Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
and Organization
Instruction Sets:
Addressing Modes and Formats
Addressing Modes
• Immediate
• Direct
• Indirect
• Register
• Register Indirect
• Displacement (Indexed)
• Stack
Immediate Addressing
• Operand is part of instruction
• Operand = address field
• e.g. ADD 5
—Add 5 to contents of accumulator
—5 is operand
• No memory reference to fetch data
• Fast
• Limited range
Immediate Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Operand
Direct Addressing
• Address field contains address of operand
• Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
• e.g. ADD A
—Add contents of cell A to accumulator
—Look in memory at address A for operand
• Single memory reference to access data
• No additional calculations to work out
effective address
• Limited address space
Direct Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory
Operand
Indirect Addressing
• Memory cell pointed to by address field
contains the address of (pointer to) the
operand
• EA = (A)
—Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
• e.g. ADD (A)
—Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of
A to accumulator
Indirect Addressing
• Large address space
• 2n where n = word length
• May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
—e.g. EA = (((A)))
– Draw the diagram yourself
• Multiple memory accesses to find operand
• Hence slower
Indirect Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Address A
Memory
Pointer to operand
Operand
Register Addressing
• Operand is held in register named in
address filed
• EA = R
• Limited number of registers
• Very small address field needed
—Shorter instructions
—Faster instruction fetch
Register Addressing
• No memory access
• Very fast execution
• Very limited address space
• Multiple registers helps performance
—Requires good assembly programming or
compiler writing
—N.B. C programming
– register int a;
• c.f. Direct addressing
Register Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Registers
Operand
Register Indirect Addressing
• C.f. indirect addressing
• EA = (R)
• Operand is in memory cell pointed to by
contents of register R
• Large address space (2n)
• One fewer memory access than indirect
addressing
Register Indirect Addressing Diagram
Instruction
Opcode Register Address R
Memory
Registers
Instruction
Opcode Register R Address A
Memory
Registers
• Preindex
• EA = (A+(R))