Exercise 1:

Solving problems such as temperature conversion, student grading, income tax

calculation, etc., which expose students to use basic C operators

Temperature conversion

Algorithm:
Step1: start
Step2: read Fahrenheit value
Step3: c=f-32*5/9
Step4: print/write c
Step5: stop

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main( ) {
float f, c;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter Fahrenheit value”);
scanf(“%f”,&f);
c=f-32*5/9;
printf(“centigrade value is %f”,c);
getch( ); }

Student grading

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:read marks of the student
m1,m2,m3……
step3: if m1>30 and m2>30 and m3>30……
Step4:add the marks of the student
m=m1+m2+m3…..
Step5:find the percentage of the marks
p=(m/(n*100))*100
Step6:if percentage is in between 70 to 100
p<=100 && p>=70
Step7:print / write first class
Step8:if percentage is in between 50 to 69
p<=69 && p>=50
Step9:write second class
Step10:if percentage 40 to 49
p<=49 && p>=40
Step11:write third class
Step12:if percentage <40
Step13:pass
Step14:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int m1,m2,m3;
float sum=0,p;
clrscr( );
printf(“enter marks for 3 subjects”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”,&m1,&m2,&m3);
if(m1>30 && m2>30 && m3>30)
{
sum=m1+m2+m3;
p=sum/300*100;
if(p<=100 && p>=70)
printf(“first class”);
if(p<=69 && p>=50)
printf(“second class”);
if(p<=49 && p>=40)
printf(“third class”);
if(p>40)
printf(“pass”);
}
else
printf(“fail”);
}
Exercise 2

2’s complement of a number is obtained by scanning it from right to left and

complementing all the bits after the first appearance of a 1. Thus 2’s complement of
11100 is 00100. Write a C program to find the 2’s complement of a binary number.

Algorithm:
Step1:start
Step2:read binary value
Step3:if binary value is 1
Step4:if next value is 1 change to 0
Step5:if next value is 0 change to 1
Step6:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a[20],n,i,count=0,j,k,l;
clrscr();
printf("enter number of digits in binary value");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("before 2's compliment ");
for(l=0;l<n;l++)
{
printf("%d",a[l]);
}
for(j=n;j>0;j--)
{
if(a[j]==1)
count++;
if(count>=1)
{
if(a[j-1]==0)
a[j-1]=1;
else
a[j-1]=0;
}
}
printf("\nafter 2's complement ");
for(k=0;k<n;k++)
{
printf("%d",a[k]);
}
getch();
}

Exercise 3

a) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

b) A Fibonacci sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence
are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the
sequence. Write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence.
c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a
value supplied by the user.
d) Write a program which checks a given integer is Fibonacci number or not.

a)
Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:read n value, assign sum=0
Step3:while n>0
Step4:r=n%10
Step5:sum=sum+r
Step6: n=n/10
Step7:print/write sum
Step8:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,sum=0,r;
clrscr();
printf("enter n value");
scanf("%d",&n);
while(n>0)
{
r=n%10;
sum=sum+r;
n=n/10;
}
printf("%d",sum);
getch();
}

b)

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:read n value
Step3:f1=0,f2=1
Step4: for i=0 to n
Step5:f3=f1+f2
Step6:print f3
Step7:f1=f2
Step8:f2=f3
Step9:print f3
Step10:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,f1=0,f2=1,f3,n;
clrscr();
printf("enter n value");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n %d \n %d",f1,f2);
for(i=3;i<=n;i++)
{
f3=f1+f2;
f1=f2;
f2=f3;
printf("\n %d",f3);
}
getch();
}

c)

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:enter n value
Step3:for i=0 to n
Step4:count=0
Step6:if i%0
Step5:for j=1j=0
Step7:count=count+1
Step8:if count<=2
Step9:print i
Step10:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i,j,n,count;
clrscr( );
printf("enter the range of numbers:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter the prime no. are:");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
count=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
 {
if(i%j==0)
count++;
}
if(count==2)
printf("%d",i);
}
getch();
}

d)

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:read n value
Step3:f1=0,f2=1
Step4:for i 0 to n
Step5:f3=f1+f2
Step6:if f3=n
Step7:Count+1
Step8:f1=f2,f2=f3
Step9:if count=1
Print Fibonacci number
Step10:if count!=1
Print not a Fibonacci number

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,count=0,f1=0,f2=1,f3,i;
clrscr();
printf("enter n value");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
f3=f1+f2;
if(f3==n)
 {
count++;
break;
}
f1=f2;
f2=f3;
}
if(count==1)
printf("%d is fibinacci number",n);
else
printf("%d is not fibonacci number",n);
getch();
}

Exercise 4

a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum:

Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!
b) Write a C program to find the roots of a quadratic equation.

a)

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:enter x value
Step3:for count ,power 0 to 10
Step4:fact=1
Step5:for fcoun power to 1
Step6: fact =fact* fcoun;
Step7:sum=sum+(-1)counter * xpower /fact
Step8:print sum
Step9:stop
Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int counter,f_coun;
float sum=0,x,power,fact;
clrscr();

printf("<-----------------------PROGRAM FOR SUM OF EQ.

SERIES----------------------->");
printf("\n\n\tEQUATION SERIES : 1- X^2/2! + X^4/4! - X^6/6! + X^8/8! -
X^10/10!");

printf("\n\n\n\tENTER VALUE OF X : ");

scanf("%f",&x);

for(counter=0, power=0; power<=10; counter++,power=power+2)

{
fact=1;
//CALC FACTORIAL OF POWER VALUE
for(fcoun=power; fcoun>=1; fcoun--)
fact *= fcoun;
//EQ. FOR SUM SERIES
sum=sum+(pow(-1,counter)*(pow(x,power)/fact));
}
printf("SUM : %f",sum);
getch();
}

b)
Algorithm:
Step1:start
Step2:enter a ,b,c
Step3:d=b*b-4*a*c
Step4:if d>0
Step5:r1=-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/(2*a)
Step6:r2=-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/(2*a)
Step7:print r1,r2
Step8:if d=0
Step9:r1=r2=-b/2*a
Step10:if d<0
Step11:print imaginary roots
Step12:stop
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float a,b,c,r1,r2;
int d;
clrscr();
printf("enter a,b,c values");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
{
r1=-b+sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/(2*a);
r2=-b-sqrt(b*b-4*a*c)/(2*a);
printf("roots are \n");
printf("\n r1=%f",r1);
printf("\n r2=%f",r2);
}
else if(d==0)
{
r1=r2=-b/(2*a);
printf("roots are \n");
printf("\n r1=%f",r1);
printf("\n r2=%f",r2);
}
else
printf("\n roots are imaginary");
getch();
}

Exercise 5

a) The total distance travelled by vehicle in‘t’ seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at 2
where ‘u’ and ‘a’ are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration (m/sec 2). Write C
program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given the values of ‘u’
and ‘a’. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to select his own time
intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of ‘u’ and ‘a’.
b) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user,
performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and
use Switch Statement)
a)

Algorithm:
Step1:start
Step2:read number of time intervals
Step3:for counter 1 to time interval
Step4:read time, velocity ,acceleration
Step5: distance = velocity*time + (acceleration*time*time)/2
Step6:stop

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int tim_intrval, counter,time;
float accl, distance=0, velos;
clrscr();
printf("<===========PROGRAM FOR CALC TOTAL DISTANCE
TRAVELED BY A VECHIAL===========>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tNO OF TIME INTERVALS : ");
scanf("%d",&tim_intrval);

for(counter = 1; counter <= tim_intrval; counter++)

{
printf("\n\t\t\tAT T%d TIME(sec) : ",counter);
scanf("%d",&time);
printf("\t\t\tVELOCITY AT %d sec (m/sec) : ",time);
scanf("%f",&velos);
printf("\t\t\tACCLERATION AT %d sec (m/sec^2): ",time);
scanf("%f",&accl);
distance = (velos*time + (accl*pow(time,2))/2);
}

printf("\n\n\n\tTOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN %d

INTERVALS OF TIME : %f",tim_intrval,distance);
getch();
}

b)

Algorithm:

Step1:start
Step2:read a,b values and read one operator
Step3: case +: c=a+b addition is performed ,print c
Step4: case -: c=a-b subtraction is performed ,print c
Step5:case *: c=a*b multiplication is performed ,print c
Step6:case %: c=a%b modulus is performed ,print c
Step7:case /: c=a/b division is performed ,print c
Step8:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
float a,b,c;
int c1;
char op;
clrscr( );
printf("enter a,b,op values");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
op=getche( );
switch(op)
{
case '+':
c=a+b;
printf("addition value is %f",c);
break;
case '-':
c=a-b;
printf("subtraction value is %f",c);
break;
case '*':
 c=a*b;
printf("multiplication value is %f",c);
break;
case '%':
c1=(int)a%(int)b;
printf("remainder value is %d",c1);
break;
case '/':
c=a/b;
printf("division value is %f",c);
break;

default:
printf("not valid");
break;
}
getch( );
}

Exercise 6

a) Simple programming examples to manipulate strings.

b) Verifying a string for its palindrome property

Algorithm:

step1:start
step2:read two strings string1,string2
step3:read n value
step4: case1:concat two strings
print string
step5: case2:compare two strings
print the value
step6: case3:copy the string2 to string1
print the string1
step7: case 4:length of the string
print the length
step8: case 0:exit
step9: stop
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
int i,c;
char string1[50],string2[50],string3[50];
clrscr();
printf("\n1.string concatination \n2.compare the strings \n3.copy the string \n
4.find the length of the string \n 0.exit\n" );
printf("\n enter your choice");
scanf("%d",&i);
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("enter two strings");
scanf("%s%s",&string1,&string2);
strcat(string1,string2);
printf("%s",string1);
break;
case 2:
printf("enter two strings");
scanf("%s%s",&string1,&string2);
c=strcmp(string1,string2);
printf("%d",c);
break;
case 3:
printf("enter two strings");
scanf("%s%s",&string1,&string2);
strcpy(string1,string2);
printf("%s",string1);
break;
case 4:
printf("enter the string");
scanf("%s",string1);
c=strlen(string1);
 printf("%d",c);
break;
case 0:
exit(0);
}

getch();
}

b)

Algorithm:

step1:start
step2:read the string string1
step3:find the reverse of the string string2
step4:if string1 is equal to string2
step5:print string1 is palidrome or not
step6:stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

enum Boolean{false,true};
enum Boolean IsPalindrome(char string[])
{
int left,right,len=strlen(string);
enum Boolean matched=true;
if(len==0)
return 0;
left=0;
right=len-1;

/* Compare the first and last letter,second & second last & so on */
while(left<right&&matched)
{
if(string[left]!=string[right])
matched=false;
 else
{
left++;
right--;
}
}
return matched;
}

int main()
{
char string[40];
clrscr();
printf("****Program to test if the given string is a palindrome****\n");
printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s",string);
if(IsPalindrome(string))
printf("The given string %s is a palindrome\n",string);
else
printf("The given string %s is not a palindrome\n",string);
getch();
return 0;
}

Exercise 7

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i. To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position.
ii. To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string.
iii. To replace a character of string either from beginning or ending or at a
specified location

Algorithm:

1. start
2. Read strings first and second.
3. do
4. begin
5. if u select one of them.
6. i.1 means insert string
7. ii. 2 means delete string.
8. iii.3 means replacing character
9. read integer value
10.switch
11.Begin
12.case 1:
13.Call insert function
14.Break;
15.Case 2:
16.Call delete function
17.Break;
18.Case 3:
19.Call replacing character function
20.Default:
21.Invalid choice
22.If u want to continue read character
23.End of while loop
24.Stop.
25.Procedure for insert function
26.initialize i=0
27.read position value for where insert substring into main string
28.while i<pos
29.begin
30.c[i]=first[i];
31.i++;
32.end of while
33.for j=0 to ending of second string
34.c[i++]=second[j];
35.for j=pos to ending of first string
36.c[i]=first[j];
37.print string c

procedure for delete function

 38.Initailize i=0;
39.Calculating string length of second string
40.While i<0 to position
41.C[i]=second[i];
42.i++;
43.end of while
44.for j=(position+n) to m
45.c[i++]=second[j];
46.c[i]=’\0’;
47.print string c

procedure for replacing character function

48.read position ,character

49.first[position]=character
50.print string c

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int n,q,j,pos;
char first[20],second[20];
char ch;
clrscr();
printf("enter first string");
gets(first);
printf("enter second string");
gets(second);
do
{
printf("if u choose one of them ");
printf("1.insert substring\n2.delete character\n3.replacing character");
scanf("%d",&q);
switch(q)
{
case 1:

insert(first,second);
break;
case 2:

delete(second);
break;
case 3:
replace(first);

break;
}
printf("u want to continue (y/n):");
ch=getche();
}while(ch=='y');
getch();

}
insert(char *first,char *second)
{
int m,q,i,j,pos;
char c[20];
i=0;
printf("enter given position");
scanf("%d",&pos);
m=strlen(second);
q=strlen(first);
while(i<pos)
{
c[i]=first[i];
i++;
}
c[i]='\0';
for(j=0;second[j]!='\0';j++)
c[i++]=second[j];
for(m=pos;m<q;m++)

c[i++]=first[m];
c[i]='\0';
puts(c);

}
delete(char *second)
{
int i,m,j,pos,n;
char c[20];
printf("enter where position to delete from string");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("enter how many characters to delete");
scanf("%d",&n);

i=0;
m=strlen(second);
while(i<pos)
{
c[i]=second[i];
i++;
}
for(j=(pos+n);j<m;j++)
c[i++]=second[j];
c[i]='\0';
puts(c);
}

replace(char *first)
{
int n;
char ch;
printf("enter position for repalcement");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter replacing character");
ch=getche();
first[strlen(first)+1]='\0';
first[n]=ch;
printf("\n");
puts(first);
}
Exercise 8

Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations using
Structure:
i) Reading a complex number ii) Writing a complex number
iii) Addition of two complex numbers iv) Multiplication of two complex
numbers

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Call procedure Read_complex_numbers()
3. Call procedure write_complex_numbers()
4. Call procedure Add_complex_numbers()
5. Call procedure Multiply_complex_numbers()
6. Stop

Algorithm for Read Complex numbers

1. Start
2. Read real part and inmaginary part of first complex number
3. Read real part and inmaginary part of Second complex number
4. Stop

Algorithm for Write Complex numbers

1. Start
2. Write real part and inmaginary part of first complex number
3. Write real part and inmaginary part of Second complex number
4. Stop

Algorithm for Add Complex numbers

1. Start
2. Result.real_part=number1.real_part +number2.real_part
3. Result.imaginary_part=number1.imaginary_part
+number2.imaginary_part
4. Stop
Algorithm for Write Complex numbers

1. Start
2. Result.real_part=(number1.real_part *number2.real_part) –
(number1.imaginary_part *number2.imaginary_part)
3. Result.imaginary_part=(number1.real_part *number2.imaginary_part) +
(number2.real_part *number1.imaginary_part)
4.Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>

void arithmetic(int opern);

struct comp
{
double realpart;
double imgpart;
};

void main()
{
int opern;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n \t\t\t***** MAIN MENU *****");
printf("\n\n Select your option: \n 1 : ADD\n 2 : MULTIPLY\n 0 :
EXIT \n\n\t\t Enter your Option [ ]\b\b");

scanf("%d",&opern);

switch(opern)
{
case 0:
exit(0);
case 1:
 case 2:
arithmetic(opern);
default:
main();
}

void arithmetic(int opern)

{

struct comp w1, w2, w;

printf("\n Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):\n Real Part of First

Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.imgpart);
printf("\n Real Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.imgpart);
switch(opern)
{
/*addition of complex number*/
case 1:
w.realpart = w1.realpart+w2.realpart;
w.imgpart = w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart;
break;

/*multiplication of complex number*/

case 2:
w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)-(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart);
w.imgpart=(w1.realpart*w2.imgpart)+(w1.imgpart*w2.realpart);
break;
}
if (w.imgpart>0)
printf("\n Answer = %lf+%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
else
printf("\n Answer = %lf%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
 getch();
main();
}
Exercise 9

a) Addition of Two Matrices

b) Calculating transpose of a matrix in-place manner.
c) Matrix multiplication by checking compatibility

a)

Algorithm:

Matrix Addition:

1. Start the procedure

2. read no. of rows and columns of the matrix A i.e m,n
3. read no. of rows and columns of the matrix B i.e p,q
4. if m!=p or n!=q then print “matrix addition is not possible” and goto
step (15)
5. else go to next step
6. read matrix A and matrix B
7. for i=0 to m-1 do
8. begin
9. for j=0 to n-1 do
10.begin
11.C[i][j]= A[i][j]+B[i][j];
12.end
13.end
14.print the resultant matrix C.
15.Stop

Matrix Transpose:

1. start the procedure

2. read the size of the matrix A i.e. m,n
3. take a resultant matrix B.
4. for i=0 to m-1 do
5. begin
6. for j=0 to n-1 do
 7. begin
8. read element a[i][j]
9. end
10.end
11.for i=0 to m-1 do
12.begin
13.for j=0 to n-1 do
14.begin
15.b[j][i]=a[i][j];
16.end
17.end
18.print the resultant matrix B which is the transpose of the given matrix
A.
19.stop.

Matrix Multiplication:

1. start the procedure

2. read no. of rows and columns of the matrix A i.e m,n
3. read no. of rows and columns of the matrix B i.e p,q
4. if n!=p then print “matrix multiplication is not possible” and goto step
(15)
5. else go to next step
6. read matrix A and matrix B
7. for i=0 to m-1 do
8. begin
9. for j=0 to n-1 do
10.begin
11.for k=0 to q-1 do
12.begin
13.C[i][j]= c[i][j]+A[i][k]*B[k][j];
14.end
15.end
16.print the resultant matrix C.
17.stop

Program: (Addition & Multiplication)

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int ch,i,j,m,n,p,q,k,r1,c1,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
clrscr();
printf("************************************");
printf("\n\t\tMENU");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[0]EXIT");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("Valid Choice\n");
}
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n =====Matrix Addition=====\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]+b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
 }
break;
case 2:
printf("Input rows and columns of A matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Input rows and columns of B matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("matrices can be multiplied\n");
printf("resultant matrix is %d*%d\n",m,q);
printf("Input A matrix\n");
read_matrix(a,m,n);
printf("Input B matrix\n");
/*Function call to read the matrix*/
read_matrix(b,p,q);
/*Function for Multiplication of two matrices*/
printf("\n =====Matrix Multiplication=====\n");
for(i=0;i<m;++i)
for(j=0;j<q;++j)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;++k)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
printf("Resultant of two matrices:\n");
write_matrix(c,m,q);
}
/*end if*/
else
{
printf("Matrices cannot be multiplied.");
}
/*end else*/
break;
case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;
default:
 printf("\n Invalid Choice");
}
getch();
}
/*Function read matrix*/
int read_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n){
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
return 0;
}
/*Function to write the matrix*/
int write_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Program: (Transpose)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[30][30],b[30][30],m,n,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter size of matrix a(m,n)");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("\nenter %d elements ",m*n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
 }
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
b[j][i]=a[i][j];
}
/* display the elements of matrix a*/
printf("\nelements of matrix a\n");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%4d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
/* display the elements of matrix b */
printf("\nelements of matrix b\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
printf("%4d",b[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Exercise 10

a)Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions for the following
i) To find the factorial of a given integer.
ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers.
iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem.

a) i)

Algorithm: (Non-recursive)

1. Start the procedure

2. read a number n
3. fact=factorial(n)
4. print fact
5. Stop
Algorithm for factorial():

1. Start the procedure

2. f=1
3. for i=1 to n do
4. begin
5. f=f*i
6. Stop
return f

Alogrithm: (Recursive)

1. Start the procedure

2. read a number
3. fact= factorial(n)
4. print fact
5. Stop

Algorithm for factorial():

1. start the procedure

2. if n==0 return 1
3. else return n*factorial(n-1)
4. Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n);
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n);
void main(){
int n,i;
long fact;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
 if(n==0)
printf("Factorial of 0 is 1\n");
else
{
printf("Factorial of %d Using Recursive Function is
%d\n",n,recr_factorial(n));
printf("Factorial of %d Using Non-Recursive Function is
%d\n",n,iter_factorial(n));
}
getch();
}
/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n) {
return n>=1 ? n * recr_factorial(n-1) : 1;
}
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n) {
int accu = 1;
int i;
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
accu *= i;
}
return accu;}

a) ii)

Algorithm: (Non-recursive)

1. Start the procedure

2. read a,b
3. result=gcd(a,b)
4. print result
5. Stop

Algorithm for gcd(a,b):

1. start the procedure

2. if a=0 then return b
3. else if b=0 then return a
4. else go to next step
5. if a<=b then n1=a , n2=b
6. else n1=b , n2=a
7. while (n2%n1)!=0 do
8. begin
9. t=n2%n1;
10.n2=n1
11.n1=t
12.end
13.return n1
14.stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n);
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q);
int main(void)
{
int a,b,iGcd;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Recursive Function is
%d\n",a,b,GcdRecursive(a,b));
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Non-Recursive Function is
%d\n",a,b,GcdNonRecursive(a,b));
getch();
}
/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n)
{
if(n>m)
return GcdRecursive(n,m);
if(n==0)
return m;
else
return GcdRecursive(n,m%n);
}
 /* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q){
unsigned remainder;
remainder = p-(p/q*q);
if(remainder==0)
return q;
else
GcdRecursive(q,remainder);}

a) iii)

Algorithm: (Recursive)

1. Start
2. Initialize sour,temp,dest
3. Read n value
4. Call procedure hanoi
5. End

Procedure for hanoi

1. If(n!=0) then
2. Call procedure hanoi
3. Print n,sour and dest values
4. Call procedure hanoi
5. End if

Program: (Recursive)

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n;
char sour='A',temp='B',dest='C';
clrscr();
printf("enter n value");
scanf("%d",&n);
hania(n,sour,temp,dest);
getch();
}
hania(int n,int sour,int temp,int dest)
{
if(n!=0)
{
hania(n-1,sour,dest,temp);
printf("\n%d disks move from %c to %c",n,sour,dest);
hania(n-1,temp,sour,dest);
}
}

Exercise 11

a) Write a C functions to find both the largest and smallest number of an array of
integers.
b) Write a C function that uses functions to perform the following:
i) that displays the position/ index in the string S where the string T begins, or –1
if S doesn’t contain T.
ii) to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

a)

Algorithm:

Algorithm MIN_MAX:

1. Start
2. Read the elements of array a[]
3. large=largest(a,n)
4. small=smallest(a,n)
5. print large
6. print small
7. Stop

Algorithm largest:

1. Start
2. max=a[0]
3. for i=1 to n-1 do
4. if(max<a[i])
5. max=a[i]
 6. return max
7. Stop

Algorithm Smallest:

1. Start
2. min=a[0]
3. for i=1 to n-1 do
4. if(a[i]<min)
5. min=a[i]
6. return min
7. Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
int largest(int[],int);
int smallest(int[],int);
main()
{
int a[10],n,i,large,small;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of elements in the array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements of the array");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
large=largest(a,n);
small=smallest(a,n);
printf("The largest element of the array is %d",large);
printf("\nThe smallest element of the array is %d",small);
getch();
}
int largest(int a[],int n)
{
int i,max=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(max<a[i])
max=a[i];
return max;
}
int smallest(int a[],int n)
{
int i,min=a[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(a[i]<min)
min=a[i];
return min;
}

b) i)

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Read main string s
3. Read the string to be searched t
4. found=strstr(s,t)
5. if(found)
6. print second string is found in the first string at some position
7. else
8. string not found
9. end if
10. Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();
/* Entering the main string */
puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);
/* Entering the string whose position or index to be displayed */
puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");
 gets(t);
/*Searching string t in string s */
found=strstr(s,t);
if(found)
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",found-s);
else
printf("-1");
getch();
}

b)ii)

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Initialize variables
3. While end=0 do
4. Initialize c-0
5. While read characters until \n then goto step 6
6. Line[c++]=ctr
7. Line [c]=\0
8. If line=0 then goto step 9
9. Break
10.Else
11.Words++
12.For i=0 to \0
13.If line=null or \t then
14.Words++
15.End else
16.Lines=lines+1
17.Characters=characters+strlen(line)
18.End while
19.Print characters ,words and lines
20.end

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char line[81], ctr;
int i,c,
end = 0,
characters = 0,
words = 0,
lines = 0;
printf("KEY IN THE TEXT.\n");
printf("GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.\n");
printf("WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.\n\n");
while( end == 0)
{
/* Reading a line of text */
c = 0;
while((ctr=getchar()) != '\n')
line[c++] = ctr;
line[c] = '\0';
/* counting the words in a line */
if(line[0] == '\0')
break ;
else
{
words++;
for(i=0; line[i] != '\0';i++)
if(line[i] == ' ' || line[i] == '\t')
words++;
}
/* counting lines and characters */
lines = lines +1;
characters = characters + strlen(line);
}
printf ("\n");
printf("Number of lines = %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words = %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters = %d\n", characters);
}

Exercise 12
a) Write a C function to generate Pascal’s triangle.
b) Write a C function to construct a pyramid of numbers.

a)

Algorithm:
1. Start
2. Initialize q=0 and bin
3. Read n value
4. While (q<n) do
5. For i=40-3*q to 0 then goto step6
6. Print “ “
7. For i=0 to q then
8. If(i==0 || q=0) then goto step 9
9. Bin=1
10.Else
11.Bin=bin*(q-i+1)/i
12.End if
13.Print bin
14.End for
15.Print new line
16.Incremetnt q by 1
17.End while
18. Stop
Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int bin,p,q,r,x;
clrscr();
bin=1;
q=0;
printf("Rows you want to input:");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("\nPascal's Triangle:\n");
 while(q<r)
{
for(p=40-3*q;p>0;--p)
printf(" ");
for(x=0;x<=q;++x)
{
if((x==0)||(q==0))
bin=1;
else
bin=(bin*(q-x+1))/x;
printf("%6d",bin);
}
printf("\n");
++q;
}
getch();
}

b)

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Initialize x=35
3. Read number
4. For y=0 to num then
5. Goto x and y location
6. For i=0 to y then goto step 7
7. Print abs(i)
8. X=x-3
9. End for
10.Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
 {
int num,i,y,x=35;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number to generate the pyramid:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(y=0;y<=num;y++)
{
gotoxy(x,y+1);
for(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)
printf("%3d",abs(i));
x=x-3;
}
getch();
}

Exercise 13

Write a C function to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this
geometric progression:
1+x+x2+x3+………….+xn
Write a C function to read in two numbers, x and n(no. of terms), and then compute
sin(x) and cos(x).

Algorithm:

1. Start
2. Read x and n
3. s_sum=1
4. for i=1 to n do
5. s_sum=s_sum+pow(x,i)
6. print s_sum
7. Stop

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int s_sum,i,x,n;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the values for x and n:");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&n);
if(n<=0 || x<=0)
{
printf("Value is not valid\n");
}
else
{
printf("Value is valid\n");
s_sum=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
s_sum=s_sum+pow(x,i);
}
printf("Sum of series=%d\n",s_sum);
}
getch();
}

Exercise 16

a) Write a C program which copies one file to another.

b) Write a C program to reverse the first n characters in a file. (Note: The file name and n
are specified on the command line)

a)

Algorithm:

1. start the procedure

2. read a file name
3. open that source file in read mode
4. if the file name not exists then print ‘file does not exists’ and go to
step 9.
5. else go to next step
6. open a destination file in a write mode.
7. repeat
 8. read each character from source file and copy that character into
destination file
9. until the character read is End of the File character(EOF)
10.print the destination file
11.stop the procedure

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
FILE *fs,*ft;
char ch;
clrscr();
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Invalid number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fs = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fs==NULL)
{
puts("Source file cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
ft = fopen(argv[2],"w");
if (ft==NULL)
{
puts("Target file cannot be opened.");
fclose(fs);
exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
ch=fgetc(fs);
if (ch==EOF)
break;
else
 fputc(ch,ft);
}
fclose(fs);
fclose(ft);
getch();
}

b)

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <process.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char a[15];
char s[20];
char n;
int k;
int j=0;
int i;
int len;
FILE *fp;

if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Improper number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fp = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
puts("File cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
k=*argv[2]-48;
n = fread(a,1,k,fp);
a[n]='\0';
 len=strlen(a);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s[j]=a[i];
printf("%c",s[j]);
j=j+1;
}
s[j+1]='\0';
getch();
}