Chap 11

CHAPTER
:if.:.
11
11.1 Concepts Review
1. J{I); 1'(1);/,(1)
Numerical Methods, Approximations
3. error of the method; error of calculation
4. increase; decrease Problem Set 11.1

I. f(x) I'(x) = e2x
= 2e2x
f(O) = 1 1'(0) = 2
rex)
f(4)(x)
= 4e2x = 16e2x
2!
reO) = 4
/3)(0)
=8
f(3) (x) = 8e2x
/4)(0) = 16
+!x3
f(x):::: 1+2x+ix2
3!
+~x4
4!
= 1+2x+2x2
+~x3 +~x4
f(0.12):::: 1+2(0.12)+2(0.12)2 +i(0.12)3
+~(0.12)4 :::: .2712 1 3
2. f(x) = e-3x
I'(x)
f(O)
=1
_3e-3x
1'(0) =-3 r(0)=9
r(x)=ge-3x f(3)(x)
_27e-3x
/3)(0)
= -27
3
j<4)(x) = 81e-3x f(x):::: 1-3x+-x
/4)(0) = 81
2
9 2!
--x
27 3 81 4 929 +-x = 1-3x+-x --x 3! 4! 2 2
+-x
27 4 8
f(0.12):::: 1-3(0.12)+2.(0.12)2 -2.(0.12)3 + 27 (0.12)4:::: .6977 0 2 2 8
3. f(x)
= sin 2x = 2cos2x
1(0) = 0 1'(0) = 2 1"(0)=0 1(3)(0) =-8 1(4)(0)
rex)
I'(x)
f(x):::: 2x--x
83
3!
= 2x--x
43
= -4 sin 2x f(3)(x) = -Seosa

j<4)(x) = 16sin2x Instructor's Resource Manual
f(0.12):::: 2(0.12)-.±(O.l2)3 :::: 0.2377 3
=0
Section 11.1
511
4. f(x) = tanx
/,(x) = sec x
2
f(O) = 0 /,(0) = 1 /"(0)=0 xtan2 x j<3)(0) = 2 .nan3 x

=0
7. f(x)
= tan-I x l+x2 2x (I + x2)2 6x2 -2 (1+ x2)3
j(0)
r(x)=2sec2xtanx f(3) (x) = 2scc4 x+4scc2
/'(x)=_Irex) f"(x)
/,(0) = 1 reO) = 0 f"(O) =-2 j<4)(0)=0

3
==
j<4)(x) = 16scc xtanx+8sec2

4
f(4)(0) f(x):::: x+3_.\.3 = x+.!..,.3 3! 3 f(0.12)::::0.12+.!.(0.12)3 3 5. ft.x)

=
f(4) (x)
-24x3 + 24x (1+ x2)4 2 3!

3
::::0.1206 .flO)
=
f(x):::: x--x
= x--x
1 3
In( I + x)
f(0.12):::: 0.12-'!'(0.12)3:::: 3
0.1194
/,(x) =_1I+x rex)

=
/,(0) = 1 reO) =-1
8. f(x) = sinh x
/'(x) rex) = coshx
f(O) /,(0)
1 (I + x)2
= sinh x
f(3) (x) =_2_ (I +x)3 j<4)(X)
fM(X) = cosh X j<4)(x) = sinhx
reO) fM(O) = 1 j<4)(0) = 0
=0 =1 =0
6
(1 +x)4
f(x)::::: x +..!. x3 = .t+.!.x3 3! 6 f(0.I2) ::::: +.!.(0.12)3 ::::: 0.12 0.1203 6 j(J)=e 1'(1) r(1) fM(I)
1; 23 64 f(x):::: x--x+-x --x 2! 3! 4! =x--x f(0.I2) ::::0.1133 12 13 1 +-x --x 2 3 4

4
9. f(x)
+ .!.(0.I2)3 - .!.(0.12)4
= eX
=e X
:::: 0.12 - .!.(0.I2)2 234
f'ex) = eX rex)
=e
=e
fM(X) = eX +x ft.0)
=
=e
+-(x-I) 6
6.
f(x) /'(x) rex)
=.Jl
=.!.(l +x)-1/2 2
= -.!.(l +x)-3/2
~(x) = e+e(x-I)+-(x-I) 2 10. ft.x) 4 sinx
/,(0) = .!. 2 reO) =-.!.

=
f(~)=
f(3) (x)
= ~(l+x)-S/2
8
+x)-7/2
f(3) (0) = ~
/'(x)
= cosx
= -sinx
f'(~)= ~
r(~)=fM(~)=~ ~
j<4)(X) = -~(l 16
f(4)(0)
=-~
1 2 f(x):::: I+-x--x +-x 3 --x:~ 4 2 2! 3! 4! 1 =I+-x--x

2
16
rex)
fM(X) = -cosx
1
8
13 5 +-x --x 16 128
Fj(x) =
J2 + J2(x_~)_
2 2 _ J2(x_~)3 12 4
444
J2(x_2:)2
f(0.12)
;::1 + .!.(0.12) - .!.(0.12)2 + __!_(0.I2)3 2 8 16 _~(0.12)4 128 ::::1.0583
512
Section 11.1
Instructor's Resource Manual
11. j{x) = tan x; f'(x)
I(~) x;
=~ 1'( ~)
~(x)
t: = -s : +-(x-2)--(x-2) 4 32 J2 +-(x-2) 128

3
J2
J2
= sec2
=~ I"(1t) "6
2
l"(x)=2sec I-(x) ~(x)=

= 2sec
2 xtan x :
=-9-
8J3
I-(~)
x+4sec
x tan x; 4J3(X_~)2
I;
15. l(x)=x3-2x2+3x+5; /'(x)
fil)=7 /,(1)
= 3x2
-4x+3; /3)(1)
=2
F(x)=6x-4; 1(3)(x)
F(l)=2
J3 +i(x_~)+
3 3
+~(X-~J
= 6;
=6
+(x-1)3
696
~(x) = 7 + 2(x-I)+(x-I)2 = 5+3x16. I(x) 2x2 +x3 = I(x) fi2) = 16 /,(2) = 32 F(2) = 48
/3)
= x4;
12.
j{x) f'(x) I"(x) I-(x)
sec x;
1(%)
=.J2
1'(%)
2
/'(x)
4x3;
= sec x tan x ;
=.J2
x; 1"(%)
F(x)
= 12x2;
1(3) (x)
= 24x;
(2)
= 48
= sec x+secxtan
= 3J2
1(4)(x)
= 24;
/4)(2)
= 24
I-(~)
P3(x)
= 5sec3 x tan x-s sec x =
tarr' x :
P4(x) = 16+32(x-2)+24(x-2)2 +8(x-2)3 = x4 = I(x) +(x-2)4
11.J2
+.J2(x-~)+
=.J2
3~
(x-~r
17. I(x)=-; f'(x)
1 I-x
j(0)= I /,(0)= I 1"(0)=2 ; /3)(0) = 6 /4)(0)=24 ; /n)(O)=n!
+ 11~(x_~J
= _I
-; (l-x)2
13.
I(x) f'(x) I"(x)
= coc1 x; = __ 1-; I+x2 2x (1 +x2)2

2
1(1) = ~
4
l"(x)=_2_; (1- x)3 /3)(x)

=
1'(1) = -.!_ 2 ; 1"(1) 1"(1)
6 (l-x)4 (1- x)5 nl (l_x)"+1
=.!_
2
i4)(x)=~; 1(1I)(x)=
ri»
~(x) 14. I(x) f'(x) I"(x) I-(x)
-6x + 2. (1 +x2)3 '

1t
=-.!_
2
2 -12(x-l)
= "4-"2(x-l)+"4(x-l)
I(x):::: I+x+-x
= j;;
1(2)
= .J2
1'(2) = ~ 1"(2) = - ~ 1"'(2) =
22 63 n' +-x + ... +~xn 2! 3! n! 2 + x3 + ... + xn = I+ x + x +x3 +x4
Using n = 4, I(x):::: I+x+x2 a. fiO'!) b. fiO.5)

=::
= ~x-1/2; = _±x-3/2;
1.1111 1.9375
=::
= ~x-5/2; 8
3.J2
64
c. fiO.9)::::4.0951
d. fi2)::::31
Instructors
Resource Manual
Section 11.1
513
18. j{x) = sin x; j(0) = 0 /,(x) = cos r ; /,(0) = I

["(x):::; j<3)(x) 1(4)(x)
21. a.
In(l+
r I 2}2n = In2
=sin x:
= +cos,r :
reO)
=0
=0
(_1)(n-I)/2 xn
/3)(0) =-1
1(4)(0)
1211 ( + In
11
I I 2) = In 2
1112
= sinx :
is odd,
x3
X- -
= ----,--~
When
.
SIO
II
121n(1 + /;)
x5 x7
x:::::
+ - - - + ... + ..:__-'-- _ _ 3! 5! 7! n! , x3 3! x5 5!
b.
fix)
In(l + x): flO) = 0
Using a. b.
II
= 5 sin x e x--+-.
f'(x)
= _1_;
I+x
1'(0) = I r(O):::;-1
sin(O.I) ::::: 0.0998 sin(0.5) :::0.4794 sin(l) :::0.8417 sin(IO)::: 676.67
r(x):::;
(I +x)2 '
c.
d.
n:::::~=[ r-r!..
24
x2 In(l+x)::::: x-2 24 r(24-r) ]ln2
=-+-r 19. The area of the sector with angle t is _!_ tr2. The 2 area of the triangle is . -I(rslO2 2
A=-tr
In2
In2
24-r
t)(
2rcos-
t ) = r 2.sm-costtl
2
. = -r 2 smr
::::1n2 + In2::::: 0.693 +0.029 r 24 r We let 24 - r::::: 24 since the interest rate r is going to be close to O.
I2
I2 . --r smr
c.
r 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
n (exact) 13.8918 6.9603 4.6498 3.4945
n (approx.)
13.889 6.959 4.649 3.494
n (rule 72) 14.4 7.2 4.8 3.6
slOg n = 3',SIO t ::::: -I t 3 . tU· 6 A:::::!'tr2 _.!.r2 (t-'!'t3) '

2 2 6 = _!__r2t3 12
20.
m(V)=R
mo
2 ,2
m(O) = mo
1- v
22.
I(x) f'(x)
= 1- e-(I+k)x;
= (I+k)e-(I+k)x;
j{O)
=0
m v c2(1=
'( )
mov
::r
1'(0)= (I+k) reO)
m'(O) = 0
rex)
= -(1+k)2e-(l+k)x;
= -(1+k)2
1_ e-(I+k)x ::::: +k)x _ (I +k)2 x2 (I 2 For x = 2k, the polynomial is 2k - 4k3 - 2k 4 :::: 2k when k is very small. 1- e -(1+0.01)(0.02)
::::: .019997 0
:::: .02 0
The Maclaurin polynomial of order 2 is:

m(v):::::
n'o
+.!. mO
2 c2
v2 = 1110+ mO
(~)2
c
23. a.
514
Section 11.1
h.
0.5
32.
e _e --
cose
4
le - el 1 =--~J2 1e2 -e~.fi ( -I)2 -- I

[cosc]
2 2 ote t h at x~-x
=-
J2(N
I" I'
;
IS
maximum at -I. 2
In
[0, I].) 24. a. 33. f(x)=ln(2+x);!'(x)=_I_;

r(x)
2+x
= = =
(2+x)2 6 (2+x)4'
f3)(x)
(2+x)3
; ,
-2
2 2
1
/4)(X)
f(5) (x) /7)(x)=
24
(2+x)5 720 (2+x}7
h.
/6)(X)
1
120
(2+x}6'
~(x}=_!_. 720 x7 =_x __ 7! (2+e}7 7(2+c)7
1~(0.5)1~
0.57 :::::8.719xl0-6 7·2

X ;
34. f(x) = efn)(x)
26. ltan c+ sec c] s Itan el +Iseeel 27.
I~IMel =
sin e Isin
s 1+1 = 2
t:
!'(x)
= _e-x;
ifn is even ifn is odd ()7

7
-e
s 21t = 2fi1t
.h
~(x}=~(x-l}7= 7!
-c
x-I 5040ec
1~(0.5}1~
(-0.5) :::::9.402xl0-7 5040eO.5

f(7)(x)=-cosx
35.
J(x}=sinx;
~(x)=-7!
-cose(
x--
1t)7 __ -cose(x-*f
4 5040
30.
eosel
e+2
Icosel <.!. le+21- 2 le + sin el le 1 + Isin el IIOlnel 17

< '!"""'-!..---,-2 2
11)- (0.5)1 s ''0
cosO.5(0.5 5040
_x)7
4
::::: .685 x 2
l0-8
31.
e2 + sin e
IOln c 16+1
II0Inei
<--=-- lOIn 2 l Oln 2
.,.....
Instructor's Resource Manual Section 11.1 515
36.
l(x)=_I_; x-3 /5) (X) =
/,(x)=
1
(x-3)2 /6) (X)
; r(x)= 720;
(x-3)7
2
(x-3)3
; /3)(x)=
6;
(x-3)4
/4)(x)=
24
(x-3)5
120;
(x-3)6
/7) (X) = _ 5040

(x-3)8
~(x)=~.
5040 (x_I)7 =
(x_I)7
(c-3)8
7!
(c-3)8
1~(O.5)1 s 1(0.5 (1-3) 37.
-lr I
= 0.~71'" 3.052x 10-5
I(x)
/,(x)
= e'
= eX
fiO)
/,(0) reO)
r(x)=eX
1(3) (x) = eX
=I =I
=1
= eC
1(3)(0) /4)(c)
/4)(x)=ex eX"" l+x+..!..x2 +..!..x3 2 6

R3(x)=-x
4! eC
240,000
e~·1
R3 (-0. I) = R3(-O.I) ~
1 240,000
"" 4.17xI0-6
240,000
." 3.77x 10-6 +~(-o.1)3 ] ""4.08x 10-6
e~·1 -[I +(-o.1)+~(-o.1)2
38. fix) /'(x)
sin x :
= cosx
I( ~) 1'(2:) = .Ji
=~
r(x)=-sinx;
1(3) (x)
r(~)=-
= -cosx;
/3) (~) = - ~
1(4) (c) =
/4) (x) = sin x;
sin c
_ 2:)2 _
sin x ""
.Ji + .Ji (x
2 2
sm c
rt
_ 2:) _
R3(x)=-
. ( x-- )4
4! 4 8
.Ji (x
4
.Ji (x
12
_ 2:)3
R3 2: =slOc 8 24
()
. ( _2: )4 s __ Sin(K)(
24
4 __
2: 8
)4 ""7.0IxI0~
516
Section 11.1
39.
R (x) =_e_xn+1 n (n + I)! Note that el < 3 . 3
42./(X)=ln(I+X) I'(x)
I-x
J(O)=O
1'(0) reO)
2
= _2_ 2
l-x
=2
IRn (1)1 < (n + I)!

-(n+I)! n :::9. 40. l(x)=(l+x)3/2 I'(x) r(x)
= ~(l
rex)
(1_ x~)2
4x,
=0
< 0.000005 or 600000 < (n + I)! when
1(3)(X) = 4{l+3x) (l_x2)3 J(O)

=
j<3)(0)=4
j<4)(X) j<S)(x)
= 48x(l+x-)
(I_x2)4
,
/4)(0)=0
+ x)1/2 + x)-1/2
1'(0) = ~ 2 r(O)=~ 4
= 48(1 + IOx2 +5x4)

(I_x2)S
= ~(l
j<S)(e)
= 48(1 + IOc2 + 5c4)

(1- c2)S 2x+~x3 3 + IOc +5c ]xs (l_c2)S
2
4
1(3) (x) = _~(I + x)-3/2 8 1(4)(x) = ~(I + x)-SI2 16 (I+X)3/2:::: 1+~x+~x2 2 8 R (x)=_2_(I+c)-SI2x4
3
1"(0) =-~ 8 j<4)(c) = ~(l 16 _ _!_x3 16
+ c)-SI2
1n(1I-x +x)::::
R4(x)
= ~[I
5
128
IR4 (x)1 < :::: .201 0 43.
~[I
5
+ 10(0.5)2 + 5(0.5)4](0.5)S
(1_ (0.5)2)S
IR3(x)1 s 1_2_(0.9)-SI2 (-0.1)41:::: 3.05 x 10--6
128
41. I(x) I'(x) r(x)
= (I
+ x)-1/2
2
J(O) = I 1'(0)
- case S R 4 ( x ---x ) IR4(x~ S;
= -.!.(I +x)-3/2
= ~(l 4
=-.!.
4
(o:t ::::
°
5!
0.00026042
S; 0.0002605
+ x)-SI2
r(O)=~
r>.s . 1 .b smxdx::::.br>.S( x-"6x

8 = [ -x 2
3) dx
1(3) (x) = -~(I + x)-7/2 8 j<4)(x) (l+x)

= 105 (l+x)-9/2
/3)(0) =_~
16 -1/2 I 3 "" I--x+-x 2 8

2
j<4)(c) = 105 (l+c)-9/2 16 5 --x 16

3
::::0.1224 24 Brror s 0.0002605(0.5 - 0) = 0.00013025
2 --x I 4 ]0.5
35 R 3 () =- (I +e )-9/2 x 4 x 128 35 128 IR3(x)1 S; 1 (0.95)-912 (0.05)41:::: 2.15 x 10-6
Instructor's
Resource Manual
Section 11.1
517
44.
Rs(x) = --x jRs(x)1 1
COSC
45.
j(x);::;x4-3x3+2x2+x-2; f'(x) rex) = 4x3 -9x2 +4x+ I; = 12x2 -18x+4;
j{l)=-1 1'(1)
6!
s -::::.001389 0
6!
r(l) =-2
j(3) (I) ;::; 6
=0
j(3) (x) ;::; 4x-18; 2 J'4)(x)

=
= 24:
j(4)(I) = 24
x-
6 12o
x3
xS
]
j(S)(x);::; 0
0 ::::0.8417
Since j(S) (x) = 0, Rs(x);::; O. x4 -3x3 +2x2 +x-2
Error ~ 0.00 1389(1 - 0) = 0.001389
= -1- (x _1)2
+ {x _1)3 + (x _1)4
46.
Pn (x) = I(a) + ['(a)(x-a) . Pn{x)
+ f"(a) (x- al + I '"(a) (x _a)3 + ... + j(n) (a) (x _a)n 2! 3! n!

2
=I
,j"(a) j'"(a) (a)+--2(x-a)+--3(x-a)
2!
3!
+ ... +
fn){a) n!
n(x-a)
n-I
= ['(a) + j"(a){x-a)+ P~(a)
j'"(a) (x-a)2 2! = ['(a) rn)(a)
+ ... + /n)(a) {x-at-I (n-I)!
= [,(a)+O+O+···+O
• "j"(a) Pn = 0+ I (a)+--2{x-a)+···+ 2! ;::; j"{a)+ j"'(a)(x-a)+
(n-I)!
(n-I)(x-a)
n-2
... + fn)(a) {x-a)"-2 (n -2)!
Pn" = j"( a) + 0 + 0 + ... + 0 = j ft( a)
p~n)(x)
= j(~!(a)
(x-a)O = I(n)(a)
pJn) (a) = I(n)(a)
47. }{x)=sinx; f'(x)=cosx; r(x)=-sinx: J'3)(x) j(4) (x)
I(~)= f'(~)=
~ ~ ~
sinx =
J2 + J2(x_!!.)_
2 2
444
J2(x_!!.)2
-- J2( x-!!'
12
4
2
)3 +R3(x)
2 90
r(~)=:
sin(!!.-~) 4 90
= J2 + J2(_~)_
_ J2(_~)3 12 90
F2(__!!._)2
4 90
-8
= +cos r = sin x :
13)(~) = - ~ 14()e) = sin e
+R3(!!'-_!!'_) 4 90
:::: .681998+ 0
43o=2:-~
4 90
radians
IR31= -SIne -- 90 4!
7t
. ( )4 <- 1()4
R3
7t
24 90
::::6.19xI0
518
Section 11.1
J, • J, J, UO!~:Jas
lenueV1la:llnosa~ S,JOPIlJlSUI
0< trZ= (0) (~)j '0 = (oLj = (0).1 = (0).1

leool e s~ 0
=x
1al '0 = (0) (!)I{ 'I + u :; !JOJ smu .

!-l+U
smu
'umununu '0 < x UalJM 0 > (x)!
j{J-I+u)
i(1 + u)
(x)
(0
I{
ptre 0 < X U~qM 0 < (x)! . ~X = (X)j
osoddng
o=! 'I+Ux
= (x)1{ Jl
'(X)(!-~/(X)(d{U)1
l{lJ[
'wnw!u!w leool ~ S! (:J)! ':J Je~u S! x U~lJM (:J)! < (x)! os ':J lUaU S! x U~lJM 0 < (x)
':J J~~U S! o U:llJM
S! (X}j(X)I{ JO aA!lIlA!l:lP
a4.L '15
"u
smu OZL _ = I
0<
(lJ)(I+U)j
(x OPO!;+ OlL _)~~

:J U!S
ueqr ':J reou snonuuuoo
S! (x)(I+U/
~:lU~S (n)
t~ I>
'r + I-no:l
9 1:
~~
. 'q
'wnwlxew leool ~ S! (:J)!':> J~au S! x ualjM (:J)f> (x)! os ':J Jeau S! x ualjM 0> (x) uH smu
x--+
OvO!; o U!S
x--
OlL I
x-+
vl I
l x--I=xSOO I
-o raou S! lJ ualjM 0>
(lJ){j+u/
ualJl ':J reau SnOnU!lUOO S! (x) (I+U/

':J pun
a:lu~s
X
(!)
OlI ( OlL Ol1)orr = x---WII = I o U!S I '
_2_
(r
+X 9
~x
X
Orr wlI U1S .

,
u:lah\l:K\ = (x) uH
= (x)j
x--:JU!S
OlL
S! o aJ:lljM
1+u(:J - x)( lJ) (lJ)
i(I+U)
(I+u)
x-+ I
ozt
X--X=XUlS I: I
'8
'OS
(x) uH + (:J)j
'0 = (:J)(U)J = , ..
= (:J),..1 = (:J).1
= (:J).1 aJlI!S
+
iU (x) uH + u(:J- x) (:J) (u/
L6£!;v'0::::
"'+
,(:J - x) (:».1
iZ
+(:J-
x)(:J).1
+ (:J)j
= (x)j
'l5
(X)I:H+
,1L
(~-x)!-(~-x)_£-~
I 1L if f-=(£).! ~ -=(£).1
,1LI
(09)!_(09)_£_~::::
lLiflo
£9S0J
= XSOO
'elnUllOJ s,JOlhe.L ~U!Sfl JapJO JO IU!WOUhIOd upnel:lew '(x)d S~ (x)3 JOJ aql os '0 S! (x)d
:XSO:l-=(x).!
:XU!S-=(X).1
JOJ UlnUllOd s,upnupeWJo (x)UH ropuiaurcr ~ql 'u lSOW 1e aaJ~ap JO IU!WOuhIOd e S! (x)d aJU!S '(x)d JOJ U JapJO JO Ie!WOuhlod U!Jnepew aql S! lj:l!ljM
uX ()
f=(£)f
'z <: 1/ U::llfM !;OOO·O:;;
~u
:XSO:l=(x)! 09)i(I+U) ( ll-l+u I 09 -+1L 1L
i"
(u) II
d +"'+ ,x-( ) d +x(O),d +(O)d
tz
S! 3 JOJ
repro JO 1~!WOuhIOd upneIoew atU 'I + II >1' 10J
(0) ()[)d
= (O)()[)b+(O)(:y)d = (0)(~)3
= (x)(~)3 'I + II >1' JOJ
09) i(I + II) ( - --> 1L I ( £
-I( £) I
U
os '(x)(.'fl+(x)(~l
o=!
l+U
u-x )i(I+II) --:;;I(x)UHI

I ::l:lU!S
0= (0) (1-:0f(0)
(J)I{
(~)1(0) (~)b =
~
'(x)J l+ux = (x)b
'x SO:l=t= x U!~ S! (x) (u)f JO
.,J'
uatU
09 £ SUU!PIlJ II+ II= o£9 '8"
53. a.
lsi (x)
T_ (
is of degree 4 since it is the product of four linear factors.

)_
'-'51xI -
(xI -x2)(xl
-.l)(xi
-x4)(xl
(xI - x2 )(xi - x3 )(XI - x4 )(xi - xs)

= 2,3,4,5
-xS) -I -
LSI(Xj) = 0 fori b. Ls2(X) = _ L 53() X
since x - xj is a linear factor of LSI(x).
(x-xI)(x-x3)(x-x4)(x-x5) (X2 - XI )(x2 - x3)(X2 - x4 )(x2 - xs) (X-XI)(x-x2)(X-X4)(x-x5) (X3-xj}(X3 -x2)(X3 -X4)(X3 -X5) (X-XI)(x-x2)(X-X3)(X-XS) (X4 -XI)(X4 -X2)(X4 -X3)(X4 -X5) (X-XI)(X-X2)(X-X3)(X-X4) (xS - xj}(xs - x2 )(Xs - X3)(xs - X4)
_ L54() x _ L 5S () x c.
Since LSI, Ls2, LS3,LS4, and Lss are of degree 4, Ls is of degree less than or equal to 4. Since Lsj(xj)
= 0 for
i:;t j and
Lsj(Xj)
= I, L5(xj) = Yi'
+2x
d.
~ (x)
I
(x-2)(x-0) (1- 2)(1- 0)
= -(x-2)(x)
= _x2
L ?(x)= (x-l)(x-O) =2_(x-l)(x)="!"x2_"!"x 3_ (2 -1)(2 - 0) 2 2 ~3(x)= (x-I)(x-2) (0-1)(0-2) 1 =-(x-l)(x-2)=-x 2 2
2 3 --x+l 2 -%x+
I2
2 ~(x) = (_x + 2x)(2) +(~x2 54.

y 10
-~x )c2.5)+(~x2
I)cO) = -O.75x2 + 2.75x
•
0
lOX
Is
I
(x) = (x-2)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5) (1-2)(1-3)(1-4)(1-5)
=_1 (x-2)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5) 24
= -..!..(x-I)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5)
Ls (x) = (x-l)(x-3)(x-4)(x-5) 2 (2-1)(2-3)(2-4)(2-5) Ls (x)= (x-I)(x-2)(x-4)(x-5) 3 (3-1)(3-2)(3-4)(3-5) L (x)= (x-I)(x-2)(x-3)(x-5) 54 (4-1)(4-2)(4-3)(4-5) L (x)
55
6 =..!..(x-l)(x-2)(x-4)(x-5) 4 =-..!..(x-l)(x-2)(x-3)(x-5) 6 =_1 (x-l)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) 24
(x-I)(x-2)(x-3)(x-4) (5-1)(5-2)(5-3)(5-4)
Ls(x) = lsI (x)· 2 + LS2(x)· 3 + LS3(x) ·4+ LS4(x) ·5+ Lss(x)· 6
520
Section 11.1
= -(x12 5 --(x
- 5) --(x -1)(x - 3)(x -4)(x - 5) + (x -1)(x - 2)(x - 4)(x - 5) 2 I -I)(x - 2)(x - 3)(x - 5) + -(x -1)(x- 2)(x -3)(x - 4) = x+ 1 2)(x - 3)(x-4)(x
55. xI
= 1;
YI
=0
~3(x)
Xz = 3: x3 = 5; L (x)
31
Y2 = 1.099 Y3 = 1.609
(x-0)(x-0.2) = (0.3-0)(0.3 -0.2)
= I~O x(x-0.2)
=1(x-3)(x-5)
8
(x-3)(x-5) (1-3)(1-5)
L(x) = ~I (x)·1 + ~2 (x) ·1.221 + L33(x)·1.350 = 53° (x -0.2)(x - 0.3) - 61.05x(x -0.3)
L
3Z
(X)= (x-I)(x-5) (3-1)(3-5)
=_1(x-l)(x-5)
4
+ 45x(x - 0.2) L(0.25) :::53° (0.25 - 0.2) (0.25 - 0.3) - 61.05 ·0.25(0.25 - 0.3) ~3(x) ·1.609
(x) = (x-l)(x-3) 3 (5-1)(5-3)
=1(x-l)(x-3)
8
~(x) = L31(xl-O + L32(x)·1.099+ 1.099 1.609 = ---(x-l)(x-5)+--(x-I)(x-3)
+ 45·0.25(0.25 - 0.2)
::::: 1.284
= *(x-l)[
-1.099(x -5)+ 0.8045(x-O.2945x+ 3.0815)
3)J
The error is
= *(x-I)(
Thus.
R., (x) = x(x - 0.2)(x - 0.3) f(3) (a) ~ 3!

The derivatives of f(x) I(x) f"(x) Thus,
= eX = eX
In 2::: t(2 -1)( -0.2945x + 3.0815) :::0.623 The estimate for the maximum error is Rz(x) = (x-l)(x-3)(x-5) f(3)(a)
are
I'(x)
= eX
fm(x) = eX
3!
I(x)
= In x;
x
I'(x)
=..!.
x 2
R2 (0.25) = 0.25(0.25 - 0.2)(0.25 - 0.3) . j<3)(a)

3! :::-0.0001042 Thus and
E
1 I"(x) =-2;
f'"(x)=3
ea
IRz(2)1 = 1(2-1)(2;!3)(2-5)11/(3)(a)1 =11-(-1).(-3) 6 21=-1 <1 fi a3 a3 or a [15]

,
IR2(0.25)1 ~ 0.000 I042e°.3 :::0.0001407 IR2(0.25)1 ~ 0.000 I042eo ::::: 0.0001042.
A calculator gives In 2 :::: .693 . so the actual 0 error is approximately 0.693 - 0.623 :::0.07 . 56.
XI
A calculator gives eO.25 ::: 1.2840 so the actual error is 1.284 -1.284 = 0 . to three decimal places. 57. The second order Maclauring polynomial is 2 From Problem 56, we know that the interpolating polynomial is L(x) = 5 0(x-0.2)(x-0.3) 3 - 61.05x(x-0.3) + 45x(x - 0.2) For the Maclaurin polynomial Rz (x) = Thus. Pz(x)=I+x+-
= 0;
YI
=1
x2
x2 = 0.2; YZ = 1.221
x3 = 0.3; Y3 = 1.350 ~I(x)= (x-O.2)(x-O.3) (0-0.2)(0-0.3)
= 5 0{x-0.2)(x-O.3) 3 (x-0)(x-O.3) ~z(x)= (0.2-0)(0.2-'0.3) = -50x(x-0.3)
f(3)(
3!
c) x3
= lee
6
x3
Section 11.1
521
IR2(X)1 =iec IR2(x)/
I 31 s
x
ieO.30.33 "" 0.0060744 polynomial.
For the interpolating
possible error for the interpolating polynomial on [0,0.3] is R2(x)!> 0.0003521·1.350 ""0.0004753 A calculator gives eO. I "" 1.105 . When x = 0.1 , the error for the Maclaurin polynomial is On 11.105- P2 (0.1)1= 11.1 -1.1051 = 0 05 and the error for the interpolating polynomial is II.105-~(0.I)1 = 11.105-1.1041 = 0.001
=IX(X-0.2~(X-O.3)lec
The expression in absolute values reaches a maximum of 0.0003521 when x = 0.078475. the interval [0.0.3], maximum of
eO. 3 ""
the expression
reaches a
1.350. Thus, the largest
11.2 Concepts
I. 1,2,2,2,
Review
... , 2, I ... ,4, I 4. large
2. 1,4,2,4,2,
Problem Set 11.2 1. I(x) =-2 ;h=-=0.25 x 8 Xo = 1.00

XI = 1.25
3-1
I(Xo) = I l(xI) l(x2) l(x3) l(x4)

= 0.64
X5 = 2.25 ~ =2.50 x7 = 2.75 x8 = 3.00
l(x5) ",,0.1975 l(x6)
= 0.16
x2 = 1.50 x3 = 1.75 X4 = 2.00 Left Riemann Sum: .It Trapezoidal Rule: Parabolic Rule:
"" 0.4444 "" 0.3265 = 0.25 "" 0.25[f(Xo)+
l(x7):::: 0.1322 l(x8):::: 0.11 I I
r3 2tU I
x
l(xI )+ ... + l(x7)]:::: 0.7846 2/(xJl+ ... +2/(x7)+ 2/(x2)+ l(x8)]:::: 0.6766 l(x8)] "" 0.6671
.It x-
r3 ~tU
"" 0.25 [/(xo)+
xl2 dx "" 0.:5 [/(Xo)+4/(xI)+
... +4/(x7)+
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: I 3-1 h =8
.lix2
r3_1 dx
[_.!.J3 = -.!.+ I = ~:::: 0.6667 3 3

XI
2. I(x)
= -;
x
= 0.25
I(xo}
Xo = 1.00
XI = 1.25 X2 = 1.50 X3 = 1.75 X4 = 2.00 Left Riemann Sum: Trapezoidal Rule:
=1
x5 = 2.25 x6 = 2.50 x7 = 2.75 X8 = 3.00
I(X5) :::: 0.4444 I(X6) = 0.4 I(X7) :::: 0.3636 I(X8) :::: 0.3333
/(xI) = 0.8 I(X2}:::: 0.6667

1(.1;3) "" 0.5714
I(X4) = 0.5
f.!_
.It x
dol':::: .25[/(Xo) 0
+ l(xI> + ... + l(x7 )] :::: 1.1865 + 2f(xJl + ... + 2f(x7) + f(x8)] "" 1.1032
r3.!_tU "" 0.25 [f(Xo)

2
522
Section 11.2
Parabolic Rule: Fundamental
.Ii -;dx::.
r31
-3-[J(xO)
0.25
+ 4/(x,)+
2/(X2)+···+4/(X7)
+ /(x8)]:::::
1.0987
Theorem of Calculus:
1 ~dx
3
= [In IxIJ~= In 3::::: .0986 1
3.
lex)
r ""X; h
= -8- = 0.25 /(xo) =0
2-0
x,
Xo
x2
= 0.00 =
Xs
= 1.25
1.50 1.75
/(X5)::;'; 1.1180 /(x6)::::: 1.2247 /(x7) /(x8)::' ::;,; .3229 1 1.4142
0.25
/(x,) = 0.5
/(x2)::::: 0.7071 /(x3)::::: 0.8660 /(x4) =1 /(x,)+
x6 = x7 =
= 0.50
x3 = 0.75 X4 = 1.00
x8 = 2.00
Left Riemann Sum: t.Jx Trapezoidal
dx e 0.25[J(xO)+
::;';-2-[/(xo)+2/(x,)+
... + /(x7)]::::: 1.6847 ... +2/(x7)+ /(x8)]:::: 1.8615 /(x8)]::::: 1.8755
Rule:
r2 r: .b -Jxdx r2 r: .b -l xdx
0.25
« -3-[/(x +4/(x2)+2/(x3)+
0.25
... +4/(x7)+
.b.Jxdx
[3.;12]2
3
= 4J2 ::.1.8856
4.
,...
lex)
Xo
xff;i; h = 3-1 = 0.25

8
/(Xo)::;';
/(x,)::. /(x2) /(x3)::;'; /(x4)::' 1.4142 2.0010 ::::2.7042 3.5272 4.4721
= 1.00 x, = 1.25 x2 = 1.50 x3 = 1.75 x4 = 2.00

Left Riemann Sum: Trapezoidal Rule:
Xs
= 2.25
2.50
/(Xs)
/(x7)
..: 5.5400
::;,; 8.0470
x6 =
/(X6)::::: 6.7315
x7 = 2.75 x8 = 3.00
/(x8)::::: 9.4868
3 x~x2
+ 1 dx + 1 dx
« e
0.25[f(xo)+
/(x,)+···+
/(X7)]::;'; 8.6903 2/(x7)+ /(x8»)::::: 9.6184 /(x8)]::.9.5981
x~x2
0;5 [/(xo)+2/(x,)+···+
[J(xo)
3 x~x2 +ldx..:
0.:5
+ 4/(x,) + 2/(x2)+ + Idx=D·(X2
... +4/(x7)+
3 x~x2
+ 1)3/2
= ~(lOJiO
-2J2)::.
9.5981
5. j(x)
n
=
sin x
2: h
=~
2 /(xo)
=0
x,
=-
7t
/(x,) = 1
/(x2) =0
Instructor's
Resource Manual
Section 11.2
523
Xo =0 XI =n 6 n 3
!(Xo) = 0 !(XI) =2 !(x2) !(x) 1
X4=Xs =-
2n 3 5n 6
!(X4)=!{xs} !(x6)
..J3
~
x2 =-
..J3 =2 =1 )+ ... + 2!(x5)+ !(x6)] = ~(4+ 12
x6 =rt
2 1 =2 =0
n x) =2
.b
("l sinxdx ~ ~(f(.to)+2!(xl
12
2..J3) ~ 1.9541
II =
12: h = ~ 12 Xo =0
n
!(xo) = 0 !(xl) = ~(..J3 !(x2)=!(x)=!(X4)=-
xI =12 n x., =6
-I)
sr=rr:
Xg=Mj=-
7n 12 3
!(x7)
= ~(..J3
+ 1)
I
2
2n 3n 4 5n 6 lin 12
rt
!(Xg)=j{Mj} =
..J3
2
x) =x4 =Xs =x6 =-
.Ji ..J3
2
+ 2
.Ji
2 1 2
4
1t
xlO =xll=xl2 =
!(xlO) =l(xlI} =
3 5n 12 n 2
!(x5) = ~(..J3 !(x6)

=1
I)
~(..J3 -I)
.~
!{xl2} = 0
6. Use the calculations in Problem 5. 11=2: -' sin x dx ~ ~[!{Xo)+4!{XI}+

II =
n !(x2)] = 23 ~ 2.0944
6:
II
= 12: ("l sinxdx ~ ~(f(Xo)+4!{xl)+
.b
36
2!(x2)+
... +4!(xlI)+
!(xl2)]::::: 2.0001
7. !(x)=--:h=Xo = 0.0 xl =0.1 x2 = 0.2

x)
1 10 !(Xo) !(xl) !(x2) !(x) !(x4) !(xs)
l+x2
=4
~ 3.9604 ~ 3.8462 ~ 3.6697 ~ 3.4483
X6 = 0.6 X7 = 0.7 Xg =0.8 Mj = 0.9 xlO = 1.0
!(X6)::::: 2.9412 !(x7) ::::: 2.6846 !(Xg}::::: 2.4390 !(Mj}::::: 2.2099 !(xJO) = 2
= 0.3
X4 = 0.4
= 3.2
524
Section
11.2
8. j(x)
= cos(sin x): h = _!_ = 0.0 = 0.1 = 0.4
10
/(xO)
Xo
xI
=I
::::; 0.9803 ::::; 0.9567 0.9251 ::::; 0.8873
x6
;:::0.6
/(X6)
::::; .8448 0
/(x,) ::::; 0.9950 /(x2) /(X3)

/(x4)::::;
x7 ;:::0.7 x8 = 0.8
x9;:::
/(x7)::::; 0.7996 /(X8)::::; 0.7535 /(Mj) ::::; 0.7086 /(XIO)::::; 0.6664
x2 ;:::0.2
X4
0.9
xlO = 1.0
x5 = 0.5
/(x5)
1>
r cos(sin x)dx::::; ~[f(XO) 20

2 2
+ 2/(xl)
+ ... + 2/(Mj) + /(xJO)]::::; 0.8684
9. /(x);::: e-x /'(X)
= -2xe-X
2
r(x)=-2e-x
lEn 1= _1_le12n2 I 6n-
+4x e-x (4c2 -
=e-X
2.,
(4x- -2) = _1_ 6n2
C2
2)1 s _1_.2
12n2
-., s 0.01
h
when n ~ 5.
=.!. = 0.2
5 /(XO) = I x3 x5
Xo =0.0
XI
= 0.6
= 1.0
/(X3)
/(X4)
::::; 0.6977
::::;0.5273
=0.2
/(x, ) ::::; 0.9608

/(x2)::::; 0.8521
X4 = 0.8
x2 =0.4
/(x5)
::::; 0.3679
rO·6 x2 0.2 1> e dx::::;T[/(xo)+2/(xl)+2/(X2)+/(X3)]

/'(x) r(x);:::
= 2xex
2
::::;0.69
2
2ex• +4x2ex
(4c2
;::: eX (4x2
+ 2)
11. /(x)
= .Jcosx
lEn 1= (0.6)3Iec2
12n2
+ 2)1
I'(x) = _ sinx 2.Jcosx
s (0.6)
-----,-2-~0.01 when 11 3. ~
12n2 1.06502 12n
i.36[ 4(0.6)2 + 2]
s 1.065~2
1211-
/.(x) =
2 cos 2 x+sm. 4cos3/2 X

2
2
X
IE
1=(0.5)3 n 12n2
2cos x+sin x 4cos3/2 X

2 2
h = 0.6 = 0.2 3 Xo = 0.0 /(XO) = I

XI
(0.5)3!2COs 1+sin 1.5! <-- 12112 4cos3/21.5

--2-
2.6225 <-- 12112 5.
=0.2
/(xJl::::;
/(x3)
1.0408 ::::; .4333 1
2.6225 12n
= 0.4 x3 = 0.6
x2
/(X2) ::::! .1735
s 0.0 I
when
II ~
h = 0.5 = 0.1 5
Section 11.2
525
Xo = 1.0 xI = 1.1 X2 = 1.2 X3 = 1.3 x4=IA xs = 1.5
!(XQ):::: 0.7351 !(xl) !(x) "'"0.6735 :::: .5172 0 !(x2):::: 0.6020 !(x4)::::0.4123 !(x5) :::: .2660 0 13.
Xo = 1.0 xI = 1.5 x2 = 2.0
!(xo):::: 0.5403 !(xl) :::: 0.3392 !(x2):::: 0.1559 0.5 !(x2)]:::::0.34
.IJ cos-l xdx » T[f(xO)+2!(xl)+
r2
r:
rl.5 ,-0.1 .IJ -lcos x dx ""'T[f(xO)+2!(XI)+2!(X2)
lex)
= I+x
I-x
+2!(x3)+2!(X4)+ 12.
!(xS)]==0.27
f'(x)=_2_ r(x)=_4_
(1_ x)2
lex)
f'(x)
= cos-.lx
= _ sin-.lx
(I - x)3 !(3)(x) 4x3/2 =_1_2_ (l-x)4

(1_ x)S
2.,rx
4x
rex) = _ cos.,rx + sin.,rx
!(4)(x)=~
IE 1=_1_1_ cosFc + sinFcI 32

n
12112
4c
4c /
S 12~2
(lco~FcI+I:3~I)s
12~2
(0~6
+~)
IE 1=~1~1<~(48)=4096
n
180114~
-180n4
ISn4
--4
4096 ISn
S0.005 when n 2:
16.
0.4
= 12n2
0.4 S 0.01 when n 2: 2. 2 12n h
=..i. = 0.25
=.!. = 0.5 2
h I-x
16
I +x 0.25 -dx:::::-[f(xo)+4!(xt)+2!(x2)+···
+4!(Xts)+ !(Xt6)]::::
-7.219
14. j(x) = In x
f'ex)
=.!.
x x2 x3 x4
S 18~n4
r(x)=-_I !(3)(x)=~ f4)(x)=_~
IEnl = 18~n41~
--4
16
(T)
= 1~:4
1511 4
S 0.005 when n 2: 4.
= 3. = 0.5
2!(x2) +4!(x3)+ !(X4)] :::: .295 1
~3lnxdx "'"0~S[f(XQ)+4!(Xt)+
526
Section 11.2
15.
r:::(ax2 =-(m+h)
+bX+e)dx=[~x3
+!?_x2 +CXJm+h 2 m-h
a 3
s +-(m+h) .»
2
+c(m+h)--(m-Iz)
a 3
3b
--em-h)
-c(m-h)
= ~(6m21z + 21z3) + !?_(4mh) + e(2h)
323
= !:[a(6m2
+ 21z2)+b(6m)+ 6]
h =-[f(m-h)+4f(m}+ 3
f(m + h)] +b(m+h)+c]
= !:[a(m _h}2 +b(m - h)+c +4am2 +4bm +4e+a(m+h)2
= !:[a(6m2 + 2h2) + b(6m) + 6e] 3 16.

2.
To show that the Parabolic Rule is exact, examine it on the interval [m - h, m + h]. Let f(x) ax3 +bx2 +cx+d, then
r::: f(x)dx = ~[(m+h}4 -(m-h)4J+~[ (m+h}3 -em - h}3J+~[(m+h)2 -(m-h)2J+ d[(m+ h)-(mIz»)
+!?_(6m2 h + 2h3) + ~ (4mlz) + d (2h). 3 2 The Parabolic Rule with n = 2 gives

= ~ (8m3 h + 81z3 m)
r:
+ f(x)dx -h
= !!..[f(m -1z}+4f(m}+
f(m +h}) = 2am3h+ 2amlz3 + 2bm2h+!:bh3
+ 2ehm+ 2dh
= ~(8m3 h +8mh3) +!?_(6m2h
+ 2h3) + ~(4mh) + d(2h)

2
Thus, the Parabolic Rule is exact for any cubic polynomial.
which agrees with the direct computation. b.
The error in using the Parabolic Rule is given by En However, f'(x} = 3ax2 + 2bx
= - (/- k~
180n
f(4)(m}
for some m between / and k.
+ c, rex)
= 6ax + 2b, [<3) (x)
= 6a,
and [<4} (x) = 0 , so En = O.
17. f(x) =x
f'(x) rex}
= __I x2 = _3__ x3
lEn I = 12~2
-\- s 10-10
611
C;)
s 6~2
when n ~ 40825.
Section 11.2
527
19. Let n = 2. I(x) = xk; II = a
Xo =-a
xI =0
I(xo) l(xl)
=-i
=0
k
r r
20. a.
l(x2) = a
xkdx::::~[_ak +2.0+ak]=0 2
Xkdx=[_I_xk+I
-a
k +I
Ja
-a
=_I_[ak+I_(_a)k+lj k +I
=_I_[ak+l_ak+I]=O k +I
From Example I, T:::: 48.9414.
rex)
= 4x3
=
T _ [4(3)3 - 4(1)3](0.25)2 :::: 8.9414 _ 0.5417 4

12 b. From Problem 5. T:::: 1.9886. rex) = cosx
48.3997
T-
[cos
rt -
cosO] ( 1L) 12 12
:::: .9886+0.0114 1
= 2.0000
= 4570 ft2
21.
A:::: .!.Q[75 + 2·71 + 2 ·60+ 2 ·45 + 2·45+ 2·52 + 2 ·57 + 2·60 +59] 2
A:::: ~[23+4'24+ 2·23+4·21+ 2·18+4·15+
22.
3 V = A ·6 ::::2790 ft3
2 ·12+4·11 + 2·10+4·8+
0] = 465 ft2
23.
A:::: 20[0+4.7+2'12+4.18+2.20+4'20+2.17+4.10+0]= 3 4 milh = 21,120 ftIh (2120)(21,120)(24) = 1,074,585,600 ft3
2120 ft2
. 1 24 • h = 210-0 = IOrninutes = -hour 21 6 Suppose 1 is time measured in hours and v(/) is the velocity at time
I.
Then the distance traveled is
.b v(/)dl::::
r3.5
116 2"[0+2,55+2,57+2,60+2,70+ +2·59+2·63+2·65+

= 140
2· 70+2· 70+ 2·70+ 2 ·19 + 2·0 ·0+ 2·0+2·22+ 2 ·38+ 2·35+2 ·25 +0]
2·62+2·0+2
25 • II = --
. 1 = 3 minutes = - hour 8 20 Suppose 1 is time measured in hours and v(/) is the velocity at time t.
24-0
a. Using the Trapezoidal Rule, the distance traveled is .kJ v(/)dt:::: -2-[0+
rOA
1/20
2·31 +2 ·54+ 2·53+2 ·52+2·35+
2·31 + 2·28 + 0]
464 = 11.6miles 40 h. Using the Parabolic Rule, the distance traveled is
528
Section 11.2
1.4 v(t)dt
40
:::: 1:0 [1·0+ 4·31 + 2· 54+ 4·53+2 ·52+4· 35 + 2 ·31+4· 28 + I· 0] 1
= -568 = I4 .2 rni'1es.
26. Suppose t is time measured in hours and r(t) is the rate of water usage at time t. h a.
= -120.minutes = -I hour
r2r{t)dt:::: ~[65+ 2
1
10 5 Using the Trapezoidal Rule, the total water used is
.b
2·71 + 2·68+ 2· 78+ 2·105+2·111 + 2 ·108+ 2·144 + 2 ·160+ 2 ·152+ 148]
= -·2207
10
= 220.7gallons
b.
Using the Parabolic Rule, the total water used is
r2 1/5 .b r{t)dt:::: 2[65+4.71
+ 2·68+4·78+ 2·105+4·111 + 2·108+4·144+ 2·160+4·152 + 148]
= -27. a.
3319 ::::221.27gallons. 15
Lay the part with the long flat side along the x-axis, with the upper left comer (as shown in Figure 22) at the origin. Let h{x) denote the height of the lamina at the value of x. Then, using the Trapezoidal Rule, m=
'0
m
h{x)dx:::: %[5+ 2( 6.5+ 8+9+ 10+ 10.5+ 10.5+ 10)+8J = 355

0
c4 My = .b xh(x)dx::::2_ 5 [ 0.5+2(5·6.5+10.8+15·9+20·1O+25·1O.5+30.10.5+35·10}+40·8
X
] =7675
= My
::::7675 :::: 1.62 2
355
u, =~
Y = Mx
b. m=
My=
1:° h2{x)dx::::
~%[52 +2(6.52 +82 +92 +102 + 10.52 +10.52 + 102)+82
= 1630.625
::::1630.625 4.59 355 ~[5+4.6.5+ 3 2 ·8+4·9+2·10+4·10.5 +2.10.5+4.10+8] = ~214:::: 356.67 3
Using the Parabolic Rule,
.b
c40 h(x)dx::::
1:°xh{x)dx
:::: ~[0'5 +4(5·6.5}+ 2(10.8)+4(15·9}+ = ~4630::::7716.67

3
2(20.10}+4{25 ·10.5) + 2(30·10.5)+ 4(35 ·10) + 40.8J
x=
M
x
My:::: 7716.67 ::::21.64 m 356.67
=.!.c4°h2{x)dx 2.b
]
:::: ~[52 + 4( 6.52)+ 2( 82) +4(92)+ 2( 102)+4( 10.52) + 2( 10.52) + 4( 102 )+82 ~ = ~1971.5::::1642.9
6
y= Mx:::: 1642.9=4.61
m
356.67
Instructor's
Resource Manual
Section 11.2
529
28. a.
Place the lamina so that the origin is the center of the hole, and the long straight side is parallel to the x-axis, Let h(x) denote the height of the lamina at the point x. Let RI be the lamina with the hole drilled in it, let R2 be the lamina consisting of just the hole. and let R3 be the lamina from Problem 27 without the hole. Using the Trapezoidal Rule, m(R ) = m(R ) -m(R ) ::::;355 2.52) ::::; 335.37
1 3 2
-;r(
My(R3)
fo
30xh(x)dt
5 ::::; -30·5 2[ Mx(R3)=.!.
+ 2( -25·6.5
- 20·8-15·9
-10·10-5·10.5
+0·10.5 +5 ·10)+ 1O.8J = -2975 [h2(x)-8h(x)]dx
2 130
riO [f2(X)_g2(X)]~=.!.f.tO
2 -30
[(h(X)-4)2_(-4)2]dt=.!.f.'o
-
2 -30
2 2 ::::; 52 + 2( 6.52 +82 + 92 + 102 + 10.5 + 10.5 + 102)+ 82 ] %[ ::::; 1630.625 - 4·355 = 210.625 By symmetry, the centroid of R2 is (0.0). Thus.
My(R2) M y(Rt) Mx(Rt)
8· %[5 + 2( 6.5 +8 + 10+ 10.5 + 10.5+ 10)+8 J
=0, and Mx(R2)=0
= My(R3)-M
My
y(R2)::::; -2975-0
= -2975
= 210.625
= Mx(R3)-Mx(R2)::::;
210.625-0
x(R3) = -::::; m Y(R3) = Mx(R3) m(R3) b.
-2975 --:::::: 335.37
-8.87
:::::: 210.625::::; 0.63
335.37 356.67
Using the Parabolic Rule, m(Rt) = m(R3)-m(R2)::::::

My(R3) =
-7i( 2.5
)::::;
337.04
fo
30xh(x)dx
::::; -30·5 +4{ -25·6.5)+ ~[
6
6
2( -20 ·8) + 4( -15·9)+
2( -10·10)+
4( -5 ·10.5)+ 2(0·10.5)+4(5·10)+
10.8J
= ~(-1790)::::; -1491.67
Mx(R3)
=~
f~o[f2(X)
- g2(X)]~
=~
f~o[(h(x)-4)2
-(
-4)2
J~
=~
Go[ h2(x)-8h(x)]dx
2 2 2 ::::; ~[52 + 4{ 6.5 )+ 2( 8 ) + 4(9 )+
2 2 2 2 2 2( 10 }+4( 10.5 )+ 2( 10.5 )+4( 10 )+ 8 ]
5 -8.-[5+4.6.5+2.8+4.10+2.10.5 +4·10.5+ 6 :::1642.92-1426.67 = 216.25 By symmetry. the centroid of R2 is (0,0). Thus, My(R2) = 0, and Mx(R2) =0
M y(Rt) Mx(RI)
2.10+8]
= M y(R3)-M
= MAR3)-
y(R2):::::: -1491.67 M x(R2)::::; -.
216.25 -0 = 216.25
-(R ) - My _ -1491.67 3 --_ m 337.04 y

-(R ) - Mx(R3) 3-
_ -443
m(R3)
_ 216.25 - 0 64 ---.
337.04
29. Rotate the map 90· clockwise and put the x-axis along the bottom. with the origin below the southernmost tip of Illinois. LetJ(x) denote the "upper" function, and g(x) the "lower" function. Then the east/west dimensions given
530
Section 11.2
on the map are}{x)-g(x), 13 at the northern end. m=.b

r)80
and g(x) is equal to 85,50,30,25,
15, and 10 at the southern end of the state, and 10 and
20[ [J(x)-g(x)]dx:::::"20+2{58+79+".+139+132}+140J=57,000 20[ 0.0+2(20·58+40·79+ 2 0{(85 -852)+2[(1082 2

2
My =.br)80 x[J(x)-g(x)]dx:::::"2
... +340.139+360·132)+380·140 -502)+(1092 -302)+
J ::::12,002,800
u, =~
X
t80[!2(X)_g2(X)]dx:::::~
... +(1422 -102)]}
:::: ,994,480 4
= My
m
::::: 12,002,800 ::::: 210.6

57,000
::::: 87.6 m 57,000 This is a point just southeast of Lincoln, IL and it is about 30 miles northeast of Springfield. 30. a.
10 y
y = Mx ::::: 4,994,480
b.
3-1 n = 16, h = 16 XI = 1.125

x)
= 0.125
!(XI)::::: 1.6018 !(x) ::::3.5745 !(xs)::::: 6.9729 !(x7) ::::: 12.3596 !(x)+ ... + !(xIS)]
2
~ = 2.125
Xli =
f(Xcj}::::
20.3909
= 1.375
2.375
!(xll)::::: 31.8167 !(x13)::::: 47.4807 !(xIS)::::: 68.3206
Xs = 1.625 st = 1.875
. x13 = 2.625 XIS = 2.875 ::::: 48.1294
x4dx::::: 0.25[f(xl)+
31. a.
Sincex>X>O, Jxe
X
x2 > Xx. Thus e-x
r«'
_x2
dx
< Jxe
X
r«'
-Xxdx
1 - --e X
_[
-Xx
I_
<e-Xx.
X
1 --e X
_X
c.
10, h
5-0 = -- = 0.5 10 Xo =0.0 !(Xfj) =1
XI =0.5
!(xl)::::: 0.7788 !(X2)::::: 0.3679 !(x)::::: 0.1054 !(x4)::::: 0.0183 !(xs)::::: 0.0019 !(x6)::::: 1.234x 10-4
X2 = 1.0 x3 = 1.5 x4 = 2.0 Xs = 2.5 x6 = 3.0
Section 11.2
531
X7 = 3.5
l(x7):;
!(X8):;
4.785x 10-6 1.125x10-7 1.605 x 10-9
Xs =4.0
~ =4.5
XIO = 5.0
l(x9):;
/(xlO) :; 1.389 x 10-11 0.5[/ :;3 dx

2 2
~r
f(x) f'(x)
r5 .be _x2 dx
ex2
(xo)+4
I (xI)+2 !(X2)
+···+4!(x9)+!(XIO)]
::::0.8862
»~
(0.8862) :::; .99997 0
= e-X
= -2xe-X = e-x-
rex)
.,
(4x2 -2)
2
j<3)(x) = xe-x
f(4)
(x) = e-x- (l6x4
.,
(l2-8x2)
-
48x2 + 12)
IEIO 1=
---:-
55
180 x 104
2
-----::---1
ec2
16c4-48c2+12
55 1,800,000
·12
A graphing utility or computer shows that 16c -48c e

C
+12 <12
-
[0-) on,:>.
IEIOI s 0.0209
Thus, the error in computing
~l'e
_x2
dx is less than ]; (0.0209 + 10-11)
:;
0.0236.
32. a.
First consider t =~. I+x
At x = 0, t = O. dt = __ I-2 > 0 on [0, 00). lim ~ dx (I+x) x~col+x
= 1.
Since ( = _x_ is l+x
increasing to I on [0, 00), the substitution transforms [0, 00) into [0, 1). I. dt = -e -x < 0 on [0, 00). lim e -x = O. Since t = e -x is decreasing dx x~co to 0 on [0, 00), the substitution transforms [0,00) into (0, I]. Now consider t = e -x. At x
= 0, t=
b. -=
dx
dt
2ex
(eX +1)
>0 on (--<0,00).
. eX -I -I hm --=-=-1. x +1 x-+-coe 1
. eX - I hm--= x~coex +1
x-+coex
. eX hm-=l.
. eX - 1. Since (=--IS eX +1
increasing from - I to 1 on (-00. 00), the substitution transforms (--<0, 00) into (-1, I).
l'
f(t)
x eJI+e-2:r
=
dx =
f __
I -dl JI+(2
.b-
-df Jl+f2
-..'1+(2
1 C-:;' h = 0.1
532
Section 11.2
i 0 1 2 3 4 5
Ij
f(ti) 1. 0.99504 0.98058 0.95783 0.92848 0.89443 0.85749 0.81923 0.78087 0.74329 0.70711
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
6
7 8 9
IO
d.
1 1 - = x - - dt
1
'12
= dx
rO_~
~
[_X_tix=
1 + x3
i 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-(-~)dl 1 + U)3
12
.b 1 + 1
rl_l_dl
f(I)=_I_,
1 3
+1
h=0.1
Ii
f(t;) I 0.99900 0.99206 0.97371 0.93985 0.88889 0.82237 0.74460 0.66138 0.57837 0.5
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
::::0.835653
Section 11.2
533
33. a.
u=--
2
1
../4+x (4+x)3/2 dx
dv=
z-i«
,-dx
du
b.
u=-
dv= sinxdx
du
=-J_dx
x2
dx
v=-cosx
r=
x
=[_
COSX]a:J X
_ [COSX
dx =cosl-
[COSX
x2
x2
dx
Icosxl ~ 1 for all x, so [ cosx dx x2

Therefore, 1
s [_1
r= .
-x-dx
x2
dx =
[-.!_JOO = 1.
x
I
exists,
c.
u=--
4+x
34.
8.
=x
dv v
= x(4_x2)1/4
5
dx
du=dx
= _~(4_x2)5/4
b.
c.
First use the Trapezoidal Rule on the first part. 5 Xo = 0.00

XI = 0.25
f(x)
= ~(4_x2)5/4
f(xo) ::::: 2.26274
534
Section 11.2
X2 =0.50 x3 = 0.75 X4 = 1.00 rl2 5/4
f(X2):::: 2.08737 f(x3) :::: .87225 1 f(X4) ;:::: 1.57929

2
.b S(4-x)
dx
0.25 -2-[f(XO)+
2f(xI)+
2f(x2)+
2f(x3)+
f(x4)]:::: 2.02482
rex)
3x2 -8 2(4-x
2
3/4 1 8 <0.00914 1922(3) 3/4

2 5/4 dv = x( 4 - x )
IE41=-1-2Ir(c)l$ 12·4 1 x
X~
Next use integration by parts on the second part.

u =-
du=-~dx =~(2ifj5 f(x)
v=_~(4_x2)9/4 9
.It 9x~
[2 ~(4_X2)9/4d'l:)=
4ifj _ f2_4_(4_x2)9/4dx 5 .It 45x2
Use the Trapezoidal Rule on the integral. =_4_(4_x2)9/4 45x2 .to = 1.00 f(xo):::: 1.05286 xI = 1.25 x2=1.50 x3 = 1.75 x4 f(xI) f(x3) 9/4 :::: 0.42233 :::: 0.02510 f(x2)::::0.13916 f(X4) = 0
2
= 2.00
24
1 45x
r(x)=
--2 (4-x)
0.25 dx::::-[f(xo)+2f(xt>+2f(x2)+2f(x3)+
(54+8\"2+128)(4_x2)1/4
f(x4)]
::::0.27825
15x4
1/4 IE41=_I_If"(c)l$ I 240(3) <0.10968 12.42 192 15 Now estimate the value of the original integral.
.b 5
r2~(4_x2)5/4dx=
.b 5
rl~(4_x2)5/4dx+
4ifj _
.It 45x~
r2 ~(4_X2)9/4dx
::::2.02482+ 4ifj -0.27825::::2.7994 5 is not defined at 2, so the error estimate would
IErrorl $ 0.00914 + 0.10968 = 0.11882 The error estimate for the original integral would fail since f"(x) be unbounded. 35. r12ln(Sinx)dx r/2lnxdx=
r/2lnxd'l:+
iX r/2Ine : )dx
lim[xlnx-x]~12 a~O =(2:ln2:-~)-lim 222 alna =~In~-~::::-O.8615 222
.b
lim pl2lnxdx= a~O .Ia x h
a~O
f(x)
= In(sinx). x~o
= 2::::: 0.3927
8
X
. Note that 11mIn (sinx) --
= In 1 = O.
Section 11.2
535
x,I
f(xj}
0
I
0.0000 0.3927 0.7854 1.1781 1.5708
0 -0.02584 -0.10501 -0.24307 -0.45158
2 3
4
re .b -In(sinx}dx::: -1.0889
t1
36 . S uppose
= (211
+
2
1)7t. S'mce the cosine fu nction aItemates m . . ..
cosx SIgn d --4 an l+ x
I' ISd ecreasmg, .
Irlc:~dxl<IJ:+~lc:::dxl«X+7t-X)
1+
rr -----4
[( 11)]4
n+"2 177t
7t
7t 4 (n+~r 1+7t
1+7t4(n+~)
F cosx
<10
-5
when n z 8. Let X=-
dx= rl7n/2 cosx dx+
.b 1+x4
.b
l+x4
cosx dx
J17~/21+x4
Use the Parabolic Rule on the first part with h = 2:, so n = 68. 8 Calculating with a computer, 17t/2 cosx rt --4 dx e -[f(xQ} +4f(xl)+2!(X2}+ .. ·+4!(X67)+ !(x6S)]:::::0.77335 l s- x 24
Using a computer to plot
If
4)
(x)l, we see that
1/
)(x)1
< 65 on [0, 1~7t
IE681 <
Hence,
{I71t)5
180·68
2
4
65 < 0.22933
= 0.22934
IError] < 0.22933 + 10-5

1. slowness
~rconvergence
2. root; Intermediate Value 3. algorithms 4. x],j;f'(r)=O
536
Section 11.3
Problem Set 11.3

1. Let f(x)=x3+2x-6.
8 9 10 II mn 1.5 1.25 1.375 1.4375 1.46875 1.45312 1.46094 1.45703 1.45508 f(mn) 0.375 -1.546875 -0.650391 -0.154541 0.105927 -0.0253716 0.04001 0.00725670 -0.00907617 n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.00390625 0.00195312 0.000976562 0.000488281
1.45703 1.45508 1.4541 1.45361
-0.00588708 -0.0024619 -0.000749968 0.00010583
j{ I) = -3,j{2) n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
r 0:: 1.45
hn
0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.03125 0.015625 0.0078125 0.00390625 0.00195312
4. Letj(x) =x - 2 + 2lnx. j{ I) = -I ,j{2) z 1.38629 hn 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.03125 0.015625 0.0078125 0.00390625 0.00195312 1.37 mn 1.5 1.25 1.375 1.3125 1.34375 1.35938 1.36719 1.37109 1.36914 f(mn) 0.31093 -0.303713 0.0119075 -0.143633 -0.0653216 -0.0265749 -0.00730108 0.00231131 -0.00249285
r 0::1.46 2. Let f(x) = x4 +5x3 + I. j(-I) =-3,j{0) =1
r
mn -0.5 -0.75 -0.625 -0.5625 -0.59375 -0.609375 -0.617187 -0.613281 -0.611328 f(mn) 0.4375 -0.792969 -0.0681152 0.21022 0.0776834 0.00647169 -0.0303962 -0.011854 -0.00266589
0;:;
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
hn 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.03125 0.015625 0.0078125 0.00390625 0.00195312
f'(x) n 1 2
= 3x2
+12x+9
r 0::-0.61 3. Let f(x)

= 2cosx-e-x.
xn
0 -0.1111111 -0.1205484 -0.1206148 -0.1206148
j(1) 0::0.712725,j{2):::: -0.967629 n I 2 3 4 5 6 7
hn
0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.03125 0.015625 0.0078125
mn 1.5 1.25 1.375 1.4375 1.46~75 1.45313 1.46094
f(mn) -0.0816558 0.34414 0.136256 0.0282831 -0.0264745 0.000961516 -0.0127427 r

0;:;
3 4 5 -0.12061
Section 11.3
537
6. Let I(x)
= 7x3
2
+x-5
8. Let !(x)
= 2cosx-e-x
y
-8
/,(x)
= 21x2 + 1
n 1
XII
f'(x}
= -2sinx+e-x
n I 2 3 4
xn
1.5 1.453915 1.453674 1.453674
1 0.8636364 0.8412670 0.8406998 0.8406994 0.8406994

r::::
2
3
4
5 6
r:::: 0.84070
1.45367
-
9. Letj{x} = cos X
y 5
2x.
7. Letj{x} =x- 2 + 2 Inx.
!'(x)
-5
/,(x)
= -sinx-2
n I 2
-5
= 1+~
n
1 2 3
xn
0.5 0.4506267 0.4501836 0.4501836
xn
l.5 1.366744 1.370151 1.370154 1.370154
r::::
3 4 0.45018
-
4
5 ,.:::: 1.37015
10. Letj{x) = X In X
y 5
2.
f'(x}
= ln x+
-5
538
Section 11.3
n 1 2 3 4
r::::: 2.34575
xn 2.5 2.348287 2.345751 2.345751
n 1 2 3 4 5 n 1 2 3 4 5
xn -6.5 -6.3299632 -6.3167022 -6.3166248 -6.3166248 xn 0.5 0.3286290 0.3166694 0.3166248 0.3166248
r :::::-{i.31662, r::::: 0.31662 -2
J'(x)
= 4x3 - 24x2
=
+ 44x - 24
13. Let f(x)
= 2x2 -sin-I x.
y
Note thatfi) n 1 2 3 4 n 1 2 3 4 5
O.
xn
0.5 0.575 0.585586 0.585786
-I
xn
3.5 3.425 3.414414 3.414214 3.414214
f'(x)
= 4xn 1 2 3 4 5
1 ~1-x2 xn 0.5 0.527918 0.526583 0.526580 0.526580
r = 2, r::::: 0.58579, r::::: 3.41421
r:::::
0.52658
= 2tan-1
y
14. Let f(x)
x-x.
J'(x)
-240 4x +18x2 +4x+24

3
f'(X)=~-1 I+x-
Section 11.3
539
n 1 2 3 4 5
r::; 2.33112
Xn
2.5 2.335087 2.331125 2.331122 2.331122
18. Suppose
n = 1, then
2m (~Ixi M 2m 21-1
rl)
2,,-1
= IXI-rl,
so
IXI-
rl s 2m ( 2m IXI- rl) M M
-r)
Suppose the statement is true for Ix,,+1 -I' 1M2 ~-(x" 2m :$-M 2m M
k::: n.
15. Let lex) rex)
= x3 3x2
6.
[2"'(
-.tl-r M
2m
I·
n
1 2 3 4 5 6
Xn
1.5 1.888889 1.819813 1.817125 1.817121 1.817121
2m( 2m( =--xl-rl M I =--lxl-r M M 2m M 2m Thus. the statement is true for n + I. 19. Let I(x) rex) = x2 - 2. =2
rn
if']'
Ir
I +-
= 2x. r(x)
Ir(x)1 ~ 2 on [I. 2], so m
= 2.
Ir(x)1 ~ 2 on [1,2], so M= 2.
¥6 ::;1.81712
16. Let l(x)=x4 rex) -47.
Ix6 - .J21 2(2)(-11.5-1'1 2 2:$2 2(2)

s 2(0.25)32
Xn
t'
= 2.
,11-1
= 4x3
n 1 2 3 4 5
::;1.08 x 10-19
20. From Problem 19, m = 2 and M 2.5 2.627 2.618373 2.618330 2.618330
IXn
-../21 s 2(2) ( _2_11.5 - rlr 2 2(2)

n -'
s 2(0.25)2 -
2(0.25)2 (O.25)2
:$5xI0-41
n -
s 2.5 x 10-41
::;2.61833 sm r
-41 2n-1 ~ log(2.5 x l0 ) log(0.25) 10 [IOg(2.5XI0-4I) ] g log(0.2S) log2
17. Let g(x) =-.
n~ sin x
+1::;7.08
- X - cos I( X ) -g '() ------ x

x
rex)
x2 x3
1l~8 21. Let I(x) r(x) = 1+lnx. x
= _ sinx
x
n 1 2 3 4
_ 2cosx + 2sinx
x2
xn
4.5 4.4934 4.49341 4.49341
x2 I(xn) xn xn+1 =Xn --, =r=»« +--+Xn I (Xn) lnr, x =2xn +-"-
= _lnx
ln x., ~
Minimum at x ::; 4.49341 Minimum value is "" -0.21723.
..
Suppose XI = 1.2.
540
Section
11.3
n
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Suppose n I 2 3
4
xI
Xn 1.2 8.981778 22.05511 51.23963 115.4958 255.3103 556.6849 1201.425 = 0.5. Xn 0.5 0.2786525 0.3392312 0.3646713 0.3678377 0.3678794 0.3678794 c. b.
2000=
1~0[1
I
I., (1+0-4
lor
20i=1
(l+i)24
'
which is equivalent to 20i(l + i)24 - (1 + i)24 + I = 0 . Let f(i) = 20i(l+i)24 -(1+i)24 +1
= (I + i)24(20i -1)+ I. Then r(i) = 20(1 + i)24 + 480i(1 + i)23 - 24(1 + i)23 = (1 + i)23 (500i - 4), so . _. fU,,) In+1 -In ---= FUn) . (1+in)24(20in -1)+1 In(l+in)23(500in - 4) 500111 -4 in 0.012 0.0165297 0.0152651 0.0151323 0.0151308 0.0151308
= in _[20i;
n I 2 3 4 5
+ 19in -.1+(1 +inf23].
5 6 7
y
5x
6 i=O.0151308
-5
r= 18.157%
y
22.
24 • F rom N ewton 's a gon m. xn+1 - xn s alzorith lim (xn+1 - xn)

xn~x
I(xn = -, -.) f (xn)
=x-x=o
xn~x
lim xn+1 - lim XII xn~x Xn-'>X
· f(xn} Iirn -r(x,,)

=1=
. exists
'ff an d
f' are contmuous at x . -
and r(x} x
I 1/3
o.
f(xlI) r(x,,)
Thus,
lim
Xn_'X
3 XII
-2/3
x
Method 25. a.
I(x) F(x)
= 0,
so I(x)
= o.
is a solution ofj(x) = O. The algorithm computes the root of _!_ - a = 0 for x I XI close to -. a Let f(x)=--a.
1
= Xn -3xn = -2xn Thus, every iteration of Newton's gets further from zero. Note that _ ( ,)n+1 xn+1 - -_ xo·
23. a.
For Tom's car, P = 2000, R = 100, and k= 24, thus
b.
Section 11.3
541
f'(x)
= __1 x2 =
27. r::: -1.87939, r'" 0.34730, r'" 1.53209
f(x)
f'(x)
-x+ax2
28. r == -0.28603, r'" 1.03208, r'" 1.08934,

r == 2.32816 29. r'" -2.08204, r ". 0.09251, r :::0.91314, r == 1.62015, r'" 1.85411
The recursion formula is
xn+1 = xn - f(xll) f'(xn)

26. r'" -1.25992, r
c:
= 2xn
- axn 2.
30. r =1
1.25992

1. fixed point 4 5 6 2.319173 2.327392 2.329961 2.330761 2.331010 2.331087 2.331112 2.331119 2.331121 2.331122 2.331122
2. xn+1
3.
Ig'(x)1
sM
<1
=
7 8
4. 12xl > I near x
9 10
Problem Set 11.4

I -2x 1 xn+1 =-e • n 9
11 12 13 14
XII
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x == 2.33112
.........
1 0.015037 0.107819 0.089559 0.092890 0.092273 0.092387 0.092366 0.092370 0.092369 0.092369
3. xn+1 = ~2.7 + xn
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
xn
1 1.923538 2.150241 2.202326 2.214120 2.216781 2.217382 2.217517 2.217548 2.217554 2.217556 2.217556
x".0.09237
2. xn+1 = 2 tan -I xn
n xn
2 2 3 2.214297 2.293208
X:::
12 2.21756
542
Section 11.4
d. n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
IO
g'(x)=2-4x g'(~)=O
Xn 47 7.085196 3.207054 2.531216 2.393996 2.365163 2.359060 2.357766 2.357491 2.357433 2.357421 2.357418 2.357418 b.
6. a.
x::: 0.8
xn+l = 5(xlI
II
x;) xn 0.7 1.05 -0.2625 -1.657031 -22.01392 -2533.133
')
II 12 13 x::: 2.35742 5. a.
y
I 2 3 4 5 6 c. x = 5(x - x2) 5x2 -4x x(5x - 4)
=0
=
x=O, X=x::: 0.5
4
5
b.
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 xn 0.7 0.42 0.4872 0.4996723 0.4999998 0.5 0.5
d.
g'(x)
= 5 -lOx
g'(~)=-3
7. a.
c.
= 2(x-x2)
b.
The algorithm does not yield a convergent sequence. 3rt g '()x = '2COS1tX Ig'(x)l> I in a neighborhood of the fixed points.
2x2 -x= 0 x(2x-l)=O 1 x=O , x=- 2
c.
Section 11.4
543
8. a.
7 8 9 c.
-0.816725 -0.816726 -0.816726

-~
5 rc g '() = -+-cosrcx x 64 g'(0.81673) :::: .17456 0 g'(-O.81673) :::: .17456 0
10. a. b. The algorithm yields convergent sequences to 0.5 or -0.5. g'(x)
x = 5(x-x-)
.,
2
6x = 10x-5x2 5 x=-x--x 3 5 6
c.
2 ig'(x)i < I in a neighborhood of the fixed points.
= ~cos
TU'
5 52 Let g(x) = -x--x . 3 6
b. Let
xl =
0.75.
9. a.
=-SIO
3. 2
1U'
n 1
1U'
xn
0.75 0.78125 0.793457 0.797783 0.799257 0.799752 0.799917 0.799972 0.799991 0.799997 0.799999 0.8 0.8
3. 6x = 5x+-sm 2 5 1. x=-x+-smm
2 3 4 5 6
b.
Let
xl =
0.8.
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Let
xI
xn
0.8 0.813613 0.816176 0.816629 0.816709 0.816723 0.816725 0.816726 0.816726
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
11. Graph y
= x3
_x2
y
-x-I.
= -0.8.
XII
-0.8 2 3
4
-0.813613 -0.816176 -0.816629 -0.816709 -0.816723 Instructor's Resource Manual The positive root is near 2. Rewrite the equation as x = 1
+..!..+--j
x x
= g(x).
5 6 544 Section 11.4
Let xI = 1.8 n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15
x2 =.ft = I
xn
1.8 1.8642 1.8242 1.8487 1.8335 1.8429 1.8371 1.8406 1.8384 1.8398 1.8390 1.8395 1.8392 1.8394 1.8392 1.8393 1.8393 h.
JI;Jl = J2 =:: 1.4142136 x4 = ~ I + JI;Jl :::: 1.553774

x3 =
Xs = JI + ~I + JI +.ft
=::
1.5980532
x=~ x2 = I+x
x2 -x-l
=0
x=
I ± .Jl + 4 ·1·1 I±
J5
2 2 Taking the minus sign gives a negative solution for x, violating the requirement that x ~ 0 . I+J'S Hence, x = -2
=::
1.618034. Then x satisfies the 1.618034.
c.
Letx = ~5+J5+~. must equal (I + J'S)/2
equation x = .J 5 + x. From part b we know that x

=::
14. a.
xI = I
,...
16 17
r =:: 1.839
x2 = 1+-= 2
1
x3 =1+_1_=~=1.5
I
1+1 2 5 = - :::: .6666667 1 1+_I_ 3 1+1

1
12. a.
xI =0
x4 = 1+ :::: 2.236068
=::
x2
= J5
x3 = J5+J'S x4
2.689994
=::
= J5+J5+J'S
Xs =1 + __ 1+
I-l-=~=1.6 1 1+1+1
I
2.7730839
Xs = J5+J5+J5+J5 h. x
:::: .7880251 2
= .J5 + x
, and x must satisfy x ~ 0 2 = 5+x x =0 X=

I ±.Jl + 4 ·1·5
h.
x2 -x-l
x=I+x2 =x+1 =0 x
x2 -x-5
1±J2i
2 2 Taking the minus sign gives a negative solution for x, violating the requirement that x ~ O. Hence,
1± .Jl + 4 ·}·1
I ± J5
Taking the minus sign gives a negative solution for x, violating the requirement that x ~ 0 . Hence, x = --:::: 2 Let I x=I+--1+_1_ 1+···
x
c.
= (I +J2i)/2
=::
2.7912878 Thenx c.
1+J'S
1.618034.
Let z
,...
13. a.
= J5+J5+~. ~
satisfies the equation x = .J5+x. From part b we know that x must equal (1+J2i)/2 xI =0
=::
2.7912878
Section 11.4
545
Then x satisfies the equation I x = 1+-. From part b we know that x x must equal
(I + Fs)12:::
7t
1.618034. 2.
XII
(I + i)-48] 100 Let il = 0.015.

II
= .2...[1-
15. Let a =
and
xI =
ill 0.015 0.015319 0.015539 0.015689 0.015789 0.015857 0.015902 0.015932 0.015952 0.15965 0.015974 0.015980 0.015983 0.015986 0.015988 0.015989 0.015989
I
11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JO II 12 13 14 15 16 17 i::: 0.01599
I 2 3 4 5
2 1.785398 1.772501 1.772454 1.772454
-Jrt ::: 1.77245

g'(x) =
2.(1--;)
2
X-
g'(a)=~(I-~)<1 16. Graph y
fora>O.
=X
and y
y
= 0.8
+ 0.2 sin x.
xn+1 =
0.8+0.2sinxlI = I. n I 2 3 4 5 6 7
Let
xI
50 Let il = 0.03.
i = i_[I_ (I + i)-24]
xn
I 0.96829 0.96478 0.96439 0.96434 0.96433 0.96433
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15
in
0.03 0.030484 0.030815 0.031039 0.031190 0.031290 0.031358 0.031403 0.031432 0.031452 0.031465 0.031474 0.031480 0.031484 0.031486 Instructor's Resource Manual
x::: 17. a.
0.9643 10,000 R=
= _R_[I_(1.015)-48]
0.015 :::293.75
150 1-(1.015)-48
546
Section 11.4
16 17 18 19 i::: 0.03149 19. a.
0.031488 0.031489 0.031490 0.031490
Use Newton's Method.

11
xn
0.9 0.947423 0.944075 0.944039 0.944039
1 2 3 4 5
x::: 0.94404
Suppose r is a root. Then r
= r-
fer) f'(r)
fer) f'(r)
= 0, soj(r) = O.
h.
Suppose j(r) r - fer) f'(r) x = x-
= O. Then
= r - 0 = r, so r is a root of
f(x). f'(x)
=0
b.
If we want to solvej(x) f'(x) x

7=
0 in [a, b], then f(x) f'(x)
j,~~ =
rex)
and
2x
0 or f(x) = cos-1 x __ I_ cosx Use Newton's Method.

11
=x-
= g(x)
g'(x) =
= 1- f'(x) +
f'(x)
):..:c..
f(x) [f'(x)]2
xn
0.4 0.447464 0.446049 0.446048 0.446048
I:(.:._x f___:· (x~)

[f'(x)f
= O.
2 3 4 5
x::: 0.44605
and g'(r) = f(r)r(r) [f'(r)f 20. a.

y
c.
f(x)=sin-1
x __ ._I_ smx = tan-1 x __ l_ tan x Use Newton's Method. f(x) n 1 2 3 4 5

x::: 0.92839
Xn
0.9 0.9278324 0.9283946 0.9283949 0.9283949
Instructor's
Resource Manual
Section 11.4
547

1. slope field 2. tangent line. or Taylor polynomial of order I based at xo.
5.
y(x)
The oblique asymptote is y = x . 4. average
6.
Problem Set 11.5

1.
vex)
---///1 ::::::::;:;;;:;::::
:;-;;~~ //II
10
---. _----",_",,,,,,---,,--------------------_-----------------_ ",_"--,,,---------------_;..-__._-----"'-----_ ----------------------------.-----~------------------.... .... .... ........
The oblique asymptote is y
= 3+x / 2 .
7.
y(x)
I~OO
lim yet) = 12 and y(2) ;:; 10.5
2.
zu ~~~~;;;;;;;;~~~~;/
15
10
~~~~~;;~~§~~§§§§~§§~§~~~ ----------------------------------------------3
~mmmw~~/
.v(x)
dy 1 dx =2Y; dy y
y(O)=-
1 2
=.!.dx
2
lim y(t) = C() and y(2) ;:; 16

I~OO
x Iny=-+C
3.
y = c.e"?
To find C1 ' apply the initial condition: 1 2=y(O)=qe
0
=C1
y = .!.ex/2
2 lim yet) = 0 and y(2);:; 6
I~OO
8.
s \ \ \ \ \ '\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
4
\\\\'\\\\\\\\\\\',,\\\\\\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '\ \ \ \ \ ,'\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I, \., \\\"\\\\\
y(x)
.,
4.
20 IS
III
3 2
I
"""""\,,"" ~~~~~~,~~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~__ ---~~~~~~~~~
"~ "\ ,\,' "'"
''I. \ \" \ 'I.' -, \, \,\\,\\,\,\\\\\"\\"\\ ,\,\\,\,\,\\\,\\"'\\\ 'I. ,,'\\\\,\\"\"'\"\\,\ 'I.' \\\\\\,\\\\\\\\\,\\,\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \. \. \ \ \ \ \'"
v v v v v v v v \"
\\\ ,\\\\\
~\"""\"'\\,\"'\
\\\\,\\"\\,\"\"\
'\\\\\\'"'\'",,,
;r
dy dx =-y;
yeO) = 4
I~oo
lim yet)
C()
and y(2);:; 13
dy =-dx
lny = -x+C
v=
C1e-x
To find C} , apply the initial condition:
548
Section 11.5
Instructor's
Resource Manual
4 = y(O) y 9.
= 4e-x
_v(x)
= C1e-O = C1
1 y= 2x-'2+
ce= e
2 2
To find C, apply the initial condition: 3 = y(O) = O-_!_+Ce-O = C-_!_ Thus C = 7_ , so the solution is
i; y= 2x--+-e 22
1
y'+y=x+2
The integratmg ractor
. . ~
IS
Note: Solutions to Problems 17-26 are given along with the corresponding solutions to 11-16.
.
Jldx-
= ex .
11.,17.
xn
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
eXy'+ ye" =ex(x+2)
Euler's Method 3.0 4.2 5.88 8.232 11.5248 16.1347
Yn
Improved Euler Method Yn 3.0 4.44 6.5712 9.72538 14.39356 21.30246
!(e
Xy)
= (x+ 2)e
eXy= f(x+2)eX
dx
Integrate by parts: let u Then du = dx and v
= x + 2,
Thus
dv
= eX dx
0.8 1.0
= eX .
eX y = (x+ 2)eX - fex dx 2)eX _ex + C y=x+2-I+Ce-x eX y

= (x+
12., 18.
xn
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Euler's Method 2.0 1.6 1.28 1.024 0.8195 0.65536
Yn
To find C , apply the initial condition: 4 = yeO) Thus, y 10.

j
= 0 + 1+ Ce -0 = 1+ C
= x+
1+e-x.
_u
", , ,
",,, ""
;"!:!"",, ,~ "", , _---, ...

,' _-,,,.,.,
",;. .....
.,,/////I"fl
,----,
.,.,/'//
./,//"
,,,//// ,////1; ,;//////tl ",,,,,//.1/111
........
_",.., ",,,////111/1",, ... __ ,,,""//// II/II 1I111 -",.".,,,,,/////111/11111 __ ""'''////1/111111111 __ """",/"""" I I II fill f 1_ .... ",////'/'//1111111"'/ _,,,,,,,,,,/,,,, ""'111 I III IrJ "",///////111111, II {III "//////'/111111111111 J
,--
"'.... ~~-;~:~::~::~: -,_,"'////IIIIII/

J J I J ,1
13., 19.
X
xn
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Euler's Method 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.12 0.24 0.40
v;
y'+y=2x+-
3 2
eXy'+ yeX = (2X+%)eX !(eXy)=( 2X+%)eX

X
eXy= (2X+%)e dx
Integrate by parts: let u = 2x+-,
J
3 2
dv = eX dx. Then du = 2dx and v = eX . Thus,
eXy eXy
= ( 2x = ( 2x
%)ex - f 2ex dx
+ %)ex - 2ex + C
Section 11.5
549
14.,20.
X/l
Euler's Method Yn 0.0 0.0 0.008 0.040 0.112 0.240
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1.2 0.624 0.27456 0.09884 0.02768
1.312 0.80609 0.46689 0.25698 0.13568
23.
h
15.,21.
X/l
Euler's Method r; 1.0 1.2 1.488 1.90464 2.51412 3.41921
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.2 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.005
Error from Euler's Method 0.229962 0.124539 0.064984 0.013468 0.006765
Error from Improved Euler Method 0.015574 0.004201 0.001091 0.000045 0.000011
16.,22.
Xn
Euler's Method Yn 2.0
1.0
Improved Euler Method J'n 2.0
For Euler's method, the error is halved as the step size h is halved. Thus, the error is proportional to h. For the improved Euler method, when h is halved, the error decreases to approximately one-fourth of what is was. Hence, for the improved Euler method. the error is proportional to h2
•
0.8 24.
XII
0.72599 0.65124 0.56917 0.48053 0.38612 0.28680 0.18349 0.07711 h =0.05
0.73302 0.66143 0.58333 0.49956 0.41105 0.31892 0.22473 0.13221
h=0.2 Euler's Method Yn 1.0 1.0 0.95946 0.87833 0.75815 0.60202 0.41450 0.20127 h =0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.98997 0.96990 0.93990 0.90016 0.85098 0.79276 1.0 1.0 0.99002 0.97015 0.94061 0.90168 0.85376 0.79735 Improved Euler Method Yn 1.0 1.0 0.96028 0.88251 0.77002 0.62778 0.46269 0.28589
0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
1.3
1.4 1.5
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
1.0 1.0 0.99750 0.99249 0.98499 0.97501 0.96256 0.94767 0.93038 0.91071 0.88871
1.0 1.0 0.99750 0.99251 0.98504 0.97510 0.96273 0.94796 0.93082 0.91135 0.88960
550
Section 11.5
0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
lAO
0.86444 0.83794 0.80928 0.77851 0.74573 0.71099 0.67439 0.63600 0.59593 0.55426 0.51110 0.46655 0.42072 0.37371 0.32565 0.276650 0.22682 0.17630 0.12519 0.07362 0.02171
0.86563 0.83950 0.81128 0.78103 0.74883 0.71476 0.67891 0.64137 0.60223 0.56159 0.51957 0.47625 0.43176 0.38622 0.33974 0.29247 0.24453 0.19613 0.14751 0.09927 0.05395
Y2
= YI + lif(xI} = lif(xo) + lif(xI)

= h(l(xo)
+ /(XI»
/(xd]+ /(xI) lif(x2)
Y3 = Y2 +h/(x2) = h[/(xo)+
= h[J(xo)+
+ /(X2)]
= II L/(x;)
;=0
3-1
At the nth step of Euler's method,

Yn
= Yn-I + !if(xn-I) = h 1:/(x;)

;=0
n-I
27. a.
f1Y'(x)dx=rsinx2dt
XO
:.to
y(xI)y(xI)-
y(xo) '" (XI -xo )sin X6 yeO) = hsinx6
y(xI )-0", y(xd '" 0
0.1 sin 02
b.
fTZ y'(x)dt xo
J:.to
rX2sinx2dx
+(x2 -XI)sinxf
y(x2) - y(xo) '" (XI - Xo)sin X6
1.45 1.50 1.55
Y(X2)y(x2)-0
yeO) = hsinx6 +hsinxr '" 0.lsin02
+O.lsinO.12
y(x2) ::: 0.00099998
For this example, Euler's method seems to be more accurate than the improved Euler method. 25. a.
Yo =1
c.
ft)
xo
y'(x)dx=
fJsinx2dt
:.to
y(x3)-
y(xo}::: (XI -xo)sinx
6
+hsinxI
YI
Y2
= Yo +h/(XQ,Yo)
= Yo +hyo =(I+h)yo
+(x2 -xdsinxr y(x3)y(x3)-0",
+(x3 -X2)sinxr
yeO) = hsinxfi +hsinXf
= YI +h/(xI,YI) = YI +hYI = (l+h)YI =(1+11) 2 Yo Y3 = Y2 + lif(X2, Y2) = Y2 + hY2 = (i+h)Y2 =(I+h) 3 Yo

+h/(Xn-I>Yn-I)=Yn-1 +hYn_1
0.lsin02 +0.lsinO.12 + 0.1 sin 0.22
y(x3) ::: 0.004999
Continuing in this fashion, we have
Yn =Yn-I
Jxo
rXny'(x)dx
Jxo
rXnsin x2dx
n-I
b.
= (I + h)Yn-1 = (I + h)n Yo Let N = 1/ h. Then YN is an

approximation to the solution at x = Nh = (II h)h = I. The exact solution is
y(l)
y(xn)-
y(xo)::: n-I
;=0 y(xn)
'"
1:(x;+1 -x;)sinxl
h 1:/(X;-I)
= e.
Thus, (I + II N)
'" e for large
When n
= 10 , this becomes
n-I
::: h
;=0
N. From Chapter 7, we know that
y(xlO) = y(l) ::: 0.269097
,...
lim (I + II N)N = e. N~cx> 26.

Yo =y(xo)=O
d.
The result y(xn)
L !(x;_I)
is the same
;=0
YI
= Yo +/if(:xo)
= O+h/(xo)
= h/(xo)
as that given in Problem 26. Thus, when /(x,y) depends only on x, then the two methods (I) Euler's method for
Instructor's
Resource Manual
Section 11.5
551
approximating the solution to y' = f(x)

Xn •
at
and (2) the left-endpoint Riemann sum
c.
for approximating equivalent.
rn
LX) y'(x)dx =o
LX) .Jx+ ~o
1dx
f(x)dx
, are
Y(X3)-y(.xo)"'(XI-.xo)~.xo+l +(x2 -Xl)~XI +1+(x3 -X2)~X2 +1
28. a,
-o
y'(x)dx
r
-n
.Jx+
I dx
y(x3)-
yeO) = O.I.JO+l
+O.I~
y(xI) - y(.xo) '" y(xI)y(O)
(XI - -o) ~xo + 1

+1
+ 0.1.J0.2 + I
y(x3) ::::0.314425
= h~xo
Continuing in this fashion, we have
y(xI ) - 0 '" 0.1 y(xI) '" 0.1
JO+l
fn
xo
y'(x)dx
h.
r:
fn Fx+I dx XO
n-I i=O
y'(x)dx
s::
.Jx+ I dx Xo)~.xo - xI
y(xn)
- y(.xo):::: n-I
I (Xi+1 - Xi )~Xi_1
+1
+1
y(x2)-
y(xo) '"
(XI + (x2
+1
),Jx;+i
y(xn)::::
hI.JXi-1
II
y(x2)-
yeO) = h~xo
+ I+h~xI + I
When
y(XIO)
= 10,
i=O
this becomes y(l):::: 1.198ll9
y(x2)-0::::
O.I.JO+I +O.I~
y(x2) '" 0.204881
11.6 Chapter Review

Concepts Test
1. True:
P(x)
8. False:
A calculator can be limited to a certain number of significant digits. For example Jsmx --dx
x
= f(O)
+ /,(O)x + F(O) x2 2
9. False:
cannot be
expressed in terms of elementary functions. 10. False: EIO = ----2 6c < 0, so the 12·10 Trapezoidal Rule will give a value greater than the true value.
EIO =
2. True:
If p(x) and q(x) are polynomials of degree less than or equal to n, satisfyingp(a) = q(a) =j(a) and
p<k)(a)
53
= q(k) (a) = /k)(a)

= q(x).
for
k $ n. then p(x) 3. True:
f(O) = /,(0) = F(O) = 0, its second order Maclaurin polynomial is 0.
11. True:
since the fourth derivative of
x3 is 0.
4. True: 5. True:
After simplifying, P3(x)
= f(x).
12. False: 13. True:
A computer can be limited.
Any Maclaurin polynomial for cos X involves only even powers of x. The Maclaurin polynomial of an even function involves only even powers of x, so /,(0) = 0 ifj(x) is an even function.
le-x2
+x2 +sin(x+l)l
6. True:
$le-X21 + Ix21+ Isin(x+

$1+4+1=6 14. True: Since f(4) (x) = 0, E2 rule is exact. 15. True:
1)1
7. True:
Taylor's Formula with Remainder for n = 0 is f(x) = f(a) + /'(c)(x - a) which is equivalent to the Mean Value Theorem.
This is the Parabolic Rule for n = 2.
= 0,
so the
Intermediate Value Theorem
552
Section
11.6
16. False:
See Example I of Section 1004. f(xn) xn+1 = xn --= -2xn• (See I'(xn) Problem 22 of Problem Set 1004.) If I'(x) fails. > I, the Fixed Point Theorem
r: -
17. False:
I2 I f(x):::: I +-x +-x 2 24 flO. I) ::::1.0050042
3. g(x)
= x3 -
2x2 + 5x - 7
g(2) = 3 g'(2) g"(2)
18. True:
g'(x) = 3x2 -4x+5 g"(x) = 6x-4 g(3)(x)
=9 =8
19. False:
g(x)
= 5(x-x
=6
g(3)(2) = 6
)+0.01.
g'(x) = 5 - IOx: Ig'(x)1 > 1 in a neighborhood 20. True: of the fixed point.
Since g(4)(x) = O, R3(x) = O, so the Taylor polynomial of order 3 based at 2 is an exact representation. g(x) = P4(x)
Note that the fixed point is g(x) = ~(x+;): Ig'(x)1 =
fa.
= 3 +9(x
- 2)+ 4(x - 2)2 + (x - 2)3
4. g(2.1) = 3+9(0.1) +4(0.1)2 + (0.1)3 = 3.941

< 1 when
s-
I~( :2 )1
1-
5. f(x)=l'(x)=
I x+1 __ I_ (x+ 1)2
f(l) = _!_ 2
21. True: 22. False:
At (2,1) the slope is y' y'=2y,y"=2>0.
= 2·1 = 2
r(x)=--/3)(x)=
.,
1'(1) = -_!_ 4 r(I) =.!. 4 f(3)(I) =-~ 8 f(4)(I)

=~
(x+ 1)3 __ 6_ (x+ 1)4 (x+I)5
Thus. the
solution is concave up. The estimate from Euler's method will underestimate the solution.
/4)(x)=~ II f(x):::: ---(x 24 1 --(x-I) 16 6. f(5)(X)=_~. (x+l) I -I)+-(x 8 3 I +-(x-I) 32 -I)
Sample Test Problems

1. j(O)=O f'(x) f'(0) p(x) 2.
3.
2
4
= cos2 x- 2x2 sin2 x =1
= x;p(0.2)
j(x) I'(x) rex) = xe"
= 0.2;/(0.2)
= 0.1998
fiO)
so R4(X) = (0.2)5
(c + 1)6
(x _1)5 (c+I)6'
=0
IR4(1.2)1 =
7. j(x) I'(x) rex) j(3)(x) f(4)(x) f(5) (x) /6) (x)
s (0.2)5 = 0.000005
(2)6 flO) = 0 1'(0) = 0 r(O)
= eX + xex = 2ex +xex
1'(0) = 1 reO)
=2
j(3) (x) /4)
= 3ex
2
=-
+ xe"
f(3) (0) = 3 /4)(0)=4

4
(x) = 4ex + xe"
(1- cos 2x) 2 = sin 2x = 2cos2x
=2
=0
13 I j(x)::: x+x +-x +-x 2 6 fiO.I)::: 0.11052
= -4sin
2x
/3)(0) /4)(0) /5)(0)

/6)(c)
= -8cos 2x
=-8
=0
h. fix)
I'(x)
cosh x = sinh x = coshx = sinhx
fiO) = I 1'(0) = 0 reO) = I j(3) (0) j(4)(0)
= 16sin 2x = 32 cos 2x
= 32cos2c
rex) j(3)(x)
=0
=I
.22.,84214 sm x::::- x- - - x 2! 4!
=x
--x 3
.....-
j(4)(x)=coshx
Section 11.6
553
IR4(x)1
= IRs (x)1 = 132 (COS2C)X61 2(0.2)6 s

6! 45
rl.2 0.05 [ .b.slnxdx ::::-2- !(xO)+2!(xI)+'"
< 2.85x lO-6 ::::-0.00278607 8. j<1I+1) (x)
+2!(x7) + !(xs)] . 0.4 1 0.4

-4
= (_1)11 n!
X
n+1
3 / 3 IEsl=--')?~ 2 2<1.31xlO 12·8- c: 12·8 ·0.8 =
IRn(x)l=
(_1)11 (x_I)/+1 (n+l)c"+1 (0.25)/+1 (n+I)
11. fix)
In x, h
II
0.05 xn 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 !(xn) -0.22314 -0.16252 -0.10536 -0.051293 0 0.04879 0.09531 0.13976 0.18232
0.2n+1 <---- (n + 1)0.8"+1
0
I
(0.25)n+1 ...;...._.......;.....< 0.00005 when n ~ 5 . (/1 + I) 9. From Problem 8,

ln r e (x-I)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
_~(x_I)2
+~(x_I)3
_~(x_I)4 +~(x_I)5. 4 5 IRs(x)1 = 1-;'(X-I)61 6c
1.
.S
Inxdx::::
1·2[
.8
6 0.2 6 < 4.07xI0-S 6·0.8 ') 1 It +-(x-I) 3

3
1
.8
.2
0.05 [ Inxdx::::!(xo)+4!(xl}+2!(x2)+'" 3 +4!(X7)+
(x-I)--(x- I 2 I --(x-I) 4
!(xs)]
< 2.04x lO-7
4 +-(x-I) 5] dx 1
5
4
:::: 0.00269939 -
IE81 =
12.
I = -(x-I) [2
I --(x-I) 6
5
I +-(x-I) 12 6JI.2
O.S
0.4 6/ 180.84 c4
·6 180.84.0.84
0.4
1 --(x-I) 20 ::::0.00269867 Error
I +-(x-I) 30
t:
In x dx
= [x In x -
]k~:::: -0.00269929
= 3 + 2 sin 2x
13. fix)
3x - cos 2r:, r(x)
s (1.2 -
0.8)4.07 x 10-5 < 1.63 x 10-5
Let XI = 0.5. n I 2 xn 0.5 0.2950652 0.2818563 0.2817846 0.2817846
10. fix)
= In x, h = 0.05
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 xn 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 !(xn) -0.22314 -0.16252 -0.10536 -0.051293 0 0.04879 0.09531 0.13976 0.18232 14.
X::::
3 4 5 0.281785 cos Zx, 3
xn+1 =
11
xn 0.5 0.18010 0.311942 0.270539 0.285718
2 3 4 5
554
Section 11.6
Instructor's
Resource Manual
6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 x::::0.2818 15. y=xandy=tanx

y
0.280375 0.282285 0.281606 0.281848 0.281762 0.281793 0.281782 0.281786 0.281784 0.281785 0.281785
17. Graph y = eX andy = sin x
-5
Let f(x)
xI =
-3.
- sin x, f'(x)
= eX
= eX
- cosx
II
xn
-3 -3.183603 -3.183063 -3.183063
1 2 3 4
x:::: -3.18306
Let
xI
lin =-.
18. Euler's Method:

= l-sec2
fix) =xn 1 2 3 4 5 6
tan x, f'(x)
x.
xn
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Yn
2 2.4 2.976 3.80928 5.02825 6.83842
xn
8 4.64661795 4.60091050 4.54662258 4.50658016 4.49422443 4.49341259 4.49340946
l lrt
19. Improved Euler Method xn 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2
7
8
x:::: 4.4934
Yn 2 3.56 6.3368 11.2795 20.07752 35.73798 63.61361 113.2322 201.5533 358.7650 638.6016
16. The Fixed-Point Method does not work because if g(x) = tan x, g'(x) = sec x and Ig'(x)l> 1 in a neighborhood of the root.
Section 11.6
555
11.7 Additional Problem Set

1. Using a computer. the table is as follows:
c. Yn+1 =Yn+O.I(Yn)=I.1Yn; n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 . a. xn 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
xO=O,YO=1 Yn 1.1 1.21 1.331 1.4641 1.61051 1.771561 1.9487171 2.14358881 2.357947691 2.5937424601
i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(xi, Yi) (Jr, 1) (3.4558, 0.951 I) (3.7699,0.809) (4.0841, 0.5878) (4.3982,0.309) (4.7124,0) (5.0265, -0.309) (5.3407, -0.5878) (5.6549, -0.809) (5.9690, -0.9511) (6.2832. -I)
0 Yn+1predicted - )" +. 25( Yn ) - I 25 Yn -I -. 0.25 Yn+1 =Yn +-(Yn 2 Xo =O,Yo = I

11
8 +1.25Yn) = 1.2 125Yn;
2. a.
Y"+I =y,,+O.I(xn+y,,)=O.lx,,+I.ly,,; Xo =O,yo

11
xn 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
Yn 1.28125 1.641602 2.103302 2.694856
=1
Xn
I 2
Yn
l.l 1.22 1.362 1.5282
3 4
, predicted h+l -
I 2 3 4
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Yn + 0. I(Yn ) - 1. IYn -
Yn+l
:co
b. Y"+I
2 = O,Yo = 1 n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
= Yn +-(Yn
0.1
+ l.lYn)
= 1.I05Yn;
= Yn
11
+ 0.25(Yn)
= 1.25 Y,,;
Yn
1.25 1.5625 1.953125 2.44140625
Xo = 0, Yo = I
X"
xn 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Yn 1.105 1.221025 1.349233 1.490902 1.647447 1.820429 2.011574 2.222789 2.456182 2.714081
1 2 3 4
0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00
556
Section 11.7
b.
Yn+1 = Yn +0.05(xn + Yn) =0.05xn +1.05Yn;
xc
=O.Yo n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
=I
xn 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0040 0045 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 Y" 1.05 1.105 1.16525 1.23101 1.30256 1.38019 1.46420 1.55491 1.65266 1.75779 1.87068 1.99171 2.12130 2.25986 2.40786 2.56575 2.73404 2.91324 3.10390 3.30660
Yn+IPrediclcd
= Yn + O.I(xn
+ Yn)
= O.Ixn
+ 1.IYn + Yn +xn+1 +O.lxn +l.lYn)

+2.IYn +xn +0.1)
Yn+1 = Yn +~(xn 2 = Yn +0.05(1.lxn
= 0.1 05xn + 1.1 05 Y" + 0.005;
XC = 0, Yo
n I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 y(1)
=
=I
xn 0.1 0.2 0.3 004 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Yn l.ll 1.24205 1.39847 1.58180 1.79489 2.04086 2.32315 2.64558 3.01236 3.42816
2e- 1 - 1 = 3.4365
Instructors
Resource Manual
Section 11.7
557

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CHAPTER

Numerical Methods, Approximations

3. error of the method; error of calculation

4. increase; decrease Problem Set 11.1

f(3) (x) = 8e2x

f(0.12):::: 1+2(0.12)+2(0.12)2 +i(0.12)3

+~(0.12)4 :::: .2712 1 3

1'(0) =-3 r(0)=9

j<4)(x) = 81e-3x f(x):::: 1-3x+-x

27 3 81 4 929 +-x = 1-3x+-x --x 3! 4! 2 2

f(0.12):::: 1-3(0.12)+2.(0.12)2 -2.(0.12)3 + 27 (0.12)4:::: .6977 0 2 2 8

1(0) = 0 1'(0) = 2 1"(0)=0 1(3)(0) =-8 1(4)(0)

= -4 sin 2x f(3)(x) = -Seosa

f(0.12):::: 2(0.12)-.±(O.l2)3 :::: 0.2377 3

f(O) = 0 /,(0) = 1 /"(0)=0 xtan2 x j<3)(0) = 2 .nan3 x

= tan-I x l+x2 2x (I + x2)2 6x2 -2 (1+ x2)3

r(x)=2sec2xtanx f(3) (x) = 2scc4 x+4scc2

/,(0) = 1 reO) = 0 f"(O) =-2 j<4)(0)=0

j<4)(x) = 16scc xtanx+8sec2

f(4)(0) f(x):::: x+3_.\.3 = x+.!..,.3 3! 3 f(0.12)::::0.12+.!.(0.12)3 3 5. ft.x)

-24x3 + 24x (1+ x2)4 2 3!

/,(x) =_1I+x rex)

/,(0) = 1 reO) =-1

f(3) (x) =_2_ (I +x)3 j<4)(X)

fM(X) = cosh X j<4)(x) = sinhx

reO) fM(O) = 1 j<4)(0) = 0

1; 23 64 f(x):::: x--x+-x --x 2! 3! 4! =x--x f(0.I2) ::::0.1133 12 13 1 +-x --x 2 3 4

:::: 0.12 - .!.(0.I2)2 234

f(x) /'(x) rex)

~(x) = e+e(x-I)+-(x-I) 2 10. ft.x) 4 sinx

/,(0) = .!. 2 reO) =-.!.

1 2 f(x):::: I+-x--x +-x 3 --x:~ 4 2 2! 3! 4! 1 =I+-x--x

13 5 +-x --x 16 128

;::1 + .!.(0.12) - .!.(0.12)2 + __!_(0.I2)3 2 8 16 _~(0.12)4 128 ::::1.0583

Instructor's Resource Manual

11. j{x) = tan x; f'(x)

t: = -s : +-(x-2)--(x-2) 4 32 J2 +-(x-2) 128

l"(x)=2sec I-(x) ~(x)=

15. l(x)=x3-2x2+3x+5; /'(x)

j{x) f'(x) I"(x) I-(x)

= 5sec3 x tan x-s sec x =

P4(x) = 16+32(x-2)+24(x-2)2 +8(x-2)3 = x4 = I(x) +(x-2)4

17. I(x)=-; f'(x)

j(0)= I /,(0)= I 1"(0)=2 ; /3)(0) = 6 /4)(0)=24 ; /n)(O)=n!

I(x) f'(x) I"(x)

= coc1 x; = __ 1-; I+x2 2x (1 +x2)2

l"(x)=_2_; (1- x)3 /3)(x)

1'(1) = -.!_ 2 ; 1"(1) 1"(1)

6 (l-x)4 (1- x)5 nl (l_x)"+1

-6x + 2. (1 +x2)3 '

22 63 n' +-x + ... +~xn 2! 3! n! 2 + x3 + ... + xn = I+ x + x +x3 +x4

Using n = 4, I(x):::: I+x+x2 a. fiO'!) b. fiO.5)

18. j{x) = sin x; j(0) = 0 /,(x) = cos r ; /,(0) = I

In(l + x): flO) = 0

sin(O.I) ::::: 0.0998 sin(0.5) :::0.4794 sin(l) :::0.8417 sin(IO)::: 676.67

x2 In(l+x)::::: x-2 24 r(24-r) ]ln2

r 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

n (exact) 13.8918 6.9603 4.6498 3.4945

n (rule 72) 14.4 7.2 4.8 3.6

slOg n = 3',SIO t ::::: -I t 3 . tU· 6 A:::::!'tr2 _.!.r2 (t-'!'t3) '