Metric Mechanic’s Differentials

Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

BMW Differentials come in three sizes which are classified by

the ring gear outside diameter measured in millimeters. An General Differential Description
overview of their use follows:
Small Differential 168 mm
Generally used behind 4 Cylinder engines
Medium Differentials 188 mm
Generally used behind Small and Big Six engines
Large Differentials 210 mm
Generally used behind early M5, M6, V8,
V12, some early 7 Series and E 46 M3 engines

The inherent reliability of BMW Differen-

tials is very sound. For instance, bearing
failure is extremely rare. So what are the
vast majority of our customers looking for
in a differential rebuild? Performance gains!
This means a re-engineered Limited Slip and a
Ring and Pinion Gear Change. The result is:
1) Increased Cornering Speed achieved by
incorporating our 20% Variable Limited Slip
with a 30° ramp angle & 3 discs. E46
2) Optimizing Acceleration by changing out the Variable Limited Slip
rear gear ratio to increase torque to the rear wheels. with 3 Discs and a 3.46 Gear Ratio

Illustration of the
Inner Workings in the
MM 3 Disc Variable Limited Slip
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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Increasing 1 With our MM Variable Lim- Maintain a fairly steady speed

Cornering Speed ited Slip, the lock-up increases through the corner to just past
with braking but the apex.
We’ve re-engineered BMW’s fric- 2 once entering the corner, it 3 Under hard cornering, the
tion disc limited slip to maximize drops off to 20%. inside rear tire will have limited
cornering speed, acceleration, and traction or actually lift off the
Over the years our understanding of the
braking by developing a Variable ground. If lift occurs with our dif-
actual effects of increasing limited slip
Limited Slip - varies from 20% to ferential, the 20% lock-up keeps
have evolved. We don’t recommend a high
full lock-up, and by adding fric- the rear wheels turning at the
lock-up at the rear wheels during the initial
tion discs to increase LS life and same speed, so when the inside
turn-in because this will compel the car to go
smooth-out its operation. Before tire connects with the ground
straight, further inducing understear or cause
cornering, brake while driving in a again, it won’t upset the car’s
the car to plow. To correct this, slow down.
straight line. handling.

Shown is an ideal Increasing load

MM Limited Slip to the differential
taking a corner increases lock-up

When BMWs with an open rear

end or a Quaiff, take a corner
hard, the inside tire can lift off the
ground when power transfers to
that inside wheel. Obviously slow-
ing down is necessary to put the
tire down and regain traction.

4 Just past the apex, accelerat-

ing out of the corner will increase
Limited Slip Lock-up. Earlier we
claimed that MM VLS lock-up
increases with braking, but the
same is true with acceleration.

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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Optimizing Acceleration With Gearing Gearing Example

In the drivetrain (engine, transmission and differ- The E46 330i equipped with a 6 Speed ZF S6 - 37
ential) the differential is the last multiplier of torque and a 2.93 or 3.07 BMW Sport Package is, in our
before power is delivered to the rear wheels. The opinion, geared numerically too low. Acelleration
percentage of gear change equals torque gains to can be greatly enhanced by changing to an MM 3.46
the rear axle. For example, consider an E36 325i or Variable Limited Slip. Let’s fill in the formulas with
M3 with a 3.15 gear, switching to a 3.45 LTC (Low real numbers:
Tooth Contact) gear. This change would be an 8.7%
gear change which would increase torque to the rear Calculating Gear Change %
wheels by 8.7%. To state this in terms of engine from a 2.93 to a 3.46 Gear
power; because torque is directly related to engine
displacement, it would take approximately an 8.7%
increase in engine displacement to gain the same
Gear Change of 15.3 % = 1.00 - 2.93
3.46
x 100
acceleration. For example, an M3 with a 3200 cc
engine would have to be increased to 3475 cc to gain Using 6000 rpms as a shift point, the 330i will do
the same acceleration from an 8.7% gear change. the following in each gear. See Graph Below. MPH
When calculating the optimal gearing, were determined using the Calculating Speed %
we consider the following: formula. For example, in switching from a 2.93 gear
1) Driving style: to a 3.46, 2.93 divided by 3.46 is .847 x 100 = 84.7%.
moderate, hard, very aggressive A 330i at 6000 rpms runs 122.5 mph in fourth gear.
2) Intended use of the car: Take 122.5 x .847 = 104 mph. Notice that in each
daily, drivers school, autocrosses, racing, etc.gear, the speed (MPH) of the 3.46 Gear Ratio is
3) Engine: reduced by 15.3%. But 15.3% more torque is going
engine size (torque output) power band, to the rear wheels - making the 330i acellerate much
stroke (piston speed) faster. So, with the 2.93 differential, 6000 rpm in
4) Transmission: 5th gear can reach 150 mph. Switching to our MM
4 speed, 5 speed, 6 speed, manual, 3 speed, 3.46, using the same 6000 rpm, the driver can now
4 speed, 5 speed automatic or close ratio. reach 150 miles in 6th gear meaning the driver has
6 gears in which to acellerate to this point - whereas
before (with the 2.93) they had only 5. At 75 mph
Gearing Math (half of 150) one would still be turning an aggressive
Often we’re asked hypothetical questions about yet fairly relaxed 3,000 rpm (not working the engine
the effect of differential gear change percentages on hard) with our MM 3.46 rather than about 2550 (a
speed and rpm. We use the following formulas. more laboring rpm) with the 2.93.

Calculating Gear Change % Differential Gear Ratios 1 2 3

Original Gear Ratio
Gear Change % = 1.00 - New MM Gear Ratio
x 100 Gear Transmission
Gear Ratios
2.93 3.07 3.46

1st 4.35 35.5 34.0 28.5

Calculating Speed Change % 2nd 2.50 59.5 57.0 50.5
Original Gear Ratio 3rd 1.67 88.5 84.5 75.0
Speed Change % = x 100
New MM Gear Ratio
4th 1.23 122.5 117.0 104.0

Calculating RPM Change % 5th 1.00 150.0 143.0 127.0

6th .85 176.5 168.0 150.0

RPM Change % = Gear Change % + 100 %
}

Miles Per Hour

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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Differentials that Make a Difference! Cool Looking - Cool Functioning Covers

Adding a finned rear cover to an MM Variable LS
Differential is necessary only for extended track use.
Differential Gearing for BMW’s with The following differentials can be fitted with finned
Automatic Transmissions OEM rear covers sourced from the models shown.
Changing a differential gear to a numerically
higher gear will do more for the acceleration of a
BMW with the automatic transmission than any
other bolt-on modification. 5 Series E39, 7 Series
E38 and 8 Series E31 with V8 or V12 engines came
with large 210 differentials using 2.81 or 2.93 rear
gears with 20% overdrive automatics. These BMW’s
can greatly increase their acceleration with a 3.46,
3.64 or 3.91 gear change.

Turbo Power Versus Gearing The E46 Differential on the Left has a 3.38 Variable Limited Slip
In order to load a Turbo engine to pull boost, with 3 Discs and a Standard Rear Cover. To the Right is a 3.64
normal procedure is to go down numerically on Variable Limited Slip with 4 Discs and a Finned rear Cover.
gearing. Gear ratios in the range of 2.93 to 2.95 are The Nylon Spacers in the foreground are used to shim up the rear
trailing arms to minimize the torque steer on the rear wheels.
common choices for a boosted engine.
Model Finned Cover Origin
Complementing Traction Control 2002 1975 & 76 2002’s
The Limited Slip option was dropped when BMW E30 325e/i Z3 M-Coupe/Roadster
added traction control on the following models: E36 325i, 328i E36 M3
E46 3 Series, E39 5 Series, E38 7 Series and the 323i, 325i, 328i, 330i Z4 with 3.0L
Z4. Exceptions were the M3 and M5 performance
models, in which Limited Slip came standard with Gearing for Reduced Parasitic Loss in the
traction control which kicks in when one tire turns E36 M3, 325i and 328i
at a greater speed than the others. Many M3 owners are inclined towards the 3.46
For example, when accelerating hard from a stop gear ratio. We offer a 3.45 gear ratio that has a low
which breaks the rear tires loose, traction control tooth contact or LTC. The 3.45 ring gear is 5 mm
activates and slows down the car. This is accom- narrower than the 3.46 with 38 teeth while the 3.46
plished by closing down the throttle opening, retard- has 45 wider teeth. And the 3.45 pinion has 2 less
ing the ignition timing or adding braking to the teeth than the 3.46 pinion. These differences account
spinning wheels. for for reduced drag against the ring gear.
Also, when cornering hard, if the inside rear tire
lifts spinning off the ground, traction control will
The 3.45 Low Tooth The 3.46 gear set has
again slow down the car. Contact LTC gear 13 pinion teeth and
In both cases, the traction control is limiting set has 11 pinion 45 ring gear teeth
the acceleration or cornering speed - for safety. By teeth and 38 ring with a ring gear tooth
adding an MM Variable Limited Slip with a gear gear teeth with a width of 30mm.
change, both cornering speed and acceleration can ring gear tooth
width of
be increased. 25mm

Hot Drivetrain for the E30 325i

We offer a CR 5 Speed Conversion for the E30
325i using the Getrag 250 transmission. When this
is combined with one our 2900 or 3200 Baby Six
engines, the hot differential is a 3.25 or 293 gear.

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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Reducing Differential Drivetrain Loss Case #1 - M5 E28, M6 E24

When going to a larger 3900 Metric Mechanic M
A Monumental Jump Engine, going to a 3.73 medium sized rear end will
Most customers are familiar with gearing changes give you the same acceleration as you would get
and switching from an open rear end to a limited from a 3.90 larger rear end (due to the parasitic loss
slip but actually removing their differential and of the larger ring and pinion). The results will be the
replacing it with a smaller one, may sound like a engine will be more relaxed at high speeds, increased
radical change. Following, is our rationale. engine life and fuel mileage.
The Case for a Smaller Differential Case #2 - M3 E30
In a differential, the ring and pinion turn at right The E30 M3 has a great deal of overkill in it’s drive
angles to one another. This unavoidably causes some train. It uses a big 6 rear end and transmission.
drag resulting in parasitic loss. Power is wasted. We Going to a smaller rear end such as a 3.90 or a 4.11
believe that going down a differential size not only LS can be a hot replacement rear end even with one
reduces the weight of the differential by about 20 of our 2500 stroker engines.
lbs. but also reduces the normal drivetrain loss of
20-25% by about 3-5%. By studying the MM Torque Case #3 - 325i E30
Ratings for Small, Medium and Large BMW differen- The 3.64 and 3.90 Ring and Pinion is very common
tials (see graphs in this article), you’ll notice that their load in a small 168 differential but it is quite difficult
rating is over engineered by 200 - 300%. Going to a to find in the medium 188 differential, These are
lighter smaller differential can make the performance nice gear ratios to run behind our 2.9 “Baby” six
difference for a sedate street screamer, weekend Driv- engine.
er’s School vehicle, Autocrosser or Racer.
Many variables are included in the formula that Case #4 - M3 E36, 325 E36. Many M3 owners go to
equals a margin of victory. To us, reducing differen- a 3.46 gear ratio. We offer a 3.45 gear ratio that has a
tial drivetrain loss through a lighter rear end, is one LTC (low tooth contact). This reduces the parasitic
of them. Here are some case studies. loss of the ring and pinion.
1 Pair of Thrust Plates 2 Friction Disc (3)
Metric Mechanic Variable 3 Floater Disc (3)

Limited Slip with 3 Discs 4 Spring Washer (2)

Metric Mechanic’s Variable Lim-

ited Slip works by lowering the
limited slip down
to 20% from 25%
and decreasing
Axle
the ramp angle Axle
to 30° from 45°.
These reductions
make it easier for the
spider gear pin to move
up and down the ramp angle
of the thrust plates allowing the
thrust plates to push out and MM Progressive Spider Gear Pin (2)
increase the load against the Ramp Design vs. Stock
MM machines the ramp angle to 30° using 3 to 4 discs
limited slip clutch discs. while the syock L/S uses a 45° ramp angle with 2 discs
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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Small 168 Differentials Gear Ratios

3.25
MM Torque Rating
300 ft. lbs. Weight - 49 lbs.
Ring Gear Diameter - 168 mm
3.45 280 ft. lbs.
2002, 320i, 318i & All 4 Cylinder 3.64 260 ft. lbs. Friction Disc Diameter:
BMWs from 1969 on E21, E30 & E36 42 mm ID x 76 mm OD
3.90 240 ft. lbs.
4.10 220 ft. lbs.
4.27 200 ft. lbs.
Specifications for Small 168 Differentials
Description MM Sport MM Rally Stock
Number of Discs 3 Disc 4 Disc 2 Disc
Friction Disc Area 189 sq. cm. 252 sq. cm 126 sq. cm
Increase in Disc Life 4.25 times 10 times 1 time
Differential Initial Lockup 20% 20% 25%
Shown Initial Breakaway Torque 35 ft. lbs. 35 ft. lbs. 44 ft. lbs.
2002 Rapid Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 45° Angle

Medium 188 Differentials Gear Ratios MM Torque Rating

2.79 500 ft. lbs. Weight - 83 lbs.
Ring Gear Diameter - 188 mm
2.93 480 ft. lbs.
3, 5, 6, 7 Series (some), M3 (E30), Z3 3.15 460 ft. lbs. Friction Disc Diameter:
(Roadsters & Coupes) with 6 Cylinder Engines 48 mm ID x 88.25 mm OD
3.25 440 ft. lbs.
E30, E36, E28, E34, E24, E23 & Z Cars 3.45 LTC 350 ft. lbs.
3.46 420 ft. lbs.
3.73 400 ft. lbs.
3.90 380 ft. lbs.
4.11 360 ft. lbs.
4.27 350 ft. lbs.
Specifications for Medium 188 Differentials
Description MM Sport MM Rally MM Race Stock
Number of Discs 3 Disc 4 Disc 5 Disc 2 Disc
Friction Disc Area 258 sq. cm. 344 sq. cm 430 sq. cm 172 sq. cm
Increase in Disc Life 4.25 times 10 times 19.5 times 1 time
Differential Shown
325i/e, E30
Initial Lockup 20% 20% 20% 25%
Initial Breakaway Torque 45 ft. lbs. 45 ft. lbs. 45 ft. lbs. 58 ft. lbs.
Rapid Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 45° Angle
3.0cs, 3.0, 3.0si, Bavaria,
Gear Ratios MM Torque Rating
5 & 6 Series up to ‘82 3.07 350 ft. lbs. Weight - 75 lbs.
Ring Gear Diameter - 188 mm
3.45 325 ft. lbs. Friction Disc Diameter:
3.64 300 ft. lbs. 48 mm ID x 88.25 mm OD
Specifications for Medium 188 Differentials
Description MM Sport MM Rally Stock
Number of Discs 3 Disc 4 Disc 2 Disc
Friction Disc Area 258 sq. cm. 344 sq. cm 172 sq. cm
Increase in Disc Life 4.25 times 10 times 1 time
Initial Lockup 20% 20% 25%
Differential Shown Initial Breakaway Torque 45 ft. lbs. 45 ft. lbs. 58 ft. lbs.
All as listed above
Rapid Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 45° Angle

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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Medium 188 Differentials Gear Ratios

2.93
MM Torque Rating
450 ft. lbs. Weight - 61 lbs.
323, 325, 328, 330, 528i, 530i for ‘99 on 3.07 425 ft. lbs. Ring Gear Diameter - 188 mm
E46, E39 3.15 400 ft. lbs. Friction Disc Diameter:
48 mm ID x 88.25 mm OD
3.38 375 ft. lbs.
3.46 350 ft. lbs.
Specifications for Medium 188 Differentials
Description MM Sport MM Rally MM Race Stock
Number of Discs 3 Disc 4 Disc 5 Disc None
Friction Disc Area 258 sq. cm. 344 sq. cm 430 sq. cm None
Increase in Disc Life 4.25 times 10 times 19.5 times None
Initial Lockup 20% 20% 20% None
Initial Breakaway Torque 45 ft. lbs. 45 ft. lbs. 45 ft. lbs. None
Differential Shown
3 Series E46 & 5 Series E39 Rapid Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle None

Large 210 Differentials Gear Ratios MM Torque Rating

2.81 675 ft. lbs. Weight - 96 lbs.
M5, M5 (6 Cyl. DOHC) 7 Series (some), 540, 2.93 650 ft. lbs. Ring Gear Diameter - 210 mm
740, 840, M5 for V8s, 750, 850 for V12s 3.15 625 ft. lbs. Friction Disc Diameter:
58 mm ID x 103.75 mm OD
E28, E34, E24, E39, E23, E31, E32, E38, E46 M3 3.25 600 ft. lbs.
3.46 575 ft. lbs.
3.64 550 ft. lbs.
3.73 525 ft. lbs.
3.90 500 ft. lbs.
Specifications for Large 210 Differentials
Description MM Sport MM Rally MM Race Stock
Number of Discs 2 Disc 3 Disc 4 Disc 2 Disc
Friction Disc Area 232 sq. cm. 348 sq. cm 564 sq. cm 232 sq. cm
Increase in Disc Life 1.50 times 4.25 times 10 times 1.0
Initial Lockup 20% 20% 20% 25%
Differential Shown Initial Breakaway Torque 85 ft. lbs. 85 ft. lbs. 85 ft. lbs. 105 ft. lbs.
M5 E28 & M6 E24 Rapid Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 30° Angle 45° Angle

Friction Discs used in BMW Limited Slip Differentials

31.5 sq. cm. 43.0 sq. cm. 58.0 sq. cm.

42 x 76 mm 48 x 88.25 mm 58 x 103.75 mm
Diameter Diameter Diameter

Small - 168
Medium - 188
Large - 210
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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Building the MM Variable LS Carrier

Differentials Made to Last Special machining inside the carrier allows us to
reduce the breakaway torque from 25% down to
In the past 15 years, Metric Mechanic has enjoyed 20%. With a jig fixture, we surface grind Thrust Plate
a perfect track record with differential rebuilds - not ramp angles to 30°. Machining is also required for
one single failure. Two factors contributed to this. the addition of extra discs and floaters. Once the car-
1) Meticulous measuring and fitting by extremely rier assembly is complete, we check the break-away
qualified technicians and torque one final time.
2) A differential, unlike an engine or a transmission,
is almost impossible to abuse. The Importance of Correct Drive Flanges
Up to the mid 90’s, flanges were fairly standard but
Meticulous Measuring and Fitting after that, variations emerged. Installing an incor-
Rebuilding a differential correctly, requires the rect drive flange can be a disaster to the point of
ability to preload a set of pinion bearings and a destroying the pinion bearing and crush collar and
carrier bearing with a rolling torque gauge. This is necessitating redoing the rebuild. To be absolutely
critical to bearing life because too much preloading sure we are using the correct style, we may require
will burn up the bearings in short order and too the original differential up front. Once received, we
little will cause them to skid on the races and create can rebuild it in 3-5 days. This is the cleanest route.
flat areas on the rollers. Either extreme drastically When this is impossble, very careful communication
shortens the longevity of the differential. can solve the puzzle. It is a critical issue.
Pinion bearings are separated by a “boa neck”
crush collar that must be collapsed first in order
to preload the bearings for 14 to 16 inch pounds
of rolling torque. Preload specs for the carrier bear-
ings are 9 -11 inch pounds of rolling torque. This
is accomplished with shims that are installed
between the differential case and the carrier
bearing housing. They also “shim-up” the back-
lash on the ring and pinion.
Because factory shims come in .002” increments,
they can be problematic when it comes to setting up
the ideal backlash of .003” to .0035”. We get around
this by manufacturing our own shims in smaller
.001” increments, allowing us tighter tolerances.
As for bearings, our choice is Timken Roller Bear-
ings. We’ve fabricated special tools for installing the
bearing races and seals so that they are always seated
squarely and properly.
Some units require unique attention such as the
E46 Variable LS. Their carrier bearings are pre-loaded
with a set of precision ground snap rings used for
shimming.
We’ve developed a method for expanding the case
so these bearing can be shimmed and pre-loaded to
Shown in the background are later flange styles.
the proper 9 to 11 inch pounds of rolling torque Foreground Left: Flange used on all Medium 188 and small 168
and still be able to set the back-lash on the ring and Differentials up to and including E30, E28 and E24.
pinion to .0030” - .0035”. Foreground Right: Flange from E36 and E34 except M models.

We Measure and Properly Set Pinion and Carrier Bearings’ Rolling Torque,
then Measure and Shim Backlash for the Ring and Pinion.
The result is a Blue Printed Differential that’s MADE to LAST!
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 Metric Mechanic’s Differentials
Metric Mechanic’s Line of Differential Rebuilds

Differential Prices E46, E39 ’99 and later

Sport Variable Limited Slip 3 Disc ....2495.....500
MM Variable Limited Slips Rally Variable Limited Slip 4 Disc ....2695.....500
All BMW Models ≥’98 Race Variable Limited Slip 5 Disc .........2895.....500
Sport Variable Limited Slip 3 Disc ...... 1595 300-600 Gear Ratio Changes
Additional Charge Depending on Gears ........450+
Rally Variable Limited Slip 4 Disc ...... 1795 300-600
Race Variable Limited Slip 5 Disc ....... 1995 300-600
Gear Ratio Changes Differential Installations
Additional Charge Depending on Gears .... 250-450 All Differentials .......................... 350
LS Differentials .............................1195 600
LS = Limited Slip
Standard Open (Non LS).................1095 300 VLS = Variable Limited Slip
2002 LS Conversion Flanges Pair ........ 300 100

The Variable Limited Slip

(ramp angle change) is definitely THE HOT SETUP for
high-powered cars in autocross or road racing. It acts like an open diff as you enter a corner, but like a
locker as you accelerate out. If your budget depends on your results, this mod is a no-brainer. Bob Tunnell

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