Engineering Mechanics (BPB 11303)

Kinematics in One Dimension

The Objective:
• Determine motion by using calculation or graphical method.

At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

• Differentiate between displacement, velocity, and
acceleration
• Predict the graph of the motion of an object
• Explain the use of a negative sign to indicate direction in
vector quantities
• Use a motion graph to describe the motion of an object
• Determine the slope of a graph and use that information to
determine the velocity or acceleration of an object.
 Kinematics in One Dimension

• Distance and Displacement

• Average Velocity
• Instantaneous Velocity
• Acceleration
• Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion
 Mechanic
The study of motion of objects, and related concepts of force and energy.

Kinematics Dynamics
How objects move Deal with force and why objects move
 Quantities – Two types
Scalars
– Common numbers we use everyday
– Scalars give us an amount
– Distance, speed, mass, volume…
Vectors
– Like scalars they show an amount
– Unlike scalars they show direction
– Displacement, Velocity, acceleration…
 Distance, Displacement, Speed , Velocity,
Acceleration

Consider the Following

• Right now, this very instance, are you moving?

 The Earth in Space
• Earth rotates around its axis at: 1,043 mph
• Earth revolves around the sun at: 66,660 mph
• Solar system moves toward Vega at: 43,200 mph
• Solar system revolves around the Milky Way Galaxy at: 489,600
mph
 What’s it Mean?
Relative to some point in space you are moving
approximately 600,503 mph or 166.81 miles every
second!
But, are you moving relative to the classroom?
 Motion - Definitions
• Motion is relative
• Motion: Occurs when an object changes its
position relative to a reference point
 Distance vs. Displacement
• Distance – how far an object has moved (
scalar)
• Displacement – distance and direction from a
starting point (vector)
 Distance
• Distance – how far an object has moved (magnitude only).
North
70 km

West East

30 km
South

Total Distance = 70 km + 30 km = 100 km

Find total Distance if :

20km to the East  50 km to the West  again 10 km to the West.

 Displacement
• Displacement - a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. Such quantities are
called Vector.
• Displacement – is how far the object is from its starting point (Change in position of
the object from reference point).

North
70 Km
*Direction: Right = +ve, Left = -ve

West East
Reference point

30 Km

Displacement

Displacement =70 Km – 30 Km = 40 Km to the East ( Right )

 Displacement
Example:

x1 x2

(Km)
West 10 20 30 40 East

• Displacement is x2 – x1
• Δ x = x2 –x1 = 40 km -10 km = 30 km to the East
•Delta (Δ) means change in x.
•Distance = 40 km – 10 km = 30km
 Displacement
Question:

x1 x2

(km)
West 10 20 30 40 East

• Displacement is x2 - x1
• Δ x = x2 –x1 = 10 km -30 km = -20 km to the West
• Distance = 30 km -10 km = 20 km
Speed vs. Velocity
Linear Motion
-
Motion Along a Line
 Speed vs. Velocity
Speed:
• Speed – the distance an object travels per
unit of time (scalar)
• Speed – a change in distance over time also
called a rate
• Rate – any change over time
• Speed = distance / time
• Speed = x / t (m/s)
 Speed vs. Velocity
Types of Speed:
• Speed that doesn’t change over time is called
constant speed
• Speed is usually not constant in our day-to-
day lives most objects have a changing speed
because of other forces acting on them
• Average speed = total distance / total time
elapsed
• Instantaneous speed =speed at a given point
in time (measured)
 Speed vs. Velocity
• What is the difference between speed and
velocity?
 Speed vs. Velocity
Velocity:
• Is used to signify both magnitude of how fast
an object is moving and the direction in which
it is moving.
• Therefore velocity is a vector.
 Speed vs. Velocity
Average Velocity ( v ):
• Is defined in terms of Displacement divide by
time it takes to travel.
• Average Velocity = Displacement /time
• Displacement = Δx
• .: Average Velocity = Δx / Δt
 Speed vs. Velocity
Questions:
• Can you have a negative speed?
• Can you have a negative velocity?
• Is distance a vector or a scalar?
• How about displacement?
 Speed vs. Velocity
Questions: North
70 m
*Direction: Right = +ve, Left = -ve

West East
Reference point

30 m
t = 70s
Displacement
• Displacement =70 m – 30 m = 40 m to the East ( Right )
• Distance = 70 m + 30 m = 100 m
• Average Speed = Total Distance / time elapsed = 100 m / 70s = 1.4 m /s
• Average Velocity = Δx / t = 40 m / 70s = 0.57 m /s
•Average velocity is +ve for an object moving to the right along x axis and –ve
when the object move to the left.
• Direction of Velocity is always same as the direction of the Displacement.
 Speed vs. Velocity
Questions:
The runner as a function of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of
coordinate system. During a 3.00s time interval, the runner’s position changes
from x1 = 50.0m to x2 = 30.5m, as shown below. What is runner’s average
velocity?

x2 x1
x
10 20 30 40 50 60
Distance (m)
Solution:

Displacement = Δx = x2 –x1 = 30.5m – 50m = -19.5m

Time interval = Δt = 3.00s
Average Velocity = v = Δx / Δt = -19.5m / 3.00s = - 6.50m/s
 Speed vs. Velocity
Questions:
How far can a cyclist travel in 2.5h along a straight road if her average
speed is 18 km/h?

Solution:

From equation v = Δx / Δt ,
.: Δx = v Δt = (18 km/h) (2.5h) = 45km
 Speed vs. Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity:
 Average velocity over an infinitesimally short time interval.

Average Velocity ( v )

s
m/s t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12
 Average Velocity ( v ) unable to display the whole even happen for every
seconds in figure above.
 Instantaneous velocity is velocity that happen for particular t above.
 Speed vs. Velocity
 From equation Average Velocity = Δx / Δt
 if Δt ( different in t) becoming extremely small (Δt ≈
0 ). We can write the definition of instantaneous
velocity (v) as: v = lim Δt 0 (Δx / Δt) = Δ x / t
 The notation lim Δt 0 means the ratio Δx / Δt is to
be evaluated in the limit of Δt approaching zero.
 Instantaneous velocity always equals to
instantaneous speed when they become
infinitesimally small.
Acceleration

Changing Velocity
 Acceleration
• When an object changes speed or direction, it is
acceleration
• Acceleration tells us how fast the velocity changes,
whereas velocity tells us how fast the position
changes.
 Acceleration
Average Acceleration ( a ):
• Average acceleration is defined as a change velocity
divided by time taken to make this change:
• a = Δv / Δt = (v2 –v1 ) / (t2 –t1)
• Average acceleration is vector quantity.
 Acceleration
Instantaneous Acceleration ( a ):
• Instantaneous acceleration can be defined in analogy
to instantaneous velocity, for any specific instant:
• a = lim Δt  0 (Δv / Δt) = Δ v / t
• Instantaneous acceleration always equals to
instantaneous acceleration when they become
infinitesimally small.
• Average acceleration is vector quantity.
 Acceleration
Questions:
A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 75km/h in 5.0s.
What is the magnitude of its acceleration?

Solution:

The car starts from rest, so v1 = 0. The final velocity is v2 = 75km/h. From
equation of average acceleration, the average acceleration is

a = (v2 –v1) / (t2 –t1) = (75km/h – 0km/h )/ (5.0s – 0s) = 15(km/h)/s

 Acceleration
Questions:
An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway, which we
choose to be positive x axis , and then the driver puts on the brakes. If
the initial velocity is v1= 15.0m/s and it takes 5.0s to slow down to v2 =
5.0m/s, what was the car’s average acceleration?

Solution:

a = ( v2- v1)/ (t2 – t1) = (5.0m/s – 15.0m/s)/(5.0s – 0)= -2.0m/s2

 Motion in constant acceleration
 Many practical situation occur in which acceleration is
constant close enough that we can assume it is
constant.
 This acceleration doesn’t change over time and it is
called uniformly accelerated motion.
 in this case, instantaneous and average acceleration
are equal.
 Motion in constant acceleration
v related to a and t ( a = constant)
t1=t0 =0 t2 = t
x1=x0 x2=x
v1=v0 v2= v

Considering all parameters above:

Average velocity :
v = Δx / Δt = (x – x0) / t -------------------(1)
Acceleration:
a = a = ( v – v0) /t -------------------------------(2)

then v = v0 + at ---------------(3)
 Motion in constant acceleration
Example
The acceleration of a particular motorcycle is 4.0m/s2 and we wish
to determine how fast it will be going after 6.0s.

Solution:

Assuming it starts from rest,

.: (v0 = 0), after 6.0s the velocity will be:
From equation (3) :v = v0 + at = (4.0m/s2 )(6.0s) = 24m/s
 Motion in constant acceleration
x related to a and t ( a = constant)
From equation (1)
v = Δx / Δt = (x – x0) / t

Then x = x0 + v t ---------------------------(4)

Because the velocity increase at a uniform rate (linearly), the average velocity
( v ) will be midway between the initial and final velocity.

Then v = (v0 + v ) / 2 --------------------(5)

(5) Into (4)

x = x0 +((v0 + v ) /2) t ----------------------(6)

(3) Into (6)

x = x0 + v0 t + ( at2 )/2 --------------------(7)
 Motion in constant acceleration
v related to a and x ( a = constant)
From equation (4)
x = x0 + v t ---------------------------(4)

Then (5) into (4)

x = x0 + ((v0 + v ) / 2) t -------------(8)

From equation (3)

t = ( v - v0 ) /a ------------------------(3)

(3) Into (8)

v2 = v0 2 + 2a (x - x0 )
 Motion in constant acceleration
Kinematics equations for constant acceleration:

v = v0 + at [ a = constant ]---(9a)

x = x0 + v0 t + ( at2 )/2 [ a = constant ]---(9b)

v2 = v0 2 + 2a (x - x0 ) [ a = constant ]---(9c)

v = Δx / Δt = (x – x0) / t [ a = constant ]---(9d)

 Motion in constant acceleration
Example:
You are designing an airport for small planes. One kind of airplane that might use this
airfield must reach a speed before takeoff of at least 27.8m/s ( 100km/h), and can
accelerate at 2.00m/s2 . (a) if runaway is 150m long, can this airplane reach the proper
speed to take off? (b) if not, what minimum length must the runaway have?
Solution:
known wanted
x0 = 0 v
v0 = 0
x = 150m
(a) From equation (9c), = v0 2 + 22a (x - x0 ) = 0 + 2(2.00m/s2 )(150m) = 600m2/s2
a v=2 2.00m/s
v = 24.5m/s.
.: this runaway is not sufficient.
(b) (x - x0 ) = (v2 - v0 2 )/2a = ((27.8m/s)2 – 0) / (2 (2.0m/s2)) = 193m.
 Motion in constant acceleration

Question:

How long does it take a car to cross a 30.0m wide intersection after the light
turns green, if it accelerates from rest at a constant 2.00m/s2 ?
 Graphical analysis of linear motion

 Constant velocity
 Magnitude of velocity varied
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Constant velocity:
40m
Δx = 10m

30m
Position, x (m)

20m Δt = 1s

2 4 t (s)
3

 The time t is considered the independent variable and is measured along the
vertical axis.
 The position x, the dependent variable, is measured along vertical axis.
 x increases by 10m every second.
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Position vs. time (Constant velocity):
40m
Δx = 10m

30m
Position, x (m)

20m Δt = 1s

2 4 t (s)
3
 The small triangle on the graph indicates the slope of straight line, which is
define as the change in the independent variable (Δx ).
 Slope = (Δx / Δt)
 Slope = (Δx / Δt) =10m / 1s = 10m/s = velocity
 “+” slope = moving right, “-” slope = moving left
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Position vs. time (magnitude of velocity varied):

40m
tangent Δx = 10m

30m
Position, x (m)

20m Δt = 1s

2 4 t (s)
3
 The slope of the curve at any point is defined as the slope of tangent to
the curve at that point.
 The tangent is a straight line drawn so it touches the curve only at that
one point but do not pass across or through the curve.
 Graphical analysis of linear motion

 Since the slope equals to velocity, we could

reconstruct the v vs. t graph.
 We can determine the velocity as a function of
time using graphical methods, instead of using
equations.
 This technique is particularly useful when the
acceleration is not constant, for then equations
(9) cannot be used.
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Velocity vs. time:
15
v (m/s)

10

t (s)
0 10 15 20 25 30
5
 If we given v vs. t graph, we can determine the position ,x , as a function of
time.
 Divide the time axis into many subintervals.
 In each interval, a horizontal dashed line is drawn to indicate the average
velocity during that time interval.
 The displacement (change in position) during any subinterval is Δx = v
Δt and total displacement after 30s will be sum of 6 rectangles.
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Velocity vs. time:
15
v (m/s)

10

t (s)
0 10 15 20 25 30
5
 If the velocity varies a great deal, it may difficult to estimate v from the graph.
To reduce this difficulty, narrower subintervals are.
 The result, in any case, is that the total displacement between any two times
is equal to the area under the v vs. t graph between these two times.
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Question:

100
v (m/s)

50

t (s)
0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
1.0

A space probe accelerate uniformly from 50m/s at t =0s to 150m/s at t = 10s. How
far did it move between t =2.0s and t = 6.0s?
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
Question:

100
v (m/s)

50

t (s)
0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
1.0

Solution:
Δx = area under v vs. t graph = area of trapezoid = [((70m/s+110m/s))/2]4.0s
= 360m
Can we use equations (9) to get total displacement?
 Graphical analysis of linear motion

Question:
• What does the slope of a velocity/time graph
represent?
• What does the area under a velocity/time
graph represent?
 Graphical analysis of linear motion
• Make sure you are working with a velocity/time
graph
• Slope = rise/run or velocity/time therefore,
Slope = acceleration
• “+” slope = accelerating right, “-” slope =
accelerating left
• Acceleration units are m/s2
• Area under graph is the distance traveled
 Summary
• Kinematics deals with description of how object move. The
description of the motion of any object must always be given
relative to some particular reference frame.
• The displacement of an object is the change in position of the
object.
• Average speed is the distance traveled divided by elapsed time.
• An object’s average velocity over a particular time interval Δt is
the displacement Δx divided by Δt:
v = Δx / Δt
• Instantaneous velocity, whose magnitude is the same as the
instantaneous speed.
• An object’s average acceleration over time interval Δt is:
a = Δ v/ Δ t
 Summary
• If an objects moves in a straight line with constant acceleration,
the velocity v and position x are related to the acceleration a, the
elapsed time t, and initial position x0 and initial velocity v0 , by
equations (9):

v = v0 + at [ a = constant ]---(9a)

x = x0 + v0 t + ( at2 )/2 [ a = constant ]---(9b)

v2 = v0 2 + 2a (x - x0 ) [ a = constant ]---(9c)

v = Δx / Δt = (x – x0) / t [ a = constant ]---(9d)