Bearing capacity of piles in soils with time dependent characteristics

M.J.Preim - RE., Soil & Material Engineer, Altamonte SprIngs, Fle; USA R.March - £'1., Soil & Material Engineer, Altamonte Springs, Fla., USA M.Hussein - Goble Rausche Likins and Associat.es, tno; Orlando, Fla., USA

Two case histories are presented on the evaluation of static bearing capacity of piles driven in soils that exhibit time dependentstt'ength chanqes, Under constderatlon are a steel and a concrete pile driven into soils generally consisting of si.lty and clayey fine sand. Pile dynamic measurements and analyses were performed on both piles du ringi nitia! installation, and also during restrike one week later. This information was used to predict each pile's long term capacity (defined as 14 days after initial drive), which was then compared to that mea.sured with a static load test. Agreement between predicted and measured capacities were rema.rkably good, with an average error of only 4.5 percent. Two weeks after drivi.ng,. total pile capacities were three times those at the end of drive. If only the skin friction was considered, however, it increased by an <Iverage factor of 16. The increase ,in pile capacity was determined to be lineal' over the time per-iod considered.

INTRODUCTION

The planned expansion of a major transporta.tion fa.cility in Central Florida:, USA included the construction of a burlding which encompassed over 3.5 hectares a.ndranged from four to eleven stories. Anticipated column loads ranged up to 22,000 kN. The highly var-iable subsur-face conditions encountered at the site included s.tr-ata of very loose clayey sand and very soft clay. A foundation system consisting of driven displacement piles with service loads of 670 kN and 1330 kN was recommended for support of this s tr-uctu reo

A test pile program was recommended prior to final design of the foundations for thest.r u ct u re to verify pile service loads and more accurately predict pile driven lengths.. The program incorporated both dynamic and static testing of steel pipe and precast concrete piles. The aim of the dynamic testing was to evaluate pile capacity, efficiency of pile drIvl ng systems, and integrity of in -place piles and splices. St.atic loading tests were performed to verify capacity.

An additional aim of the test program was to quantify the .rate of pile set up· after initial driving. Local experience indicated that pile capacity increased s ubstantiall y with ti me afte I' driving. It was presumed this increase was due prima.rily to reccnsolf daticn and remoldi.ng of soil at the soil-pile irrterfece, Since these mechanisms are expected to affect the soil for only a small distance f rorn the pile, it was anticipated that pile skin friction capacity would increase by a greater percentage than end bearing capacity.

In order to evaluate the rate of pile capacity increase, dynamic measurements were taken a.t the end of initial driving and during restrike one week later. Subsequent static loading tests performed on the piles provided pile capacity

dab at a third point in time. A llnear relatlons hip between pile shaft friction and time was assumed at the outset of the test program and test results substa.ntially verlfled this for th e time peri.od con side red. Th is pape r b ri efl y describes the test program with regard to the time dependent pile capacitycha racteristics for two of the test piles and presents our evaluation of theresu Its.

DESCRIPTION OF TESTING PROCEDURES

The steel pipe and precast concrete piles under study were both initially driven in 'place with a Vulcan aoc hammer. One week later, the piles were restruck several blows wi.th a Vulcan 010 hamme.r in order to obt.ain additional dynamic measurements, The lowe.r energy BOC was used to drive the piles in order to evaluate its driving efficiency (as it was antic.ipated this hammer would be used dUr.ing production driving), The 010 was used during restrike so that the greate.r hammer energy would be available to mobilize the anticipated increased pile capacity during Ithe dynamic testing. A summary of pil.e and driving system specifications is shown in Table 1,

Pile Data

TABLE 1

355 mm Square precast concrete pile

Conclfte compr-as aiva strength: 45,000 kN/m

Prestress ma.gnitude: 5200 kN/m2

323 mm Stee.1 pipe pile., driven closed end 2 Steel yield strength: 310,000 kN/m

Drivin.g System Data

Vu I ca n ModeJ BOC,· aTr . opera ted, differen tia I

rated energy: 33,150 J at 41.9 cm

stroke

Vulcan Model 010, alr operated differential

rated en e rgy : 44,070 J at 99 cm stroke

363

DYNAMIC TESTING AND ANALYSES

The pile load test program included dynamic pile monitoring both during initial installation and restrikes. Field test~~ was performed with a Pile Driving Analyzer (PDA) according to the Ca se Method p roced u res. S u bseq u en t data analysis was done by the Case Wave. Analysis Program Continuous version (CAPWAPC). The prima ry objectives of the tests were the

evaluation of the hammer-driving systems

performance, pile driving stress (both

compressive and tensile), pile structural

integrity, pile static bearing capacity, and soil behavior. Detailed descriptions of the field equipment and analytical procedures used may be found in several references (Goble et al , 1980). A brief discussion of the methods is also presented below.

Instrumentation: Dynamic meas u rements of strain and acceleration were taken near the top of each pi Ie. Strai n transducers a re reusable frames with four resistance foil gages attached in a full bridge. Acceleration was measured with piezoelectric accelerometers that were mounted on special blocks for electronic and mechanical isolation and for ease of attachment to the piles. Two strain transducers and accelerometers were bolted at opposite sides of each pile to monitor and minimize the effects of non-uniform impacts.

The PDA is a state-of-the-a rt, user friendly, field digital computer. Basically, it computes some 40 different dynamic variables in real time between hammer blows after p rovidi ng signal condition i ng, amplification, fi Itering and calibration to the meas u red signal s. Pile strai ns are converted to forces and accelerations to velocities as a function of time for each hammer blow. Force and velocity records are assessed for data quality and are evaluated according to Case Method equations. Dynamic variables are computed and are available for display and printing for each hammer blow. This data may include maximum pile driving forces, maximum pi Ie top hammer tran sferred energy, and ultimate pi I e stat ic capacity.

The analog signals of forces and velocities along with voice annotation were recorded on a seven-channel FM instrumentation tape recorder for future reference. An oscilloscope was used to monitor signals for data quality and possible pile damage.

Case Method: The techniques most widely employed today for both measurement and analyses of pile dynamic events were developed starting in the 1960's at Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve Un iversity) and hence, collectively referred to as the Case Method. This name actually covers a wide range of equations and procedures.

The Case Method of closed form solutions requires the measurement of force and velocity histories of the pile under a hammer blow. Using wave propagation theory and assuming a uniform elastic pile, the PDA applies the Case Method for determining some 40 dynamic

variables in real time. The most interesting of these quantities are:

* Case Method axial pile capacity (Rausche et al , 1985)

* Maximum E7nergy delivered to the pile, ram impact ve.locity, and hammer 01' pi Ie cush ion stiffness for hammer-driVing system performance evaluation (Li kins, 1982)

* Maximum pile compressive and tensile forces during driving to check for potentially damagi ng stresses

* Indication of location and extent of pile damage for pile integrity evaluation (Rausche and Goble, 1978)

For piles with little shaft resistance, a resistance force displacement graph obtai ned from pi Ie top measu rements dimensiona I wave theory considerations.

static toe may be with one

The Case Method computes total driving resistance and relies on a damping factor for static capacity determination. This damping factor (called Case Damping) is dependent on the soil type and behavior under dynamic loading. In the field, a Case Damping factor has to be selected to represent the soil conditions prevalent at each site.

CAPWAPC: This is an analytical procedure performed interactively between the engineer and a computer program using a micro-computer. It was developed to compute soil resistance forces and their distributions using pile top force and velocity measurement recorded in the field in a wave equation type procedure (Rausche, 1970).

In order to perform the CAPWAPC analysis, the pile below the poi nt where the gages were attached is modeled in the form of a series of segments of equal stress wave travel time. The soil reaction forces are passive and are assumed to consist of a static (elasto-plastic) and a dynamic (linearly viscous) component, both along the shaft and below the pile tip, In this way, the soil model has at each point three unknowns: elasticity, plasticity, and viscosity. To start the analyses, a complete set of wave equation type constants is assumed and entered into the computer model. Then in a dynamic analysts. the hammer model is replaced by the measured velocity imposed at the top pile element and CAPWAPC calculates the force necessary to induce the imposed velocity. The measured and calculated forces are both plotted as a function of time; if they do not agree, the soil model is changed and the analysts repeated. This iterative procedu re is repeated u nti I no further improvements between measured and computed forces can be obtained. Alternatively, the force may be imposed as the boundary conditions and the velocity computed.

Results from a CAPWAPC analysis include comparisons of measured with the corresponding computed for-cez'velocity cu rves. Numer·ically for each segment of the pile, ultimate static resistance, soil quake and damping factors are tabulated. Also included in the results is a pile load-set curve from static test simulation.

364

Because they are calculated during the analysis, forces, velocities, displacements, and energies may be printed or plotted as a function of time for any pile segment.

Like static loading tests, dynamic pile testing computes pile capacity at the time of testing. Since it is possible to dete.rmine skin friction distribution and end bearing values from CAPWAPC, analyses done on data during restrike may be compared to that from end of driving for soil resistance change determination. This procedure was followed during this project to assess time dependent soil strength characteristics.

STATIC LOADING TESTS AND ANALYSES

Static axial compressive loading tests were performed on each of the described test piles in accordance with ASTM D 1143-81. Reaction frames were assembled and anchored to piles driven to resist the reaction load. The piles were loaded using a hydraulic jack in increments of 25% of the proposed service load, with the top of pile deflection being recorded by dial gauges. Successive incremental loads were applied only after the rate of penetration was measured at leu than 0.25 mm/hr. Each pile was loaded in this manner to 200% of the service load, this load was then held constant for 12 hours. The pile was then incrementally unloaded. The load was then incrementally reapplied up to the previous maximum load. The load was then increased in increments of 10% of the service load until failure. Fail u re was defi ned as a total pile top deflection of 10% of the pile diameter for the pu rposes of th is test.

PILE DRIVING RESISTANCE <BLOWS PER FOOT)

0 10 2 o 30 ~ o ~ ,0 F ;0 o E ,Q_!



/
»

(
I.,
~ o

Pile capacities were evaluated from the results of the loading test by the method suggested by Davisson (Davisson, 1970). In this procedure, the load versus pile top deflection data resulting from the loading test is plotted. The theor-etical linear elastic compression of the prle is also plotted and a parallel to this plot is constructed at a distance of 3.81 + D/3048 (where D is the pile diameter in millimeters). The point of intersection of the constructed parallel and the loading test curve is defined as the pile capacity.

SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

The geology of Central Florida is char-acter-ized by strata formed during three distinct geologic periods. The surficial stratum is composed of u nd ifferentiated Holocen el PI iestocenel P r iocen e series sands containing varying amounts of silt and clay. These sediments were deposited on terraces at the bottom of shallow seas during interglacial times when sea levels were higher than at present. The th ickness of these surficial deposits typically range from about 9 to 18 m below ground surface. The Hawthorne formation, a marine deposit of Miocene age, underlies these terrace deposits. The Hawthorne is typically composed of green clay, clayey sand, sandy limestone and dolomite. In the area of the project site, it is estimated the Hawthorne is about 40 m th lck , The Hawthorne formation

ADJACENT SPT BORING

o 3 6 9

12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39

CARK BROWN FINE SAJoD ISP)

VERY DENSE DARK GRAY BL.ACK F1HE SAND ISPI

lOOSE ONIK BROWN BlACK SUGHTLY SILTY FIlE SAND ISP-SMl

lOOSE LIGHT BROWN FINE SAND ISP)

LOOSE UGlT BAOWN SUGHTLY 5U.TY FINE SAJoD (SP-SMI

DENSE GIIEENSH WHTI:: SUGHTLY CLAYEY FINE SAND ISP-SCI DENSE LIGHT GREEN ClAYEY FINE SAND (SCI

DENSE GREEN SUGHTL Y CLAYEY FIlE SAKI HiP-SCI

STlFF GREEN SNVY CLAY ICHI

DENSE GREEN CLAYEY FINE SAND ISCI

42

!H @ 16 MHER~

WIll. • WEIGHT OF ROD & HAMMER

N • STANDARD PENETRATION TEST 8LOW COl»lT HROWS/FTJ

FIGURE 1. BORING LOG I DRIVING RECORD - 355 mm SQUARE CONCRETE PILE

365

is in turn underlain by the Ocala limestone, of Eocene age. It consists of cream to tan fine grained limestone and is estimated to be about 35 m thick at the study site.

The subsurface exploration of the project site consisted of performing a number of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) boring .. s to depths of up to 54 m and Electronic Piezocone Penetrometer soundings to depths of up to 40 m below ground surface. Split spoon samples and undisturbed tube samples were obtained from the borings and were subjected to laboratory testing including; sieve analyses, unit weight, natural moisture content, Atterberg limits, and consolidation tests.

Subsurface soil conditions across the site were found to be quite variable. The results of SPT bori ngs performed in the vici nity (with i n 15 m) of each test pile, along with the pile driving records ,a re shown on Figures 1 and 2 . Descriptions of the soils encountered in the borings are accompanied by the Unified Soil Classtfication Symbol (SP, SC, etc.) based on visual exami nation and laboratory testi ng.

At both the test pile locations, the borings encountered fine sand (SP) and slightly silty fine sand (SP-SM) to depths of about 15 m. The boring adjacent to the concrete test pile encountered these sands primarily in a loose (SPT blow count N=4-10) to very loose (N=O-4) condition. Adjacent to the steel test pile, these sand strata we.re encountered in a medium dense (N=10-30) condition. Below these su rficial strata

PILE DRIVING RESISTANCE (BLOWS PER FOOT)

the borings encountered about 2 m of very loose (N=O-4) clayey fine sand (SC) grading to a firm (N=4-8) to very soft (N=O-2) clay (CH) extending about 5 m. Below this, strata of medium dense (N=10-30) to dense (N=30-SO) clayey fine sand eSC) and slightly clayey fine sand (SP-SC) were encountered to depths of 30 m or more ..

The majority of the cohesive soils tested at the site were found to be overconsolidated by ratios ranging from 1.5 to 4. The natu ral water content of the clays ranged between 40% and 50% and void ratios between 1.05 and 1.35. Liquid limits and plastic limits ranged from 27 to 190 and 19 to 52, respectively.

DISCUSSION OF DYNAMIC AND

STATIC

TESTING RESULTS, CONCRETE PILE

The concrete pile was initially driven with the Vulcan SOC hammer to a penetration of 27 m and a driving resistance of 68 I!>lows per foot. The end of driving pile top compressive stres! and transferred energy averaged 13,790 kN/m and 11.5 kJ, respectively. The pile static capacity was calculated by CAPWAPC to be 1,135 kN (205 kN in skin friction and 930 kN in end bearing), most of the skin friction (65%) was acting along the bottom 2 m of pile. Plotted CAPWAPC results for this analysis are presented in Figure 3.

ADJACENT SPT BORING

BROWN TO DARJ( BROWN 10 (JiAy FIHE SAND (9'1 MED. DENSE ClARK IlROWN SILTY FlNE SANO ISIoII

00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

3
6
9
V; 12
00:
LU
I- 15
LU
~ 18
J: 21
~
0..
LU 24
0
27
30
33
36
39

L
If
J
J
~

r-- - IoIED. DENSE TO DENSE BROWN Sl..lGffi.Y SILTY FINE SAND 19'-SM)

GREEN Sl.JGiTLY CLAYEY FINE TO MED. SAHJ (9'-SCI

DENSE GREEN SUGHTL Y CLAYEY fIIIE SAKI 19'-SCI 8T @ 36 METUS

WIH • WEIGHT OF ROD &. H .... MMU

FIGURE 2. BORING LOG I DRIVING RECORD - 323 mm DIAMETER STEEL PIPE PILE

N • STANO ... RO PE.NETR ... TION TEST BLOW COUNT IBLOWSiFT j

366

One week. later, this pHe was restruck with the Vulcan 010 hammer. The d.riving reststance, tra.nsferred energy, and pile top compressive str-ess were 213 blows for 50 mm, 26 kJ ,and 22,130 kN/m, r-especfivelv . Data, representing the second b'low ·ofrestrike was analyzed with CAPWAPC which computed an ultimate static capacity of 2,310 k N . As expected, a II th e capacity increase (1, 170 kN) wa,s added skin friction.. Res t ri ke va lues rep.resent a dou bf ng ln the tota I pil e capacity and a 6. 7 times increase in skin friction from those at the end of driying. CAPWAPC analyses results a,re summarized in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2

SUMMARY OF CAPWAPC RESULTS FOR CONCRETE PI LE

Pile Capacity

Skin End

Event Analyzed

Friction (kN)

Bearing (kN)

Total Ck_Nl

End of I nitiai Driving

2nd BI.ow of Restrike

205 1315

930 935

1135 2310

2200

ME .... SURED fORCE COMPUTED FORa

ItN

1100

lIC

-1100

3.1 MEASURED AND COMPUTED PILE TOP FORCE.

2.4

MEASURED VElOOTY COMPur:ED VHOaTY

mi.

1.2

lle

-j.z

3 •. 3 MEASURED AND COMPlJTEDPIlE TOP vaocrrr

A simple linear extr-apolation was employed to predict the pile's capacity 16 days after initial lns tallatton . Numerica.lly, the proces s was done as follows:

Capacity after 16 days ..

935 + 205 + 16(1375-205)/7) " 3814 kN

It assumes a un iform constant rate. of skin friction increase of 167 kN/day, which adds up to a. tata.1 skin fr-Iction value of 2880 kN;. an increase of 14 times over that at the end of d dving. This prediction procedu reis illustrated g.raphica.lly in Figure 4.

Sixteen days after initial drivi.ng, this pile was subjected to a static load test that indicated an ultimate pile capacity of 3692 kN according to th e Davi sson' s fai lure crite ria (see F.i g U re 5 below). The difference between the linearly ex tr-apolated dynamic capa.city prediction and that of the static load test result was 3 percent.

kN

lIC

2200

ME .... SUREO fORCE MEASURED VELOOTY

1100

-1100

3 . .2 ME .... SuRED PILE TOP FORCE .... ND VELOCITV

550

RESISTANCE DlSTRJ8UTION

N

! PILE FORCES AT ULTlM"'TE C ... P .... OTV J

noD - ~---~-- --~.)

3.4 SOIL RESISTANCe D1STR1BlfTION .... ND fORCES At ULTlM ... TE CAP .... orv VS. PILE LENGTH

FIGURE 3. RESULTS OF DYNAMIC TESTING FOR CONCRETE PILE

367

DISCUSSION OF DYNAMIC AND

STATIC

TESTING RESULTS, STEEL PIPE PILE

Utilizing the Vulcan SOC hammer, the steel pipe pile was driven to a depth of 25 m and a driving resistance of 27 blows per foot. Towards the end of driving, the maximum pil~ top comp res s ive st res save raged 150, 600 k N 1m , th e maximum transferred energy averaged 7.5 kJ, and the CAPWAPC ultimate capacity was 630 kN (SO kN in skin friction and 600 kN in end bearing). One week later, the pile was restruck with the Vulcan 010 hammer. The pile exhibited a driving resistance of S blows for 50 mm of penetration. The pile top compressive stres~ and transferred energy averaged 196,500 kN/m and 27 kJ respectively. Data from the fi rst blow of restrike was analyzed with the CAPWAPC program and it showed an ultimate capacity of 1230 kN (795 kN in skin friction and 435 kN in end bearing). This represents a 9.S times increase ins kin friction. It was believed that due to the minimal pile set under the first blow, the restrike indicated end bearing value was only a mobilized and not an ultimate value.

CAPWAPC analyses results are summarized in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3

SUMMARY OF CAPWAPC RESULTS FOR STEEL PI LE

Pile Caeacit~
Skin End
Event Friction Bearing Total
Anal~zed i!ilil i!ilil i!ilil
End of Initial
Driving 80 600 680
1st Blow of
Restrike 795 435 1230 A linear extrapolation was used to predict the total pile capacity 14 days after initial driving. The fo.ilowing numerical process was used assuming end bearing from end of drive and a similar increase in skin friction during the second

Fipre 4 - TlllE VS. CAPACITY PRECAST CONCRETE PILE

~
3500
3000
i 21SOO
....
i 2000
~ 1~
II:
1000
eee
0 o 2 3 4 ~ II , II II 10 , 1 12 13 14 111 111 "

ELAPSED TIME SINCE DRMN<il (o.t.'P.!)

Ei::!MEASURED END BEARING r2)MEASURED SKIN Fl'fICTlON - END OF' DRIVE

S'!MEASURED SKIN FRICTION - INCREASE ~ 7 DAYS ~TOTAI. PILE CAP,t,CITY - I..OAD resr AT 111 DAYS

Figure 5 - STATIC LOAD TEST

s'_~ __ -r ~ __ ~P~R~E~CrA~S~T~CO~NrC~R~E~T~E~P~I~L~E~'- -r -'

E 2~~----~~----+-----~-----f~~~r-----'_-----+----_'

z a H I~N~-----1----~t-~--~----~~~--r-----1---~~----_'

...J u, L.l c

L.lM~-----;------+-----~-----t------r-----~~--~~r-_' ...J ~ LOA.O TO F AlLURE

~ OAVISSON FAILURE

l~~e 15~e 20~~ 2580 3000 358B 4000 LOAD (kN)

368

Ftcure6 - TIME VS. CAPACITY
STEEL PIPE PIU:;
2400
2200
2000 ,....,-
»:
1Il00 /'
! le«1 ,.......
- -
I 1~
,....,-
1200 ,....,-
1000 /"
8! 800 /'
IlOO
400
200
0
Q 2 3 4 S 15 7 8 I 10 11 12 13 14 7 day period as that experienced on the first 7 days:

Capacity after 14 days =

600 + (80 +2(795 - 80» = 2110 kN

This represents a 3.' times increase in total pile capacity; if only skin friction is considered, it increased by a factor of 19 times. Th is is shown graphically on Figure 6.

A static load test performed 14 days after initial driving indicated an ultimate pile capacity of 2240 kN, a.ccording to Davisson's failure criteria (see Figure 7). The difference between predicted and verified pile capacity was 6 percent.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the resu Its of the pile test program yielded data significant to the design of th is project and suggested a general approach for estimating the capacity of piles with time dependent characteristics. First, an increase in

pile capacity with time after initial driving was observed in the two case htstor-ies presented (it was also observed in all of the 6 other test piles involved in the study). Second, the magnitude of this increase was Significant, a two to th ree-fold increase in total pile capacity. Th i rd. the increase appeared to occur almost entirely in ski n friction ca pacity . An d fou rth, th e capacity increase was found to be linear over the time period considered (14 to 16 days).

Another observation can be made by comparing the rate of capacity increase of the steel and concrete piles. I n the Case histories presented, this rate was 167 kN/day for the concrete and 102 kN/day for the steel. The differing rate may be attributable to differences in the subsurface conditions at the pile locations. Alternatively, the greater rate of increase for the concrete pi Ie might be related to its absorption capacity (allowing more rapid recon sol i d at ion) and hi 9 her coeHi cie nt of 5 u rf ace friction.

ELAPSED TIME SINCE !)RMNG (DAYS)

I>:l END BEARING - EN!) OF I)RM;; ,121 ASSUMED EN!) BEARING • SJ<IN I'RICTION - ENO OF ORM:

gSKIN FRICTION INCREo\SE - AfTER 7 DAYS illlTOTAL PIU:; CAP...c1lY - ~ ~ AT 14 DAYS

Figure 7 - STATIC LOAD TEST STEEL PIPE PILE

- r--
t-- r--
~ t-- I-- t--
-- <,
----- 1"\
r-- -----
r- ----- -
-I-- r-- ----- -J
r-- r-- I-- t---

LOAD TO FAILURE
DAVISSON FAILURE CRITERIA -- --
I I I I I z

o

H

IUN w

.J

LL

W o

W(') .J

t--t

0..

250' 50'0' 75111 11118111 15111111

LOAD (kN)

25111111

369

For this project, the time dependency ,of the pile bearing capacity was taken into consideraticn in several aspects of the des ign and ins tallation of the piles. Due to' the highly var-iable subsurface ccndttions • it was assumed that pile driven lengths weuldalse vary, and would be quite dependent en the acceptance criteria. adopted. The results of our testing indicated that if d ri.vi n g acceptance criteria was adopted bas edon the pile capacity indicated during initial driving, the piles would be si.gnificantly ever-driven with rega rd to' th e se rvice lead, Th e refere, it wa s decided to develop an acceptance criteria based en the indicated capacity during driving plus an assumedi ncr-ease in skin frictien. The assumed increase would be calculated based en the' rates observed in ou r test pregram and assuming maximum capacity would be achieved at 14 days after ins ta llatl en .

Feurteen days was selected beth because the calculated capacities at this time cor-related well with our Ultimate static capacity analvs es and also because it was felt a restrike testing pregram could be conducted during production installatien en this basis witheut delaying censtructien unduly.

Recemmendaticns fer the production pile lnstellatlon included restriking about 10% of production piles 10 to' 14 days afte.r in.itial driving. Dynamic measurements would be made dUring restrike using the PDA. Analysis of PDA results, including CAPWAC, would provide a check on 0'1.1 r acceptance criteria so that it could be revi,sed, if' necessary, as con s tr-uctlon prO'gressed.

Another- aspect of the foundation design which was affected by the time dependency of pile capacity was the cempa.rison of the capacity of d iffe rent pi I e types. Pa rt of th e pu r-pose of the test program was to evaluate the relative cost efficiency of di.tferent pile types. Frcm the results of ou r study, it was appar-ent that a vaBd cornpar-lson of pile capacities could net be made without taking into account the time between initial dr.iving and static loading tests. The refo.re , estimated dr-iven lengths of each pile type were, based on the calculated "two-week capacltv" described above.

The pile test program described herein provided dab regard.ing the time-dependent capacity characteristics of the sells at this site which

were invaluable in developing an efficient

foundation design. Where soil oonditions and

local experience indicate significant set- up, an attempt to quantify the rate of set up may be beneficial. The use of the PCA during initial driving and during subsequent restrikes provides a means to develop capacity versus time relation ship s . Wh i Ie the linea r relatien sh ip observed in this study wil.! likely not always be

applicable under d.ifferent conditions, the

authors suggest it may be a reasenable

assumption for preliminary analyses.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ASTM 0 1143, Standard Method of Testing Piles Under Static Axial Compress.;ve Loads.

Davi sson, M. T., .,. Sta tic Mea su remen ts of Pi Ie Beha,vior," Design and Installation of Cellular St.rUctures, Envo. Publishing Co., edited by H-YFang, pp. 159~165, 1910.

Goble, G.G., Rausche, F., and Likins, G.E., "The Analysts of Pile Driving A State-cf-the-Ar-t ," The 1 st Semina.r on the Applicatien of Stress Wave Theory on Piles, Stockholm, Sweden, 1980.

Likins, G. E., "Evaluating' the Performance of

Pile Driving Hammers," 4thPDA User's Semi n a r, Am sterdam, Hell and, 1982.

Rausche, F., and Goble, G.G., "Determination

of Pile Damage by Top Measurements," Behavior of Deep Foundaticns, ASTM Symposium, Boston, Massachusetts, 1978.

Rausche, F., Geble, G.G. and Llkins , G.E., "Dynamic Determination of Pi Ie Capacttv ;." Journal of Geotechnical Eng.ineering, ASCE, 1985.

Ra u sene, F., "Scil Res pen se From Dyn am ic Analys.is and Mea.su rements on PUes," Ph. D. thesis, Case Western Reserve U ni.versity, Cleveland, Ohio, 1970.

370