is passed through the hole, a sealing compaind shanid be applied to thic holo for watorprosfings In order to minimize the chance of picking up electrical interference, avoid Where possible routing the multicore enblo near other onboard electrical equipment, Also, avoid running the cabie in parallel with power cables. ‘The procedure for connecting the multicore cable to the scanner unit is as follows 1. Through 2 pipe or waterproof cable yland fitted on the wheelhouse top or bulkhead. ass the open end of the able tnwtard tho coonnen snit 2. Remove the cable gland located on the bottom of the scanner housing. ato ase clone comnrranres fille ourer suiELe Fig-4 Bottom of Seanner Housing 3. Pass the multicore cable through the scanner base and the cable gland Cromoved in atop 2+) 4. Cut the cable leaving about 800mm from the cable gland, and fabricate it referring to Fig.5. Tighten the cable gland to the scanner base for complete watertightness. Ground the outer shield of the multicore cable with the clamp plate as chums le Pye 6. Connect the lead wires to terminal hoard RTBI on the bottom of the Seanner honsing by referring ta the Intereannaction Diagmin on pogo Sol. NOTE: ‘The inner shield of the multicore cable should be connected at terminal #20 of RTBL. 7. Close the scanner housing cover temporarily.FABRICATION OF MULTICORE CABLE, (SCANNER SIDE) 1, Doing careful nox w cut the uuier shield, remove 500mm of the vinyl sheath. See Fig.5 (). 2, Slide washer, rubber packing, washer and clamp plate of the gland over the cable. See Fig.S (b). 3. Straighten the outer shield and separate the outer layer wires from those inside the braided shield (inner wires). See Fis $(c) 4. Take out the wires and coaxial wire from the inside layer. See Fig.S (d). 5. Mark the wires for identification, ©. Cut each lead wire to a suitable length, considering the distance to respective terminals on RTBL. For the coanial wire, make it 30 mm longer than needed, 7, Remove about 6mm of the vinyl insulation from the wnt uf cach wire, Fix cilimp-on lug FV125-3 (red) to each wire by using a ‘crimping tool. See Fig.S (e). 8, Fabricate the end of the coaxial wire as shown in Figs (f). 9. Fix crimp-on lugs 320882 (red) and FV125-3 (red) 10 coaxial cable and its shield, respectively See Fig S(g) WSpread out the inner shield and cut it off leaving about 250mm, Put a vinvl tube or tape over the braided shield and fix crimp-on lug FY55-S3 (yellow) on the end of the shield. 1LWhile holding the wire in one hand pull each ‘erimp-on lug to ensure that the connection is tight ca roy ee SS soe Laven o rims ) gupoue YD cube Fig.5 Fabrication of Multicore Cable |Vinal Preparation Yo complete the scanner housing mounting, proceed to the following steps. 1, Place the scanner housing cover onto the scanner housing. Apply grease to the rubber povkings Mahim suse (he paching resis propery in ne groove, fasten the four fixing bolts temporarily by hand as shown in Fig.6. Fig.6 Assembling of Scanner Housing 2. Apply grease to the two slot pins and insert them into the pinning holes shown in Fig.6 until the pin head becomes flush with the scanner housing surface. If 18 recommended to use a wooden hammer to avoid damaging the cosmetic paint. ‘This side protrudes more than the other side. fige7 Slot Pin Insertion 3. Now i tho timo to bogin tho procedure for fining the radiator to the radiator bracket. Remove the red rubber cap on the radiator bracket and orientate the radiator bracket as shown in Fig.7. Referring to Fig.8, apply grease to the O-ring and set the O-ring to the center of the radiator bracket. Coat the radiator fixing bolts with silicone sealant. Fix the radiator to the radiator bracket with the logo on. the radiator facing ship's bow. wSADIATOR napiatoR “Tpply_anticorrosion scone aeatant to tte hatghed ares "show, below at the he mating surface wil start corsoding Fig.8 Antenna Radiator Mounting 4. Open the scanner housing cover and fix the stay as shown in Fig.9. Make the svauue: uuit internal wirlag us We folowing steps. 5. One end of the cable with 15-, Sand T-way plugs hee. stmoody MP board, connected to terminal board RTL inside the scanner housing. Mate 3701 — the 1S-and 9-way plugs with jacks J8LZ and J811 on the transceiver fodule, respectively. Connect the ‘T-way plug to jack J701 on the MP board. Hote that the cable between Ground Berew TBI and J701 should be clamped by 7 the cable tie as shown In Figs. 6. The black ground wire is provided with the cable mentioned above. Connect the wire to the chassis of ue uunseulver mouule with) ue Tig.9 imerna: mrings serew shown in Fig.9. 7. Close the seanner housing envar tampanarily hy fastoning the four fixing bolts, because it may have to be opened again for adjustment after installation. uDISPLAY UNIT INSTALLATION Locate the display unit in a position where it can be viewed and operated conveniently but where there is no danger of salt or fresh water spray or immersion. Compass Safe Distances The magnetic compass may be affected if the display unit is placed too close, because of fields generated in the radar. The compass ‘sale aistance (approximately 0.7m (2-30teet) standard compass and approximately 0.5m (1.04feet) steering compass) must not be disregarded. Tho owiontation of the dioplay unit should be ov thet Uae radae ovreen ty viewed while the operator is facing in the direction of the bow. This makes determination of your position much easier. The display unit is mounted in @ trunnion mount. The mount itself ean be installed either overhead, on a bulkhead, or on a tabletop. The drawing below gives the recommended clearances and the mounting dimensions for this unit. “You can use Me mount Melt as a template tor lovating the mounting screw holes. Although the unit is light-weight (8kg (17.6 pounds), reinforce the mounting place, if necessary. The mounting procedure is: + Mark the screw locations by using the trunnion as a template. 2. Drill five pilot holes for the trunnion. + Install the trunnion usiuy the surews supplied as We ueeessutles. 4, Fit the knob bolts, rubber washers and washers to the display unit. + Install the display unit in the trunnion. Tighten the knob bolts securely. RUBBER WASHER — kxO8 BOLT ry, rivauer rg Fig-10 Display Unit Outline Drawing 2As was stated before, make sure you allow enough clearance both to get to the connectors behind the unit and to allow you to get your hands in on both sidoe to loooon on tighten the mounting Auvlos Make sure YOU leave AL IRS @ foot or so of “ssrviee loop" of cables behind the unit so that it can be pulled forward for servieing or easy removal of the connectors. Now comes the wiring part. The only wiring necessary {s for power vunuection aud ue intereonneenon cable. Antenna Conneetion The interconnection (multicore) cable from the scanner unit is connected to the back of the display unit. Power Connection Phio mder is designed fur 12, 24 ur 32 vou vaLery systems. No internal wiring changes ere needed for input voltages fron 10.2 to 40.0Vde. A piece of gear of this quality deserves to have a circuit breaker dedicated to it alone. The size of the wire feading powor to the nnit chauld be ne loos than AWG #14 (2.0mm square.) Refer to the figure below for assembly of the power connector supplied as the installation materials. 1) Strip uot 39mm or tne vinyt sheath, a taking care not to nick the shielding mesh, and slide the mesh back. 2 Stip off 10mm of the inner sheath, WRENS and remove bout 3mm of the insulation trom both ends of the Iead wires. 3) Slide conneetor's housing over the cables 4) Solder the lead wires to the connector, taking note of the volarity. i.e. #1 () and #2 (-). 5) Assemble the connector, and tighten two set screws. ee 6) Fold back the shielding mesh and slamp the mannostor oven top of it. 7) Wrap the mesh with vinyl tapes Fig. Power Connector Assy. Run heavy duty ground wire from the grounding terminal at the rear panel of the dicplay unit te the mesmect grounding point on tho boat: 131 an AG synenro or UU step type gyrocompass is installed on your boat, the true bearing of your ship's heading, of the cursor, and of the EBL (Blectronic Bearing Line) may be seen on the radar display. A gyro cable fabricated with 2 connector and an A-D Converter AD-108 are optionally supplied. Remove the gyro connector cap on the rear panel, and a Jack may be seen. Mate the connector with this iack. Fabrication’ of the other end of the cable and connection to the A-D Converter are given in the Operator's Manual for AD-10S (Publication No. OM-F4280.) External Navigational Receiver Connection (Option) If vour navigation racciver hac NMRA 121 cignal format, tho own ohipto position in latitude/longitude, ship's speed and the range/bearing to waypoint may be sent to this radar, and be seen in the bottom text area. An NMEA cable fabricated with a connector is optionally supplied. Remove the NMEA connector cap on the rear panel, and a jack for NNEA 0183 may be seen. Mate the connector with this jack. ‘Fabrication of the other end of the sonnootion onble chould be left to a competent oct vive leclnuiulan, Weeuuse IL is difficult to find the point to be connected. (For service technician) 1352. 1. #2 : No connection 2 83 RD-Hot 1352 4 RD-Cold Follow the drawing helaw foe detailed wining information: Display Unit Power ||syr0 Connector NINEA connector connection Cable ZA Gm Hex.) Ground Terminal Fig-12 Detailed Wiring Diagram 14CHECKING THE INSTALLATION After completing the installation, it is a good idea to recheck to ensure that all the steps of the installation were secomplished in accordance with the instructions. Use the following chook tet Tick 1) The vent tube on the scanner housing is on the side of the bow direction correctly. 2) ¥our scanner housing fixing bolts are fully tightened. 3) The connection cable is waterproof at the seanner base. 4) The cable is securely retained against the mast or mounting and is free of interference from running rigging. 5) Check that the cable gland or entry on the deck is waterproof, if provided. 9) ¥he power connections to the battery are of correct polarity. 1) Chook that tho plugo at the rear of the display are inserted correctly and are secure. 8) Carry out the following adjustment after the ahove chooks UUOOdOIOUNow is the time to turn on the unit and carry out the necessary tuning and presetting adjustments. INITIAL PROCEDURES 1. Press the (FB touchpad on the display unit, and the control panel will light up. In approximately 2 minutes and 30 seconds, the message "SE-BY® will appear at oantar af the eanoon. | While thio warmup io in process, pry off the VR panel on the front panel of the display unit. See Fig-19. This will expose the potentiometers for post installation adjustments. Push in the front panel TUNE control and release it to bring It out. Set the control to 12 o'clock, the GAIN control at 2 o'clock, and the A/C SEA control at fully counterclockwise. 2. Whom tho oorosn indioatso EF DY" press tie (EZ) wuckyade Pie suas will start transmitting on the Smile range, and you will probably see a number of targets around you, even though the gain, tuning and other adjustments have vet to be ontimized. 3. Press the @¥) touchpad threo times 90 that the radar is on the 24-mile range. Bring up the GAIN control until a small amount of noise appears on the screen. “At mus point, unless the tuning Just happens to be at the optimum point, slowly adjust the coarse "TUNE" control accessible through the VR panel, watching the sereon for radar targets. (See Fig.10.) You muct pationtly adjust thio coarse tuning central ii very small increments, allowing the sweep to zo around completely in order t0 observe the effect of a single small change in its setting. When you are finished optimizing the coarse tuning control behind the Vt panel. verify that the fine TUNE ‘control on the front panel peaks up for maximum radar echoes nt 12 ofelock, or at least close to that point. Aujuot the GAIN wonteut yn My Tun pulley OF # LUE oxeKgrOUNa neIse showing on the screen, and then hit the [=@ touchpad several. tines. to bring you down to the 0.25-mile range. “Without disturbing. the front andl GAIN enntmaladinat the ATCUSKA mntaat wnt! messes weaee Langets are clearly shown on the serecns. Too much ATC SEA notion will eliminate small targets, and too ttle A/C SEA action will ease the screen to he so full of targets and noise that It is hard to determine wimien" target is which 4s" Compared "to visual ‘sightings Note. tial adjusting the GAIN and A/C SEA controls in this manner (GAIN at long Tange, A/C SEA at short range will equalize the plete at all ranges, tnd you Will not have to jooliey back and. foctle with the GAIN eosieol especially when you change range soalose RELATIVE BEARING ALIGNMENT You have mounted the scanner unit facing straight ahead in the direction of Gre vow. Therefore, snail but euspicuous target eae mnead Vist should appear on the heading mark (Zero degree). Tn praatinn. yon will pmohahly cheonte come ginal onwar on the display for most installations because of the difficulty in achieving accurate initial positioning of the scanner unit, ‘The following adjustment will compensate for this error. If vou don't Know how to do it well, it's best you leave this part to a competent serviee technician. (Remeber that the fixing bolts for the scanner housing cover reaain untightened. ‘They should now be secured if the following olignment is not necessary.) Ww1. Identify a suitable target (e.g., ship or buoy) at a range between 1/9 to 1/4 miles, preferably located ‘on or around the heading mark. To uiluize errors oF Dearing you snoula generaly Keep echoes in the outer half of the picture by changing the range scale. AD MARK, rat Fig-13 Relative Bearing Alignment {oynen the rvlutive beaving of & teruet ensured fon the radar screen “(@) "does ‘hot agree’ with that mensured on the navigation chert) «) 2, Move the cursor with the trackball so that the intersection of the cursor bisects the center of the tirget, and press the [©] touchpad. 3. Read the EL bearing at the bottom left on the screen. 4. Find the relative bearing to tho target from the ship's bow visually, using @ peloruse 5. Compare the bearing measured in step 3 and 4 above, and eslculate the direction and magnitude of the bearing arror. If the arnar ie within 45°, adjust rotary code switeh SI ("HEAD", clockwise rotation shifts the picture CW, Fig-19.) bs If me error 18 more than +9”, set DL to "U" and then adjust the position of heading mark key $80i located inside the seanner unit. See Fig.20 @. 7. Open the scanner housing cover and slightly loosen the two screws which secure the heading mark “key mounting plate. If the screws are loosened excessively, tine adjustment will be more difficult. 8. Adjust the position of the heading mark key, moving to the aft (or fore) direction if the bearing "A" is greater (or smaller) than "B", pespectiy 9. Adjust SI at the display unit as in step 5. 10. After adjustment, tighten the heading mark key fixing serews securely, 11, Close the seanner housing cover and tighten the four fixing bolts securely. 12, As a final test, ‘ove the boat towards a small buoy and ensure that the uvy shows up dead clea vu the iada: nlc it is visually dea alread wwMAGNETRON HEATER VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT. magnetron neater voltage is formed at the MD board of the seanner unit and preadjusted at the factory. ‘Therefore no adjustment is required even ‘though the cable length between the display unit and the scanner unit is changed. Rxaoute tho following proveduve ty wut Procedure 1, Suspend the antenna rotation by turning off (downward) the SCANNER switch loeated at the rear panel of the display unit. 2, Cunuect # muumewer, sec wo WVU range, between #4 (+) and #6 (-) of test point TP¥03 on the MD board. See Fig.20 (b). 2. Confirm that tha muitimotan hows 7.6VEO1V. If not, adjust potentiometer VR801 on the MD board. See Fig.20 (b). MEASUREMENT OF BLIND SHADOW SECTORS In some shadow sectors, it should be remembered that there may not be sufficient intensity to obtain an echo from very small targets even at close range, despite the fact that a large vessel may he datostod at a much greater range in non-shadowed sectors. For these reasons the angular Width and relative bearing of any shadow sectors should be determined. This section describes how to do this. In the exse of a new vessel this Should ve gone curing sea tials. In other ships it should be done at the first opportunity after fitting a new radar set. Ty chautd he poalteod that oven nm omall shadow oecter may hide au vessel if she is on a collision course. The bearing will remain constant in the shadow area and the approach of the other vessel say remain undetected Until it is too lute to avold a dangerous situation. ‘Two methods of determining the angular width of a shadow sector are; 1) Tarn the boat very slyly Uevugh 3007 while a simim Due elearry aennea target Is observed at a distance of a mile or so. (Do not use a buoy with a reflector as this target is too powerful to achieve the required result.) If the echo disappears while the boat is turning, the target has entered a shadow sector and it will again become visible when the target emerges from the shadow. Very quiet conditions of wind and seu are essential to ensure ‘lable resuls when ts operation 18 carmed out on a snall craft since a rough sea can cause # buoy to be lost in the clutter or to be temporarily submerged or hidden by waves. An unsteady movement may cause the boat te awing thrangh 9 shudnw costar befere the coannor hee completed one revolution. In any ease an average of several observations of each shadow sector should be taken. It is a waste of time to attempt the operation in anything other than very smooth water with little wind. 2) Another method is to observe the shadow sector against a background of soa clutter, Any shadows will show as dark sectors in the clutter. See Pigede 20‘TUNING & TUNING INDICATOR SENSITIVITY ADJUSTMENT Tuning aud Les iuiesWr sensluvily wre presajusted aL me laewory. However if the best tuning condition is not obtained with the TUNE control set at its mid-travel, execute the following procedure. Procedure 1, Transmit the radar on maximum range (long range) with the TUNE control set at its mid-travel and wait about 10 minutes for magnetron oscillation to stabilize. 2, Turn potentiometer WRI ("TUNE", Fig.19), located behind the VR panel of display unit, fully CW and than slowly turn it CCW until the maximum number of tuning bars, are lit 3, Adjust potentiometer VR7 ("PEAK', Fig.19) for the maximum number of taning bars, 4s 10 aul te tuning pars ngnt up, turn potentiometer vitzZ ("IND") LLW 0. that about four bars light up, and then adjust VRT ("PEAK") as in step 3. 5. Adjust VR2 ("IND") so that the fifth tuning bar lights up. PANEL ILLUMINATION ADJUSTMENT ‘The illumination of the touchpad pancl can be adjusted to suit your needs, by adjusting We “DIM pytentvucter (VIG) luvated Ueltiud we VT pauel of the display unit. See Fig.19 for the location of VRS. AJC SEA ADJUSTMENT AIC SEA is preadjusted at the factory. However if the following conditions are not satishied with the A/U SEA control, adjust potentiometer VIS ("AIL SEA"), located behind the VR panel of the display unit (Fig19.) + Transmit the radar on 12-mile range and adjust the TUNE control. 2. Set the controls: offs [9] + offs [nal : offs [QJ + ons AIC SE. fully CCW (min.) Be Aujust (he GALS conte! ua tie fruHt panel oy Giet a suall auvunt of background noise appears on the screen. 4. Torn the A/C SRA antrol fally CW and confirm that na hackeronnd noise appears ia the range of 0 to 3 nm (min.) or 0 to § nm (max.) 3 to Smile ¢ “chaise suppresses)Heading Adj. Tune Penk Adj. Tune Ind. Aaj. Panel Illumi. Adj. SI (HEAD) ¥R7_ (PEAK) v2 (IND) VRS (DIM) raul ‘ yp f ~ / Inne Sweep Tining Adj. Tune Adj. AIC SEA Adj. Grin Adj. vnc. (ruwzNe) yn (TUNE) yng. a/e tA) yaa (Gat) Potentiometer Compartment * PRESET Board sorrant \y Pry off tut VR pane! Sorawariver.| Yn ranet Fig-19 Display Unit with VR Panel Removed 22Note that a shadow cannot be fairly estimated in heavy clutter, as echoes from either side of the sector may be spread into it and give an illusion that opjects in tne sector are peng onservea. Nor can It De satistactoruy determined in confined waters, because of the probability of indirect, false or multiple echoes being produced from nearby buildings or other vessels. Shadaw eansed hy mast 18 Appearance of a Shadow Sector The result of the above measurement should be recorded on a blind shadow sector diagram. Fig-18 is an example of a shadow sector diagram for the poanner unit cited ao in ig-17. Tho blind chadow aooter diagram should be fixed near the display unit. Fig.18 Shadow Sector Dingram for Scanner sited as in left figure Blind Seotor Fig.17 Shadows caused by objects aOPERATIONAL OVERVIEW ‘CAUTION 1. Prior to switching on the radar, make sure that no person nor obstacle is in the vicinity of the seanner unit 2, Because of hazerdous radar energy, NEVER took into the beam of al transmitting lator at close distance THE FRONT PANEL ‘This radar is basically very easy to operate. If you change a control setting you will see the associated reaction almost immediately on the screen» Most touchpads carry abbreviated names to shaw thoir fanefinne. ‘Pho sams nomenclature appears on the sereen for confirmation. Examine the display unit. You will notice that all controls are on the right- hend slue, aud Wwe CHE Caispiay sereen) 18 on the lett-hand side. The TUNE, A/C SEA, and GAIN controls are grouped together because they control the marian receiver. ‘Ta provent aooidentel alteration of the sottinge, all controls in this group may be locked by pushing in the control, When readjustment is necessary, push in and release the control to bring it out again. ‘the GB and GB) touchpads turn on/off power and transmission. the touchpads chomge the sange ovale tu us m @Q.@.8 8). 8. @, &) 6). . &) ana touchpads are mostly on/otf controls. Adjusting the hrightnose af the CRP, reducing radar interfeence, and temporarily erasing the heading mark are some of the functions of this group of touchpads. tie GB, ana (J touenpaas are used with the trackball. The trackball, whose motion is followed by an on-sereen cross hair cursor, is used to set a guard zone and measure a target's range and bearing. Mananver the enrann ta an alge of the guard sons, to the beating on te the distance you desire, then press one of the above three touchpads+ Press and hold the (3 , [®] ana [©] touchpads for two to three seconds to cancel each function. Lo familiarize yourself with the controls of your unit, turn it on (presuming that i hae alrcody been installed) amt Uy Uperating sume uF ue DMUroIs AS you review this section. ‘The controls deseribed In "Turning the Unit On and Off" and "Setting Up" appear in the order they should be operated when turning on the radar. THE RRAR PANEL The SCANNER switch is provided on the rear panel to turn on/off the seannar madiatos. ‘hie owiteh fo aowally left upward CMON" position) cAacepe for field servicing. When turning it off, the radar stops transmission and the message "ST-BY (standby)" appears on the sereen. oyWasting Mark thay WMT Heading Meck Key Nounting Plate Pact Deine 7000 [potentiometer vase (a) Transeciver module removed (b) Bottom side of transceiver module (Shield cover removed) Fig-20 Soannor Minit‘TURNING THE UNIT ON AND OFF r having confirmed that the SCANNER switeh is turned on, press the touchpad and power is applied to all circuits of the radar system. The ichpad panel will ight up, the sntenna will begin to rotate, but no forgets pyar on tue CRT. This IS oecause the magnetron needs. approximately 2 min. and 30 sec. to warm up before the radar can be operated. The time remaining for warm up of the magnetron is displayed at the opnter af the CRT. fram 2-90 tm 0-01 Press both the FEB) ana (2) touchpads at the samo time to turn the system oft. SETTING UP After power is applied and te mwgnetron has warmed up, the message "ST-BY" (Standby) will appear at center of the display sereen, indicating the radar is ready to transmit. However. no targets will appear nn the sereen until the radar is put into transmit by pressing the (=) touchpad (CCX is short for "transmit"). In ST-BY the radar is available for use at anytime--the scanner is rotating, but no radar waves are being transmitted. reps tue fal lepine elt ela Lea aL up, and the status of the fees on the display screen will default to the Beppe Ue ygectuming, Har ate igeiayed: Cine ship's aig is also say eanaes hon taniets wiles ainien cel ns nt At thie time you may want to take a closcr look of the display screws THe outermost ting on the screen defines the effective diameter of the display. Every one degree on the ring is wurked by a short dashed line, and every ten degrees by a longer dashed line. J Ship's Heading (if gyro eonnectea) Range in Use — ui Soma he em} — Tuning Bat Fixed Range Ring —P (A “et — Interference Interval | mejector (ony Cursor leading Mark ‘he awa ahip'e position ta the outermost position of 90° or 270°. i225. =——J— Distance to Cursor ° — Bearing to Cursor Fig.23 Location of Display Screen Indicators 26: This control keeps the receiver tuned to the transmitter. @ + Used to suppress sea clutter caused by waves. A/C SEA stands for anti-clutter sea. + Adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver. f: Turns on the system. Press this and GD touchpads ‘simultaneously to turn off the system. bets te rucar wo ettner wansmit or stanapy. Selects the range. ‘The "*" and "=" touchpads, select o higher and lower mange. socpeatively Temporarily erases the heading mark from the sereen. Displays/erases the fixed range rings. Used ty suppress precipitation Gutters timinates or reduces interference caused by other nearby operating radars. Adjusts the brightness of the CRY. Activates/reieases tne een streten tuncton, which stretches echoes lengthwise for better distinction. Fig.21 Pront Panel Plots/cancels the relative movement of all patrols targets to own ship. Displays/erases navigation data; own ship's position and speed and waypoint’s bearing and range. This function is effective only when Uptional uavigativie oyuipmont ta wumuiceteds Displays/erases the guard zone. Silences/actuates the audible alarm. Shifts/resets the own ship's position. r Displays/erases the Electronic Bearing Line. E20EH OD Solente trus/wolative hearing meedant, provided that a gyrocompass is connected. | 8 Displays/erases the Variable Range Marker. ‘Crackball : Moves the cross hair cursor on the radar if sereen. 1 fom ne Fig.22 Rear Panel SCANNER : Turns on/off the scanner radiator. a 25Setting 4 ‘Phe GAIN euntrul Is used to BajUst tne sensitivity of the receiver, and thus the strength of echoes as they appear on the sereen. It is adjusted so that 8 speckled noise background is just visible on the CRT. sain Control ‘To become acquainted with the way the GAIN control works, try rotating it between its fully counterclockwise and clockwise position as you observe the display. To properly set the gain, one of the higher ranzes (24nm or 30nm) Should be used--the speckled ‘noise background is more apparent on these ranges. As you slowly turn the GAIN control clockwise you should be able to see the speckled background appear when the position of the control ie between 2 and 9 otclouk. If you sel up fur wo iltue gain, weak echoes may be missed. If you turn the GAIN control too far clockwise, yielding too tauch speckled noise background, strong targets may be missed decause of the poor contrast between desired erhaes and tha hankground notes on the display. Fig.24 illustrates examples of gain settings which are too high, proper, and too low. (A) too high 2) proper CE) too low Fig.24 Setting the Gain Control In certain circumstances it may be useful to slightly reduce the gain to iinprave mange neeolution; olea up the piotursy or reduce clutter cause! Uy rain or snow. Range resolution is a measure of the canability of a madar to display as separate pips the echoes received from two targets which are on the same bearing, and are close together radially. With reduction in the gain setting, the echoes may be made to appear as separate pips on the display sereen. When sailing or cruising in crowded regions a slight reduetion in gain often helps to clear up the picture. This should be done carefully, otherwise weak targets may be missed. Echoes from ships inside a squall or storm may be obscured if the gain is at its normal setting, since the clutter may nave masked, but not completely, echoes trom the targets. In all cases, the gain should be returned to its original position after any temporary reduction io iw Mager required 8‘The solid radial line at 0° is the heading mark. The heading mark is always on the sereen and Indicates the ship's heading. You say temporarily erase the mark by holding down the [Gj touchpad. ‘The nearly invisible line rotating radially around the screen is called the Nowesps" ‘The sweep rotates aynchronoualy with the connnor, oo at any, given time the direction in which the scanner is pointing is known. With every rotation echoes appear on the sweep as brighter spots of light, thus presenting a complete picture of the surrounding area. Placing the radar in standby helps extend component life. ‘Therefore, when the radar will not be used for an extended period of time, but you want_to keep Tin @ Stale of reaainess, SeU IW “SE=DX" mous vy pressing wwe FE] touchpad again. = ange Selection The range selected automatically determines the fixed range ring interval, the number of fixed range rings, pulselength, and pulse repetition, for optimal detection in both short and long ranges (sce the table below). Most Pauges wis cite: half vs tice their neighbor for casy identification of targets when changing the range. The present range and its ring interval are displayed at the top left corner of the CRT. The range chosen varies depending on circumstances. When navigating in or around crowded harbors, it is best to select a range between 0.5 and 1.5m to watch for possible collision situations. If you select a lower range While on open Water, Increase tne range occasionally w water tor vessels that may be heading your way. Remember that the maximum range a radar can see is dependent on many factors. Factors affecting maximum range are dinouaead in the Apeliowion soation There are nine ranges available: 0425, 0.5, 0279, 145, 9, 6, 12, 24 and 3inm. "To select a tange, press the G#! or [= touchpad, depending on whether you want to select @ higher rafige or Tower range. It is. possible to increnent or decrement the range setting automatically by holding down the Gz] or (E%9 touenpad. ‘table 2 Range Setting and Corresponding Fixed Range Ring Interval and Number of Fixed Range Rings [Ranae (oe) — [0.25] 6.5 [0.7 TTS ae ange Ring Tarceyat cam) | %05{ 0-1 | 0.28 | 0.25 No. of FTKed~ ATTILETEEEEPE EEE Range Rings |? 1 athe B niness ot ne curr (GI tne (@) touchpad is used to adjust the brightness of the CRT. As a general rule of thumb. choose ® brighter setting for daytime use, and a lower setting for nighttime operation. However, note that with too httle Brilliance the display becumco difficult Wy sevy and excessive OMMance decreases the life of the CRT. There are four levels of illumination: dim. medium. medinm-nright, ona bright. Each time the touchpad is pressed tho level will change in the above sequence. The ‘status of this touchpad defaults to medium-bright when turning on the system. ‘une Control Adjustment This control tunes the receiver to the exact frequency of the transmitter. For the first 3) minutes of operation the tuning should be checked periodically to ensure that the radar is operating proveriy. Readiustment after the first 30 minutes Is normally not required. The tuning is made by moving the control slowly through the timits of its travel to find the pusitivn witere a comparauvely weuk long range eeno 1s discerned on the screen with maximum definition. The tuning condition can be monitored by observing the tuning bar at the top right corner of the CRI 1g position is usually found at 9 paint since te whore the control is advanced 50% of its travel and the greatest number of tuning bars are displayed. MEASURING RANGE AND BEARING In the basic radar system your ship is in the center of the sereen. and anv target received is displayed in a map-like projection throughout 460°. This allows the bearing and range from your boat to a target appearing on the sereen to be measured. Range is messurea with the fixed range rings (rough estinate), the eursor (aecurate ‘and easy, but temporary. mthod> oF the. Variable Range: Mareer (Rae aooeate, and. soatinnans inieatiin at the songey.Recntne se wreuned wish the ursor Couey. but temporery methods ar the Blecttoni Bearing Line (EBL; continuous, indiestion ot its bearing) It you want 1 Know tomentarily the range. and. the bearing to a urge pips Jou, my ‘se ns oursor itn tne. traageine to know an meheate Bee dale Seti” press the (@) and ane (S) touchpads after operating the trackball. ail the Gata mentioned above aze'Uhsplayed at the er part of the screen. ‘The EBL and/or VRM are erased from the screen by pressing and holding tne (§] and/or (Q) touenpads for to to three seconds. 30Adjusting tt Heuves fron waves can ve CouoLeSsOMe, covering the central part of the display with random signals known as "sea clutter." The higher the waves, and the lower the scanner above the water, the further the clutter will avtund. Soa alutton appesre sn the carson aco largo number of omall echoes which might affect radar performance (see Fig.25A). The action of the A/G SEA is to reduce the amplification of echoes at short ranges (where clutter is the greatest) and progressively increase amplification as the range increases, so that amplification will be normal at those ranges where sea clutter is not experienced. The control is only effective up to a maximum of about 4 miles. ‘The proper setting of the A/C SEA Is such that the clutter is broken up into small dots, and small targets become distinguishable. If the control is not sufficiently advanced. other targets will he hidden in tho clutter, while if it is set too high, sea clutter and targets will both disappear from the screen. As a general rule of thumb, turn the control clockwise until clutter has disappeared to lecward, but a little is still visible windward. Fig.25 uuusuraces now To wajUST the A/L SEA control. (a) Seu Clutter, A/C BEA couLrot “Orr — (B) A/G BEA proveriy wujusied Fig.25 Adjusting the A/C SEA A cominon mistake 15 too over adjust the controt so that all the clutter is removed. By rotating the control fully clockwise you will see how dangerous this may be; a dark zone is created near the center of the sereen. This dari woo san bo dangoroue Ctargote mey be mioaed), capecially if the gain has not been properly adjusted. Always leave a little clutter visible on the screen, this ensures weak echoes will not be suppressed. {f no clutter is visible’ on the screen, leave the control in the fully counterclockwise position. As mentioned before (in the procedure to set up the GAIN and A/C SBA wien Ue rauar I first uNualleu afer inswallauony, ine GAEN 1s normally set to the point where there is a trace of noise speckles showing on the screen on the 24 or 36 mile range, and then the A/G SEA is adjusted on the 0.25 mile range sate so that olase-in targete in a harhan sitnetian ore cloarly seen. This equalizes the GAIN end A/C SEA characteristics for all ranges, short and long. In moderate conditions on the open sea, where there are no definite targets to be seen on the shorter ranges, you should still adjust the GAIN on the 24 or 36 mile range for some noise apeckles on the CR'T, and then go down Ww Ute 9.9 uF 0679 salle cange |W adjust Ow A/C SBA” until @ IL uf seu clutter is observed close to the boat. 29+0 measure the bearing of a target pip, you can use either the cursor or the EBL plus "+" cursor. Move the cursor with the trackball so that the Intersection of the cursor bisects the venter of the targets. Now you ean / weeeco plat anf O:21 Timer —] FER PSrreete 49 see. plotung interval omer plotting interval Pig+29 Indicators on Plotting Collision Course? To ascertain another ship as a hazardous target place the EBL on it, If the extension of ‘its latest tracks is on the EBL, it can be a hazar- fons one. In Bigedd, ship A oan he on collision course and ship B Will pass clear to starboard. eet Fig.34 Plotting aTrange marked on the screen. Not only does the sensitivity of the receiver and ‘power of the transmitter but also the height above the water of both the Scanner ana target, the size, shape and composition of the target, and atmospheric conditions contribute to increase or decrease the maximum detectable range. Radar Horizon Radar is by its very nature essentially a "line-of-sight" phenomenon. That means that you have just about the same range to the horizon with a radar as you do with your own cyes. However under normal atmospheric conditions, the radar horizon is 6% greater than the optical horizon. Therefore, if the target dues wut cise aouve ui Horizon ie Taaar Dean cannot be reflected from the target. Just as vou can see a low-te-the-water snoodhaat only up relatively aloce ta your boat, the radar can see a target high off the water farther than it can See an object which is close to the water. Further, the higher the antenna is mounted over the water the farther It is eapable of seeing other targets. However a possiple negative etiect with mounting the antenna too high off the water: is that due to the finite vertical beamwidth of the scanner, the amount of sea clutter due to reflections from nearby waves is increased to a greater dictance from tho boot. ‘Thus it is not at all uncommon to see a 3000 foot high mountain 50 miles away (provided the radar has a 50nm detection capability), while at the same time being only able to see a small power boat 3 or 4 miles away. (See Fig.38.) The uistaie Ww die lusizon from de scanner, under normal conaimons, 1 caleulated by the following formula. Rmax = 2.2 x ( JAY + UR) Where Rmax: Radar horizon (mile) hi: Antenna height (meters) Agi target neignt (meters) For example, to find the distance to the horizon in Fig.a8, if the antenna haight ic @ motore (98 fost) and the target height ic 16-2 motora (G0 fest) the maximum range is (when the cliff begins to eppear on the radar), Rmax = 2.2 (J8 +/15.2) = 14.8 miles. wy “ Lo N Fig.38 Radar Horizon 40APPLICATION As an aid to navigation, radar can be a very valuable tool. No other navigation aid can give you the ability to spot vessels coming at you in the fog, or tell you the location of the inlet to the harbor in the piteh black of night Ta holp you undarotand better what your radar can and ariel Gy for you this section covers the characteristics and limitations of radar, picture interpretation, position fixing with radar and aids to navigation. FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM RANGE Tergets disappearing Tom Lie seiven mieH at close ranges can pe dangerous. For this reason, detection of targets at short ranges is very important. Minimum range is determined primarily by transmitter pulseleneth. The shorter the transmission time, the cenmer the. return, echoes can be received and their distance measured. This radar automatically determines the pulselength for both short and long ranges, for optimal detection of targets at short as well as long range. Sea Return Sao sintton aahaee mensived From waves may hamper detection of targets beyond the minimum range set by the pulselength and recovery time. (Re- covery time is the time required for the receiver to recover to half sensitivity after the end of a transmitted pulse. so it can receive a return echo.) Proper adjustment of the A/C SEA control may alleviate some of the problem. Deeuwiuth ‘The ability to see targets very close to the boat is decreased if the antenna is mounted ton high off the water, inne the natinm of the vortionl beam af the scanner cuts off nearby targets. Fig.37 illustrates the effects of a scanner mounted too high off the water. TL Fig-37 Effects of a Seanner Mounted too High off the Water FACTORS AFFECTING MAXIMUM RANGE It is nearly impossible to state that a radar has a maximum range. The max~ imum range a redar will "see" is dependent on many factors, not just the 39factors such as distortion from beamwidth and pulselength make identification of specific features difficult. However, the following may serve as an aid to Sdentifivations LD) High, steep, rocky and barren landmasses provide good reflecting surfaces. 2) Low, vegetation covered lands make poor radar targets. 9) supmergea opjects do not produce echoes. 4) Mud flats, marshes, sandspits, and smooth, clear beaches make poor tangete horowse they havo almost no arca that com reflect cneigy Lach WW the radar. 5) Smooth water surfaces such as lagoons and inland lakes anpear as blanic areas on the display--smooth water surfaces return no energy. 8) Although you might expect an object as large as a lighthouse to be a geod radar target, in aulualily ie seurn eono Is weak since te conical Shape diffuses most of the radiated energy. SHIP TARGETS A bright, steady, clearly defined image appearing on the display is in all likelihood the target pip of a steel ship. There are several clues which ean aid you im iaentineaion ot a ship. — Check your navigational position to overrule the possibility of land. Land and precipitation echoes are much more massive in appearance, whereas the target pips of ships are relatively emall. Tho wate of movoment can climinate the pussibility that ve ply ls ait aircraft. A target pip may brighten and become dim due to chances in asneet. ate. In most cases however a pip will fade from the display only when the renge becomes too great. Rouo cae As the radar beam rotates, the painting of the pip on the display begins as soon as the leading edge of the radar heam strikae tha tangot, ond aontinass until the trailing edge of the beam is rotated beyond the target. Thus, @ target cannot appear less wide than the beamwidth. As the beam widens with distance from the scanner, so also will the widths of targets vary on ine aispiay. rig.s¥ lustrates’ the relationship between beamwidth and the appearance of a target pip- Short Renge [tenet \\tong Range ‘Target Fig-39 Beamwidth vs. Target Appearance 2Sarget Properties Ay w general sule of uw, larger targets can oe seen on the radar dhsplay at greater ranges, provided line-of-sight exists between the seanner and target. However, a large target with poor reflecting properties may not be dotected 2s easily ag a emallan tangat with hoter noflocting proportion Since one of the main functions of radar is to detect other ships, the com position of a target ships' null affects the detection range. A ship whose hull 1s mace ot “conducting materials, such as @ steel, return’ relatively strong echoes. On the other hand, hulls made five wun wi Gberglass reluey mus weaker echoes. Vertical surtaces, such as a cliff, are eood tarvets provided they face the redar. Inversely, horizontal and ‘smooth surfaces such as mudbanks, sandy beaches, and gently sloping hills make poor targets because they disperse rather than reflect most of the energy that strikes them. ‘The strongest radar echoes Known come from built-up areas, docks, ete., because these targets are less subject to changes in aspect. ‘These types of targets have thras flut, emnnth cinfanas sutwally at might angloc- Thiv type of arrangement is used on some radur buoys to inorease their detection renges INTERPRETING THE DISPLAY In the previous section some of the characteristics and limitations of radar were discussed. Now its time to take a look at what you can expect to see on the radar screen. What shows up on the sereen isn't likely to maton exactly what is seen on a navigation chart. A radar cannot see through & mountain in the path between your boat and the harbor, nor ean it see a small boat directly behind a large ship, since both the mountain and the larger vessel effecuvely sileiu ule radar’ trom the cesirea Target. To aid you in target identification, the echoes appearing on the display are antized in fanr levels, arcanling to thin infoncity The brightect intensity echoes are probably from steel ships, or piers, or other "good" targets. Poor targets, for example wooden boats, appear in the weakest intensities. ‘The ability to interpret a radar picture comes through practice and exper~ jence. Practice should be done curing clear weather in daytime, since you fen compare the picture with iehat you actually see aivund guar Ou ty at area you are familiar with and compare the way coastlines, buoys and other targets are displayed on the screen and the way they are drawn on a navigation chart. To observe the movement of an echo in relation ta ynur position, try running your boat at various speeds and headings. LAND TARGETS Landmasses are readily recognizable because of the generally steady brilliance of the relatively large areas painted on the display. Knowledge of tha chipte navigational position wil alee tol] you where land aheuld bee On relative motion displays (this radar), landmasses move in directions and at rates opposite and equal to the actual motion of your own ship. Various aIndirect Eehous Indirect echoes may be returned from either a passing ohip of returned from reflecting surface on your own ship, for example, a stack. In both’ cases, the echo will return from @ legitimate contact to the antenna by the same indivect path. The echo will appear on ie seme bearing Oo Use reflected surface, but at the same range as the direct echo. Fig.42 illustrates the offont at fan indirect’ echo. Indirect echoes may be recognized as follows. (1) they usually occur im a shadow sector; (2) they appear on the bearing of the obstruction but at the range of the legitimate contest, (2) when plotted, their movements are usually abnormal, and (4) their shapes may indicate that thev are not’ direct. echoes. Fig-43 Indirect Echoes RANAR PICTURE AND CORRFSPAWNING CHART Under normal conditions, a picture which is very similar to a chart can be obtained on the radar display. ‘The radar picture and corresponding chart shown in #g.34 are trom the Kada Inlané Sea, south of Osaka Bay, in Southwestern Japan. Figst4 Nevigation Ohert and Ooxvesyunding Mader Picture 44FALSE ECHOES Occasionally false echoes appear on the sereen at positions where there is no target. In some cases the effects can be reduced or eliminated. The operator should familiarize himself with the appearance and effects of these feloe cchwes, sv as nut ly vullfuse Weil witn eonoes Irom legitimate contacts. Multiple Echoes Multiple echoes occur when a short range, strong echo is received from a ship, bridge, or reaxwater. A second, a third or more echoes may’ be observed on the display at Aowhle, triple or other multiples of the actual range of the target as shown in Fig.40. Multiple reflection echoes can be reduced and often removed by decreasing the gain or properly adjusting the A/G ODA. Sic Lobe Echoes Every time the —_seanner rotates, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam caued “side-lobes." It a target exists where it can be detected by the side lobes as well ae tho main lobo, the olde echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range, as shown in Fig-41. ‘Side’ loves show usually only on short ranges and from strong targets. They can Ve seduced Unougt careful reduction of the gain or proper adjustment of the AIC SEA control. Blind and Shadow Sectors Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of antenna may reduce the inten~ sity of the wean beam. If the angle subtended atthe scanner is more than a few degrees a blind sector may be produced. Within the blind sector small targets at close range may not be detected mule larger wargets at mucn Breater “ranges may be detected. See Fig.42. own Lats Ship “avect O+{} rue | oxt visrar Janyrworae | cssiv-xue | a> [ 6 | raackaaue eva-rrreia | c3327-K03 | 5-6 7 | SCANNER UNIT caa20-Ko1 | S-7 [a [ir aveuirier tse [caats-no7_| 5-3 9 | BEARING S16.cEN p-ao70 | c3a27-Ko2 | 5-9 OUTLINE DRAWINGS ta vo. Nn. | Page 1[eapar otseLay uwit | op.o77 —fc3at9-008 | 0-1 [2 | aoan scamven unit | AWB-R36-0035 | Cazao-vus | O-2 s-0RR POWER SUPPLY = PIU-7875, & hme al SCALE Bee i [Osu 706 “3008 esiBc-rie | FURUNO ELECTRIC Co.. LTD.FuRUNO Hi! Wedded FURUNO ELECTRIC CO. 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