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ANSWERS

LESSON 1.1 Building Blocks of Geometry

1. S 5. NS 8. KN 9.
A 3.2 cm M 2.0 cm D

2. 9 cm 6. PQ KL , NM

3. SN 7. SP LM , NO LO

4. endpoint

17. m APB would have to be 214, which is larger than an angle measure can be. 18. First it increases, then it is undefined, then decreases, then undefined, then increases.

C B

LESSON 1.3 Whats a Widget?

1. e 5. g 9. j 2. d 6. k 10. l 3. f 7. b 11. h 4. c 8. i 12. a

10.
2.5 cm A C

2.5 cm

13. Sample answers: sides of a road, columns, telephone poles

D 5 cm E

5 cm

11. E( 14, 15) 12. AB , AC , AD , AE , AF , BC , BD , BE , BF , CD , CE , CF , DE , DF , EF (15 lines)

B C

14. They have the same measure, 13. Because m Q 77, its complement has measure 13. So, m R 13, which is the same as m P. 15.
D Q
1 2

16.

13. 2 lines
Z Y U X V W

17.

B C A Y X

14. Possible coplanar set: {C, D, H, G}; 12 different sets

LESSON 1.4 Polygons LESSON 1.2 Poolroom Math

1. the vertex 4. 126 7. 47 10. 110 2. the bisector 3. a side 5. DAE 6. 133 9. 70
15 M O

Polygon name 1. Triangle 2. Quadrilateral 3. Pentagon 4. Hexagon 5. Heptagon 6. Octagon 7. Decagon 8. Dodecagon

Number of sides 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12

Number of diagonals 0 2 5 9 14 20 35 54

8. 63 11. N

12.

13.
90

160 z

9. 15. 120 16. 75

P

E N

10.
D

Q U A

14. 90

T A

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11.
G

A B

LESSON 1.6 Circles

1.
O A B

F E D

12. AC , AD , AE 13. Possible answer: AB and BC 14. Possible answer: A and B 2. 48

15. Possible answer: AC and FD 16. 82 20. 12 17. 7.2 18. 61 19. 16.1

4. 228 5. 312 1 6. 30 7. 105 8. 67 2 9. The chord goes through the center, P. (It is the diameter.)

3. 132

10.

11.

LESSON 1.5 Triangles and Special Quadrilaterals

For Exercises 17, answers will vary. Possible answers are shown. 1. AB 3. CG 5. 7. 8.
I

GH FH GEF EDG

2. EF 4. 6.

BI IFH GEF

12. (8, 2); (3, 7); (3, 13.

180

3)

EFH and DEG and

DEG and ADC and

T

50

9.
M R

R H O

290

10.

C L S M

11.
P N E A

14. Kite
E A B Q P A

15.

12.
T

K I

For Exercises 1325, answers may vary. Possible answers are shown. 13. ACFD 17. BFJD 21. ABD 25. F(8, 14. ACIG 18. BFHD 22. ABD 2) 26. G(16, 3) 15. EFHG 19. DHFJ 16. EFIG 20. DFJ

23. D(0, 3) 24. E(0, 5)

88

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LESSON 1.7 A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words

1.
10 m Possible locations Gas 5 A 5 Power 12 m

8. Possible answer:

9. Possible answer:

2.
4m 12 m Station 1 12 m 4m

30 m Wall

10. 18 cubes

11. x

2, y

Station 2 Possible locations Wall

LESSON 2.1 Inductive Reasoning

1. 20, 24 4. 1, 1 1 1 2. 12 2 , 6 4 5. 72, 60 8. 91, 140 5 3. 4 , 2 6. 343, 729

3. Dora, Ellen, Charles, Anica, Fred, Bruce

3 3 1 1 4

7. 485, 1457 9.

10.
D E C A F B

11.

4. Possible answers: a. b.

c.

12.

(3, 1) x (1, 3) x

LESSON 1.8 Space Geometry

1. 2.

13. True

14. True

1 15. False; 2

1 4

LESSON 2.2 Deductive Reasoning

1. No; deductive 2. 6, m D 2.5, 2; inductive 90); deductive

3.

3. m E

m D (m E

4. a, e, f; inductive 5. Deductive a. 4x 4. Rectangular prism 5. Pentagonal prism 4x 3(2 6 x 3x x) 3x 6 6 3x 6. 7. x 8 8 8 8 2 2 3 2x 2x 2x

The original equation. Distributive property. Combining like terms. Addition property of equality. Subtraction property of equality. Division property of equality.

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b.

19 19 19

2(3x 5 2(3x 6x 21

1) 1) 2 6x 21 11 1

x 5(x 5x 5x 11x 11x x

The original equation.

11. (See table at bottom of page.)

2) Multiplication property
of equality.

10 Distributive property. 10 Combining like terms. 10 Addition property of

equality. Subtraction property of equality. Division property of equality.
H H T T H H T T H T T

LESSON 2.4 Mathematical Modeling

1.
H T H H T H T H T H T H T H T H T H T Sequences with exactly one tail

6. 4, 1,

4,

11,

20; deductive

7. a. 16, 21; inductive b. f(n) 5n 9; 241; deductive 8. Sample answer: If any 3-digit number XYZ is multiplied by 7 11 13, then the result will be of the form XYZ,XYZ. This is because 7 11 13 1001. For example, 451 7 11 13 451(7 11 13)

451(1001) 451(1000 451,000 1) 451 451,451

LESSON 2.3 Finding the nth Term

1. Linear 4. Linear 5.
n f (n) 1 5 1 10 2 2 3 9 2 18 4 16 3 26 5 23 4 34 6 30

16 sequences of results. 4 sequences have exactly 4 1 one tail. So, P(one tail) 16 4 2. 66 different pairs. Use a dodecagon showing sides and diagonals. 3. Possible answers:
1 b 1 6 a 10 5 e 8 4 2 c 7 3 9 d d 6 f a 4 3 e 5 b 2 c 7

2. Linear

3. Not linear

6.

n g(n)

5 42

6 50
b

5 teams, 10 games
a

6 teams, 7 games

7. f(n) 8. f(n) 9. f(n) 10.

n Number of tiles

4n 5n 1 2n
1 1

5; f(50) 11; f(50) 6; f(50)

2 4 3 7

205 239 31

1 6 4 5 2 3 f e

4 10

5 13 3n

n 2

200 598

c d

6 teams, 6 games

Lesson 2.3, Exercise 11

11.

Figure number Number of segments and lines Number of regions of the plane

1 2 4

2 6 12

3 10 20

4 14 28 4n 8n

n 2 4

50 198 396
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LESSON 2.5 Angle Relationships

1. a 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. a 68, b 35, b 24, b 90, b 20, b 70, b 90, b 112, c 40, c 48 90, c 70, c 55, c 90 11. Never 42, d 20, d 25 9. Sometimes 12. Always 48, e 70, e 132 68 35, d 2. a 70 127

LESSON 3.1 Duplicating Segments and Angles

1.
P Q R S

110 2. XY
X Y

3PQ

2RS

10. Always 13. Never 16. 158 19. converse

14. Sometimes 15. acute 17. 90 18. obtuse

3. Possible answer: 128 35 93

4.

LESSON 2.6 Special Angles on Parallel Lines

C D D

1. One of: 6 and 2. One of: 3. One of: 4. One of: 4 and 5. One of: 7 and 4 and

1 and 8 2 and 1 and 1 and 7

3; 7; 8; 6;

5 and 3 and 4 and 3 and

7; 6 5 8;

2 and

4;

5.

6.

2 and

5;
C

1 and 2; 8; 1 and 8

3 and 4; 5; 2 and

5 and 6; 6; 3 and

7;

7. Four possible triangles. One is shown below.

6. Sometimes 9. Always 12. a 13. a 14. a 16. 18. a f

1

7. Always 10. Never 54, c 65, c 126 54 115, d

8. Always 11. Sometimes

54, b 115, b 72, b

2

65 15.
1 2

17. cannot be determined 78, c 58, d 122, e 26,

LESSON 3.2 Constructing Perpendicular Bisectors

1. 2. Square

102, b 58

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3. XY

5 4 AB

LESSON 3.3 Constructing Perpendiculars to a Line

1. False. The altitude from A coincides with the side so it is not shorter.
A

M A B B C

2. False. In an isosceles triangle, an altitude and median coincide so they are of equal length.

W X Y

4. midpoint P of AB is (4.5, 0); midpoint Q of BC is (7.5, 6); midpoint R of AC is (3, 6); slope PQ 2; slope QR 0; slope PR 4. 5. ABC is not unique.
A A M B B

3. True 4. False. In an acute triangle, all altitudes are inside. In a right triangle, one altitude is inside and two are sides. In an obtuse triangle, one altitude is inside and two are outside. There is no other possibility so exactly one altitude is never outside. 5. False. In an obtuse triangle, the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors is outside the triangle. 6. 7.
S P Q R

6.

ABC is not unique.

C C P A A B

Q B

8. WX

YZ

7. BD

AD
C

CD

Q D

8. a. A and B b. A, B, and C c. A and B and from C and D (but not from B and C) d. A and B and from E and D

92

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LESSON 3.4 Constructing Angle Bisectors

1.

5.
M O

6. Possible answer: 2. They are concurrent.

O B I

3. a. b. c. d.

and 2 1, 2, and 2, 3, and

1 1

3 4 3

7. Cannot be determined and 9. True

4

8. True 11. True 13. True

and

and from

10. False

4. AP is the bisector of 5. RN
H O M N R

CAB HO

12. Cannot be determined 14. False 15. True

GN and RO

LESSON 3.6 Construction Problems

1.
G T E

6. AC AD AF AB AB AD AF AC (B and C are reversed.)

A

AE or AE 2.

C Perimeter

LESSON 3.5 Constructing Parallel Lines

1.
P

2.
P A U

3.
S R

4.
A R m P P Q T

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3.
C T R T E

C E

LESSON 3.7 Constructing Points of Concurrency

1. Circumcenter 2. Locate the power-generation plant at the incenter. Locate each transformer at the foot of the perpendicular from the incenter to each side. 3.

4.
T U E O S B

5.

A B

4. Possible answers: In the equilateral triangle, the centers of the inscribed and circumscribed circles are the same. In the obtuse triangle, one center is outside the triangle.

6. Possible answer:
S1 S1 S2

S2

7. Possible answer:

S1

S1

5.

90

B B

8.
S1 S3 S2

94

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6. Possible answer: In an acute triangle, the circumcenter is inside the triangle. In a right triangle, it is on the hypotenuse. In an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside the triangle. (Constructions not shown.)

12. m BEA m CED because they are vertical angles. Because the measures of all three angles in each triangle add to 180, if equal measures are subtracted from each, what remains will be equal. 13. m QPT 135 14. m ADB 115

LESSON 3.8 The Centroid

1.

LESSON 4.2 Properties of Special Triangles

1. m T 3. x 64 2. m G 45

125 DBC BDC

4. a. A ABD b. BC DC 2.

5. a. DAB ABD BDC BCD b. ADB CBD c. AD BC by the Converse of the AIA Conjecture. 6. m PRQ 55 by VA, which makes m P 55 by the Triangle Sum Conjecture. So, PQR is isosceles by the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Conjecture.

3. CP
R

3.3 cm, CQ

5.7 cm, CR

4.8 cm

7. x 9.

21, y

16

8. m QPR

15

6 cm C

10 cm

CGI CIG CAE CEA FIE JED FJE BJH BHJ. Because BJH BHJ, JBH is isosceles by the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Conjecture.

8 cm

10. Possible method: m PQR 60: construction of equilateral triangle; m PQS 30: bisection of PQR; A PQS: angle duplication; mark AC AB; base angles B and C measure 75.
R

4. (3, 4) 5. PC 6. a. c. e. g. i. 16, CL 8, QM 15, CR 14

Incenter Circumcenter Orthocenter Centroid Circumcenter

b. Centroid d. Circumcenter f. Incenter h. Centroid j. Orthocenter

P B

LESSON 4.1 Triangle Sum Conjecture

1. p 3. a 4. r 5. x 7. s 67, q 78, b 40, s 31, y 28 a 15 29 40, t 64 100 6. y 8. m 145 1 72 2
C

2. x

82, y

81

11. (5, 6)

12. B(1,

1), C( 2, 6)

9. m P

LESSON 4.3 Triangle Inequalities

1. Yes 2. No
17 km 9 km 28 km

10. The sum of the measures of A and B is 90 because m C is 90 and all three angles must be 180. So, A and B are complementary. 11. 720
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3. Yes 4. No
13.4 ft 31.1 ft 17.7 ft

3. Only one triangle because of SAS.

Z

5. Not possible. AB 6.
P

BC

AC 7.

4. SAA or ASA BQM (SAS)

5. SSS 8. TIE (SSS)

6. SSS

9. Cannot be determined
Q R Y

10.

TNO (SAS)

7. 19 9. b 11. a 13. c 15. x c c a

x a d b

53

8. b 10. d b 12. c 14. x

a e b 76

c c a b a

A Z B

79

11. Cannot be determined

12. D(9, 9), G(3, 11)

16. The interior angle at A is 60. The interior angle at B is 20. But now the sum of the measures of the triangle is not 180. 17. By the Exterior Angles Conjecture, 2x x m PQS. So, m PQS x. So, by the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Conjecture, PQS is isosceles. 18. Possible answer: Consider ABC with altitudes AD , BE , and CF . Because the shortest distance from a point to a line is the perpendicular, AD AB, BE BC, and CF AC. So, AD BE CF AB BC AC. The sum of the altitudes is less than the perimeter.
B F D

LESSON 4.5 Are There Other Congruence Shortcuts?

1. All triangles will be congruent by ASA. Possible triangle:
R

2. All triangles will be congruent by SAA. Possible procedure: Use A and C to construct B and then to copy A and B at the ends of AB .
C C

LESSON 4.4 Are There Congruence Shortcuts?

1. Only one triangle because of SSS.
T U S A B

3. Cannot be determined

2. Two possible triangles.

A

4.
A B C B C

XZY (SAA) PRS (SAA) GQK (ASA or SAA)

5. 7.

ACB (ASA or SAA) NRA (SAA)

6. 8.

96

ANSWERS

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9.

ABE DEB (ASA or SAA); DEB (ASA or SAA); ABE BCD (Both are congruent to DEB.)

BCD

10. Q(18, 9), R(20, 7). Slope BC 8 and slope QR 8. They have the same slope so they are parallel.

11. Possible answer: DE CF (see Exercise 10). DEF CFE because both are right angles, EF FE because they are the same segments. So, DEF CFE by SAS. EC FD by CPCTC. 12. Possible answer: Because TP RA and PTR ART are given and TR RT , being the same segment, PTR ART by SAS and TA RP by CPCTC.

LESSON 4.6 Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles

1. SSS, SAS, ASA, SAA 2. Third Angle Conjecture (or CPCTC after SAA) 3. Triangles are congruent by SAA. BC and QR are corresponding parts of congruent triangles. 4. AIA Conjecture 6. ASA 8. 9. YWM ACD 5. AIA Conjecture 7. CPCTC ZXM by SAS. YW BCD by SAS. AD ZX by CPCTC. BD by CPCTC.

LESSON 4.7 Flowchart Thinking

1. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.) 2. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.) 3. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.)

LESSON 4.8 Proving Isosceles Triangle Conjectures

1. AD 3. m B 5. AN 8 71, CB 17 2. m ACD 36 1 19 2 4. m E 60 6. Perimeter ABCD

10. Possible answer: DE and CF are both the distance between DC and AB . Because the lines are parallel, the distances are equal. So, DE CF .

104

Lesson 4.7, Exercises 1, 2, 3

1.

PQ Given PQ SR Given PQS

SR

RSQ

PQS

RSQ

SP

QR

AIA Conjecture QS QS

SAS Conjecture

CPCTC

Same segment

2.

KE Given KITE is a kite Given TE

KI ETK TI KET KIT CPCTC EKT CPCTC IKT ITK KT bisects and ETI Definition of bisect EKI

Definition of kite KT KT

SSS Conjecture

Same segment

3.
AB CD ABCD is a parallelogram Given AD CB Definition of parallelogram Definition of parallelogram

ABD

CDB

AIA Conjecture BD DB BDA DBC A CPCTC C

Same segment ADB CBD

ASA Conjecture

AIA Conjecture ANSWERS

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7. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.) 8. Given: Isosceles ABC with AC BC and median CD Show: CD bisects ACB Flowchart Proof
CD is a median Given AC Given BC AD BD CD CD
C

6. 170; 36 sides 8. x 10. x 105 18

7. 15 sides 9. x 105 147

11. m HFD

LESSON 5.2 Exterior Angles of a Polygon

A D B

1. a 3. a

64, b 156, b

2 138 3 132, c

2. a 108

102, b

4. 12 sides 6. 4 sides 8. m TXS m HXO

Definition of median ADC BDC Same segment

5. 24 sides 7. 6 sides 30, m SXP 18, m PXH 15, m OXY 45 12,

SSS Conjecture ACD CPCTC CD bisects ACB Definition of bisect BCD

9. Each exterior angle is cut in half. 10. a 11. 135, b 40, c 105, d 135

LESSON 5.1 Polygon Sum Conjecture

1. a 2. x 3. p 4. a f 103, b 121.7, y 172, q 92, b 136 150
C 110 B A 70 D 125 85 150 E

12. 83, e 154

108

108

103, c 130 116, r 44, c

97, d

108

137, s 51, d

90, t 85, e

135 44,

108

108

LESSON 5.3 Kite and Trapezoid Properties

1. x 2. x 3. x 4. x 30 124, y 64, y 12, y 56 43 49

5. m E

Lesson 4.8, Exercise 7

CD CD

Same segment CD is an altitude Given ADC and BDC are right angles Definition of altitude AC Given BC ADC BDC ADC BDC AD BD CD is a median Definition of median

Both are right angles

SAA Conjecture

CPCTC

Converse of IT

98

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5.

7. MN 56; perimeter ABCD 166; MP 12; m DON 90; DP cannot be determined; m A m B cannot be determined; m B m C 180 8. AMNO is a parallelogram. By the Triangle Midsegment Conjecture, ON AM and MN AO . Flowchart Proof 1) 8. PS
D

6. T(13, 9. a 11

5)

7. N(1, 10.
A

33
OC

1 _ AC 2

MN

1 _ AC 2

C B

Definition of midpoint OC MN

Midsegment Conjecture

11. Possible answer: Given: Trapezoid TRAP with Show: TP RA

P A

1 Both congruent to _ AC 2

R
MB 1 _ AB 2 ON 1 _ AB 2

Definition of midpoint
R

Midsegment Conjecture MB

ON

Paragraph proof: Draw AE PT . TEAP is a parallelogram. T AER because they are corresponding angles of parallel lines. T R because it is given. Therefore, AER is isosceles by the Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Conjecture. So, TP EA because they are opposite sides of a parallelogram and AR EA because AER is isosceles. Therefore, TP RA because both are congruent to EA .

1 Both congruent to _ AB 2 CON A NMB A

CA Conjecture CON NMB

CA Conjecture

Both congruent to

LESSON 5.4 Properties of Midsegments

1. a 2. x 3. x 89, b 21, y 17, y 54, c 7, z 11, z XYZ 32 6.5 66, PQ 37, ZX 1.6, 27.5 91

ONC

MBN

SAS Conjecture

4. Perimeter

5. M(12, 6), N(14.5, 2); slope AB slope MN 1.6

9. Paragraph proof: Looking at FGR, HI FG by the Triangle Midsegment Conjecture. Looking at PQR, FG PQ for the same reason. Because FG PQ , quadrilateral FGQP is a trapezoid and DE is the midsegment, so it is parallel to FG and PQ . Therefore, HI FG DE PQ .

6. Pick a point P from which A and B can be viewed over land. Measure AP and BP and find the midpoints M and N. AB 2MN.
A B

LESSON 5.5 Properties of Parallelograms

1. Perimeter ABCD 2. AC 3. AB 4. a 22, BD 16, BC 51, b 35.5 41, b 75 86, c 53 8. 24 cm 14 7 48, c 70 82 cm

5. AB 6. a

7. AD

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9. No
D A B D C

9. c, d, f, g 11. d, g 13. b 15. Trapezoid (isosceles) 17. Parallelogram

10. c, d, f, g 12. d, g 14. Rectangle 16. None 18. R( 6, 9), S( 9, 3)

LESSON 5.7 Proving Quadrilateral Properties

A C

1. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.) 2. Flowchart Proof

AB Given

CB

10.
F2
Resultant vector F1 F2

AD Given DB

CD

ABD

CBD

A CPCTC

F1

SSS Conjecture DB

11. a f

38, b 38, g

142, c 142, d 38, e 142, 52, h 12, i 61, j 81, k 61

Same segment

12. 66 cm

LESSON 5.6 Properties of Special Parallelograms

1. OQ 16, m QRS 90, SQ 90, 32

3. Possible answer: Given: Rhombus ABCD Show: ABO CBO CDO ADO Flowchart Proof
AO CO

D O

2. m OKL 45, m MOL perimeter KLMN 32 3. OB 4.

D C

6, BC

11, m AOD

90
AB CB CD

Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other AD BO DO

Definition of rhombus
A

Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other CBO CDO ADO

ABO

SSS Conjecture

5. c, d, f, g 7. f, g

6. d, e, g 8. h

Lesson 5.7, Exercise 1

APR BP Given AB CD DQ CQR AR APR CQR CR AC and QP bisect each other Definition of bisect

AIA Conjecture AP CQ

CPCTC PR QR

Subtraction of congruent segments PAR QCR

ASA Conjecture

Opposite sides of parallelogram congruent

CPCTC

AIA Conjecture

100

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4. Flowchart Proof
m XAY 1 m DAB 2

Definition of bisector DAB DCB 1 m DCB 2

bisector of the chord connecting the endpoints. Fold and crease so that one endpoint falls on any other point on the arc. The crease is the perpendicular bisector of the chord between the two matching points. The center is the intersection of the two creases.

m XCY

Opposite angles of parallelogram XAY

Definition of bisector
Center

XCY

DC AB Definition of parallelogram XCY CYB

Halves of congruent angles are congruent XAY CYB

8. P(0,1), M(4, 2) 10. mAB 49, mABC mACB 311

9. B 253, mBAC 156,

Both congruent to XCY AX YC Converse of CA

AIA Conjecture

AXCY is a parallelogram Definition of parallelogram

LESSON 6.2 Tangent Properties

1. w 126 2. m BQX 65

5. Flowchart Proof
DAX BCY

AIA Conjecture AD CB AXD CYB

Opposite sides of parallelogram AXD CYB

Both are 90

SAA Conjecture DX BY

CPCTC

LESSON 6.1 Chord Properties

1. x 16 cm, y cannot be determined 90

3. a. Trapezoid. Possible explanation: MP and NQ are both perpendicular to PQ , so they are parallel to each other. The distance from M to PQ is MP, and the distance from N to PQ is NQ. But the two circles are not congruent, so MP NQ. Therefore, MN is not a constant distance from PQ and they are not parallel. Exactly one pair of sides is parallel, so MNQP is a trapezoid. b. Rectangle. Possible explanation: Here MP NQ, so MN PQ . Therefore, MNQP is a parallelogram. Because P and Q both measure 90, M and N also measure 90, as they are opposite Q and P respectively. Therefore, MNQP is a rectangle. 1 4. y 3 x 10 5.
A T P

2. v cannot be determined, w 3. z 4. w 5. w 45 100, x 49, x 50, y 122.5, y 110

65.5

6. a. 4.85 cm

b. 11.55 cm

6. kite. Possible explanation: OM ON because congruent chords AB and AC are the same distance from the center. AM AN because they are halves of congruent chords. So, AMON has two pairs of adjacent congruent sides and is a kite. 7. Possible answer: Fold and crease to match the endpoints of the arc. The crease is the perpendicular

7. Possible answer: Tangent segments from a point to a circle are congruent. So PA PB , PB PC , and PC PD . Therefore, PA PD . 8. Possible answer: PB PA and PC PA , so PB PC . Therefore, PBC is isosceles. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are congruent, so PCB PBC.

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LESSON 6.3 Arcs and Angles

1. m XNM 2. x 3. a 4. a 5. x 120, y 90, b 50, b 140 90, mAB 72, m C 30, mAB 58, s 87 50, e 90, k 130, 40, 36, mCB 60, 108 40, mXN 60, z 55, c 60, c 180, mMN 120 35 70 100

3. X is the intersection of PQ and RS . Flowchart Proof

XP XR XQ XS

Tangent Segments Conjecture PX XQ RX

Tangent Segments Conjecture XS

6. m A

Equals added to equals are equal PX XQ PQ RX XS RS

7. mAD 140, m D mDAB 200 8. p 128, q 87, r

P, X, Q are collinear PQ RS

R, X, S are collinear

9. a 50, b 50, c 80, d f 90, g 50, h 50, j m 80, n 50, p 130

Transitivity PQ RS

LESSON 6.4 Proving Circle Conjectures

1. Construct DO .
A
1

Definition of congruent segments

O
4 3 2

D B

4. Possible answer: Given: ABCD is circumscribed about circle O. W, X, Y, and Z are the points of tangency. Show: AB CD BC AD
A k W B X O n D n Y m m C k Z

Flowchart Proof
2 1 1

CA Conjecture 2 4

IT Conjecture

Transitivity 4 3 2 3

AIA Conjecture DE BE

Transitivity

Paragraph Proof: AW AZ k, BW BX , CY CX m, and DY DZ n by the Tangent Segments Conjecture. So, AB CD (AW BW) (CY DY) k m n and BC AD (BX CX) (AZ DZ) m k n. Therefore, k m n m k n, so, AB CD BC AD. 5. Given: AB Show: AB
D

Central angles are congruent

2. Flowchart Proof
XC XA XA XD

CD CD
B

Tangent Segments Conjecture XC XD

Tangent Segments Conjecture

A O C

Transitivity AB bisects CD at X Definition of segment bisector

102

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Flowchart Proof Construct radii AO , OB , OC , and OD .

AB Given AOB COD CD

LESSON 6.5 The Circumference/Diameter Ratio

1. C 3. d 5. C 7. C 9. C 10. d 21 cm 9.6 cm 60 cm 2 2 cm 2. r 4. C 6. d 8. C 12.5 cm 12 cm 24 cm 30.2 cm

Definition of arc measure AO CO BO DO

50.9 cm 42.0 cm, r 37.7 in. 21.0 cm

11. C

Radii of same circle

Radii of same circle

12. Yes; about 2.0 in.

5 in.

AOB

COD
2 in.

SAS Conjecture AB CD

CPCTC

6. Given: AB and CD are chords that intersect at X. AB CD . Show: AX CX and DX BX Flowchart Proof Construct AC and BD .
AB Given CD

D X A

13. C
C

75.4 cm

14. Press the square against the tree as shown. Measure the tangent segment on the square. The tangent segment is the same length as the radius. Use C 2 r to find the circumference.

Tree

AB

CD

BD

BD

Chord Arcs Conjecture AD CB

Same arc

15. 4 cm

16. 13.2 m

Subtract equals from equals AD CB

LESSON 6.6 Around the World

1. At least 7 olive pieces 2. About 2.5 rotations 3.
BXC (2 (60 4.23 107) 60 23.93)

Converse of Chord Arcs Conjecture DAB BCD DXA

3085 m/sec (about 3 km/sec or just under 2 mi/sec)

Inscribed Angles Intersecting Arcs Conjecture AXD

VA Conjecture

CXB

SAA Conjecture AX CX DX BX

4. Each wrapping of the first 100 requires 0.4 cm, or 40 altogether. The next 100 wrappings require 0.5 cm each, or 50 altogether. Continue to increase the diameter by 0.1 cm. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 490 cm 1539.4 cm 15.4 m. 5. 6.05 cm or 9.23 cm 6. Sitting speed 107,500 km/hr
(2 1.4957 (364.25 1011 103) 24)

CPCTC

CPCTC

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LESSON 6.7 Arc Length

1. 4 80 5. 9 8. 31.5 2. 4 3. 30 25 6. 6.25 or 4 9. 22 10. 396 35 4. 9 100 7. 9

11. 1 line of reflection

LESSON 7.1 Transformations and Symmetry

1.
I T R R I L T P Q P A

12. 4-fold rotational symmetry, 4 lines of reflection

2.

R A L R C

3.
A T P A P E N

T N E

13.
B

A P B

4. Possible answers: The two points where the figure and the image intersect determine . Or connect any two corresponding points and construct the perpendicular bisector, which is .
D D C B A

LESSON 7.2 Properties of Isometries

1. Rotation
y

C E B

(2, 3)

5. 3-fold rotational symmetry, 3 lines of reflection

(2, 1)

6. 2-fold rotational symmetry 7. 1 line of reflection 8. 2-fold rotational symmetry, 2 lines of reflection 9. 2-fold rotational symmetry, 2 lines of reflection
(5, 1)

(2, 1)

(5, 1) x

(2, 3)

2. Translation
C y (2, 6)

(5, 4)

(2, 4)

10. 2-fold rotational symmetry

(2, 0) (1, 2) x

(2, 2)

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3. Reflection
y (0, 5) (4, 5)

8. Reflection over the line x 9. m ROT

P R

50; rotation 100 clockwise about O

P x (2, 2) (0, 2) (4, 2) (6, 2) O T

4.
S Fence

10. Translation 2 cm along the line perpendicular to k and

S P

k F 1 cm

Fence 1

5.

S F Fence 2 P

11.

6. (x, y) (x C( 8, 4)

13, y

6); translation; B (8, 8),

7. (x, y) ( x, y); reflection over the y-axis; P (7, 3), R( 4, 5) 8. (x, y) (y, x); reflection over the line y T (7, 0), R(0, 3) x;

12.

A B

9. 1. (x, y) ( x, y); 2. (x, y) (x 4, y 6); 3. (x, y) ( x 4, y); 6. (x, y) (x 13, y 6); 7. (x, y) ( x, y); 8. (x, y) (y, x)

C C

C C A

B A B

LESSON 7.3 Compositions of Transformations

1. Translation by ( 2, 5)

LESSONS 7.47.8 Tessellations

1. n 15 2. n 20

2. Rotation 45 counterclockwise 3. Translation by ( 16, 0) 4. Rotation 180 about the intersection of the two lines 5. Translation by ( 16, 0) 6. Rotation 180 about the intersection of the two lines 7. Reflection over the line x 3

3. Possible answer: A regular tessellation is a tessellation in which the tiles are congruent regular polygons whose edges exactly match.

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4. Possible answer: A 1-uniform tiling is a tessellation in which all vertices are identical.

11. Sample answer:

5.

LESSON 8.1 Areas of Rectangles and Parallelograms

1. 110 cm2 2. 81 cm2 3. 61 m 4. 10 cm 5. 98 2 ft, or 98 ft 8 in. 3 6. No. Possible answer:
40 2.5 cm 34 cm

6. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Each angle measures 120. EFGHI is a pentagon. m IEF m EFG m H 120, m G m I 90
I H F A B E D C

40 17 cm

5 cm

7. 88 units2 9. 737 ft

8. 72 units2 10. 640 acres

11. No. Carpet area is 20 yd2 180 ft2. Room area is (21.5 ft)(16.5 ft) 206.25 ft2. Dana will be 26 1 ft2 short. 4

LESSON 8.2 Areas of Triangles, Trapezoids, and Kites

7. 1. 40 cm2 3. b 12 in. 2. 135 cm2

8. 3.42.6 3.6.3.6 9. Sample answer:

4. AD 4.8 cm 1 5. 123.5 cm2 6. 16 7. Distance from A to BC 6 because the shortest distance from a point to a line is the perpendicular. Area using BC and this distance 27. Similarly, altitude from B 6. So, area using base AC 30. Also, altitude from C 9. So, again area 27. Combining these calculations, area of the triangle 27. 8. 48 in.2 10. 54 units2 9. 88 cm2 11. 49 units2

LESSON 8.3 Area Problems

10. Sample answer: 1. $1596.00 2. Possible answer:
2 2 2 8

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3 3 3 2

5 2 2 2 3 2 5 3

9. Possible answer: s A 45.9 cm2

3.1 cm, a

3.7 cm,

3. $18.75

4. 500 L

5. 40 pins: other diagonal is 6 cm; total rectangle area 1134 cm2; area of 1 kite 24 cm2; area of 40 kites 960 cm2; area of waste 174 cm2; percentage wasted 15.3%

10. 31.5 cm2: area of square 36; area of square within 3 angle 13.5; area of octagon 120; area 8 36 3 of octagon within angle 45; shaded 8 120 area 45 13.5 31.5 cm2 11. In trapezoid ABCD, AB 5.20 cm (2.60 2.60), DC 1.74 cm (0.87 0.87), and the altitude 3 cm. Therefore, area ABCD 10.41 cm2. In regular hexagon CDEFGH, s 1.74 cm, a 1.5 cm. Therefore, area CDEFGH 7.83 cm2.

6. It is too late to change the area. The length of the diagonals determines the area.
A E

LESSON 8.4 Areas of Regular Polygons

1. A 3. p 696 cm2 43.6 cm 2. a 4. n 7.8 cm 10
B

F G

C H

5. The circumscribed circle has diameter 16 cm. The inscribed circle has diameter 13.9 cm. 6. s 4 cm, a 2.8 cm, A 28 cm2

LESSON 8.5 Areas of Circles

1. 10.24 cm2 4. 191.13 cm2 7. 51.31 cm2 10. 56.25% 2. 23 cm 5. 41.41 cm 8. 33.56 cm2 3. 324 cm2 6. 7.65 cm2 9. 73.06 units2

11. 78.54 cm2 12. 1,522,527 ft2

7. s

2.5 cm, a

3 cm, A

30 cm2

LESSON 8.6 Any Way You Slice It

1. 16.06 cm2 4. 31.42 cm2 7. r 9. OT 7.07 cm 8.36 cm 2. 13.98 cm2 3. 42.41 cm2

5. 103.67 cm2 6. 298.19 cm2 8. r 7.00 cm

8. s

2 cm, a

3.1 cm, A

31 cm2

10. 936 ft2

LESSON 8.7 Surface Area

1. 136 cm2 4. 796.4 cm2 7. 1055.6 cm2
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2. 255.6 cm2 5. 356 cm2 8. 1999.4 ft2

3. 558.1 cm2 6. 468 cm2

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9. 1 sheet: front rectangle: 3 1 1 4 1 ; back rectangle: 2 2 3 2 1 7 1 ; bottom rectangle: 3 2 6; 2 2 side trapezoids: 2 2 Area of 1 sheet
1 1 _ ft 2

11. 129.6 units2

22 6 32 6 4.8 10 8

21 2

11 2

8; total

26 ft2.

8
Front

32 ft2. Possible pattern:

1 1 _ ft 2

12. cannot be determined 14. cannot be determined

13. No 15. Yes

Side
1 2 _ ft 2

2 ft

Left over 3 ft

16. Yes
2 ft

1 2 _ ft 2

Side

Back
1 1 _ ft 2

1 2 _ ft 2

Bottom

LESSON 9.3 Two Special Right Triangles

1. AC 30 2 ; AB 30 area 450 450 2 2. AC = 30 2 ; AB 30 2 area 900 900 3 3. Perimeter area 60 32 6 2 18 3 30 2 ; 30 6 ; 6 3;

2 ft

3 ft

3 ft

LESSON 9.1 The Theorem of Pythagoras

1. a 3. x 5. Area 7. 29.5 cm 9. RV 11. SA 15.4 cm 121.3 cm2 21 cm 8 ft 19.0 ft2 2. p 4. h 23.9 cm 14.3 in. 1); r 5

6. C(11, 8. Area 10. 6.4 cm

49.7 cm2

12. If the base area is 16 cm2, then the radius is 4 cm. The radius is a leg of the right triangle; the slant height is the hypotenuse. The leg cannot be longer than the hypotenuse. 13. Area 150 in.2; hypotenuse QR 25 in.; altitude to the hypotenuse 12 in. 14. 1.6 cm 15. 75.2 cm

4. 60.75 3 1 2 5. Area 2 (p r) 6. 36.25 3 3 1 7. C 2 , 2 8. C( 6 3 , 6)

rq

9. Possible procedure: Construct a right triangle with one leg 2 units and the hypotenuse 4 units. The other leg will be 2 3 units. 10. Possible procedure: Construct a right triangle with legs 1 unit and 2 units. Then construct a square on the hypotenuse. The square has area 5 units2. 11. Area 234.31 ft2

LESSON 9.2 The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem

1. No 5. Yes 2. Yes 6. Yes 3. Yes 7. No 4. No

LESSON 9.4 Story Problems

1. The foot is about 8.7 ft away from the base of the building. To lower it by 2 ft, move the foot an additional 3.3 ft away from the base of the building. 2. About 6.4 km
4.1 km 0.4 km 1.2 km 0.9 km

8. Yes. By the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, both ABD and EBC are right and in both B 90. So ABD and EBC form a linear pair and A, B, and C all lie on the same line. 9. The top triangle is equilateral, so half its side length is 2.5. A triangle with sides 2.5, 6, and 6.5 is a right triangle because 2.52 62 6.52. So the angle marked 95 is really 90.

2.3 km 1.7 km

10. x 44.45. By the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem, ADC is a right triangle, and ADC is a right angle. ADC and BDC are supplementary, so BDC is also a right triangle. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.

3.1 km

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3. 149.5 linear feet of trim must be painted, or 224.3 feet2. Two coats means 448.6 ft2 of coverage. Just over 2 1 quarts of paint is needed. If Hans buys 2 3 quarts, he would have almost 1 quart left. It is 2 slightly cheaper to buy 1 gallon and have about 1 1 quarts left. The choice is one of money versus 2 conserving. 4. 140 or 320

PT 2

PM 2 (PS

TM 2 SM)2 TM 2
PM PS SM. SM)2.

PS 2 2PS SM SM 2 TM 2 PS 2 2PS SM SM 2 SM 2 PS 2 PS(PS PS(PS 2PS SM

Expand (PS

SM and TM are both radii. Cancel SM 2. Factor out PS.

LESSON 9.5 Distance in Coordinate Geometry

1. Isosceles; perimeter 32
4 3; 4 2. M(7, 10); N(10, 14); slope MN 3 ; slope BC MN 5; BC 10; the slopes are equal. MN 1 BC. 2

2SM) SQ)

2SM SQ because 2r d. Because

PS SQ PQ.

PS 4. 5338

PQ 37 36.1 cm 177.7 cm2 10.7 16 3 17.7

3. ABCD is a rhombus: All sides 34 , 3 slope AB , slope BC 3 , so B is not 5 5 a right angle, and ABCD is not a square. 4. PQRS is a rhombus: All sides 82 , slope PQ 9, slope QR 1 , so Q is not 9 a right angle, and PQRS is not a square. 5. KLMN is a kite: KL LM 50 , MN KN 8

5. Area 6. AD 7. PR 8. ST 9. ST

56.57 115.04 8 ; PB 3 9 3 3 35

6. EFGH is a parallelogram: Opposite sides have the same length and same slope: EF GH 160 ; 1 slope EF and GF ; FG EH 90 ; slope FG 3 1 and EH 3 7. WXYZ is a square: All sides 9 YZ 8 , slope XY and WZ measure 90. 145 , slope WX and 8 9 , so all angles

LESSON 10.1 The Geometry of Solids

1. oblique 4. bases 7. Circle C 10. BC or BC 2. the axis 5. a radius 8. A 3. the altitude 6. right 9. AC or AC

11. Right pentagonal prism

8. TUVW is an isosceles trapezoid: TU and VW have slope 1, so they are parallel. UV and TW have length 20 and are not parallel 1 (slope UV 2). 2 , slope TW 9. (x 0)2 (y 3)2 25 10. The distances from the center to the three points on the circle are not all the same: AP 61 , BP 61 , CP 52 11. ( 2, 4), (6, 0), (7, (3, 9), (0, 0), ( 1, 7), (8, 4), (6, 8), (7, 7), (3, 1), (0, 8), ( 1, 1), 1)

12. ABCDE and FGHIJ 13. AF , BG , CH , DI , EJ 14. Any of AF , BG , CH , DI , EJ or their lengths 15. False. The axis is not perpendicular to the base in an oblique cone. 16. False. In an oblique prism, the lateral edge is not an altitude. 17. False. A rectangular prism has six faces. Four are called lateral faces and two are called bases. 18. False. In order for a polyhedron to be a regular polyhedron, all faces must be regular polygons and also congruent to each other. 19. False. Only the bases are trapezoids. The lateral faces are rectangles or parallelograms. 20. tetrahedron 23. height 21. cube 24. lateral face 22. heptahedron

LESSON 9.6 Circles and the Pythagorean Theorem

1. CB 132 11.5
1 2. Midpoint of chord CA is H(6, 9). Slope HT 4. This is not perpendicular to chord CA , which has undefined slope.

3. PT 88 9.4; PT 2 88; PS PQ 88. Sample explanation: PTM is a right triangle, so

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LESSON 10.2 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders

1. 232.16 cm3 3. 415.69 cm3 1 2 5. V 4p h 3 7. 6 ft 2. 144 cm3 4. V 6. V 8x 2y 6 1 2 12xy x 2y

8. 1.5 cm 10. 155.0 units3 12. 17.86

9. 497.4 units3 11. 823.2 in.3; 47.6%

LESSON 10.7 Surface Area of a Sphere

1. V 2. V 3. V 4. V 1563.5 cm3; S 184.3 cm3; S 890.1 cm3; S 34.1 cm3; S 651.4 cm2 163.4 cm2 486.9 cm2 61.1 cm2

8. 30.77 yd3

LESSON 10.3 Volume of Pyramids and Cones

1. 80 cm3 4. V 7. B 10. B 840x3 2. 209.14 cm3 3. 615.75 cm3 8 2 2 5. V 3 a b 6. V 4 xy 8. C 9. C

1 5. 457 3 cm3 1436.8 cm3 6. About 3.9 cm 7. About 357.3 cm2 8. About 1.38197 9. 163.4 units2 11. 9 quarts

LESSON 10.4 Volume Problems

1. 6 17 cm in.3. 2. 6.93 ft

10. 386.4 units2

3. 0.39 Possible method: 120 sheets make a stack 0.5 in. high, so the volume of 120 sheets is 8.5 11 0.5 46.75 in.3. Dividing by 120 gives a volume of 0.39 in.3 per sheet. 4. 24 cans; 3582 in.3 5. 48 cans; 3708 in.3 6. About 45.7 cm3 7. 2000.6 lb (about 1 ton) 8 3 2 8. V 3 cm ; SA (8 4 2 ) cm 9. About 110,447 gallons 10. 57 truckloads 2.07 ft3; 34.6% 2.14 ft3; 21.5%

LESSON 11.1 Similar Polygons

1. AP 8 cm; EI 7 cm; SN 15 cm; YR 120; 12 cm

2. SL 5.2 cm; MI 10 cm; m D m U 85; m A 80

3. Possible method: First, extend PQ and PS . Then, mark off arcs equal to PQ and PS. Then, construct lines parallel to QR and SR to determine R .
S R R S P Q Q

13.66

cm2

LESSON 10.5 Displacement and Density

1. 53.0 cm3 3. 0.54 g/cm3 2. 7.83 g/cm3 4. 4.95 in.

4. QS 3 3 by the Pythagorean Theorem. But then 3 3 by similarity 3 8 , which is not true. 6 5. Yes. All angle measures are equal and all sides are proportional. 6 8 6. Yes 7. No. 18 22 . 8. Yes DA RT 9. DA 1.5; Explanations will vary. RT
T

5. No, its not gold (or at least not pure gold). The mass of the nugget is 165 g, and the volume is 17.67 cm3, so the density is 9.34 g/cm3. Pure gold has density 19.3 g/cm3.

LESSON 10.6 Volume of a Sphere

1. 1150.3 cm3 3. 785.4 cm3 5. 11 cm 2 6. 10,666 3 ft3 33,510.3 ft3 7. 4500 in.3 14,137.2 in.3
O

T R D D R A A

2. 12.4 cm3 4. 318.3 cm3

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LESSON 11.2 Similar Triangles

1. MC 2. 3. Q A 10.5 cm X; QR E; CD 15 cm; QP 4.84 cm; QS 13.5 cm; AB 51 cm 11.44 cm 10 cm

LESSON 11.4 Corresponding Parts of Similar Triangles

1. h 0.9 cm; j 4.0 cm 3. 4.2 cm 12 cm;

4. TS

5. AA Similarity Conjecture 6. CA 64 cm 7. x 18.59 cm

2. 3.75 cm, 4.50 cm, 5.60 cm 5 4. WX 13 7 cm; AD 21 cm; DB 6 YZ 8 cm; XZ 6 7 cm 5. AC 10 cm

8. Yes. By the Pythagorean Theorem the common side 75 is 5. 3 3.5 and the included angles are both right, 4 so by SAS the triangles are similar. 9. ABC EDC. Possible explanation: A E and B D by AIA, so by the AA Similarity Conjecture the triangles are similar. PQR STR. Possible explanation: P S and Q T because they are inscribed in the same arc, so by the AA Similarity Conjecture the triangles are similar. MLK NOK. Possible explanation: MLK NOK by CA, K K by identity, so by the AA Similarity Conjecture the two triangles are similar.

6. Possible answer: Call the original segment AB . Construct AC . Mark off 8 congruent segments of any length. Connect 8 to B and construct a parallel to B8 through 3. C then divides AB into the ratio 3 : 5.
A C 3 C 8 B

10.

7. x 8. a 9. CB

50 80 3.85 cm; y 13 6.15 cm 13 8 cm; b 3.2 cm; c 2.8 cm 24 cm; CD 5.25 cm; AD 8.75 cm

11.

LESSON 11.5 Proportions with Area and Volume

1. Yes 2. 9 5. 25 6. 9. 2 : 3 10. 8 12. 888 9 cm2 No 36 1 8 : 125 3. Yes 25 7. 4 11. 3 : 4 13. 6 ft2 4. Yes 8. 16 : 25

12. Any two of IRG RHG IHR. In each triangle, one angle is right, and each of the three pairs have a common angle. So, by the AA Similarity Conjecture, any pair of the three are similar. 13. Sample answer:
P X T R

PXA
A

RXT

LESSON 11.6 Proportional Segments Between Parallel Lines

1. x 3. No 12 cm 2. Yes 4. NE 6 cm; PQ 9 cm; b 4 cm; RI 31.25 cm

LESSON 11.3 Indirect Measurement with Similar Triangles

1. 27 ft 5. 18.5 ft 2. 5 ft 4 in. 3. 6510 ft 4. 110.2 mi

5. PR 6. a 7. RS

12 cm

18 cm

6. 0.6 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m, and 3.0 m

O1

7. Possible answer: The two triangles O2 are roughly similar. Let O1 be an object obscured by your thumb when you look through your left eye, and O2 an object obscured by your right eye. Assuming you know the approximate distance between T O1 and O2, you can approximate 75 cm the distance from T to O1 (or O2). L Here, it is about 10 TO1. (In most 7.5 cm cases, 10 will be a pretty good multiplier. This can be a very convenient way to estimate distance.)

20 cm 2 8. PE 8.75 cm, QT 6 7 cm 9. x 20 cm; y 7.2 cm 97 1 10. x 3.28 cm; y 5 3 cm 3 16 8 11. p 3 cm; q 3 cm 12. x 8.75 cm; y 15.75 cm 13. AC 5 cm; XY 15 cm. Possible explanation: XY divides BC and BA proportionately 13 12 , so 26 24 XY is parallel to AC . So, by CA, m YXB 90.

22.5 cm, EB

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LESSON 12.1 Trigonometric Ratios

1. sin P 4. sin Q 7. sin T 9. tan T 11. cos R 13. x 16. x p r q r 0.800 2. cos P 5. cos Q 8. cos T q 3. tan P r p r 6. tan Q 0.600 0.600 0.750 149.53 p q q p

LESSON 12.4 The Law of Cosines

1. t 3. w 13 cm 34 cm 76, m B 77, m P 46, m U 2. b 4. a 45, m C 66, m S 85, m V 67 cm 39 cm 59 37 49

5. m A 6. m A 7. m S 8. 24

1.333 10. sin R 0.800 12. tan R 14. x

12.27 18.28 53 22

29.75 15. x 71 30

9. About 43.0 cm 11. About 492.8 ft 13. About 5.8 m, 139

17. m A 19. m C 21. w 23. y 25. a 28. h

10. About 34.7 in. 12. l 70.7 ft

18. m B 20. m D 22. x 24. z 27. t

18.0 cm 76.3 cm 28.3 26. f 34.0 cm 5.1 cm 12.5 ft

LESSON 12.5 Problem Solving with Trigonometry

1. 2.85 mi/hr; about 15 2. m A 50.64, m B 59.70, m C 69.66

7.4 cm 11.1 cm 11.9 in.

29. apothem

4.1 cm, radius

3. About 8.0 km from Tower 1, 5.1 km from Tower 2 4. a. cos A 1 sin2 A b. cos A 0.7314

LESSON 12.2 Problem Solving with Right Triangles

1. area 214 cm2 36 cm2 2. area 4. area 6. y 325 ft2 109 in.2 31.3 20.5 cm

5. About 853 miles 6. About 248 30 ft, or 218 ft the length of the second shot l 278 ft where l is

3. shaded area 5. x 7. a 9. 54.0 7.6 in. 45.2

7. About 530 ft of fencing; about 11,656 ft2

8. diameter 10. 28.3

LESSON 13.1 The Premises of Geometry

1. a. b. c. d. e. f. Given Distributive property Substitution property Subtraction property Addition property Division property
M

11. About 2.0 m 13. About 202.3 newtons 15. About 33.7

12. About 30.6 14. About 445.2 ft 16. About 22.6 ft

LESSON 12.3 The Law of Sines

1. area 4. area 7. p 46 cm2 65 cm2 17 cm 2. area 5. m 8. q 24 m2 14 cm 13 cm 3. area 6. n 45 ft2 37 cm

2. False

9. m B 10. m P 11. m K 12. m STU 13. m B

66, m C 37, m Q 81, m M

33 95 21 41, m SVU 12.3 cm2 95

3. False
D A B P

139, m U 81, m C

40, area

4. True; Perpendicular Postulate 5. True; transitive property of congruence and definition of congruence

14. Second line: about 153 ft, between tethers: about 135 ft 15. About 6.0 m and 13.7 m

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6. (See flowchart proof at bottom of page.)

3. Flowchart Proof
PQ ST Given PQS TSU QPR Given STU

LESSON 13.2 Planning a Geometry Proof

Proofs may vary. 1. Flowchart Proof
AB CD Given AP CQ Given ABP CDQ A C

AIA Theorem QRP Third Angle Theorem PR UT Converse of AEA Theorem TUS

CA Postulate APQ CQD

Third Angle Theorem

CA Postulate

2. Flowchart Proof
B and ACB are complementary Given m B 90 m ACB DEF and F are complementary Given

4. Flowchart Proof
KL QO Given KLM m DEF 90 m F MNO MNO VA Theorem LMK NPQ QNP KO QP Given

AIA Theorem KLM Transitivity QNP

Definition of complementary m B m ACB m A 180 Triangle Sum Theorem m A 90

Definition of complementary m DEF m F m EDF 180 Triangle Sum Theorem m EDF 90

CA Postulate LKM Third Angle Theorem NQP

RKS

LKM

RKS Transitivity RKS

NQP

TQU

NQP

Subtraction of equality AB AF

Subtraction of equality DE AF

VA Theorem

VA Theorem TQU

Transitivity

Definition of perpendicular BA DE Perpendicular to Parallel Theorem

Definition of perpendicular

Lesson 13.1, Exercise 6

PU PQ Given QR QR RS Given PR QS PUR QTS P CPCTC TQR TQ

Addition property of congruence* RU Given ST

SSS Postulate

Identity

*Note: This step may require additional steps using the Segment Addition Postulate, definition of congruence, and transitive property of equality (or congruence).

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5. Flowchart Proof
ABC Given a b c 180 a x

VA Theorem x b c 180 b y

3. M and N are midpoints of AB and BC 4. AM CN *

3. Given

Triangle Sum Theorem

Substitution x y c 180

VA Theorem

Substitution x y z 180 c z

5. AC AC 6. ACN 7. ANC
VA Theorem

CAM CMA

4. Definition of midpoint, Segment Addition Postulate, transitivity, algebra 5. Identity 6. SAS Theorem 7. CPCTC

Substitution

6. Flowchart Proof
A and P are right angles Given A P B Q m B Given m Q

*Note: This step could be broken into a series of steps showing that if two segments are congruent, then halves of each are also congruent. 3. Flowchart Proof
XY Given ZY XZY is isosceles Definition of isosceles triangle YM is the altitude from vertex Y Definition of altitude and vertex angle WY WY YM is angle bisector Isosceles Triangle Vertex Angle Theorem WXY WZY XYM ZYM

Right Angles Congruent Theorem ACB PRQ

Definition of congruence

Third Angle Theorem ACB and DCB are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate DCB PRQ and SRQ are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate SRQ

Identity

SAS Theorem

Supplements of Congruent Angles Theorem

Definition of angle bisector

LESSON 13.3 Triangle Proofs

Proofs may vary. 1. Flowchart Proof
AB CD Given ABP CDQ

4. Proof: Statement 1. CD BD 2. BD AB 3. CD AC 4. AD is bisector of CAB 5. CAD BAD

ABP CDQ

Reason 1. Given 2. Given 3. Given 4. Converse of Angle Bisector Theorem 5. Definition of angle bisector 6. Definition of perpendicular 7. Definition of perpendicular 8. Right Angles Congruent Theorem 9. SAA Theorem

CA Postulate PB Given QD

6. 7.

ACD is right ABD is right ACD ABD ABD ACD

ASA Postulate CQD AB CD

AP CQ Given

APB

CA Postulate

CPCTC

8. 9.

2. Proof: Statement 1. BAC BCA 2. ABC is isosceles BC with AB

Reason 1. Given 2. Converse of IT Theorem

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5. Flowchart Proof
MN Given MN NO QM NO Given QM

7. Proof: Statement 1. AB BC 2. ABC is isosceles 3. A ACB 4. ACB DCE 5. A DCE 6. AB CE 7. ABD CED 8. AB BD 9. ABD is right

Transitivity MNO is isosceles Definition of isosceles triangle NMO IT Theorem QMP and NMP are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate QMN RON NOR and PON are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate NOP

10.

CED is right CE

11. BD

Supplements of Congruent Angles Theorem

Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of isosceles triangle 3. IT Theorem 4. Given 5. Transitivity 6. Converse of CA Postulate 7. CA Postulate 8. Given 9. Definition of perpendicular 10. Definition of right angle, transitivity 11. Definition of perpendicular

LESSON 13.4 Quadrilateral Proofs

Proofs may vary.

6. Flowchart Proof
P is midpoint of MO Given MN Given MN NO QM NO Given QM

Transitivity MP OP MNP ONP NP NP

1. Given: ABCD is a parallelogram Show: AC and BD bisect each other at M Flowchart Proof

D M A B

ABCD is a parallelogram Given AB CD Definition of parallelogram BDC DBA CAB ACD CD AB

Definition of midpoint

SSS Postulate MPN CPCTC OPN

Identity

MPN and OPN are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate

MPN is a right angle Congruent and Supplementary Theorem

AIA Theorem

AIA Theorem

Opposite Sides Theorem

ABM

CDM

ASA Postulate DM BM AM CM

CPCTC AC and BD bisect each other at M

CPCTC

Definition of bisect, definition of congruence

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2. Given: DM BM, AM CM Show: ABCD is a parallelogram Proof: Statement 1. DM BM 2. DM BM 3. AM 4. AM CM CM BMC CMB BCA

D M A B

Flowchart Proof
ABCD is a rhombus Given

5. DMA 6. AMD 7. DAC 8. AD BC 9. DMC 10. DMC 11. CDB 12. DC AB

BMA BMA ABD

13. ABCD is a parallelogram

Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of congruence 3. Given 4. Definition of congruence 5. VA Theorem 6. SAS Postulate 7. CPCTC 8. Converse of AIA Theorem 9. VA Theorem 10. SAS Postulate 11. CPCTC 12. Converse of AIA Theorem 13. Definition of parallelogram
D M C

ABCD is a parallelogram Definition of rhombus AC and BD bisect each other Parallelogram Diagonals Theorem AMD and AMB are supplementary Linear Pair Postulate

DAM

BAM

AD

AB

Rhombus Angles Theorem

Definition of rhombus

ADM

ABM

SAS Postulate AM AMD CPCTC AMB AM

Identity

AMB is a right angle Congruent and Supplementary Theorem AC BD

Definition of perpendicular

3. Given: ABCD is a rhombus Show: AC and BD bisect each other at M and AC BD

4. Given: AC and BD bisect each other at M and AC BD Show: ABCD is a rhombus A Flowchart Proof (See flowchart at bottom of page.)

D M

Lesson 13.4, Exercise 4

ABCD is a parallelogram Converse of the Parallelogram Diagonals Theorem

AB

DC

Opposite Sides Theorem AD BC

All 4 sides are congruent Transitivity

ABCD is a rhombus Definition of rhombus

Opposite Sides Theorem AC and BD bisect each other at M Given DM BM ADM ABM AD AB Definition of bisect, definition of congruence SAS Postulate AM AM CPCTC

Identity AC Given BD DMA and BMA are right angles Definition of perpendicular DMA BMA

Right Angles Congruent Theorem

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C D 5. Given: ABCD is a trapezoid with AB CD and A B Show: ABCD is isosceles B A E Proof: Statement Reason 1. ABCD is a trapezoid 1. Given with AB CD 2. Construct CE AD 2. Parallel Postulate 3. AECD is a 3. Definition of parallelogram parallelogram 4. AD CE 4. Opposite Sides Congruent Theorem 5. A BEC 5. CA Postulate 6. A B 6. Given 7. BEC B 7. Transitivity 8. ECB is isosceles 8. Converse of IT Theorem 9. EC CB 9. Definition of isosceles triangle 10. AD CB 10. Transitivity 11. ABCD is isosceles 11. Definition of isosceles trapezoid E 6. Given: ABCD is a C F D trapezoid with AB CD and AC BD A B Show: ABCD is isosceles Proof: Statement Reason 1. ABCD is a trapezoid 1. Given with AB CD 2. Construct BE AC 2. Parallel Postulate 3. DC and BE intersect 3. Line Intersection at F Postulate 4. ABFC is a 4. Definition of parallelogram parallelogram 5. AC BF 5. Opposite Sides Congruent Theorem 6. DB AC 6. Given 7. BF DB 7. Transitivity 8. DFB is isosceles 8. Definition of isosceles triangle 9. DFB FDB 9. IT Theorem 10. CAB DFB 10. Opposite Angles Theorem 11. FDB DBA 11. AIA Theorem 12. CAB DBA 12. Transitivity 13. AB AB 13. Identity

14. ACB BDA 15. AD BC 16. ABCD is isosceles 7. False

14. SAS Postulate 15. CPCTC 16. Definition of isosceles trapezoid

8. True Given: ABCD with AB CD and A Show: ABCD is a parallelogram Flowchart Proof

C
A B

AB CD Given A and D are supplementary Interior Supplements Theorem C and B are supplementary Interior Supplements Theorem D B A Given C

Supplements of Congruent Angles Theorem ABCD is a parallelogram Converse of Opposite Angles Theorem

9. False

LESSON 13.5 Indirect Proof

Proofs may vary. 1. Assume BC AC Case 1: ABC is isosceles, by the definition of isosceles. By the IT Theorem, A B, which contradicts the given that m A m B. So, BC AC. Case 2: DBC is isosceles.
C

D 4 A
1 2 3

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By the Exterior Angle Theorem, m 1 m 4, so m 1 m 4.

m 2

By the Angle Sum Postulate, m 2 m 3 m ABC, so m 3 m ABC. But DBC is isosceles, so m 4 m 3 by the IT Theorem. So, by transitivity, m 1 m 4 m 3 m ABC, or m 1 m ABC, which contradicts the given that m A m B. So BC AC. Therefore the assumption, BC BC AC. AC, is false, so

OST is isosceles because OT and OS are radii. So, by the IT Theorem, the base angles are congruent. But the base angle at T is 90, so the angle at S must be 90. This contradicts the Perpendicular Postulate that there can be only one perpendicular from O to line AT . So the assumption is false and AT is a tangent.

LESSON 13.6 Circle Proofs

1. Given: Circle O with AB CD Show: AB CD
B C A

2. Paragraph Proof: Assume DAC BAC It is given that AD AB . By identity AC AC . So by SAS, ADC ABC. Then DC BC by CPCTC. But this contradicts the given that DC BC . So DAC BAC. 3. Given: Show: ABC with AB C A BC
C

O D

Flowchart Proof
Construct OA, OB, OC, OD Line Postulate OA OD AB Given CD

Paragraph Proof: Assume A B C A If C A, then by the Converse of the IT BC . But this Theorem ABC is isosceles and AB contradicts the given that AB BC . Therefore C A. 4. Given: Coplanar lines k, , and m, k , and m intersecting k m Show: m intersects Paragraph Proof: Assume m does not intersect If m does not intersect , then by the definition of parallel m . But because k , by the Parallel Transitivity Theorem k m. This contradicts the given that m intersects k. Therefore m intersects . 5. Given: Circle O with radius OT and AT OT Show: AT is a tangent Paragraph Proof: Assume AT is not a tangent If AT is not a tangent, then AT intersects the circle in another point, S (definition of tangent).
A T

OB

OC

Definition of circle, definition of radii

Definition of circle, definition of radii ODC

OAB

SSS Postulate AOB CPCTC AB CD DOC

Definition of congruence, definition of arc measure, transitivity

2. Paragraph Proof: Chords BC , CD , and DE are congruent because the pentagon is regular. By the proof in Exercise 1, the arcs BC , CD , and DE are congruent and therefore have the same measure. 1 m EAD 2 mDE by the Inscribed Angles Inter1 cepting Arcs Theorem. Similarly, m DAC 2 mDC 1 and m BAC mBC . By transitivity and algebra, 2 the three angles have the same measure. So, by the definition of trisect, the diagonals trisect BAE. 3. The diagonals from one vertex of a regular n-gon divide the vertex angle into n 2 congruent angles. 4. Paragraph Proof: Construct the common internal tangent RU (Line Postulate, definition of tangent). Label the intersection of the tangent and TS as U.

O S

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6. Given: Circle O with chord AB ; MN is the perpendicular bisector of AB Show: O is on MN

A

TU RU SU by the Tangent Segments Theorem. TUR is isosceles by definition because TU RU . So, by the IT Theorem, T TRU. Call this angle measure x. SUR is isosceles because RU SU , and by the IT Theorem S URS. Call this angle measure y. The angle measures of TRS are then x, y, and (x y). By the Triangle Sum Theorem, x y (x y) 180. By algebra (combining like terms and dividing by 2), x y 90. But m TRS x y, so by transitivity and the definition of right angle, TRS is a right angle. 5. Given: Circles O and P with common external tangents AB and CD Show: AB CD Paragraph Proof: Case 1: AB CD
A B

Proof: Statement 1. Construct OA , OB , and OM 2. OA OB 3. OAB is isosceles 4. MN is the perpendicular bisector of AB 5. M is the midpoint of AB 6. OM is the median of OAB 7. OM is the altitude of OAB 8. OM AB 9. MN AB 10. O, M, and N are collinear

Reason 1. Line Postulate 2. Definition of radius 3. Definition of isosceles triangle 4. Given

5. Definition of bisector 6. Definition of median 7. Vertex Angle Theorem 8. Definition of altitude 9. Definition of perpendicular bisector 10. Perpendicular Postulate

O C

P D

Construct OA and OC (Line Postulate). OAB and OCD are right angles by the Tangent Theorem. By the Perpendiculars to Parallel Lines Theorem, OA and OC are parallel, but because they have O in common they are collinear. Similarly, CDP and ABP are right and B, P, and D are collinear. Therefore, by the Four Congruent Angles Theorem, ABCD is a rectangle and hence a parallelogram. By the Opposite Sides Congruent Theorem, AB CD . Case 2: AB
A B O C P D X

CD

7. Paragraph Proof: Construct tangent TP (Line Postulate, definition of tangent). PTD and TAC both have the same intercepted arc, TC . Similarly, PTD and TBD have the same intercepted arc, TD . So, by transitivity, the Inscribed Angles Intercepting Arcs Theorem, and algebra, TAC and TBD are congruent. Therefore, by the Converse of the CA Postulate, AC BD .
P

Extend AB and CD until they intersect at X (definition of parallel). By the Tangent Segments Theorem, XA XC and XB XD. By subtracting and using the Segment Addition Postulate AB CD, or AB CD (definition of congruence).

T D C

A B

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LESSON 13.7 Similarity Proofs

1. Flowchart Proof
A Given ABC Postulate AB BC BC BD CBD BCD B Identity B

3. Proof: Statement 1. ABCD is a parallelogram 2. DC AB 3. 4. 5. ECA CAB EFC AFB EFC BFA EC CF 6. AB AF AB

Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of parallelogram 3. AIA Theorem 4. VA Theorem 5. AA Postulate 6. Definition of similarity 7. Opposite Sides Congruent Theorem 8. Given 9. Definition of midpoint 10. Transitivity 11. Substitution 12. Algebra 13. Multiplication property 14. Addition property 15. Segment addition property, algebra 16. Division property
D E A B C

Definition of similar triangle BC 2 AB BD

7. CD

property

8. E is midpoint of CD 1 9. EC 2 CD 1 10. EC 2 AB 1 AB CF 2 11. AB AF 1 CF 12. 2 AF 13. AF 2CF 14. AF FC 2CF FC 15. AC 3CF 1 3 AC 4. Given: Trapezoid ABCD with AB CD and AC and BD intersecting at E DE CE DC Show: BE AE AB 16. CF Flowchart Proof
AB CD Given BDC DBA

2.
S A R B D

Proof: Statement Reason 1. Construct AC and BD 1. Line Postulate 2. Construct common 2. Line Postulate, internal tangent ST definition of tangent 1 3. m ARS 3. Inscribed Angles 2 mAR Intercepting Arcs Theorem 1 4. m ACR 4. Inscribed Angles 2 mAR Intercepting Arcs Theorem 5. m ARS m ACR 5. Transitivity 6. m ARS m TRB 6. VA Theorem, definition of congruence 7. m ACR m TRB 7. Transitivity 8. m TRB m RDB 8. Inscribed Angles Intercepting Arcs Theorem, transitivity 9. m ACR m RDB 9. Transitivity 10. ACR RDB 10. Definition of congruence 11. ARC DRB 11. VA Theorem 12. ACR BDR 12. AA Postulate AR BR 13. CR DR 13. Definition of similarity

DCA

CAB

CDE

ABE

AA Similarity Postulate DE BE CE DC

Definition of similarity

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5. Given: ABC with ACB right, CD Show: AC BC AB CD

A D

AB

6. Given: ABCD with right angles A and C, AB Show: ABCD is a rectangle

D C

DC

Flowchart Proof
CD Given ADC is right C Definition of perpendicular ADC ACB ACB is right B Given AB

Proof: Statement 1. Construct DB 2. A and C are right 3. A C 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Reason 1. Line Postulate 2. Given

Right Angles Congruent Theorem ACB ADC

A Identity

AA Similarity Postulate AC CD AB CB

Definition of similarity AC BC property AB CD

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17.

18. 19.

3. Right Angles Congruent Theorem AB DC 4. Given DB DB 5. Identity DBA BDC 6. HL Congruence Theorem DAB BDC 7. CPCTC m DBA m BDC 8. Definition of congruence m ADB m DBA 9. Triangle Sum m A 180 Theorem m A 90 10. Definition of right angle m ADB m DBA 11. Subtraction property 90 m ADB m BDC 12. Substitution 90 m ADB m BDC 13. Angle Addition m ADC Postulate m ADC 90 14. Transitivity m C 90 15. Definition of right angle m A m ABC 16. Quadrilateral Sum m C m ADC Theorem 360 m ABC 90 17. Substitution property and subtraction property A ABC C 18. Definition of ADC congruence ABCD is a rectangle 19. Four Congruent Angles Theorem

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