MANINDER KAUR

professormaninder@gmail.com

Maninder Kaur
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 CONTROL UNIT
 CPU is partitioned into Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and Control Unit (CU).

 The function of control unit is to generate relevant

timing and control signals to all operations in the
computer.

 It controls the flow of data between the processor

and memory and peripherals
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 FUNCTIONS OF CONTROL UNIT
 The control unit directs the entire computer system to carry out
stored program instructions.

 The control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic

logic unit (ALU) and main memory.

 The control unit instructs the arithmetic logic unit that which
logical or arithmetic operation is to be performed.

 The control unit co-ordinates the activities of the other two units
as well as all peripherals and auxiliary storage devices linked to
the computer.

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 DESIGN OF CONTROL UNIT

Control unit generates control signals using one of the

two organizations:

 Hardwired Control Unit

 Micro-programmed Control Unit

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

 It is implemented as logic circuits (gates, flip-flops,

decoders etc.) in the hardware.

 This organization is very complicated if we have a large

control unit.

 In this organization, if the design has to be modified or

changed, requires changes in the wiring among the various
components. Thus the modification of all the
combinational circuits may be very difficult.

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

ADVANTAGES

 Hardwired Control Unit is fast because control signals

are generated by combinational circuits.

 The delay in generation of control signals depends

upon the number of gates.

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
DISADVANTAGES

 More is the control signals required by CPU; more complex

will be the design of control unit.

 Modifications in control signal are very difficult. That

means it requires rearranging of wires in the hardware
circuit.

 It is difficult to correct mistake in original design or adding

new feature in existing design of control unit.

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 ARCHITECTURE OF HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

I Opcode Address

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

Control unit consist of a:

 Instruction Register

 Number of Control Logic Gates,

 Two Decoders

 4-bit Sequence Counter

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
 An instruction read from memory is placed in the
instruction register (IR).

 The instruction register is divided into three parts: the I

bit, operation code, and address part.

 First 12-bits (0-11) to specify an address, next 3-bits specify

the operation code (opcode) field of the instruction and
last left most bit specify the addressing mode I.
I = 0 for direct address
I = 1 for indirect address

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
 First 12-bits (0-11) are applied to the control logic gates.

 The operation code bits (12 – 14) are decoded with a 3 x 8

decoder.

 The eight outputs ( D0 through D7) from a decoder goes to

the control logic gates to perform specific operation.

 Last bit 15 is transferred to a I flip-flop designated by

symbol I.
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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT

 The 4-bit sequence counter SC can count in binary

from 0 through 15.

 The counter output is decoded into 16 timing pulses T0

through T15.

 The sequence counter can be incremented by INR

input or clear by CLR input synchronously.

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 HARDWIRED CONTROL UNIT
For example:
Consider the case where SC is incremented to provide
timing signals T0, T1, T 2 , T3, and T4 in sequence. At time
T4 , SC is cleared to 0 if decoder output D3 is active.
This is expressed symbolically by the statement:
D3 T4 : SC ← 0

 The timing diagram shows the time relationship of the

control signals.

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 TIMING DIAGRAM

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 MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
 A micro-programmed control unit is implemented
using programming approach. A sequence of micro-
operations are carried out by executing a program
consisting of micro-instructions.

 Micro-program, consisting of micro-instructions is

stored in the control memory of the control unit.

 Execution of a micro-instruction is responsible for

generation of a set of control signals.

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 MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT

 A micro-instruction consists of:

 One or more micro-operations to be executed.
 Address of next microinstruction to be executed.

Micro-Operations: The operations performed on the data

stored inside the registers are called micro-operations.

 Micro-Programs: Microprogramming is the concept for

generating control signals using programs. These programs
are called micro-programs.
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 MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
 Micro-Instructions: The instructions that make
micro-program are called micro-instructions.

 Micro-Code: Micro-program is a group of micro-

instructions. The micro-program can also be termed as
micro-code.

 Control Memory: Micro-programs are stored in the

read only memory (ROM). That memory is called
control memory.

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 MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
ADVANTAGES

 The design of micro-program control unit is less complex because

micro-programs are implemented using software routines.

 The micro-programmed control unit is more flexible because design

modifications, correction and enhancement is easily possible.

 The new or modified instruction set of CPU can be easily implemented

by simply rewriting or modifying the contents of control memory.

 The fault can be easily diagnosed in the micro-program control unit

using diagnostics tools by maintaining the contents of flags, registers
and counters.

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 MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
DISADVANTAGES

 The micro-program control unit is slower than hardwired control unit.

That means to execute an instruction in micro-program control unit
requires more time.

 The micro-program control unit is expensive than hardwired control

unit in case of limited hardware resources.

 The design duration of micro-program control unit is more than

hardwired control unit for smaller CPU.

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 ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-PROGRAMMED
CONTROL UNIT

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 ARCHITECTURE OF MICRO-PROGRAMMED
CONTROL UNIT
 The address of micro-instruction that is to be executed is stored in the
control address register (CAR).

 Micro-instruction corresponding to the address stored in CAR is

fetched from control memory and is stored in the control data register
(CDR).

 This micro-instruction contains control word to execute one or more

micro-operations.

 After the execution of all micro-operations of micro-instruction, the

address of next micro-instruction is located.

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 COMPARISON BETWEEN HARDWIRED AND
MICRO-PROGRAMMED CONTROL UNIT
Attributes Hardwired Control Micro-programmed Control

Speed Fast Slow

Cost of
More Cheaper
Implementation
Not flexible, difficult to modify for new Flexible, new instructions can
Flexibility
instruction easily be added
Ability to Handle
Difficult Easier
Complex Instructions
Decoding Complex Easy

Applications RISC Microprocessor CISC Microprocessor

Instruction Set Size Small Large

Control Memory Absent Present

Chip Area Required Less More

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