Marshall Test

c c MARSHALL STABILITY TEST
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Bituminous mixes (some times called asphalt mixes) are used in the surface layer of
road and airfield pavements. The mix is composed usually of aggregate and asphalt
cements. Some types of bituminous mixes are also used in base coarse. The design
of asphalt paving mix, as with the de sign of other engineering materials is largely a
matter of selecting and proportioning constituent materials to obtain the desired
properties in the finished pavement structure.
The desirable properties of Asphalt mixes are:
1. Resistance to permanent defo rmation: The mix should not distort or be displaced
when subjected to traffic loads. The resistance to permanent deformation is more
important at high temperatures.
2. Fatigue resistance: the mix should not crack when subjected to repeated loads
over a period of time.
3. Resistance to low temperature cracking. This mix property is important in cold

regions.
4. Durability: the mix should contain sufficient asphalt cement to ensure an adequate
film thickness around the aggregate particles. The compacted mix s hould not have
very high air voids, which accelerates the aging process.
5. Resistance to moisture -induced damage.
6. Skid resistance.
7. Workability: the mix must be capable of being placed and compacted with
reasonable effort.
8. Low noise and good drain age properties: If the mix is to be used for the surface
(wearing) layer of the pavement structure. Marshall stability and Hveem stabilometer
tests are largely used for the routine testing. Criteria for the suitable mix design have
been specified by the Asphalt Institute.

c To prepare standard specimens of asphalt concrete for measurement
of stability and flow in the Marshall apparatus and to determine
density, percentage air voids, and percentage of aggregates voids
filled with binder.

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p p

The Marshall stability and Àow test provides the performance prediction measure for
the Marshall mix designmethod.The stability portion of the test measures the
maximum load supported by the test specimen at aloading rate of 50.8
mm/minute.Load is applied to the specimen till failure, and the maximum load is
designatedas stability.During the loading, an attached dial gauge measures the
specimen¶s plastic Àow (deformation) dueto the loading.The Àow value is recorded in
0.25 mm (0.01 inch) increments at the same time when themaximum load is
recorded.The important steps involved in marshal mix design are summarized next.
Preparation of test specimens
The coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and the filler material should be proportioned
so as to fulfill the requirements of the relevant standards. The required quantity of
the mix is taken so as to produce compacted bituminous mix specimens of thickness
63.5 mm approximately. 1200 gm of aggregates and filler are required to produce
the desired thickness. The aggregates are heated to a temperature of 175° to 190°C
the compaction mould assembly and rammer are cleaned and kept pre-heated to a
temperature of 100°C to 145°C. The bitumen is heated to a temperature of 121°C to
138°C and the require d amount of first trial of bitumen is added to the heated
aggregate and thoroughly mixed. The mix is placed in a mould and compacted with
number of blows specified. The sample is taken out of the mould after few minutes
using sample extractor.
Bulk density of the compacted specimen
The bulk density of the sample is usually determined by wei ghting the sample in air
and in water. It may be necessary to coat samples with paraffin before determining
density. The specific gravity Gbcm of the specimen is given by
Gbcm = Wa / Wa-Ww
where,
Wa = weight of sample in air (g)

Ww = weight of sample in water (g)
Stability test
In conducting the stability test, the specimen is immersed in a bath of water at a

temperature of 60° ± 1°C for a period of 30 minutes. It is then placed in the Marshall
stability testing machine and loaded at a constant rate of deformation of 5 mm per
minute until failure. The total maximum in kN (that causes failure of the specimen) is
taken as Marshall Stability. The stability value so obtained is corrected for volume.
The total amount of deformation is units of 0.25 mm that occurs at maximum load is
recorded as Flow Value. The total time between removing the specimen from the
bath and completion of the test should not exceed 30 seconds.
It is a very important instrument ideal for carrying out Marshall stability test of
bituminous mixture. It is easy to operate, highly efficiency rate and has high degree
of automation.
The apparatus is suitable for conducting p of bituminous
mixture. The apparatus can truly judge the fail point of bituminous mixtures to design
the match ratio or check the construction quality of bitumen road surface.
The Marshall stability of a mix is defined as a maximum load carried by a compacted

specimen at a standard test temperature of 60º C. The test is applicable to hot mix
designs using bitumen and aggregates upto a maximum size of 25 mm
The test is applicable to hot mix designs using bitumen and aggregates upto a
maximum size of 25mm. In this method, the resistance to plastic deformation of
cylindrical specimen of bitumenous mixture is measured when the same is loaded at
periphery at 5 cm per min. This test procedure is used in designing and evaluating
bituminous paving mixes. The test procedure is extensively used in routine test
programmes for paving jobs. There are two major features of the Marshall method of
designing mixes namely, a) Density ± voids analysis b) Stability ± flow tests. The
marshall stability of mix is defined as a maximum load carried by a compacted
specimen at a standard test temperature of 60ºC. The flow value is deformation the
marshall test specimen under goes durin g the loading upto the maximum load, 0.25
mm units. In this test and attempt is made to determine optimum binder content for
the type of aggregate mix and traffic intensity.

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1. Marshall compression machine

2. Oven
3. Weighing Scale
4. Stop watch

1. The aggregates,graded according to JKR/SPJ/1988 was dried at 105 -110°C

and sufficient amount was weighed ( about 1200 g) to give a height of 63 ±
1.3 mm when compacted in the mould.
2. The required quantity of bitumen was weighed out and heated to

temperatures, which will give a viscosity of 170 ± 20² mm/s.
3. The aggregate was heated in oven to a temperature not higher than 28°C
above the binder temperature.
4. A crater was formed in the aggregate contained in a heated mixed bowl, the
binder poured in and the aggregate was coated when the mixing was carried
out. The mixing temperature shall be within the limit set for the binder
temperature.
5. A thoroughly cleaned mould was heated on a hot plate or in oven to a

temperature between 93 and 149°C, the mou ld was 101.6 mm diameter by
76.2 high and provided with base plate and extension collar.
6. The mixture is then placed in a heated Marshall mould with a collar and base
and the mixture is spaded around the sides of the mould. A filter paper is
placed under the sample and on top of the sample.
7. The mould is placed in the Marshall compaction pedestal.
8. The material is compacted with 50 blows of the hammer (or as specified), and
the sample is inverted and compacted in the the other face with same number
of blows.
9. After compaction, the mould is inverted. With collar on the bottom, the base is
removed and the sample is extracted by pushing it out the extractor.
10. The sample is allowed to stand for the few hours to cool.
11. The mass of the sample in air and when submerged is used to measure the
density of specimen, so as to allow, calculation of the void properties.

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c c MARSHALL STABILITY TEST

The desirable properties of Asphalt mixes are:

3. Resistance to low temperature cracking. This mix property is important in cold

5. Resistance to moisture -induced damage.

Preparation of test specimens

Bulk density of the compacted specimen

Wa = weight of sample in air (g)

In conducting the stability test, the specimen is immersed in a bath of water at a

The Marshall stability of a mix is defined as a maximum load carried by a compacted

1. Marshall compression machine

1. The aggregates,graded according to JKR/SPJ/1988 was dried at 105 -110°C

2. The required quantity of bitumen was weighed out and heated to

5. A thoroughly cleaned mould was heated on a hot plate or in oven to a

7. The mould is placed in the Marshall compaction pedestal.

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