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    Relay

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    Kapil Bharadwaj
    This document discusses protection and relay schemes used in electrical systems. It describes the purpose and types of protective relays, including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Common relay applications are also summarized, such as motor protection including overload, stalling, and single phase/unbalance conditions, as well as transformer protection using gas/temperature monitoring and differential/ground fault relays, and generator protection for phase unbalance and differential/ground faults.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Relay

    Uploaded by

    Kapil Bharadwaj
    7K views37 pages
    This document discusses protection and relay schemes used in electrical systems. It describes the purpose and types of protective relays, including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Common relay applications are also summarized, such as motor protection including overload, stalling, and single phase/unbalance conditions, as well as transformer protection using gas/temperature monitoring and differential/ground fault relays, and generator protection for phase unbalance and differential/ground faults.

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    PPT RELAY

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document discusses protection and relay schemes used in electrical systems. It describes the purpose and types of protective relays, including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Common relay applications are also summarized, such as motor protection including overload, stalling, and single phase/unbalance conditions, as well as transformer protection using gas/temperature monitoring and differential/ground fault relays, and generator protection for phase unbalance and differential/ground faults.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    7K views37 pages

    Relay

    Uploaded by

    Kapil Bharadwaj
    This document discusses protection and relay schemes used in electrical systems. It describes the purpose and types of protective relays, including electromagnetic, solid-state, and microprocessor-based relays. Common relay applications are also summarized, such as motor protection including overload, stalling, and single phase/unbalance conditions, as well as transformer protection using gas/temperature monitoring and differential/ground fault relays, and generator protection for phase unbalance and differential/ground faults.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 37

    Protection and Relay Schemes

    Salman Rajwani

    Agenda

    Introduction of Protective Relays Electrical System Protection with Protective Relays Conclusion

    What are Relays?

    Relays are electrical switches that open or close another circuit under certain conditions.

    Relay Purpose

    Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit. Control high voltage system with low voltage. Control high current system with low current. Logic Functions

    Relay Types

    Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)

    Solid-state Relays (SSRs)

    EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated by the energized coil to open or close an electrical circuit. SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED, usually with low-voltage DC power.

    Microprocessor Based Relays

    Use microprocessor for switching mechanism. Commonly used in power system monitoring and protection.

    How a Relay Works

    Sold-State Relay

    Advantages/Disadvantages

    Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs) Simplicity Not expensive Mechanical Wear Solid-state Relays (SSRs) No Mechanical movements Faster than EMR No sparking between contacts Microprocessor-based Relay Much higher precision and more reliable and durable. Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical power systems before, during and after faults occur. Capable of both digital and analog I/O. Higher cost

    Why A System Needs Protection?


    There is no fault free system. It is neither practical nor economical to build a fault free system. Electrical system shall tolerate certain degree of faults. Usually faults are caused by breakdown of insulation due to various reasons: system aging, lighting, etc.

    Electrical Faults

    majority are phase-to-ground faults phase-to-phase phase-phase-phase double-phase-to-ground

    Advantages for Using Protective Relays

    Detect system failures when they occur and isolate the faulted section from the remaining of the system. Mitigating the effects of failures after they occur. Minimize risk of fire, danger to personal and other high voltage systems.

    Protective Devices Comparison


    Relays

    Circuit Breakers
    Activation

    Fuses
    Actuation

    Acquisition Detection

    Protective Devices Comparison

    Circuit Breakers V.S. Relays Relays are like human brain; circuit breakers are like human muscle. Relays make decisions based on settings. Relays send signals to circuit breakers. Based the sending signals circuit breakers will open/close.

    Protective Devices Comparison

    Fuses V.S. Relays Relays have different settings and can be set based on protection requirements. Relays can be reset. Fuses only have one specific characteristic for a individual type. Fuses cannot be reset but replaced if they blow.

    Protection and Relay Schemes


    Motor Protection Transformer Protection Generator Protection

    Motor Protection

    Timed Overload Locked Rotor Single Phase and Phase Unbalance Other

    Motor Protection Timed Overload


    Solution: Thermal overload relays

    Plunger-type relays Induction-type relays

    Motor Protection Timed Overload Protection


    Timed Overload Definition: Continuously operate motor above its rated value will cause thermal damage to the motor.

    Thermal Overload Relays

    Use bimetallic strips to open/close relay contacts when temperature exceeds/drops to certain level. Require certain reaction time Inverse time/current relationship

    Thermal Overload Relays

    Plunger-type Relays

    Fast reaction time Use timer for time delay


    Such

    as oil dash pot.

    Inverse time/current relationship

    Plunger-Type Relays

    Induction-type Relays

    Most frequently used when AC power presents Change taps to adjust time delay

    Induction-Type Relays

    Motor Protection Stalling


    Some Definitions Motor Stalling:
    It

    happens when motor circuits are energized, but motor rotor is not rotating. It is also called locked rotor. Effects: this will result in excessive currents flow given the same load. This will cause thermal damage to the motor winding and insulation.

    Motor Protection Stalling

    Similar types of relays that are used for motor timed overload protection could be used for motor stalling protection.

    Motor Protection Single Phase and Phase Unbalance


    Some definitions Single Phase:
    three-phase

    motors are subject to loss of one of the three phases from the power distribution system.

    Motor Protection Single Phase and Phase Unbalance


    Some definitions Phase Unbalance:
    In

    a balanced system the three lineneutral voltages are equal in magnitude and are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. Otherwise, the system is unbalanced.

    Motor Protection Single Phase and Phase Unbalance


    These conditions will cause
    Motor

    winding overheating Excessive vibrations Cause motor insulation/winding/bearing damage

    Motor Protection Single Phase and Phase Unbalance


    These conditions will cause
    Motor

    winding overheating Excessive vibrations Cause motor insulation/winding/bearing damage

    Motor Protection Single Phase and Phase Unbalance

    Motor Protection Other

    Instantaneous Overcurrent
    Differential

    Relays Relays

    Undervoltage
    Electromagnetic

    Ground Fault
    Differential

    Relays

    Transformer Protection

    Gas and Temperature Monitoring Differential and Ground Fault Protection

    Transformer Protection
    Gas Monitoring Relays: These relays will sense any amount of gas inside the transformer. A tiny little amount of gas will cause transformer explosion. Temperature Monitoring Relays: These relays are used to monitor the winding temperature of the transformer and prevent overheating.

    Transformer Protection Ground Fault

    For a wye connection, ground fault can be detected from the grounded neutral wire.

    Transformer Protection Ground Fault and Differential Relay

    Generator Protection

    Differential and Ground Fault Protection Phase Unbalance

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