ppt100 110425022440 Phpapp02

Protection and Relay Schemes
Chris Fraser
Amanda Chen Wang
Group#4
October 5, 2005
Agenda
 Introduction of Protective Relays
 Electrical System Protection with

Protective Relays
 Conclusion
What are Relays?
 Relays are electrical

switches that open or close
another circuit under
certain conditions.
Relay Purpose
 Isolate controlling circuit from controlled circuit.
 Control high voltage system with low voltage.
 Control high current system with low current.
 Logic Functions
Relay Types
 Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
 EMRs consist of an input coil that's wound to accept a
particular voltage signal, plus a set of one or more
contacts that rely on an armature (or lever) activated
by the energized coil to open or close an electrical
circuit.
 Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
 SSRs use semiconductor output instead of mechanical
contacts to switch the circuit. The output device is
optically-coupled to an LED light source inside the
relay. The relay is turned on by energizing this LED,
usually with low-voltage DC power.
 Microprocessor Based Relays
 Use microprocessor for switching mechanism.
Commonly used in power system monitoring and
protection.
How a Relay Works
Sold-State Relay
Advantages/Disadvantages
 Electromagnetic Relays (EMRs)
 Simplicity
 Not expensive
 Mechanical Wear
 Solid-state Relays (SSRs)
 No Mechanical movements
 Faster than EMR
 No sparking between contacts

 Microprocessor-based Relay
 Much higher precision and more reliable and durable.
 Improve the reliability and power quality of electrical
power systems before, during and after faults occur.
 Capable of both digital and analog I/O.
 Higher cost
Why A System Needs Protection?
 There is no ‘fault free’ system.

 It is neither practical nor economical to
build a ‘fault free’ system.
 Electrical system shall tolerate certain
degree of faults.
 Usually faults are caused by breakdown of
insulation due to various reasons: system
aging, lighting, etc.
Electrical Faults
 majority are phase-to-ground faults
 phase-to-phase
 phase-phase-phase
 double-phase-to-ground
Advantages for Using Protective
Relays
 Detect system failures when they occur

and isolate the faulted section from the
remaining of the system.
 Mitigating the effects of failures after they

occur. Minimize risk of fire, danger to
personal and other high voltage systems.
Protective Devices Comparison
Relays Circuit Breakers Fuses
 Acquisition Activation Actuation
 Detection
Circuit Breakers V.S. Relays
 Relays are like human brain; circuit
breakers are like human muscle.
 Relays ‘make decisions’ based on settings.
 Relays send signals to circuit breakers.
Based the sending signals circuit breakers
will open/close.
Fuses V.S. Relays
 Relays have different settings and can be
set based on protection requirements.
 Relays can be reset.
 Fuses only have one specific characteristic
for a individual type.
 Fuses cannot be reset but replaced if they
blow.
Protection and Relay Schemes
 Motor Protection
 Transformer Protection
 Generator Protection
Motor Protection
 Timed Overload
 Locked Rotor
 Single Phase and Phase Unbalance
 Other
Motor Protection
Timed Overload
Solution:
 Thermal overload relays
 Plunger-type relays
 Induction-type relays
Motor Protection
Timed Overload Protection
Timed Overload Definition:

Continuously operate motor above its
rated value will cause thermal damage to
the motor.
Thermal Overload Relays
 Use bimetallic strips to open/close
relay contacts when temperature
exceeds/drops to certain level.
 Require certain reaction time
 Inverse time/current relationship
Thermal Overload Relays
Plunger-type Relays
 Fast reaction time
 Use timer for time delay
 Such as oil dash pot.
 Inverse time/current relationship
Plunger-Type Relays
Induction-type Relays
 Most frequently used when AC
power presents
 Change taps to adjust time delay
Induction-Type Relays
Motor Protection
Stalling
Some Definitions…
 Motor Stalling:
 It happens when motor circuits are
energized, but motor rotor is not
rotating. It is also called locked rotor.
 Effects: this will result in excessive
currents flow given the same load. This
will cause thermal damage to the
motor winding and insulation.
Motor Protection
Stalling
 Similar types of relays that are used

for motor timed overload protection
could be used for motor stalling
protection.
Motor Protection
Single Phase and Phase Unbalance
Some definitions…
 Single Phase:
 three-phase motors are subject to loss
of one of the three phases from the
power distribution system.
Motor Protection
Some definitions…
 Phase Unbalance:
 In a balanced system the three line-
neutral voltages are equal in magnitude
and are 120 degrees out of phase with
each other. Otherwise, the system is
unbalanced.
Motor Protection
These conditions will cause

 Motor winding overheating
 Excessive vibrations
 Cause motor
insulation/winding/bearing damage
Motor Protection
These conditions will cause

 Motor winding overheating
 Excessive vibrations
 Cause motor
insulation/winding/bearing damage
Motor Protection
Motor Protection
Other
 Instantaneous Overcurrent
 Differential Relays
 Undervoltage
 Electromagnetic Relays
 Ground Fault
 Differential Relays
Transformer Protection
 Gas and Temperature Monitoring
 Differential and Ground Fault
Protection
Gas Monitoring Relays:
 These relays will sense any amount of gas
inside the transformer. A tiny little
amount of gas will cause transformer
explosion.
Temperature Monitoring Relays:
 These relays are used to monitor the
winding temperature of the transformer
and prevent overheating.
Ground Fault
 For a wye connection, ground fault

can be detected from the grounded
neutral wire.
Ground Fault and Differential Relay
Generator Protection
 Differential and Ground Fault
Protection
 Phase Unbalance
Differential and Ground Fault
Phase Unbalance
Some Definitions..
 Negative Sequence
 Voltage example:
Phase Unbalance
Some Definitions..
 Negative Sequence:
 The direction of rotation of a negative
sequence is opposite to what is
obtained when the positive sequence
are applied.
 Negative sequence unbalance factor:
 Factor= V-/V+ or I-/I+
Phase Unbalance
 Negative Sequence Relay will

constantly measure and compare
the magnitude and direction of the
current.
Conclusion
 Relays control output circuits of a
much higher power.
 Safety is increased
 Protective relays are essential for
keeping faults in the system isolated
and keep equipment from being
damaged.
Reference:
 IEEE Red Book
 Ontario Power Generation Training
Course (Electrical Equipment)
 www.howstuffworks.com

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Protection and Relay Schemes

 Electrical System Protection with

 Relays are electrical

 Faster than EMR

 No sparking between contacts

 There is no ‘fault free’ system.

 Detect system failures when they occur

 Mitigating the effects of failures after they

 Acquisition Activation Actuation

Timed Overload Definition:

 Similar types of relays that are used

These conditions will cause

These conditions will cause

 For a wye connection, ground fault

 Negative Sequence Relay will

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