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LIGHT TREE
BY SMRITHY T.M
Contents
Introduction Block Diagram Comparison between CWDM and DWDM Light Path Light Tree Architecture of wavelength-routed optical network Multicast Switch An MWRS based on a splitter bank MWRS based on a drop and continue switch.
contents
The Optical layer Unicast ,Broadcast and Multicast Traffic. Advantages and Disadvantages Future enhancement Conclusion
Introduction
Today, there is a general consensus that in near future wide area networks (WAN) will be based on Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) optical networks. Depending on the underlying physical topology networks can be classified into three generations: 1st Generation: They employ copper-based or microwave technology. eg. Ethernet. 2nd Generation: These networks use optical fibers for data transmission but switching is performed in electronic domain. eg. FDDI. 3rd Generation: These networks both data transmission and switching is performed in optical domain. eg. WDM.
Block diagram

Traditional Digital Fiber Optic Transport

Single Pair of Fibers
Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver


Digital fiber optic transport using WDM

WDM MUX WDM MUX Digital Transceiver Single Pair of Fibers Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver
Digital Transceiver
Fiber Optic Transport using WDM
Light Path
A light path is an all-optical channel which may be used to carry
circuit switched traffic and it may span multiple fiber links.
A light path can create logical (or virtual) neighbors. A light
path carries direct traffic between nodes it interconnects.
Major Objective of light path communication is to reduce the
number of hops.
Under light path communication the network employs an equal
number of transmitters and receivers because light path operates on point to point basis.
Light Tree
A light tree is a point to point multipoint all optical channel
which may span multiple fiber links.
It enables single-hop communication between a source node and
a set of destination nodes.
A light tree based virtual topology can reduce the hop distance,
thereby increasing the network throughput.
Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network
NSFNET backbone topology
Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network

A WDM control network may require efficient delivery of
broadcast traffic. which may be modelled as a layered graph in which each layer represents a wavelength and each physical fibre has a corresponding link on each wavelength layer.
The switching state of each wavelength-routing switch (WRS) is
managed by a controller.
A light tree based broadcast layer may provide an efficient
transport mechanism for such multicast applications.
Multicast Switch :
Linear divider combiner (LDC)
Multicast Switch :
linear divider combiner with two input fibers (the Pis), two output fibers (the
Pos) two dividers and four control signals (the js).
The LDC acts as a generalized optical switch with added functions of
multicasting and multiplexing. The values of 1, 2, 3, 4 control the proportion of the input power that can be sent to the output links. Let Pi1 and Pi2 be the power on the input links, and let Po1 and P02 be the output powers. Then, Po1= (1-1) (1-3) Pi1+ (1-2) 3Pi2 and Po2= 1 (1-4) Pi1+14Pi2
An MWRS based on a splitter bank

An optical splitter splits the input signal into multiple identical
output signals. Since an optical splitter is a passive device the power from at least one output signal of an n-way optical splitter is less than or equal to 1/n times the input power.
MWRS based on a drop and continue switch
In a drop and continue switch a light path can be terminated at a node and simultaneously an identical copy of the light path can be allowed to continue to another node in the network. Technique: It is the special case of light tree , By employing a drop and continue switch we can construct a chain of nodes which are connected by a drop and continue light path.
All nodes on the chain will receive transmissions on a drop and continue light path where light is dropped .
The Optical Layer

Definition: The optical layer provides light paths to the higher layers. In addition to the pass through capability provided by the optical layer other features include are:

Transparency Wavelength reuse Reliability Virtual topology Circuit switching.
Unicast , Broadcast and Multicast Traffic

Unicast Traffic:
IP/TV on Demand use unicasttraffic. Each user can request the
program at a different time. with the number of simultaneous users limited by the available bandwidth
Unicast traffic is sent from a single source to a single destination
IP address.
Unicast traffic
Example of Single Unicast Traffic
Broadcast Traffic:
Broadcast traffic uses a special IP address to send a single
stream of data to all of the machines on the local network. A broadcast address typically ends in 255. (for example, 192.0.2.255) or has 255 in all four fields (255.255.255.255).
Example of Broadcast Traffic
Multicast Traffic:
Unlike unicast addresses, when a data stream is sent to one of these addresses
potential recipients of the data can decide whether or not to receive the data. If the user wants the data the user's machine receives the data stream if not the user's machine can ignore it.
Example of multicast traffic
Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic:
Example of Combined Multicast and Unicast Traffic
Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic
If the routers in a network are not capable of handling multicast
IP/TV can use unicast transmissions to send the multimedia content across the non multicast -enabled router.
A server on the other side of the router can then use multicast
transmission to deliver the content to its local users.
Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages:
Minimize the network-wide average packet hop distance Increased Bandwidth. Broadcasting and Multicasting.
Disadvantages:
Difficulties arising from limited number of transceivers per node. Difficulties arising from limited number of wavelengths.
Future enhancement
To Minimize wavelength cost. Minimize the number of transceivers Wavelength assignment algorithm should be
explored in future reasearch.
Conclusion
A novel WDM WAN architecture based on light trees that are
capable of supporting broadcasting and multicasting over a wide-area network by employing a minimum number of optoelectronic devices.
Such WDM WAN can provide a very high bandwidth optical
layer which efficiently routes unicast, broadcast and multicast packet-switch traffic.
Preliminary results show that if we employ a set of light trees,
then significant savings can be achieved in terms of the number of optoelectronic devices that are required in the network.
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LIGHT TREE

Traditional Digital Fiber Optic Transport

Single Pair of Fibers

Single Pair of Fibers

Digital fiber optic transport using WDM

Fiber Optic Transport using WDM

circuit switched traffic and it may span multiple fiber links.

A light path can create logical (or virtual) neighbors. A light

path carries direct traffic between nodes it interconnects.

Major Objective of light path communication is to reduce the

which may span multiple fiber links.

It enables single-hop communication between a source node and

a set of destination nodes.

thereby increasing the network throughput.

Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network

NSFNET backbone topology

Architecture of Wavelength-Routed Optical Network

The switching state of each wavelength-routing switch (WRS) is

A light tree based broadcast layer may provide an efficient

transport mechanism for such multicast applications.

Linear divider combiner (LDC)

Pos) two dividers and four control signals (the js).

The LDC acts as a generalized optical switch with added functions of

An MWRS based on a splitter bank

MWRS based on a drop and continue switch

The Optical Layer

Transparency Wavelength reuse Reliability Virtual topology Circuit switching.

Unicast , Broadcast and Multicast Traffic

IP/TV on Demand use unicasttraffic. Each user can request the

Unicast traffic is sent from a single source to a single destination

Example of Single Unicast Traffic

Broadcast traffic uses a special IP address to send a single

Example of Broadcast Traffic

Example of multicast traffic

Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic:

Example of Combined Multicast and Unicast Traffic

Combining Unicast and Multicast Traffic

If the routers in a network are not capable of handling multicast

transmission to deliver the content to its local users.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

explored in future reasearch.

Such WDM WAN can provide a very high bandwidth optical

Preliminary results show that if we employ a set of light trees,

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