© 1999, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).

Published in ASHRAE Transactions 1999, Vol 105, Part 2. For personal use only. Additional distribution in
SE-99-1-1 either paper or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE’s permission.

Development of Periodic Response

Factors for Use with the Radiant
Time Series Method

Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E. Daniel E. Fisher, Ph.D.

Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE

ABSTRACT Stephenson (1967) and Hittle (1981), are an exact solution to

the transient conductive heat transfer problem for a multi-
Harris and McQuiston (1988) developed conduction
layer wall or roof with boundary conditions that can be repre-
transfer function (CTF) coefficients corresponding to 41 repre-
sented by a piecewise linear profile. The response factor series
sentative wall assemblies and 42 representative roof assem-
is infinite, so in practice it must be truncated, resulting in some
blies for use with the transfer function method (TFM). They
minor, but controllable, loss of accuracy. Stephenson and
also developed a grouping procedure that allows design engi-
Mitalas (1967) compared a response factor method to an
neers to determine the correct representative wall or roof
analog computer simulation and showed that for the one-hour
assembly that most closely matches a specific wall or roof
time steps commonly used in building energy and thermal load
assembly. The CTF coefficients and the grouping procedure
calculations, the expected error due to truncation of the infi-
have been summarized in the ASHRAE Handbook —Funda-
nite response factor series is small. Procedures for developing
mentals (1989, 1993, 1997) and the ASHRAE Cooling and
conduction transfer functions from response factors are
Heating Load Calculation Manual, second edition (McQuis-
described by Peavy (1978) and Hittle (1981). The methods are
ton and Spitler 1992).
necessarily inexact but have been compared to both analytical
More recently, a new, simplified design cooling load and numerical solutions with excellent results. Maloney
calculation procedure, the radiant time series method (RTSM), (1985) showed that for a one-dimensional, transient slab with
has been developed (Spitler et al. 1997). The RTSM uses peri- linearly varying surface temperatures, the differences between
odic response factors to model transient conductive heat trans- a CTF solution and an analytical solution based on Duhamel’s
fer. While not a true manual load calculation procedure, it is method are negligible.
quite feasible to implement the RTSM in a spreadsheet. To be
ASHRAE research project RP-472 provided a set of
useful in such an environment, it would be desirable to have a
conduction transfer function coefficients (Harris and McQuis-
pre-calculated set of periodic response factors. Accordingly, a
ton 1988) corresponding to 41 representative roof types and
set of periodic response factors has been calculated and is
42 representative wall types. In addition, a grouping proce-
presented in this paper.
dure was developed so that, theoretically, any wall or roof
could be mapped into one of the representative wall types. The
INTRODUCTION
walls are mapped using four parameters: primary wall mate-
The transfer function method (TFM) for design cooling rial (the most thermally massive element), secondary wall
load calculations has been in use for a number of years. This material, R-value, and the thermal mass location (in, out, or
method uses conduction transfer functions (CTFs) to calculate integral). Roofs are also mapped using four parameters:
the transient, one-dimensional conduction through the build- primary roof material, thermal mass location, R-value, and
ing wall and roof elements. Conduction transfer functions are presence or absence of a suspended ceiling. Once the repre-
a closed form representation of a conduction response factor sentative wall or roof type has been identified, the CTF coef-
series. Conduction response factors, as derived by Mitalas and ficients may be “unnormalized” so that the U-factor of the

Jeffrey D. Spitler is associate professor at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater. Daniel E. Fisher is senior research engineer at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia 491

actual wall or roof is preserved in the CTF coefficients. Once TABLE 1
the coefficients have been determined, they are applied using Nomenclature
the conduction transfer function:
Subscripts
6 6 6
2 2
″ ″ q´´ heat flux, (Btu/h)/ft (W/m ) P periodic
q θ = ∑ b n T e, θ – nδ – ∑ d n q θ – nδ – T rc ∑ c n (1)
n=0 n=1 n=0 T temperature, ºF (°C) j index

Since originally appearing in the 1989 ASHRAE Hand- b, d, c conduction transfer function n index
coefficients
book—Fundamentals, the tabulated CTF coefficients have
proved to be useful to designers. The radiant time series Y periodic response factors δ time
method (RTSM) uses periodic response factors to model tran- interval, h
sient conductive heat transfer: Matrices e sol-air
23 23 q´´ column vector containing rc constant
″
q θ = ∑ Y Pj T e, θ – jδ – T rc ∑ Y Pj (2) conductive heat fluxes room air
j=0 j=0 Te column vector containing θ current hour
sol-air temperatures
Since the RTSM is amenable to spreadsheet-level imple-
mentation, a tabulated set of periodic response factors is a B, D b and d CTF coefficient
useful addition to the literature. The objective of this paper is matrices
to present a set of periodic response factors that correspond Y periodic response factor
exactly to the CTFs previously published. If desired, they can matrix
be used with exactly the same grouping procedure and a
Trc column vector containing
slightly different “unnormalization” procedure. Trc in every row

METHODOLOGY
Periodic response factors can be derived directly from a q ″1
1 0 0 … d3 d2 d1
set of CTF coefficients. The procedure is discussed in greater
detail in another paper (Spitler and Fisher 1999), but is d1 1 0 0 … d2 q ″2
presented here to document the method to generate the peri- d2 d1 1 0 0 … q ″3
odic response factors directly from the tabulated CTF coeffi- •
cients. The periodic response factors developed with this … …
procedure yield exactly the same results as the conduction
transfer functions, if the boundary conditions (sol-air temper- … d3 d2 d1 1 q ″1
atures) are steady periodic. Table 1 defines the terms used in
the discussion.
Noting that a fundamental property of conduction trans-
fer functions is that Σbn = Σcn, the general CTF equation (1)
can be written out for each hour to form a set of 24 hourly b0 0 0 … b2 b1 T e, 1 T rc Σb n
equations, as follows:
b 1 b0 0 0 … b2 T e, 2

″
6 6
″
6
= b 2 b1 b0 0 0 … T e, 3 (4)
q 1 = ∑ b n T e, 1 – nδ – ∑ d n q 1 – nδ – T rc ∑ b n (3a) • –
…
n=0 n=1 n=0
… …
6 6 6
″ ″
q 2 = ∑ b n T e, 2 – nδ – ∑ d n q 2 – nδ – T rc ∑ b n (3b) b4 b3 b2 b1 b0 T e, 24 T rc Σb n
n=0 n=1 n=0

6 6 6 Equation 4 can be rearranged and represented more

″ ″
q 24 = ∑ b n T e, 24 – nδ – ∑ d n q 24 – nδ – T rc ∑ b n (3c) simply as:
n=0 n=1 n=0
q´´ = D-1 B Te − D-1 B Trc = D-1 B (Te − Trc) (5)
The 24 hourly equations can be rearranged and written in
a matrix form, as shown in Equation 4.

492 ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

where In order to generate the periodic response factors, the
D = the left-hand side coefficient matrix, following algorithm was implemented in a FORTRAN
q´´ = the column vector containing the conductive heat program:
fluxes, • Read wall and roof CTF coefficients from the ASHRAE
B = the right-hand side coefficient matrix, RP-626 database. (Falconer et al. 1993).
• Fill D and B matrices.
Te = the column vector containing the sol-air
temperatures, • Calculate D-1 and D-1 B.
Trc = a column vector containing Trc in every row. • Extract periodic response factors from D-1 B.
• Output results in tabular form.
Similarly, the response factor equations can be written as
a matrix formulation, as in Equation 6.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Periodic response factors were calculated for the 41
″ Y P0 Y P23 Y P22 … Y P2 Y P1 representative wall types summarized in Table 2 and the 42
q1
″
representative roof types summarized in Table 3. The layers
q2 Y P1 Y P0 Y P23 Y P22 … Y P2 are described using the code numbers detailed in Table 11,
″ Y P2 Y P1 Y P0 Y P23 Y P22 … chapter 28, 1997 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals.
q3
= The periodic response factors are given in Tables 4
through 9. They are given to accuracy of six decimal places,
which should be more than sufficient for any practical appli-
… …
cation. SI versions of the periodic response factors are tabu-
lated in the appendix in Tables A-1 through A-6.
″ Y P2 Y P1 Y P0
q 24
APPLICATION
The representative wall types and roof types may be
selected using exactly the same procedure as originally given
T e, 1 T rc ΣY Pn
by Harris and McQuiston (1988) and later described in
T e, 2 ASHRAE Fundamentals (ASHRAE 1989, 1993, 1997) and
T e, 3 Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual, second
• – (6) edition (McQuiston and Spitler 1992). However, if this proce-
…
dure is used, a slightly different “unnormalization” procedure
…
is necessary. (The “unnormalization” procedure modifies the
CTF coefficients so that they reflect the U-factor of the actual
T e, 24 T rc ΣY Pn wall rather than the U-factor of the typical wall.) The CTF
coefficients are “unnormalized” by multiplying the b coeffi-
Equation 6 can be represented as: cients by the ratio of the actual U-factor to the typical wall or
roof’s U-factor. To “unnormalize” the periodic response
q´´ = Y Te − Y Trc = Y(Te − Trc) (7)
factor, each Y coefficient is multiplied by the ratio of the actual
where U-factor to the typical wall or roof’s U-factor.
q´´ = the column vector containing the conductive heat Finally, the error associated with using the tabulated peri-
fluxes, odic response factors is the same as that associated with using
Y = the periodic response factor matrix, the tabulated CTF coefficients. The grouping procedure
developed by Harris and McQuiston (1988) was designed with
Te = the column vector containing the sol-air
two criteria:
temperatures,
Trc = a column vector containing Trc in every row. 1. The typical wall or roof has a peak heat gain within ± one
hour of the actual wall or roof.
Together, Equations 5 and 7 yield the following relation-
ship between the conduction transfer functions and the peri- 2. The typical wall or roof has a peak heat gain at least as high
odic response factors: as, but no more than 20% higher than, the actual wall or
roof.
Y = D-1 B. (8)
If users of the RTSM desire a higher degree of accuracy,
Consequently, the periodic response factors can be deter- periodic response factors may be calculated for the actual wall
mined from the matrix, D-1 B. In fact, the first column of D-1 or roof type using software developed as part of ASHRAE
B is a column vector containing YP0,YP1,YP2, …, YP23. 875-RP. (Pedersen et al. 1998).

ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia 493

 TABLE 2
Wall Types

Layers
(Inside to Outside) Description U (Btu/h⋅ft2 °F) U (W/m2 K)
1 E0 A3 B1 B13 A3 A0 Steel siding with 4 in. (100 mm) insulation 0.066 0.375
2 E0 E1 B14 A1 A0 Frame wall with 5 in. (125 mm) insulation 0.055 0.312
3 E0 C3 B5 A6 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete block with 1 in. (25 mm) insulation 0.191 1.084
4 E0 E1 B6 C12 A0 2 in. (50 mm) insulation with 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. concrete 0.047 0.267
5 E0 A6 B21 C7 A0 1.36 in. (35 mm) insulation with 8 in. (200 mm) l.w. concrete block 0.129 0.732
6 E0 E1 B2 C5 A1 A0 1 in. (25 mm) insulation with 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete 0.199 1.130
7 E0 A6 C5 B3 A3 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.122 0.693
8 E0 A2 C12 B5 A6 A0 Face brick and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. concrete with 1 in. (25 mm) insul. 0.195 1.107
9 E0 A6 B15 B10 A0 6 in. (150 mm) insulation with 2 in. (50 mm) wood 0.042 0.238
10 E0 E1 C2 B5 A2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) l.w. conc. block with 1 in. (25 mm) insul. and face brick 0.155 0.880
11 E0 E1 C8 B6 A1 A0 8 in. (200 mm) h.w. concrete block with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.109 0.619
12 E0 E1 B1 C10 A1 A0 8 in. (200 mm) h.w. concrete 0.339 1.925
13 E0 A2 C5 B19 A6 A0 Face brick and 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete with 0.61 in. (16 mm) ins. 0.251 1.425
14 E0 A2 A2 B6 A6 A0 Face brick and face brick with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.114 0.647
15 E0 A6 C17 B1 A7 A0 8 in. (200 mm) l.w. concrete block (filled) and face brick 0.092 0.522
16 E0 A6 C18 B1 A7 A0 8 in. (200 mm) h.w. concrete block (filled) and face brick 0.222 1.261
17 E0 A2 C2 B15 A0 Face brick and 4 in. (100 mm) l.w. conc. block with 6 in. (150 mm) ins. 0.043 0.244
18 E0 A6 B25 C9 A0 3.33 in. (85 mm) insulation with 8 in. (200 mm) common brick 0.072 0.409
19 E0 C9 B6 A6 A0 8 in. (200 mm) common brick with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.106 0.602
20 E0 C11 B19 A6 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete with 0.61 in. (15 mm) insulation 0.237 1.346
21 E0 C11 B6 A1 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.112 0.636
22 E0 C14 B15 A2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) l.w. concrete with 6 in. (150 mm) insul. and face brick 0.040 0.227
23 E0 E1 B15 C7 A2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) insulation with 8 in. (200 mm) l.w. concrete block 0.042 0.238
24 E0 A6 C20 B1 A7 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete block (filled) and face brick 0.196 1.113
25 E0 A2 C15 B12 A6 A0 Face brick and 6 in. (150 mm) l.w. conc. blk. with 3 in. (75 mm) insul. 0.060 0.341
26 E0 A2 C6 B6 A6 A0 Face brick and 8 in. (200 mm) clay tile with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.097 0.551
27 E0 E1 B14 C11 A1 A0 5 in. (125 mm) insulation with 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete 0.052 0.295
28 E0 E1 C11 B13 A1 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete with 4 in. (100 mm) insulation 0.064 0.363
29 E0 A2 C11 B5 A6 A0 Face brick and 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. concrete with 1 in. (25 mm) insul. 0.168 0.954
30 E0 El B19 C19 A2 A0 0.61 in. (15 mm) ins. with 12 in. (300 mm) l.w. blk. (fld.) and face brick 0.062 0.352
31 E0 E1 BI5 C15 A2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) insul. with 6 in. (150 mm) l.w. conc. and face brick 0.038 0.216
32 E0 E1 B23 B9 A2 A0 2.42 in. (60 mm) insulation with face brick 0.069 0.392
33 E0 A2 C6 BI5 A6 A0 Face brick and 8 in. (200 mm) clay tile with 6 in. (150 mm) insulation 0.042 0.238
34 E0 C11 B21 A2 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. conc. with 1.36 in. (35 mm) insul. and face brick 0.143 0.812
35 E0 E1 B14 C11 A2 A0 5 in. (125 mm) insul. with 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. conc. and face brick 0.052 0.295
36 E0 A2 C11 B25 A6 A0 Face brick and 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. conc. with 3.33 in. (85 mm) insul. 0.073 0.414
37 E0 E1 B25 C19 A2 A0 3.33 in. (85 mm) ins. with 12 in. (300 mm) l.w. blk. (fld.) and face brick 0.040 0.227
38 E0 E1 B15 C20 A2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) ins. with 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. block (fld.) and face brick 0.041 0.233
39 E0 A2 C16 B14 A6 A0 Face brick and 8 in. (200 mm) l.w. concrete with 5 in. (125 mm) insul. 0.040 0.227
40 E0 A2 C20 B15 A6 A0 Face brick, 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. block (fld.), 6 in. (150 mm) insul. 0.041 0.233
41 E0 E1 C11 B14 A2 A0 12 in. (300 mm) h.w. conc. with 5 in. (125 mm) insul. and face brick 0.052 0.295

494 ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

 TABLE 3
Roof Types

U U
Layers (Inside to Outside) Description (Btu/h⋅ft2 °F) (W/m2 K)
1 E0 A3 B25 E3 E2 A0 Steel deck with 3.33 in. (85 mm) insulation 0.080 0.454
2 E0 A3 BI4 E3 E2 A0 Steel deck with 5 in. (125 mm) insulation 0.055 0.312
3 E0 E5 E4 C12 E3 E2 A0 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. concrete deck with suspended ceiling 0.232 1.317
4 E0 E1 BI5 E4 B7 A0 Attic roof with 6 in. (150 mm) insulation 0.043 0.244
5 E0 BI4 C12 E3 E2 A0 5 in. (125 mm) insulation with 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. concrete deck 0.055 0.312
6 E0 C5 BI7 E3 E2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete deck with 0.3 in. (8 mm) insulation 0.371 2.107
7 E0 B22 C12 E3 E2 C12 A0 1.67 in. (40 mm) insulation with 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. concrete RTS 0.138 0.784
8 E0 B16 C13 E3 E2 A0 0.15 in. (4 mm) insul. with 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. concrete deck 0.424 2.407
9 E0 E5 E4 B12 C14 E3 E2 A0 3 in. (75 mm) insul. with 4 in. (100 mm) l.w. conc. deck and susp. clg. 0.057 0.324
10 E0 E5 E4 C15 B16 E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) l.w. conc. dk with 0.15 in. (4 mm) ins. and susp. clg. 0.104 0.591
11 E0 C5 BI5 E3 E2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. concrete deck with 6 in. (150 mm) insulation 0.046 0.261
12 E0 C13 B16 E3 E2 CI2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck with 0.15 in. (4 mm) ins. and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.396 2.248
13 E0 C13 B6 E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. concrete deck with 2 in. (50 mm) insulation 0.117 0.664
14 E0 E5 E4 C12 B13 E3 E2 A0 2 in. (50 mm) 1 w. conc. deck with 4 in. (100 mm) ins. and susp. clg. 0.057 0.324
15 E0 E5 E4 C5 B6 E3 E2 A0 1 in. (25 mm) insul. with 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. conc. deck and susp. clg. 0.090 0.511
16 E0 E5 E4 CI3 B2O E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck with 0.76 in. (20 mm) insul. and susp. clg. 0.140 0.795
17 E0 E5 E4 B15 C14 E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) insul. with 4 in. (100 mm) l.w. conc. deck and susp. clg. 0.036 0.204
18 E0 CI2 B15 E3 E2 C5 A0 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. conc. dk with 6 in. (150 mm) ins. and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.046 0.261
19 E0 C5 B27 E3 E2 C12 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. deck with 4.54 in. (115 mm) ins. and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.059 0.335
20 E0 B21 C16 E3 E2 A0 1.36 in. (35 mm) insulation with 8 in. (200 mm) l.w. concrete deck 0.080 0.454
21 E0 CI3 B12 E3 E2 C12 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck with 3 in. (75 mm) insul. and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.083 0.471
22 E0 B22 C5 E3 E2 C13 A0 1.67 in. (40 mm) ins. with 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. deck and 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.129 0.732
23 E0 E5 E4 C12 B14 E3 E2 C12 A0 Susp. clg, 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. dk, 5 in. (125 mm) ins, 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.047 0.267
24 E0 E5 E4 C5 E3 E2 B6 B1 C12 A0 Susp. clg, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. dk, 2 in. (50 mm) ins, 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.082 0.466
25 E0 E5 E4 C13 B13 E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. conc. deck with 4 in. (100 mm) ins. and susp. clg. 0.056 0.318
26 E0 E5 E4 B15 C15 E3 E2 A0 6 in. (150 mm) insul. with 6 in. (150 mm) l.w. conc. deck and susp. clg. 0.034 0.193
27 E0 C13 B15 E3 E2 C12 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck with 6 in. (150 mm) ins. and 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. RTS 0.045 0.256
28 E0 B9 B14 E3 E2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) wood deck with 5 in. (125 mm) insulation 0.044 0.250
29 E0 E5 E4 C12 B13 E3 E2 C5 A0 Susp. clg, 2 in. (50 mm) h.w. dk, 4 in. (100 mm) ins, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. RTS 0.056 0.318
30 E0 E5 E4 B9 B6 E3 E2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) wood deck with 2 in. (50 mm) insul. and susp. ceiling 0.064 0.363
31 E0 B27 C13 E3 E2 C13 A0 4.54 in. (115 mm) ins. with 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck and 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.057 0.324
32 E0 E5 E4 C5 B20 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. dk, 0.76 in. (20 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.133 0.755
33 E0 E5 E4 C5 B13 E3 E2 C5 A0 Susp. clg, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. dk, 4 in. (100 mm) ins, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. RTS 0.055 0.312
34 E0 E5 E4 C13 B23 E3 E2 C5 A0 Susp. clg, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. dk, 2.42 in. (60 mm) ins, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. RTS 0.077 0.437
35 E0 C5 B15 E3 E2 C13 A0 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. deck with 6 in. (150 mm) ins and 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.045 0.256
36 E0 C13 B27 E3 E2 CI3 A0 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck with 4.54 in. (115 mm) ins. and 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.057 0.324
37 E0 E5 E4 B15 C13 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 6 in. (150 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. dk, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.040 0.227
38 E0 E5 E4 B9 B15 E3 E2 A0 4 in. (100 mm) wood deck with 6 in. (150 mm) insul. and susp. ceiling 0.035 0.199
39 E0 E5 E4 C13 B20 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. dk, 0.76 in. (20 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.131 0.744
40 E0 E5 E4 C5 B26 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 4 in. (100 mm) h.w. dk, 3.64in. (90 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.059 0.335
41 E0 E5 E4 C13 B6 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck, 2 in. (50 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.085 0.483
42 E0 E5 E4 C13 B14 E3 E2 C13 A0 Susp. clg, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. deck, 5 in. (125 mm) ins, 6 in. (150 mm) h.w. RTS 0.046 0.261

ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia 495

496

TABLE 4
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft2°F) for Representative Wall Types 1-14

Wall Type
PRF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
YP0 0.007679 0.000156 0.004133 0.000012 0.000265 0.001215 0.001949 0.002401 0.000129 0.000520 0.001202 0.004482 0.004202 0.002413
YP1 0.036827 0.005600 0.035484 0.001094 0.004675 0.010571 0.010142 0.006811 0.000168 0.001441 0.001690 0.006047 0.005920 0.002563
YP2 0.016043 0.014795 0.041888 0.005339 0.015527 0.022649 0.013054 0.014860 0.001047 0.006448 0.004788 0.014850 0.012471 0.004252
YP3 0.003856 0.014441 0.031281 0.008544 0.019464 0.024744 0.011863 0.017308 0.003050 0.012194 0.008109 0.023672 0.017213 0.006297
YP4 0.000901 0.009628 0.022408 0.008706 0.017766 0.022457 0.010539 0.016716 0.004607 0.015366 0.009497 0.027289 0.018574 0.007307
YP5 0.000211 0.005414 0.016008 0.007219 0.014707 0.019318 0.009350 0.015380 0.005098 0.016223 0.009506 0.027407 0.018271 0.007538
YP6 0.000049 0.002786 0.011434 0.005364 0.011815 0.016347 0.008295 0.013967 0.004859 0.015652 0.008905 0.025970 0.017328 0.007388
YP7 0.000011 0.001363 0.008167 0.003735 0.009408 0.013762 0.007359 0.012638 0.004295 0.014326 0.008110 0.023992 0.016183 0.007075
YP8 0.000003 0.000647 0.005833 0.002496 0.007472 0.011567 0.006528 0.011424 0.003648 0.012675 0.007301 0.021916 0.015014 0.006701
YP9 0.000001 0.000301 0.004166 0.001623 0.005930 0.009717 0.005791 0.010324 0.003032 0.010957 0.006540 0.019918 0.013889 0.006314
YP10 0.000000 0.000139 0.002976 0.001036 0.004705 0.008162 0.005138 0.009329 0.002489 0.009313 0.005847 0.018060 0.012831 0.005934
YP11 0.000000 0.000063 0.002125 0.000652 0.003733 0.006855 0.004558 0.008430 0.002030 0.007816 0.005224 0.016357 0.011847 0.005570
YP12 0.000000 0.000029 0.001518 0.000407 0.002962 0.005757 0.004043 0.007618 0.001649 0.006497 0.004665 0.014808 0.010936 0.005226
YP13 0.000000 0.000013 0.001084 0.000252 0.002350 0.004836 0.003587 0.006883 0.001337 0.005360 0.004166 0.013403 0.010094 0.004901
YP14 0.000000 0.000006 0.000774 0.000155 0.001865 0.004061 0.003182 0.006220 0.001082 0.004395 0.003720 0.012129 0.009316 0.004595
YP15 0.000000 0.000003 0.000553 0.000095 0.001480 0.003411 0.002823 0.005620 0.000876 0.003587 0.003322 0.010976 0.008597 0.004309
YP16 0.000000 0.000001 0.000395 0.000058 0.001174 0.002865 0.002504 0.005079 0.000708 0.002915 0.002966 0.009933 0.007935 0.004040
YP17 0.000000 0.000001 0.000282 0.000035 0.000931 0.002406 0.002222 0.004589 0.000572 0.002362 0.002649 0.008989 0.007323 0.003788
YP18 0.000000 0.000000 0.000202 0.000022 0.000739 0.002021 0.001971 0.004147 0.000463 0.001909 0.002365 0.008134 0.006758 0.003551
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.000000 0.000000 0.000144 0.000013 0.000586 0.001697 0.001748 0.003747 0.000374 0.001539 0.002112 0.007361 0.006237 0.003330
YP20 0.000000 0.000000 0.000103 0.000008 0.000465 0.001425 0.001551 0.003386 0.000302 0.001239 0.001886 0.006661 0.005756 0.003122
YP21 0.000000 0.000000 0.000073 0.000005 0.000369 0.001197 0.001376 0.003059 0.000244 0.000996 0.001684 0.006027 0.005312 0.002927
YP22 0.000000 0.000000 0.000052 0.000003 0.000293 0.001006 0.001221 0.002765 0.000197 0.000799 0.001504 0.005454 0.004903 0.002744
YP23 0.000000 0.000000 0.000037 0.000002 0.000232 0.000845 0.001083 0.002498 0.000159 0.000641 0.001343 0.004936 0.004525 0.002573
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE 5
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft2°F) for Representative Wall Types 15-28

Wall Type
PRF 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
YP0 0.000604 0.002439 0.000735 0.001511 0.002488 0.006271 0.003403 0.000530 0.000860 0.004478 0.001575 0.002758 0.001690 0.002150
YP1 0.000530 0.002253 0.000671 0.001414 0.002392 0.006081 0.003278 0.000454 0.000776 0.004085 0.001460 0.002609 0.001622 0.002082
YP2 0.001077 0.003798 0.000747 0.001589 0.002933 0.007083 0.003347 0.000446 0.000716 0.003877 0.001389 0.002568 0.001564 0.002034
YP3 0.003078 0.008042 0.001265 0.002454 0.004311 0.009430 0.003889 0.000727 0.000787 0.004434 0.001527 0.002909 0.001576 0.002099
YP4 0.005595 0.012598 0.002043 0.003569 0.005546 0.011549 0.004658 0.001332 0.001117 0.005947 0.001937 0.003569 0.001735 0.002326
YP5 0.007450 0.015779 0.002679 0.004362 0.006233 0.012837 0.005304 0.002005 0.001625 0.007865 0.002438 0.004237 0.002003 0.002620
YP6 0.008357 0.017383 0.003032 0.004730 0.006482 0.013417 0.005714 0.002544 0.002136 0.009623 0.002872 0.004747 0.002283 0.002878
YP7 0.008496 0.017747 0.003144 0.004788 0.006460 0.013521 0.005912 0.002884 0.002527 0.010946 0.003183 0.005074 0.002506 0.003055
YP8 0.008131 0.017273 0.003093 0.004666 0.006287 0.013332 0.005957 0.003039 0.002764 0.011773 0.003371 0.005245 0.002651 0.003154
YP9 0.007482 0.016288 0.002949 0.004452 0.006036 0.012970 0.005901 0.003046 0.002858 0.012152 0.003458 0.005294 0.002722 0.003190
YP10 0.006702 0.015027 0.002758 0.004197 0.005748 0.012512 0.005782 0.002949 0.002842 0.012172 0.003466 0.005256 0.002737 0.003182
YP11 0.005890 0.013650 0.002549 0.003930 0.005447 0.012005 0.005626 0.002783 0.002749 0.011923 0.003415 0.005154 0.002711 0.003143
YP12 0.005104 0.012259 0.002339 0.003667 0.005147 0.011478 0.005449 0.002576 0.002608 0.011485 0.003321 0.005010 0.002658 0.003085
YP13 0.004377 0.010917 0.002136 0.003413 0.004855 0.010949 0.005263 0.002349 0.002440 0.010924 0.003199 0.004837 0.002588 0.003014
YP14 0.003724 0.009659 0.001946 0.003174 0.004575 0.010430 0.005072 0.002116 0.002260 0.010290 0.003056 0.004646 0.002508 0.002937
YP15 0.003148 0.008504 0.001769 0.002949 0.004308 0.009926 0.004882 0.001889 0.002078 0.009620 0.002902 0.004445 0.002422 0.002855
YP16 0.002648 0.007459 0.001607 0.002739 0.004055 0.009440 0.004696 0.001672 0.001900 0.008941 0.002742 0.004240 0.002335 0.002772
YP17 0.002218 0.006522 0.001458 0.002543 0.003816 0.008974 0.004514 0.001471 0.001731 0.008272 0.002581 0.004036 0.002247 0.002689
YP18 0.001853 0.005690 0.001323 0.002361 0.003590 0.008529 0.004337 0.001286 0.001573 0.007625 0.002420 0.003834 0.002160 0.002607
YP19 0.001544 0.004955 0.001200 0.002192 0.003377 0.008104 0.004167 0.001119 0.001426 0.007008 0.002264 0.003637 0.002075 0.002526
YP20 0.001283 0.004308 0.001088 0.002034 0.003177 0.007700 0.004002 0.000970 0.001291 0.006427 0.002112 0.003446 0.001992 0.002447
YP21 0.001065 0.003741 0.000987 0.001889 0.002989 0.007315 0.003843 0.000838 0.001168 0.005883 0.001967 0.003262 0.001913 0.002369
YP22 0.000883 0.003246 0.000894 0.001753 0.002812 0.006949 0.003691 0.000721 0.001055 0.005377 0.001829 0.003086 0.001836 0.002294
YP23 0.000731 0.002815 0.000811 0.001627 0.002645 0.006601 0.003544 0.000619 0.000953 0.004909 0.001699 0.002918 0.001761 0.002221
497
498

TABLE 6
2
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft °F) for Representative Wall Types 29-41 (*See Appendix B)

Wall Type
PRF 29 30* 31* 32 33 34 35* 36 37* 38* 39 40 41
YP0 0.005932 0.001472 0.000959 0.002108 0.001386 0.004948 0.001577 0.002683 0.000894 0.000941 0.001242 0.001297 0.001730
YP1 0.005759 0.001320 0.000873 0.001975 0.001322 0.004754 0.001519 0.002620 0.000806 0.000869 0.001178 0.001242 0.001675
YP2 0.005634 0.001186 0.000795 0.001853 0.001261 0.004599 0.001463 0.002561 0.000722 0.000800 0.001115 0.001189 0.001621
YP3 0.005737 0.001131 0.000747 0.001789 0.001229 0.004616 0.001419 0.002543 0.000648 0.000739 0.001059 0.001143 0.001573
YP4 0.006141 0.001288 0.000795 0.001884 0.001280 0.004882 0.001421 0.002618 0.000610 0.000713 0.001037 0.001127 0.001554
YP5 0.006676 0.001696 0.000977 0.002162 0.001426 0.005306 0.001495 0.002771 0.000646 0.000755 0.001073 0.001167 0.001582
YP6 0.007176 0.002246 0.001254 0.002545 0.001619 0.005770 0.001627 0.002948 0.000763 0.000870 0.001167 0.001257 0.001652
YP7 0.007565 0.002797 0.001549 0.002931 0.001806 0.006191 0.001780 0.003104 0.000933 0.001028 0.001290 0.001373 0.001745
YP8 0.007828 0.003254 0.001806 0.003257 0.001957 0.006530 0.001920 0.003222 0.001117 0.001194 0.001417 0.001487 0.001844
YP9 0.007980 0.003577 0.001995 0.003495 0.002062 0.006774 0.002030 0.003301 0.001287 0.001340 0.001529 0.001586 0.001934
YP10 0.008039 0.003763 0.002111 0.003643 0.002124 0.006926 0.002104 0.003344 0.001426 0.001453 0.001618 0.001661 0.002008
YP11 0.008027 0.003827 0.002161 0.003711 0.002149 0.006995 0.002146 0.003360 0.001527 0.001530 0.001681 0.001713 0.002065
YP12 0.007961 0.003793 0.002157 0.003712 0.002144 0.006995 0.002160 0.003353 0.001591 0.001573 0.001721 0.001741 0.002102
YP13 0.007855 0.003685 0.002111 0.003661 0.002116 0.006938 0.002152 0.003328 0.001620 0.001586 0.001739 0.001751 0.002122
YP14 0.007720 0.003525 0.002035 0.003572 0.002072 0.006836 0.002127 0.003291 0.001620 0.001575 0.001738 0.001744 0.002127
YP15 0.007565 0.003329 0.001939 0.003454 0.002017 0.006699 0.002090 0.003245 0.001595 0.001545 0.001721 0.001724 0.002117
YP16 0.007395 0.003113 0.001830 0.003318 0.001953 0.006538 0.002044 0.003191 0.001551 0.001500 0.001692 0.001695 0.002097
YP17 0.007217 0.002886 0.001715 0.003169 0.001884 0.006357 0.001992 0.003133 0.001491 0.001445 0.001653 0.001657 0.002068
YP18 0.007033 0.002658 0.001597 0.003014 0.001813 0.006165 0.001936 0.003072 0.001420 0.001382 0.001605 0.001613 0.002031
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.006847 0.002433 0.001479 0.002856 0.001740 0.005964 0.001877 0.003008 0.001340 0.001313 0.001552 0.001565 0.001988
YP20 0.006660 0.002217 0.001365 0.002699 0.001666 0.005760 0.001817 0.002943 0.001255 0.001240 0.001494 0.001514 0.001942
YP21 0.006474 0.002011 0.001255 0.002544 0.001594 0.005554 0.001757 0.002878 0.001165 0.001165 0.001433 0.001461 0.001891
YP22 0.006291 0.001818 0.001150 0.002393 0.001523 0.005349 0.001696 0.002813 0.001075 0.001090 0.001370 0.001406 0.001839
YP23 0.006110 0.001638 0.001052 0.002248 0.001454 0.005146 0.001636 0.002748 0.000984 0.001015 0.001306 0.001351 0.001785
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE 7
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft2°F) for Representative Roof Types 1-14

Roof Type
PRF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
YP0 0.004870 0.000556 0.006192 0.000004 0.000105 0.003675 0.001003 0.003468 0.000145 0.000621 0.000397 0.003593 0.001590 0.001027
YP1 0.036463 0.012356 0.044510 0.000658 0.002655 0.034908 0.009678 0.022622 0.000362 0.000777 0.000472 0.006741 0.002817 0.001417
YP2 0.026468 0.020191 0.047321 0.004270 0.007678 0.054823 0.017455 0.045052 0.002612 0.003246 0.001479 0.019054 0.006883 0.002939
YP3 0.008915 0.012498 0.035390 0.007757 0.008783 0.050193 0.017588 0.047168 0.005981 0.007589 0.003082 0.029822 0.009367 0.003944
YP4 0.002562 0.005800 0.026082 0.008259 0.007720 0.041867 0.015516 0.042727 0.007459 0.010269 0.004064 0.034493 0.009723 0.004133
YP5 0.000708 0.002436 0.019215 0.006915 0.006261 0.034391 0.013169 0.037442 0.007228 0.010854 0.004322 0.034992 0.009224 0.003991
YP6 0.000193 0.000981 0.014156 0.005116 0.004933 0.028178 0.011038 0.032544 0.006305 0.010265 0.004162 0.033303 0.008501 0.003756
YP7 0.000053 0.000388 0.010429 0.003527 0.003844 0.023078 0.009213 0.028228 0.005261 0.009210 0.003819 0.030635 0.007766 0.003505
YP8 0.000014 0.000152 0.007684 0.002330 0.002982 0.018900 0.007678 0.024472 0.004309 0.008052 0.003421 0.027647 0.007076 0.003264
YP9 0.000004 0.000059 0.005661 0.001498 0.002309 0.015478 0.006397 0.021212 0.003503 0.006946 0.003026 0.024671 0.006443 0.003036
YP10 0.000001 0.000023 0.004170 0.000946 0.001787 0.012675 0.005328 0.018386 0.002838 0.005952 0.002659 0.021868 0.005865 0.002824
YP11 0.000000 0.000009 0.003072 0.000591 0.001383 0.010380 0.004437 0.015937 0.002297 0.005081 0.002329 0.019305 0.005338 0.002626
YP12 0.000000 0.000003 0.002264 0.000366 0.001070 0.008501 0.003696 0.013814 0.001858 0.004330 0.002036 0.017000 0.004859 0.002442
YP13 0.000000 0.000001 0.001668 0.000225 0.000827 0.006962 0.003078 0.011973 0.001502 0.003686 0.001778 0.014947 0.004422 0.002271
YP14 0.000000 0.000001 0.001229 0.000138 0.000640 0.005701 0.002563 0.010378 0.001215 0.003136 0.001552 0.013130 0.004025 0.002112
YP15 0.000000 0.000000 0.000905 0.000085 0.000495 0.004669 0.002135 0.008995 0.000982 0.002668 0.001355 0.011527 0.003664 0.001964
YP16 0.000000 0.000000 0.000667 0.000052 0.000383 0.003824 0.001778 0.007797 0.000794 0.002269 0.001182 0.010116 0.003335 0.001826
YP17 0.000000 0.000000 0.000491 0.000032 0.000296 0.003131 0.001481 0.006758 0.000642 0.001929 0.001032 0.008875 0.003035 0.001698
YP18 0.000000 0.000000 0.000362 0.000019 0.000229 0.002564 0.001233 0.005858 0.000519 0.001641 0.000900 0.007786 0.002763 0.001580
YP19 0.000000 0.000000 0.000267 0.000012 0.000177 0.002100 0.001027 0.005077 0.000420 0.001395 0.000785 0.006830 0.002515 0.001469
YP20 0.000000 0.000000 0.000196 0.000007 0.000137 0.001720 0.000855 0.004401 0.000339 0.001186 0.000685 0.005991 0.002289 0.001366
YP21 0.000000 0.000000 0.000145 0.000004 0.000106 0.001408 0.000712 0.003815 0.000274 0.001009 0.000598 0.005255 0.002083 0.001270
YP22 0.000000 0.000000 0.000107 0.000003 0.000082 0.001153 0.000593 0.003306 0.000222 0.000858 0.000522 0.004609 0.001896 0.001181
YP23 0.000000 0.000000 0.000079 0.000002 0.000063 0.000945 0.000494 0.002866 0.000179 0.000729 0.000455 0.004042 0.001726 0.001099
499
500

TABLE 8
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft2°F) for Representative Roof Types 15-28

Roof Type
PRF 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
YP0 0.002290 0.003723 0.000215 0.000423 0.000634 0.001204 0.001516 0.002973 0.001253 0.002447 0.001842 0.000631 0.001000 0.001165
YP1 0.002856 0.004171 0.000186 0.000373 0.000644 0.001105 0.001475 0.002922 0.001212 0.002438 0.001816 0.000569 0.000921 0.001092
YP2 0.004551 0.006232 0.000375 0.000606 0.001383 0.001452 0.002153 0.003855 0.001394 0.002885 0.001993 0.000532 0.000923 0.001035
YP3 0.005355 0.007775 0.001275 0.001388 0.002752 0.002792 0.003473 0.005493 0.001857 0.003575 0.002398 0.000647 0.001190 0.001083
YP4 0.005405 0.008183 0.002519 0.002348 0.003866 0.004377 0.004580 0.006763 0.002296 0.004050 0.002699 0.001045 0.001674 0.001346
YP5 0.005240 0.008079 0.003390 0.003110 0.004483 0.005457 0.005234 0.007477 0.002568 0.004277 0.002816 0.001585 0.002164 0.001751
YP6 0.005030 0.007815 0.003712 0.003566 0.004697 0.005940 0.005517 0.007771 0.002690 0.004340 0.002822 0.002050 0.002535 0.002139
YP7 0.004817 0.007515 0.003635 0.003745 0.004641 0.005989 0.005545 0.007789 0.002710 0.004310 0.002781 0.002339 0.002759 0.002416
YP8 0.004611 0.007214 0.003341 0.003717 0.004422 0.005778 0.005411 0.007634 0.002667 0.004228 0.002723 0.002455 0.002855 0.002567
YP9 0.004412 0.006922 0.002958 0.003549 0.004112 0.005430 0.005179 0.007375 0.002590 0.004119 0.002660 0.002444 0.002856 0.002614
YP10 0.004222 0.006641 0.002561 0.003297 0.003761 0.005022 0.004893 0.007056 0.002494 0.003997 0.002596 0.002350 0.002788 0.002587
YP11 0.004040 0.006372 0.002187 0.003000 0.003399 0.004598 0.004580 0.006708 0.002390 0.003870 0.002534 0.002211 0.002678 0.002513
YP12 0.003866 0.006113 0.001852 0.002688 0.003044 0.004184 0.004259 0.006348 0.002283 0.003742 0.002473 0.002049 0.002541 0.002412
YP13 0.003700 0.005865 0.001559 0.002379 0.002709 0.003792 0.003943 0.005990 0.002177 0.003615 0.002413 0.001882 0.002391 0.002296
YP14 0.003541 0.005627 0.001308 0.002086 0.002399 0.003428 0.003638 0.005640 0.002073 0.003490 0.002354 0.001719 0.002235 0.002175
YP15 0.003388 0.005398 0.001095 0.001814 0.002116 0.003094 0.003348 0.005303 0.001973 0.003370 0.002297 0.001563 0.002080 0.002053
YP16 0.003242 0.005179 0.000915 0.001567 0.001861 0.002790 0.003075 0.004980 0.001877 0.003252 0.002242 0.001418 0.001929 0.001933
YP17 0.003103 0.004969 0.000764 0.001347 0.001634 0.002514 0.002821 0.004674 0.001785 0.003139 0.002187 0.001284 0.001784 0.001818
YP18 0.002969 0.004767 0.000638 0.001152 0.001431 0.002264 0.002585 0.004384 0.001697 0.003030 0.002134 0.001161 0.001647 0.001708
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.002841 0.004573 0.000532 0.000982 0.001252 0.002038 0.002368 0.004111 0.001613 0.002924 0.002083 0.001050 0.001519 0.001603
YP20 0.002719 0.004388 0.000444 0.000834 0.001094 0.001835 0.002167 0.003854 0.001534 0.002822 0.002032 0.000948 0.001399 0.001505
YP21 0.002602 0.004209 0.000370 0.000706 0.000955 0.001652 0.001983 0.003612 0.001458 0.002723 0.001983 0.000857 0.001287 0.001412
YP22 0.002490 0.004038 0.000309 0.000596 0.000834 0.001487 0.001814 0.003385 0.001386 0.002628 0.001935 0.000773 0.001184 0.001324
YP23 0.002383 0.003874 0.000257 0.000503 0.000727 0.001338 0.001658 0.003172 0.001318 0.002536 0.001888 0.000698 0.001088 0.001242
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE 9
2
Periodic Response Factors (Btu/h⋅ft °F) for Representative Roof Types 29-42 (*See Appendix B)

Roof Type
PRF 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37* 38* 39 40 41 42
YP0 0.001504 0.001969 0.001794 0.004279 0.001894 0.002763 0.001255 0.001829 0.001325 0.001150 0.004671 0.002154 0.003219 0.001812
YP1 0.001424 0.001881 0.001719 0.004106 0.001833 0.002695 0.001157 0.001725 0.001270 0.001110 0.004531 0.002095 0.003149 0.001782
YP2 0.001526 0.001825 0.001675 0.004176 0.001825 0.002681 0.001083 0.001640 0.001218 0.001072 0.004462 0.002054 0.003099 0.001752
YP3 0.001892 0.001936 0.001783 0.004641 0.001952 0.002804 0.001121 0.001657 0.001188 0.001043 0.004609 0.002088 0.003129 0.001733
YP4 0.002293 0.002272 0.002067 0.005220 0.002148 0.003004 0.001322 0.001829 0.001225 0.001052 0.004922 0.002196 0.003243 0.001743
YP5 0.002605 0.002683 0.002396 0.005718 0.002326 0.003192 0.001616 0.002088 0.001343 0.001118 0.005260 0.002324 0.003384 0.001780
YP6 0.002819 0.003027 0.002666 0.006093 0.002460 0.003338 0.001912 0.002351 0.001506 0.001226 0.005550 0.002437 0.003515 0.001831
YP7 0.002948 0.003258 0.002848 0.006352 0.002552 0.003440 0.002159 0.002572 0.001668 0.001342 0.005773 0.002527 0.003622 0.001882
YP8 0.003011 0.003382 0.002948 0.006514 0.002609 0.003505 0.002340 0.002737 0.001803 0.001443 0.005931 0.002594 0.003703 0.001927
YP9 0.003022 0.003422 0.002983 0.006594 0.002638 0.003540 0.002456 0.002849 0.001898 0.001517 0.006032 0.002640 0.003760 0.001963
YP10 0.002992 0.003403 0.002973 0.006608 0.002644 0.003550 0.002515 0.002913 0.001955 0.001563 0.006084 0.002668 0.003795 0.001989
YP11 0.002933 0.003344 0.002930 0.006568 0.002631 0.003540 0.002525 0.002938 0.001978 0.001585 0.006095 0.002681 0.003813 0.002007
YP12 0.002851 0.003258 0.002865 0.006485 0.002605 0.003515 0.002498 0.002929 0.001975 0.001587 0.006073 0.002680 0.003814 0.002018
YP13 0.002753 0.003157 0.002785 0.006368 0.002567 0.003477 0.002441 0.002894 0.001952 0.001574 0.006024 0.002667 0.003803 0.002021
YP14 0.002644 0.003046 0.002697 0.006224 0.002520 0.003430 0.002362 0.002838 0.001914 0.001551 0.005951 0.002645 0.003780 0.002019
YP15 0.002528 0.002930 0.002603 0.006059 0.002467 0.003376 0.002267 0.002765 0.001866 0.001520 0.005861 0.002615 0.003747 0.002012
YP16 0.002409 0.002813 0.002507 0.005879 0.002410 0.003316 0.002161 0.002680 0.001811 0.001484 0.005755 0.002578 0.003707 0.002001
YP17 0.002287 0.002696 0.002411 0.005689 0.002348 0.003252 0.002048 0.002584 0.001752 0.001444 0.005639 0.002536 0.003659 0.001985
YP18 0.002166 0.002582 0.002316 0.005491 0.002285 0.003185 0.001930 0.002482 0.001690 0.001403 0.005513 0.002489 0.003606 0.001967
YP19 0.002047 0.002470 0.002222 0.005288 0.002220 0.003116 0.001812 0.002376 0.001627 0.001360 0.005380 0.002439 0.003549 0.001946
YP20 0.001930 0.002362 0.002131 0.005083 0.002154 0.003046 0.001694 0.002266 0.001565 0.001317 0.005243 0.002385 0.003488 0.001922
YP21 0.001817 0.002258 0.002042 0.004879 0.002088 0.002975 0.001578 0.002156 0.001503 0.001274 0.005102 0.002329 0.003423 0.001897
YP22 0.001708 0.002158 0.001956 0.004675 0.002023 0.002904 0.001466 0.002046 0.001442 0.001232 0.004959 0.002272 0.003357 0.001870
YP23 0.001604 0.002061 0.001874 0.004475 0.001958 0.002833 0.001358 0.001936 0.001383 0.001191 0.004815 0.002214 0.003289 0.001842
501
CONCLUSIONS Mitalas, G.P., and D.G. Stephenson. 1967. Cooling load cal-
culations by thermal response factor method. ASHRAE
The periodic response factor tables presented in this paper
Transactions 73, pp. III 2.1-2.10.
support wall and roof conductive heat gain calculations by the
periodic response factor method. Heat gains calculated using Peavy, B.A. 1978. A note on response factors and conduc-
the tables are equivalent to heat gains calculated using CTFs tion transfer functions. ASHRAE Transactions 84 (1):
for the same wall type. The Harris and McQuiston grouping pp. 688-690.
procedure is carried through to the periodic response factor Pedersen, C.O., D. Fisher, J.D. Spitler, and R. Liesen. 1998.
tables. As a result an “unnormalization” procedure similar to Cooling and heating load calculation principles.
the CTF procedure is required to obtain response factors that Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
reflect correct wall and roof U-factors. and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
Although the tables were generated specifically to
support the RTSM, the periodic response factor method is Spitler, J.D., and D.E. Fisher. 1999. On the relationship
generally applicable to any conductive heat gain calculation between the radiant time series and transfer function
with steady periodic inputs. As such, it is useful for all peak methods for design cooling load calculations. Interna-
design day cooling load calculations that typically assume that tional Journal of HVAC&R Research, 5 (2): 125-138.
previous days were identical to the design day. Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher, and C.O. Pedersen. 1997. The radi-
ant time series cooling load calculation procedure.
REFERENCES ASHRAE Transactions 103 (2): 503-515.
ASHRAE. 1989. 1989 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen- Stephenson, D.G., and G.P. Mitalas. 1967. Room thermal
tals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- response factors. ASHRAE Transactions 73, pp. III 1.1-
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1.7.
ASHRAE. 1993. 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen-
tals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat- DISCUSSION
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
Byron Jones, Associate Dean of Research, Kansas
ASHRAE. 1997. 1997 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen-
State University, Manhattan, Kansas: The calculation
tals. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-
methods used in this paper make the implicit assumption that
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
the cooling system is air-based. That is, they evaluate the
Falconer, D.R., E.F. Sowell, J.D. Spitler, and B. Todovorich. energy gain of the air. Can these calculations be applied to load
1993. Electronic tables for the ASHRAE Load Calcula- calculations when part or all of the cooling is provided by radi-
tion Manual. ASHRAE Transactions 99 (1): 193-200. ant cooling systems? How will the loads differ for a radiant
Harris, S.M., and F.C. McQuiston. 1988. A study to catego- cooling system as compared to an air-based system?
rize walls and roofs on the basis of thermal response.
ASHRAE Transactions 94 (2): 688-714. Jeffrey D. Spitler: In the author’s opinion, load calcula-
tions for systems involving radiant heating or cooling ought to
Hittle, D.C. 1981. Calculating building heating and cooling be performed using a load calculation procedure which explic-
loads using the frequency response of multilayered itly accounts for surface-to-surface radiant interchange.
slabs. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana- Therefore, we recommend using a heat balance procedure
Champaign. rather than the radiant time series procedure for which the
Maloney, D. 1985. A verification of the use of heat conduc- periodic response factors in this paper were developed. Imple-
tion transfer functions as used in the program BLAST. mentation of a radiant heating and/or cooling model in a heat
BLAST Support Office Report, University of Illinois. balance procedure has been described by Strand and Pedersen
McQuiston, F.C., and J.D. Spitler. 1992. Cooling and heat- (1997). (Reference: Strand, R.K., and C.O. Pedersen. Imple-
ing load calculation manual, 2d ed. Atlanta: American mentation of a radiant heating and cooling model into an inte-
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning grated building energy analysis program. ASHRAE
Engineers, Inc. Transactions, 103 (1): 949-958.)

502 ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

 APPENDIX A
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE A-1
Periodic Response Factors (W/m2K) for Representative Wall Types 1-14

Wall Type
PRF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
YP0 0.043604 0.000887 0.023469 0.000067 0.001503 0.006897 0.011068 0.013634 0.000732 0.002954 0.006826 0.025450 0.023858 0.013704
YP1 0.209101 0.031798 0.201480 0.006214 0.026544 0.060020 0.057588 0.038674 0.000954 0.008182 0.009596 0.034335 0.033612 0.014552
YP2 0.091092 0.084006 0.237838 0.030315 0.088162 0.128601 0.074120 0.084373 0.005946 0.036614 0.027188 0.084321 0.070812 0.024146
YP3 0.021893 0.081998 0.177612 0.048513 0.110515 0.140497 0.067359 0.098276 0.017320 0.069236 0.046042 0.134410 0.097734 0.035754
YP4 0.005118 0.054670 0.127235 0.049432 0.100873 0.127511 0.059840 0.094913 0.026159 0.087249 0.053925 0.154949 0.105466 0.041491
YP5 0.001195 0.030739 0.090894 0.040988 0.083504 0.109686 0.053091 0.087327 0.028946 0.092116 0.053975 0.155617 0.103745 0.042803
YP6 0.000279 0.015817 0.064922 0.030457 0.067086 0.092817 0.047099 0.079304 0.027589 0.088870 0.050560 0.147457 0.098389 0.041949
YP7 0.000065 0.007739 0.046370 0.021210 0.053417 0.078140 0.041783 0.071760 0.024385 0.081341 0.046050 0.136228 0.091889 0.040169
YP8 0.000015 0.003673 0.033120 0.014175 0.042425 0.065678 0.037067 0.064868 0.020711 0.071971 0.041453 0.124441 0.085250 0.038048
YP9 0.000004 0.001711 0.023656 0.009217 0.033670 0.055174 0.032883 0.058621 0.017214 0.062212 0.037134 0.113094 0.078860 0.035850
YP10 0.000001 0.000787 0.016896 0.005881 0.026716 0.046343 0.029172 0.052972 0.014135 0.052877 0.033201 0.102542 0.072855 0.033694
YP11 0.000000 0.000360 0.012068 0.003703 0.021198 0.038923 0.025879 0.047867 0.011528 0.044380 0.029661 0.092876 0.067268 0.031628
YP12 0.000000 0.000163 0.008620 0.002309 0.016819 0.032691 0.022958 0.043253 0.009366 0.036890 0.026490 0.084080 0.062094 0.029671
YP13 0.000000 0.000074 0.006157 0.001429 0.013345 0.027457 0.020367 0.039084 0.007592 0.030433 0.023656 0.076100 0.057311 0.027827
YP14 0.000000 0.000033 0.004397 0.000880 0.010588 0.023060 0.018068 0.035316 0.006146 0.024956 0.021123 0.068870 0.052894 0.026093
YP15 0.000000 0.000015 0.003141 0.000540 0.008401 0.019368 0.016029 0.031912 0.004972 0.020365 0.018862 0.062324 0.048816 0.024466
YP16 0.000000 0.000007 0.002243 0.000330 0.006665 0.016266 0.014220 0.028836 0.004020 0.016554 0.016843 0.056400 0.045053 0.022939
YP17 0.000000 0.000003 0.001602 0.000201 0.005289 0.013662 0.012615 0.026056 0.003250 0.013413 0.015039 0.051037 0.041579 0.021508
YP18 0.000000 0.000001 0.001144 0.000123 0.004196 0.011474 0.011191 0.023545 0.002627 0.010839 0.013429 0.046185 0.038373 0.020165
YP19 0.000000 0.000001 0.000817 0.000075 0.003329 0.009637 0.009928 0.021275 0.002123 0.008740 0.011991 0.041794 0.035414 0.018906
YP20 0.000000 0.000000 0.000584 0.000045 0.002642 0.008094 0.008807 0.019225 0.001716 0.007034 0.010707 0.037820 0.032683 0.017726
YP21 0.000000 0.000000 0.000417 0.000028 0.002096 0.006798 0.007813 0.017371 0.001387 0.005653 0.009561 0.034224 0.030163 0.016620
YP22 0.000000 0.000000 0.000298 0.000017 0.001663 0.005709 0.006931 0.015697 0.001121 0.004537 0.008537 0.030970 0.027837 0.015582
YP23 0.000000 0.000000 0.000213 0.000010 0.001319 0.004795 0.006149 0.014184 0.000906 0.003637 0.007623 0.028025 0.025691 0.014609
503
504

TABLE A-2
Periodic Response Factors (W/m2K) for Representative Wall Types 15-28

Wall Type
PRF 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
YP0 0.003431 0.013849 0.004175 0.008577 0.014126 0.035606 0.019325 0.003007 0.004882 0.025424 0.008945 0.015662 0.009596 0.012209
YP1 0.003012 0.012792 0.003810 0.008028 0.013585 0.034529 0.018612 0.002575 0.004406 0.023192 0.008292 0.014815 0.009207 0.011821
YP2 0.006114 0.021567 0.004241 0.009021 0.016653 0.040215 0.019004 0.002532 0.004063 0.022015 0.007887 0.014581 0.008878 0.011549
YP3 0.017478 0.045665 0.007182 0.013933 0.024480 0.053542 0.022081 0.004128 0.004471 0.025174 0.008673 0.016516 0.008950 0.011916
YP4 0.031771 0.071531 0.011602 0.020266 0.031490 0.065575 0.026450 0.007563 0.006341 0.033768 0.010998 0.020265 0.009851 0.013207
YP5 0.042301 0.089595 0.015211 0.024766 0.035392 0.072886 0.030119 0.011384 0.009229 0.044656 0.013844 0.024056 0.011374 0.014878
YP6 0.047450 0.098700 0.017218 0.026854 0.036803 0.076180 0.032445 0.014445 0.012126 0.054641 0.016307 0.026953 0.012963 0.016339
YP7 0.048238 0.100767 0.017849 0.027188 0.036679 0.076775 0.033569 0.016378 0.014350 0.062150 0.018071 0.028811 0.014229 0.017347
YP8 0.046165 0.098074 0.017561 0.026495 0.035698 0.075701 0.033825 0.017254 0.015692 0.066845 0.019141 0.029779 0.015050 0.017908
YP9 0.042480 0.092481 0.016743 0.025278 0.034270 0.073645 0.033507 0.017297 0.016227 0.069001 0.019634 0.030062 0.015458 0.018114
YP10 0.038053 0.085324 0.015660 0.023831 0.032635 0.071042 0.032832 0.016744 0.016136 0.069113 0.019678 0.029842 0.015542 0.018066
YP11 0.033443 0.077507 0.014474 0.022317 0.030928 0.068162 0.031946 0.015800 0.015609 0.067699 0.019388 0.029266 0.015396 0.017846
YP12 0.028983 0.069609 0.013281 0.020820 0.029226 0.065171 0.030942 0.014625 0.014808 0.065214 0.018858 0.028445 0.015095 0.017516
YP13 0.024854 0.061987 0.012130 0.019382 0.027568 0.062171 0.029881 0.013336 0.013853 0.062028 0.018161 0.027462 0.014696 0.017116
YP14 0.021143 0.054845 0.011048 0.018020 0.025976 0.059222 0.028800 0.012017 0.012830 0.058427 0.017354 0.026379 0.014241 0.016675
YP15 0.017873 0.048287 0.010045 0.016743 0.024460 0.056358 0.027722 0.010725 0.011797 0.054623 0.016480 0.025239 0.013754 0.016213
YP16 0.015034 0.042351 0.009123 0.015550 0.023023 0.053599 0.026663 0.009495 0.010790 0.050768 0.015572 0.024077 0.013256 0.015741
YP17 0.012596 0.037033 0.008280 0.014438 0.021665 0.050953 0.025629 0.008351 0.009831 0.046968 0.014654 0.022914 0.012756 0.015269
YP18 0.010520 0.032307 0.007512 0.013405 0.020384 0.048425 0.024627 0.007303 0.008932 0.043294 0.013743 0.021768 0.012263 0.014801
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.008764 0.028132 0.006813 0.012444 0.019177 0.046015 0.023658 0.006356 0.008098 0.039794 0.012854 0.020649 0.011781 0.014341
YP20 0.007286 0.024461 0.006178 0.011552 0.018040 0.043719 0.022723 0.005508 0.007331 0.036493 0.011994 0.019566 0.011313 0.013891
YP21 0.006047 0.021244 0.005602 0.010723 0.016970 0.041534 0.021823 0.004756 0.006629 0.033404 0.011170 0.018524 0.010859 0.013453
YP22 0.005012 0.018433 0.005079 0.009954 0.015964 0.039457 0.020957 0.004093 0.005990 0.030532 0.010386 0.017525 0.010422 0.013026
YP23 0.004149 0.015982 0.004605 0.009240 0.015017 0.037482 0.020125 0.003513 0.005409 0.027874 0.009644 0.016571 0.010001 0.012611
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE A-3
2
Periodic Response Factors (W/m K) for Representative Wall Types 29-41 (*See Appendix B)

Wall Type
PRF 29 30* 31* 32 33 34 35* 36 37* 38* 39 40 41
YP0 0.033682 0.008359 0.005447 0.011969 0.007872 0.028092 0.008953 0.015236 0.005075 0.005342 0.007049 0.007362 0.009825
YP1 0.032700 0.007494 0.004959 0.011214 0.007504 0.026995 0.008625 0.014875 0.004578 0.004934 0.006687 0.007054 0.009512
YP2 0.031988 0.006735 0.004517 0.010520 0.007160 0.026112 0.008307 0.014543 0.004101 0.004541 0.006330 0.006752 0.009202
YP3 0.032573 0.006422 0.004244 0.010156 0.006978 0.026210 0.008057 0.014439 0.003678 0.004196 0.006016 0.006490 0.008933
YP4 0.034867 0.007316 0.004513 0.010695 0.007269 0.027717 0.008066 0.014863 0.003464 0.004046 0.005885 0.006401 0.008826
YP5 0.037908 0.009632 0.005547 0.012278 0.008096 0.030130 0.008487 0.015736 0.003668 0.004285 0.006093 0.006626 0.008983
YP6 0.040746 0.012755 0.007118 0.014448 0.009191 0.032762 0.009241 0.016737 0.004333 0.004939 0.006625 0.007140 0.009380
YP7 0.042953 0.015883 0.008798 0.016643 0.010253 0.035152 0.010108 0.017622 0.005295 0.005839 0.007326 0.007794 0.009910
YP8 0.044449 0.018478 0.010256 0.018494 0.011110 0.037076 0.010902 0.018294 0.006341 0.006779 0.008043 0.008445 0.010468
YP9 0.045308 0.020311 0.011330 0.019847 0.011710 0.038461 0.011525 0.018741 0.007307 0.007608 0.008679 0.009005 0.010980
YP10 0.045646 0.021364 0.011989 0.020687 0.012060 0.039324 0.011948 0.018990 0.008096 0.008251 0.009185 0.009433 0.011404
YP11 0.045577 0.021729 0.012271 0.021070 0.012200 0.039718 0.012184 0.019076 0.008671 0.008687 0.009547 0.009724 0.011724
YP12 0.045202 0.021538 0.012245 0.021076 0.012172 0.039717 0.012262 0.019036 0.009032 0.008929 0.009771 0.009888 0.011937
YP13 0.044600 0.020926 0.011985 0.020788 0.012017 0.039393 0.012217 0.018898 0.009198 0.009003 0.009872 0.009941 0.012050
YP14 0.043834 0.020014 0.011555 0.020280 0.011768 0.038814 0.012077 0.018688 0.009196 0.008941 0.009867 0.009903 0.012075
YP15 0.042952 0.018903 0.011009 0.019613 0.011452 0.038040 0.011867 0.018423 0.009056 0.008771 0.009773 0.009792 0.012023
P16
Y 0.041991 0.017673 0.010393 0.018839 0.011090 0.037120 0.011607 0.018120 0.008805 0.008519 0.009607 0.009622 0.011908
YP17 0.040978 0.016387 0.009737 0.017996 0.010700 0.036097 0.011312 0.017790 0.008467 0.008205 0.009383 0.009408 0.011741
YP18 0.039936 0.015089 0.009067 0.017115 0.010293 0.035003 0.010994 0.017441 0.008063 0.007845 0.009114 0.009159 0.011532
YP19 0.038878 0.013815 0.008400 0.016219 0.009878 0.033865 0.010660 0.017080 0.007610 0.007453 0.008811 0.008886 0.011290
YP20 0.037817 0.012586 0.007750 0.015325 0.009462 0.032703 0.010319 0.016712 0.007124 0.007040 0.008482 0.008595 0.011024
YP21 0.036762 0.011418 0.007125 0.014445 0.009050 0.031534 0.009974 0.016341 0.006617 0.006616 0.008136 0.008293 0.010739
YP22 0.035718 0.010322 0.006531 0.013588 0.008647 0.030370 0.009630 0.015970 0.006101 0.006187 0.007778 0.007984 0.010442
YP23 0.034690 0.009301 0.005971 0.012762 0.008253 0.029221 0.009289 0.015601 0.005585 0.005761 0.007415 0.007673 0.010136
505
506

TABLE A-4
Periodic Response Factors (W/m2K) for Representative Roof Types 1-14

Roof Type
PRF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
YP0 0.027654 0.003156 0.035160 0.000022 0.000594 0.020865 0.005693 0.019691 0.000826 0.003524 0.002256 0.020401 0.009027 0.005829
YP1 0.207035 0.070157 0.252727 0.003734 0.015074 0.198207 0.054949 0.128446 0.002057 0.004413 0.002680 0.038276 0.015993 0.008048
YP2 0.150283 0.114644 0.268687 0.024245 0.043597 0.311286 0.099112 0.255807 0.014833 0.018433 0.008397 0.108191 0.039082 0.016688
YP3 0.050619 0.070966 0.200944 0.044043 0.049870 0.284994 0.099862 0.267821 0.033958 0.043089 0.017498 0.169331 0.053185 0.022392
YP4 0.014549 0.032932 0.148093 0.046896 0.043836 0.237722 0.088098 0.242607 0.042351 0.058310 0.023073 0.195852 0.055210 0.023469
YP5 0.004017 0.013831 0.109105 0.039265 0.035550 0.195273 0.074774 0.212598 0.041039 0.061629 0.024541 0.198684 0.052373 0.022663
YP6 0.001097 0.005571 0.080381 0.029047 0.028009 0.159997 0.062673 0.184784 0.035797 0.058285 0.023632 0.189092 0.048271 0.021324
YP7 0.000298 0.002201 0.059219 0.020026 0.021825 0.131038 0.052310 0.160278 0.029872 0.052296 0.021685 0.173948 0.044098 0.019903
YP8 0.000081 0.000861 0.043628 0.013228 0.016932 0.107313 0.043598 0.138949 0.024469 0.045717 0.019422 0.156977 0.040179 0.018530
YP9 0.000022 0.000336 0.032142 0.008504 0.013113 0.087883 0.036319 0.120443 0.019889 0.039440 0.017179 0.140081 0.036582 0.017238
YP10 0.000006 0.000130 0.023680 0.005372 0.010148 0.071971 0.030251 0.104397 0.016116 0.033793 0.015097 0.124167 0.033299 0.016033
YP11 0.000002 0.000051 0.017446 0.003354 0.007851 0.058939 0.025195 0.090489 0.013042 0.028851 0.013222 0.109614 0.030310 0.014910
YP12 0.000000 0.000020 0.012853 0.002078 0.006074 0.048268 0.020983 0.078433 0.010549 0.024585 0.011560 0.096525 0.027588 0.013866
YP13 0.000000 0.000008 0.009469 0.001280 0.004698 0.039528 0.017476 0.067984 0.008530 0.020929 0.010097 0.084870 0.025111 0.012895
YP14 0.000000 0.000003 0.006976 0.000786 0.003634 0.032371 0.014554 0.058926 0.006898 0.017807 0.008814 0.074551 0.022856 0.011991
YP15 0.000000 0.000001 0.005139 0.000481 0.002811 0.026510 0.012122 0.051075 0.005577 0.015147 0.007693 0.065449 0.020803 0.011152
YP16 0.000000 0.000000 0.003786 0.000294 0.002175 0.021710 0.010095 0.044271 0.004510 0.012882 0.006713 0.057437 0.018935 0.010370
YP17 0.000000 0.000000 0.002790 0.000180 0.001682 0.017779 0.008408 0.038373 0.003646 0.010955 0.005858 0.050394 0.017235 0.009644
YP18 0.000000 0.000000 0.002055 0.000110 0.001301 0.014560 0.007002 0.033260 0.002948 0.009316 0.005111 0.044209 0.015687 0.008969
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.000000 0.000000 0.001514 0.000067 0.001007 0.011924 0.005832 0.028829 0.002384 0.007922 0.004459 0.038780 0.014278 0.008340
YP20 0.000000 0.000000 0.001115 0.000041 0.000779 0.009765 0.004857 0.024988 0.001928 0.006736 0.003891 0.034016 0.012996 0.007756
YP21 0.000000 0.000000 0.000822 0.000025 0.000602 0.007997 0.004045 0.021659 0.001559 0.005728 0.003395 0.029836 0.011829 0.007213
YP22 0.000000 0.000000 0.000605 0.000015 0.000466 0.006549 0.003369 0.018773 0.001260 0.004871 0.002962 0.026169 0.010767 0.006708
YP23 0.000000 0.000000 0.000446 0.000009 0.000360 0.005363 0.002806 0.016272 0.001019 0.004142 0.002584 0.022952 0.009800 0.006238
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

TABLE A-5
Periodic Response Factors (W/m2K) for Representative Roof Types 15-28

Roof Type
PRF 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
YP0 0.013002 0.021141 0.001218 0.002401 0.003600 0.006837 0.008610 0.016880 0.007113 0.013896 0.010460 0.003580 0.005678 0.006612
YP1 0.016218 0.023683 0.001053 0.002118 0.003656 0.006275 0.008375 0.016593 0.006881 0.013843 0.010309 0.003233 0.005231 0.006201
YP2 0.025842 0.035386 0.002130 0.003441 0.007854 0.008243 0.012223 0.021887 0.007914 0.016380 0.011314 0.003018 0.005242 0.005877
YP3 0.030405 0.044148 0.007240 0.007883 0.015626 0.015853 0.019719 0.031186 0.010544 0.020299 0.013616 0.003672 0.006757 0.006148
YP4 0.030691 0.046465 0.014305 0.013333 0.021953 0.024855 0.026005 0.038400 0.013035 0.022994 0.015326 0.005932 0.009507 0.007642
YP5 0.029753 0.045871 0.019247 0.017657 0.025455 0.030987 0.029720 0.042455 0.014582 0.024282 0.015987 0.009000 0.012289 0.009943
YP6 0.028561 0.044373 0.021078 0.020246 0.026668 0.033729 0.031325 0.044127 0.015275 0.024645 0.016022 0.011638 0.014392 0.012146
YP7 0.027352 0.042669 0.020640 0.021265 0.026352 0.034008 0.031486 0.044229 0.015387 0.024474 0.015788 0.013278 0.015665 0.013720
YP8 0.026179 0.040962 0.018969 0.021106 0.025107 0.032808 0.030725 0.043346 0.015146 0.024009 0.015459 0.013942 0.016213 0.014575
YP9 0.025053 0.039305 0.016797 0.020154 0.023350 0.030831 0.029408 0.041872 0.014706 0.023390 0.015102 0.013876 0.016214 0.014840
YP10 0.023974 0.037710 0.014544 0.018720 0.021355 0.028512 0.027781 0.040063 0.014161 0.022697 0.014742 0.013345 0.015833 0.014687
YP11 0.022942 0.036179 0.012420 0.017036 0.019298 0.026108 0.026005 0.038086 0.013569 0.021973 0.014387 0.012551 0.015205 0.014268
YP12 0.021954 0.034710 0.010514 0.015264 0.017286 0.023757 0.024185 0.036046 0.012962 0.021245 0.014039 0.011637 0.014428 0.013694
YP13 0.021009 0.033301 0.008852 0.013510 0.015383 0.021532 0.022388 0.034011 0.012358 0.020524 0.013699 0.010689 0.013574 0.013038
YP14 0.020104 0.031948 0.007427 0.011843 0.013622 0.019466 0.020654 0.032024 0.011770 0.019819 0.013367 0.009758 0.012690 0.012348
YP15 0.019238 0.030651 0.006217 0.010299 0.012017 0.017569 0.019008 0.030108 0.011201 0.019133 0.013044 0.008874 0.011810 0.011656
YP16 0.018410 0.029406 0.005197 0.008899 0.010569 0.015841 0.017460 0.028277 0.010655 0.018468 0.012728 0.008049 0.010952 0.010977
YP17 0.017617 0.028212 0.004340 0.007647 0.009276 0.014273 0.016018 0.026538 0.010133 0.017824 0.012419 0.007289 0.010132 0.010322
YP18 0.016858 0.027066 0.003622 0.006541 0.008126 0.012855 0.014680 0.024893 0.009635 0.017202 0.012118 0.006593 0.009354 0.009697
YP19 0.016132 0.025967 0.003022 0.005574 0.007109 0.011574 0.013444 0.023342 0.009161 0.016601 0.011825 0.005959 0.008624 0.009104
YP20 0.015438 0.024913 0.002521 0.004734 0.006212 0.010419 0.012305 0.021882 0.008709 0.016021 0.011538 0.005384 0.007943 0.008543
YP21 0.014773 0.023901 0.002102 0.004009 0.005424 0.009378 0.011258 0.020510 0.008280 0.015460 0.011259 0.004863 0.007309 0.008015
YP22 0.014137 0.022930 0.001753 0.003386 0.004733 0.008441 0.010297 0.019221 0.007871 0.014920 0.010986 0.004392 0.006722 0.007518
YP23 0.013528 0.021999 0.001461 0.002854 0.004128 0.007597 0.009416 0.018012 0.007482 0.014398 0.010720 0.003966 0.006179 0.007051
507
508

TABLE A-6
2
Periodic Response Factors (W/m K) for Representative Roof Types 29-42 (*See Appendix B)

Roof Type
PRF 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37* 38* 39 40 41 42
YP0 0.008540 0.011181 0.010188 0.024294 0.010753 0.015686 0.007126 0.010387 0.007526 0.006529 0.026523 0.012232 0.018278 0.010291
YP1 0.008087 0.010682 0.009758 0.023314 0.010409 0.015305 0.006572 0.009795 0.007211 0.006304 0.025726 0.011896 0.017882 0.010120
YP2 0.008667 0.010363 0.009513 0.023710 0.010363 0.015221 0.006152 0.009313 0.006915 0.006088 0.025335 0.011663 0.017594 0.009951
YP3 0.010741 0.010994 0.010124 0.026353 0.011083 0.015921 0.006363 0.009408 0.006744 0.005925 0.026168 0.011857 0.017764 0.009842
YP4 0.013017 0.012901 0.011735 0.029640 0.012197 0.017059 0.007508 0.010383 0.006954 0.005973 0.027947 0.012471 0.018411 0.009895
YP5 0.014794 0.015232 0.013603 0.032465 0.013207 0.018126 0.009177 0.011858 0.007624 0.006347 0.029868 0.013193 0.019215 0.010107
YP6 0.016006 0.017188 0.015139 0.034594 0.013969 0.018954 0.010856 0.013350 0.008549 0.006960 0.031515 0.013837 0.019958 0.010396
YP7 0.016741 0.018499 0.016171 0.036068 0.014493 0.019535 0.012258 0.014603 0.009473 0.007621 0.032781 0.014349 0.020565 0.010687
YP8 0.017096 0.019202 0.016737 0.036985 0.014816 0.019904 0.013287 0.015542 0.010235 0.008192 0.033677 0.014729 0.021024 0.010941
YP9 0.017156 0.019432 0.016940 0.037442 0.014978 0.020099 0.013946 0.016176 0.010777 0.008612 0.034248 0.014991 0.021347 0.011144
YP10 0.016990 0.019324 0.016880 0.037521 0.015011 0.020155 0.014278 0.016541 0.011100 0.008874 0.034544 0.015150 0.021549 0.011295
YP11 0.016652 0.018987 0.016634 0.037294 0.014940 0.020100 0.014340 0.016680 0.011233 0.008998 0.034610 0.015220 0.021648 0.011397
YP12 0.016188 0.018502 0.016265 0.036823 0.014789 0.019956 0.014185 0.016633 0.011216 0.009010 0.034485 0.015215 0.021659 0.011456
YP13 0.015633 0.017924 0.015813 0.036157 0.014574 0.019743 0.013862 0.016435 0.011084 0.008939 0.034203 0.015144 0.021593 0.011477
YP14 0.015015 0.017293 0.015311 0.035339 0.014310 0.019476 0.013414 0.016116 0.010869 0.008806 0.033792 0.015020 0.021462 0.011465
YP15 0.014357 0.016636 0.014780 0.034405 0.014010 0.019168 0.012873 0.015702 0.010595 0.008630 0.033277 0.014849 0.021278 0.011425
YP16 0.013676 0.015970 0.014236 0.033384 0.013682 0.018828 0.012270 0.015216 0.010283 0.008425 0.032679 0.014641 0.021047 0.011359
YP17 0.012986 0.015308 0.013690 0.032300 0.013334 0.018464 0.011626 0.014675 0.009946 0.008201 0.032016 0.014400 0.020778 0.011272
YP18 0.012298 0.014658 0.013148 0.031175 0.012974 0.018084 0.010960 0.014095 0.009595 0.007965 0.031301 0.014134 0.020477 0.011168
ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia

YP19 0.011620 0.014025 0.012616 0.030025 0.012605 0.017693 0.010287 0.013489 0.009239 0.007723 0.030548 0.013847 0.020150 0.011048
YP20 0.010958 0.013411 0.012098 0.028863 0.012231 0.017294 0.009618 0.012868 0.008884 0.007479 0.029767 0.013543 0.019802 0.010915
YP21 0.010316 0.012820 0.011595 0.027701 0.011857 0.016891 0.008961 0.012241 0.008532 0.007236 0.028967 0.013227 0.019437 0.010771
YP22 0.009698 0.012251 0.011109 0.026547 0.011485 0.016488 0.008324 0.011615 0.008187 0.006996 0.028156 0.012901 0.019060 0.010618
YP23 0.009105 0.011704 0.010640 0.025410 0.011116 0.016086 0.007711 0.010995 0.007852 0.006760 0.027339 0.012568 0.018672 0.010457
APPENDIX B coefficients exceeds 1% are Roof 37 (3%), Roof 38 (8%),
After the review process and very near to press time, it Wall 30 (2%), Wall 31 (6%), Wall 35 (16%), Wall 37 (30%),
was determined that the conduction transfer function coeffi- Wall 38 (30%). In every case, the U-factor based on the CTF
cients originally published by Harris and McQuiston (1988) coefficients is lower than the actual U-factor. Hence, the
were inaccurate for a few of the very high mass walls and errors in the CTF coefficients will result in under-predicting
roofs. Furthermore, these CTF coefficients have been the cooling loads.
published in the 1989, 1993, and 1997 editions of the Therefore, new CTF coefficients were determined using
ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. Presumably, this is due Seem’s method (Seem et al. 1989). For each of the massive
to precision problems in the CTF calculation program, surfaces, either 12 or 13 temperature history terms (b coeffi-
although this has not been investigated in detail by the cients) and 12 or 13 flux history terms (d coefficients)
authors. The errors may be quantified by checking whether or resulted. Periodic response factors were determined from
not the CTF coefficients satisfy a fundamental relationship these CTF coefficients using the procedure described in the
between the U-factor and the CTF coefficients: paper. Surfaces for which new CTF coefficients were used to
determine the periodic response factors are marked with an
∑bn =0
n
asterisk in Tables 6, 9, A-3, and A-6.

U=
1+ ∑ d
REFERENCES
n
n =1 Seem, J.E., S.A. Klein, W.A. Beckman, J.W. Mitchell. 1989.
(B-1)
Transfer functions for efficient calculation of multidi-
The surfaces for which the discrepancy between the mensional transient heat transfer. Journal of Heat Trans-
actual U-factor and the U-factor determined from the CTF fer, 11: 5-12, February.

ASHRAE Transactions: Symposia 509

This paper has been downloaded from the Building and Environmental Thermal Systems
Research Group at Oklahoma State University (www.hvac.okstate.edu)

The correct citation for the paper is:

Spitler, J.D., D.E. Fisher. 1999. Development of Periodic Response Factors for Use with
the Radiant Time Series Method. ASHRAE Transactions. 105(2): 491-509.

Reprinted by permission from ASHRAE Transactions (Vol. #105 Part 2, pp. 491-509).
© 1999 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.