Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
Computer Architecture and Organization Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
and Organization
Instruction Sets:
Addressing Modes and Formats
Addressing Modes
Immediate
Direct
Indirect
Register
Register Indirect
Displacement (Indexed)
Stack
Immediate Addressing
Operand is part of instruction
Operand = address field
e.g. ADD 5
Add 5 to contents of accumulator
5 is operand
Instruction
Opcode
Operand
Direct Addressing
Address field contains address of operand
Effective address (EA) = address field (A)
e.g. ADD A
Add contents of cell A to accumulator
Look in memory at address A for operand
Instruction
Opcode
Address A
Memory
Operand
Indirect Addressing
Memory cell pointed to by address field
contains the address of (pointer to) the
operand
EA = (A)
Look in A, find address (A) and look there for
operand
e.g. ADD (A)
Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of
A to accumulator
Indirect Addressing
Large address space
2n where n = word length
May be nested, multilevel, cascaded
e.g. EA = (((A)))
Draw the diagram yourself
Address A
Memory
Pointer to operand
Operand
Register Addressing
Operand is held in register named in
address filed
EA = R
Limited number of registers
Very small address field needed
Shorter instructions
Faster instruction fetch
Register Addressing
No memory access
Very fast execution
Very limited address space
Multiple registers helps performance
Requires good assembly programming or
compiler writing
N.B. C programming
register int a;
Register Address R
Registers
Operand
Instruction
Opcode
Register Address R
Memory
Registers
Pointer to Operand
Operand
Displacement Addressing
EA = A + (R)
Address field hold two values
A = base value
R = register that holds displacement
or vice versa
Instruction
Opcode Register R Address A
Memory
Registers
Pointer to Operand
Operand
Relative Addressing
Base-Register Addressing
A holds displacement
R holds pointer to base address
R may be explicit or implicit
e.g. segment registers in 80x86
Indexed Addressing
A = base
R = displacement
EA = A + R
Good for accessing arrays
EA = A + R
R++
Combinations
Postindex
EA = (A) + (R)
Preindex
EA = (A+(R))
(Draw the diagrams)
Stack Addressing
Operand is (implicitly) on top of stack
e.g.
ADD
Indirect indexed
Instruction references base register and index register
(both may be GP)
EA is sum of contents
Branch address
Absolute
Relative
Indirect
Arithmetic
Operands in registers or part of instruction
Floating point is register only
Instruction Formats
Instruction Length
Affected by and affects:
Memory size
Memory organization
Bus structure
CPU complexity
CPU speed
Allocation of Bits