Principles of Cellular Networks
Principles of Cellular Networks
Underlying technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. Developed for mobile radio telephone
Replace high power transmitter/receiver systems
Typical support for 25 channels over 80km
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Shape of Cells
Square
Width d cell has four neighbors at distance d and four at distance 2 d Better if all adjacent antennas equidistant
Simplifies choosing and switching to new antenna
Hexagon
Provides equidistant antennas Radius defined as radius of circum-circle
Distance from center to vertex equals length of side
3R
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Cellular Geometries
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Frequency Reuse
Power of base transceiver controlled
Allow communications within cell on given frequency Limit escaping power to adjacent cells Allow re-use of frequencies in nearby cells Use same frequency for multiple conversations 10 50 frequencies per cell
E.g.
N cells all using same number of frequencies K total number of frequencies used in systems Each cell has K/N frequencies Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) K=395, N=7 giving 57 frequencies per cell on average
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D/R= D/d =
CS420/520 Axel Krings
3N N
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Frequency borrowing
Taken from adjacent cells by congested cells Or assign frequencies dynamically
Cell splitting
Non-uniform distribution of topography and traffic Smaller cells in high use areas
Original cells 6.5 13 km 1.5 km limit in general More frequent handoff More base stations
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Cell Splitting
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Microcells
Move antennas from tops of hills and large buildings to tops of small buildings and sides of large buildings Even lamp posts Form microcells Reduced power Good for city streets, along roads and inside large buildings
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Channels
Control channels
Setting up and maintaining calls Establish relationship between mobile unit and nearest BS
Traffic channels
Carry voice and data
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Handshake to identify user and register location Scan repeated to allow for movement
Change of cell
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Paging
MTSO attempts to connect to mobile unit Paging message sent to BSs depending on called mobile number Paging signal transmitted on set up channel
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Handoff
Mobile unit moves out of range of cell into range of another cell Traffic channel changes to one assigned to new BS
Without interruption of service to user
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Call Stages
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Other Functions
Call blocking
During mobile-initiated call stage, if all traffic channels busy, mobile tries again After number of fails, busy tone returned
Call termination
User hangs up MTSO informed Traffic channels at two BSs released
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Other Functions
Call drop
BS cannot maintain required signal strength Traffic channel dropped and MTSO informed
Fading
Even if signal strength in effective range, signal propagation effects may disrupt the signal
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Design Factors
Propagation effects
Dynamic Hard to predict
Maximum transmit power level at BS and mobile units Typical height of mobile unit antenna Available height of the BS antenna These factors determine size of individual cell Model based on empirical data Apply model to given environment to develop guidelines for cell size
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Fading
Time variation of received signal Caused by changes in transmission path(s) E.g. atmospheric conditions (rain) Movement of (mobile unit) antenna
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Multipath Propagation
Reflection
Surface large relative to wavelength of signal May have phase shift from original May cancel out original or increase it
Diffraction
Edge of impenetrable body that is large relative to wavelength May receive signal even if no line of sight (LOS) to transmitter
Scattering
Obstacle size on order of wavelength
Lamp posts etc.
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Types of Fading
Fast fading
Rapid changes in strength over distances about half wavelength
900MHz wavelength is 0.33m 20-30dB
Slow fading
Slower changes due to user passing different height buildings, gaps in buildings etc. Over longer distances than fast fading
Flat fading
Nonselective Affects all frequencies in same proportion
Selective fading
Different frequency components affected differently
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Frequency Diversity
Signal is spread out over a larger frequency bandwidth or carried on multiple frequency carriers E.g. spread spectrum
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