FLAG, COMPARE, SUBROUNTINE,CONTROL FLOW,LOOP,STRING HANDLING

8088/8086 MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING

CONTROL FLOW INSTRUCTIONS AND PROGRAM STRUCTURES

Flag-Control Instructions Compare Instructions Subroutines and Subroutine-Handling Instructions Control Flow and Jump Instructions The Loop and the Loop-Handling Instructions String and String-Handling Instructions

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Flag-Control Instructions The flag-control instructions, when executed, directly affect the state of the flags. These instructions include:

LAHF (Load AH from flags)

SAHF (Store AH into flags) CLC (Clear carry) STC (Set carry) CMC (Complement carry)

CLI (Clear interrupt)

STI (Set interrupt)
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Flag-Control Instructions

SF = Sign flag ZF = Zero flag AF = Auxiliary PF = Parity flag CF = Carry flag

- = Undefined (do not use)

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EXAMPLE
Write an instruction sequence to save the current contents of the 8088s flags in the memory location at offset MEM1 of the current data segment and then reload the flags with the contents of the storage location at offset MEM2. Solution:

LAHF ; Load AH from flags

MOV MEM1, AH ; Move content of AH to MEM1 MOV AH, MEM2 ; Load AH from MEM2

SAHF ; Store content of AH into flags

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EXAMPLE
Of the three carry flag instructions CLC, STC, and CMC, only one is really independent instruction. That is, the operation that it provides cannot be performed by a series of the other two instructions. Determine which one of the carry instruction is the independent instruction. Solution:

CLC STC followed by a CMC

STC CLC followed by a CMC Therefore, only CMC is the independent instruction.

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Compare Instruction
The compare operation enable us to determine the relationship between two numbers.

Allowed operands for compare instruction

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EXAMPLE Describe what happens to the status flags as the sequence of instructions that follows is executed. MOV AX, 1234H MOV BX, 0ABCDH CMP AX, BX Solution: (AX) = 123416 = 00010010001101002 (BX) = 123416 = 10101011110011012 (AX) (BX) = 00010010001101002 - 10101011110011012 = 01100110011001112 Therefore, ZF = 0, SF = 0, OF = 0, PF = 0 ,CF = 1, AF = 1

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Subroutines and Subroutine- Handling Instructions

A subroutine is a special program that can be called for execution from any point in a program. A subroutine is also known as a procedure. A call instruction is used to call a subroutine A return instruction must be included at the end of the subroutine to initiate the return sequence to the main program environment. CALL and RET instructions PUSH and POP instructions
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Subroutine concept
Main program
: : :

Subroutine A
First Instruction
: : :

Call subroutine A Next Instruction

: : :

Return

Call Subroutine A
Next Instruction
: : :

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Example: Write a program to display OK on the screen using procedure disp

.model small disp proc near mov ah,2 int 21h ret disp endp

.code
mov dl,'o' call disp mov dl,'k' call disp

mov ah,4ch
int 21h

end

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EXAMPLE

Write a procedure named SQUARE that squares the contents of

BL and places the result in BX

Solution: ;Subroutine: SQUARE ;Description: (BX)=square of (BL) SQUARE PROC NEAR PUSH AX ; Save the register to be used

MOV AL, BL ; Place the number in AL

IMUL BL ; Multiply with itself MOV BL, AL ; Save the result

POP AX ; Restore the register used

RET SQUARE ENDP
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Control Flow and Jump Instructions

Unconditional jump instruction Conditional jump instruction Branching structure IF-THEN Loop program structure REPEAT-UNTIL & WHILE-DO Applications using the loop and branch software structures

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Unconditional and conditional jump

Unconditional jump program sequence

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Unconditional and conditional jump

Conditional jump program sequence

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+127 to -128 bytes

+ or 32K + or 2G

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Conditional jump instruction

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Branch program structure IF-THEN

IF-THEN branch program structure using a flag-condition test

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Branch program structure IF-THEN

IF-THEN branch program structure using register-bit test

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Branch program structure IF-THEN

IF-THEN branch program structure using an alternative register-bit test

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EXAMPLE Implement an instruction sequence that calculates the absolute difference between the contents of AX and BX and places it in DX. Solution:

CMP AX, BX
JC DIFF2 DIFF1: MOV DX, AX SUB DX, BX JMP DONE DIFF2: MOV DX, BX SUB DX, AX DONE: NOP
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; (DX)=(AX)-(BX)

; (DX)=(BX)-(AX)

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EXAMPLE
Given the following sequence of instructions, explain what happens as they are executed.
MOV DL, 05
MOV AX, 0A00H MOV DS, AX

MOV SI, 0
MOV CX, 0FH AGAIN: INC SI

CMP [SI], DL
LOOPNE AGAIN
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String and String-Handling Instructions

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Move string MOVSB, MOVSW

Example The block-move program using the move-string instruction

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Compare string and scan string

CMPSB/CMPSW, SCASB/SCASW Example Block scan operation using the SCASB instruction

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Load and store string LODSB/LODSW, STOSB/STOSW

Example Initializing a block of memory with a store string instruction

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REP string REP (repeat prefixes) Example Initializing a block of memory by repeating the STOSB instruction

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Auto indexing for string instruction CLD and STD instructions

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EXAMPLE
Describe what happen as the following sequence of instruction is executed. CLD MOV AX, DATA_SEGMENT MOV DS, AX MOV AX, EXTRA_SEGMENT MOV ES, AX MOV CX, 20H

MOV SI, OFFSET MASTER

MOV DI, OFFSET COPY REPZMOVSB
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