Lecture 17 - Design of Reinforced

Concrete Beams for Shear

November 1, 2001
CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Stirrup Design


Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
Look at the shear and
bending moment
diagrams. The acting
shear stress distribution
on the beam.
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The acting stresses distributed
across the cross-section.
The shear stress acting on
the rectangular beam.
Ib
VQ
= t
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The equation of the shear stress for a rectangular beam is given as:
Note: The maximum 1st
moment occurs at the neutral
axis (NA).
Ib
VQ
= t
ave max
2
max
3
5 . 1 *
2
3
8 4
*
2
Q
Inertia of Moment
12
t t =
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
bh
V
bh h bh
bh
I
Uncracked Elastic Beam
Behavior
The ideal shear stress distribution can be described as:
Ib
VQ
= t
Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior
A realistic description of the shear distribution is shown as:
Uncracked Elastic Beam Behavior
The shear stress acting along the beam can be described with a
stress block:
Using Mohrs circle, the stress block can be manipulated to
find the maximum shear and the crack formation.
Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Typical Crack Patterns for a deep beam.
Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Flexural-shear crack - Starts
out as a flexural crack and
propagates due to shear
stress.

Flexural cracks in beams are
vertical (perpendicular to the
tension face).
Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks are
given as:

The shear cracks Inclined
(diagonal) intercept crack with
longitudinal bars plus vertical
or inclined reinforcement.
Inclined Cracking in Reinforced
Concrete Beams
For deep beam the cracks are
given as:

The shear cracks fail due two
modes:
- shear-tension failure
- shear-compression failure
Shear Strength of RC Beams
without Web Reinforcement
v
cz
- shear in compression
zone
v
a
- Aggregate Interlock
forces
v
d
= Dowel action from
longitudinal bars
Note: v
cz
increases from
(V/bd) to (V/by) as crack
forms.
Total Resistance = v
cz
+ v
ay
+v
d
(when no stirrups are used)
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)
(1) Tensile Strength of concrete affect inclined
cracking load
(2) Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio,
w

( )
d b f V
d b
A
w c c w
w
s
w
2 : 0025 . 0 0075 . 0 for
cracks restrains
'
~ s s
=

Strength of Concrete in Shear

(No Shear Reinforcement)
(3) Shear span to depth ratio, a/d (M/(Vd))
effect little has Rato 2
d
a
required design detail more spans shear deep 2
>
s
d
a
Strength of Concrete in Shear
(No Shear Reinforcement)
(4) Size of Beam
Increase Depth Reduced shear stress at
inclined cracking
(5) Axial Forces
- Axial tension Decreases inclined cracking load
- Axial Compression Increases inclined cracking
load (Delays flexural
cracking)
Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
Web Reinforcement is provided to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed.
(desired a flexural failure mode - shear failure
is brittle)
- Acts as clamps to keep shear cracks from
widening
Function:
Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
Uncracked Beam Shear is resisted
uncracked concrete.
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by
v
cz
, v
ay
, v
d


bars. al longitudin from Action Dowl
force Interlock Aggregate of component Vertical
zone n compressio in Shear
d
ay
cz

V
V
V
Function and Strength of Web
Reinforcement
Flexural Cracking Shear is resisted by
v
cz
, v
ay
, v
d
and v
s

V
s
increases as cracks
widen until yielding of
stirrups then stirrups
provide constant
resistance.
Designing to Resist Shear
Shear Strength (ACI 318 Sec 11.1)
demand capacity >
>
u n
V V |
( ) factor reduction strength shear 0.85
Strength Shear Nominal
section at force shear factored
=
=
=
|
n
u
V
V
s c n
V V V + =
ent reinforcem shear by the provided shear Nominal
concrete by provided resistance shear Nominal
=
=
s
c
V
V
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
Minimum Shear Reinforcement: (11.5.5)
c u
V V
2
1
when quired Re | >
( )
( )
( )

s
w
f
b 1/2
t 2.5
10"
of larger h with Beams c
8.11) (defined on Constructi Joist Concrete b
Footings & Slabs a
Except
Lightweight Concrete:
Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement
( )
( ) inches in , b 50
w min
s
f
s b
A
y
w
v
=
(provides additional 50 psi of shear strength)
( )
( )
concrete weight standard for for 85 . 0 substitute can or
concrete t lightweigh - all for for 75 . 0 substitute can 2
for 7 . 6 / substitute can 1
c c
c c
c c ct
f f
f f
f f f s
Note:
stirrups. for psi 60000 s
y
f
(11.2) concrete
t Lightweigh for
c
V
strength tensile splitting =
ct
f
Typical Shear Reinforcement
Stirrup - perpendicular to axis
of members
(minimum labor - more
material)
( )
15) - 11 eqn (ACI ; 90
cos sin
s
d f A
V
s
d f A
V
y v
s
y v
s
= =
+
=
o
o o
Typical Shear Reinforcement
Bent Bars (more labor -
minimum material) see
reqd in 11.5.6
( )
5.6) - 11 (ACI
41 . 1
; 45
45 cos 45 sin
s
d f A
V
s
d f A
V
y v
s
y v
s
= =
+
=
o
Stirrup Anchorage Requirements
V
s
based on assumption stirrups yield
Stirrups must be well anchored.

Refer to Sec. 12.12 of ACI 318 for development

of web reinforcement. Requirements:
- each bend must enclose a long bar
- # 5 and smaller can use standard hooks 90
o
,135
o
, 180
o

- #6, #7,#8(f
y
= 40 ksi)
- #6, #7,#8(f
y
> 40 ksi) standard hook plus a min embedment
Also sec. 7.11 requirement for min. stirrups in beams with
compression reinforcement, beams subject to stress reversals, or
beams subject to torsion
Design Procedure for Shear
(1) Calculate V
u

(2) Calculate |V
c
Eqn 11-3 or 11-5 (no axial force)
(3) Check

>
done. no, If
4) to (go ent reinforcem web add yes, If
2
1
is
c u
V V |
Design Procedure for Shear
(4)
ent reinforcem shear
minimum provide ,
2
1
If
c u c
V V V | | s s
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
v
w
ys v
y
w
v
A
b
f A
s
f
s b
A min for
50
or 50
max min
Also:
(Done)
( ) 11.5.4 " 24
2
max
s s
d
s
Design Procedure for Shear
(5)
c
u
s c u s
s c n u
s c u
V
V
V V V V
V V V V
V V V
= =
+ = s
>
|
| |
| | |
| d) (req' calulate , If
Check:
( ) ( ) 11.5.4 illegal otherwise, 8 d b f V
w c s
'
s
Design Procedure for Shear
(6) Solve for required stirrup spacing(strength) Assume
# 3, #4, or #5 stirrups


(7) Check minimum steel requirement (eqn 11-13)
( ) 15 - 11 from
s
ys v
V
d f A
s s

50
max
w
ys v
b
f A
s =
Design Procedure for Shear
(8) Check maximum spacing requirement (ACI 11.5.4)




(9) Use smallest spacing from steps 6,7,8
( ) illegal 8 If : Note
" 12
4
4 If
" 24
2
4 If
c
max c
max c
d b f V
d
s d b f V
d
s d b f V
w s
w s
w s
'
>
s s
'
>
s s
'
s
Note: A practical limit to minimum stirrup
spacing is 4 inches.
Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design
Non-pre-stressed members:
Sections located less than a distance d from
face of support may be designed for same
shear, V
u
, as the computed at a distance d.
Compression fan carries
load directly into support.
Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design
The support reaction introduces compression
into the end regions of the member
No concentrated load occurs with in d from
face of support .
1.
2.
When:
Location of Maximum Shear for
Beam Design
Compression from support at
bottom of beam tends to
close crack at support
Example: Design of Stirrups to Resist Shear
f
c
= 4000 psi
f
y
= 60 ksi
w
sdl
=1.2 k/ft
w
ll
= 1.8 k/ft
f
ys
= 40 ksi
w
b
= 0.5 k/ft
From flexural design:

will use either a #3 or #4 stirrup