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    Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Professor S. Suresh

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    shilan_m26
    The document discusses elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and the J integral. It introduces the J integral, which is a line integral around a crack tip that represents the rate of change of potential energy with crack extension. The J integral can be used to characterize crack tip fields and fracture toughness even when plasticity is significant. It also describes the Hutchinson, Rice, and Rosengren (HRR) elastic-plastic fields near the crack tip and how the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) depends on the amount of plasticity. Specimen size requirements are much less restrictive for measuring the critical J integral (JIc) than for measuring the critical stress intensity factor (KIc).

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Professor S. Suresh

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    shilan_m26
    71 views28 pages
    The document discusses elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and the J integral. It introduces the J integral, which is a line integral around a crack tip that represents the rate of change of potential energy with crack extension. The J integral can be used to characterize crack tip fields and fracture toughness even when plasticity is significant. It also describes the Hutchinson, Rice, and Rosengren (HRR) elastic-plastic fields near the crack tip and how the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) depends on the amount of plasticity. Specimen size requirements are much less restrictive for measuring the critical J integral (JIc) than for measuring the critical stress intensity factor (KIc).

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    The document discusses elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and the J integral. It introduces the J integral, which is a line integral around a crack tip that represents the rate of change of potential energy with crack extension. The J integral can be used to characterize crack tip fields and fracture toughness even when plasticity is significant. It also describes the Hutchinson, Rice, and Rosengren (HRR) elastic-plastic fields near the crack tip and how the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) depends on the amount of plasticity. Specimen size requirements are much less restrictive for measuring the critical J integral (JIc) than for measuring the critical stress intensity factor (KIc).

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views28 pages

    Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics: Professor S. Suresh

    Uploaded by

    shilan_m26
    The document discusses elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and the J integral. It introduces the J integral, which is a line integral around a crack tip that represents the rate of change of potential energy with crack extension. The J integral can be used to characterize crack tip fields and fracture toughness even when plasticity is significant. It also describes the Hutchinson, Rice, and Rosengren (HRR) elastic-plastic fields near the crack tip and how the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) depends on the amount of plasticity. Specimen size requirements are much less restrictive for measuring the critical J integral (JIc) than for measuring the critical stress intensity factor (KIc).

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics

    Professor S. Suresh

    Elastic Plastic Fracture


    Previously, we have analyzed problems in which the plastic zone was small compared to the specimen dimensions (small scale yielding). In todays lecture we present techniques for analyzing situations in which there can be large scale yielding, and determine expressions for the stress components inside the plastic zone. We will begin with a discussion of the

    J integral.

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral

    The integral is a line integral (path-independent) around the crack tip. It has enormous signicance in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. Key Reference: J. R. Rice, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1968. (Related works: Eshelby, Progress in Solid State Physics 1956; Sanders, Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1960; Cherepanov,

    International Journal of Solids and Structures, 1969)

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    Consider the path around the crack tip shown below:

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    We will use the following variables:

    T = traction vector on this curve dened in relation to an outward normal unit vector, i.e. T = n  . u = corresponding displacement vector.
    We consider a small strain analysis; we neglect any deformation-induced blunting of crack tip.
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 4

    a = crack length. S = a curve linking the lower and upper crack surfaces. ds = an element of arc on this curve.

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    We use the

    J2 deformation theory of plasticity (equivalent to

    non-linear elasticity). The (reversible) stress-strain response is depicted schematically below:

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    For proportional loading 2 deformation theory and 2 ow theory (incremental theory of plasticity) give results that are comparable (i.e. for monotonic loading, stationary cracks). Not appropriate for situations where signicant unloading occurs. The total mechanical potential energy of the cracked body is

    uM = ue + uapp
    This represents the sum of the stored strain potential energy and the potential energy of the applied loading.
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 6

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    uM =
    In the previous integral:

    wdA , T  uds
    S

    dA an element of cross section A within S .


    energy,

    w = strain energy density (per unit volume); recall that @w : ij = @


    ij

    We now evaluate the derivative of the mechanical potential

    uM, with respect to crack length.

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    duM da

    J represents the rate of change of net potential energy with


    respect to crack advance (per unit thickness of crack front) for a non-linear elastic solid.

    @ u ds wdy , T  @x J

    J also can be thought of as the energy ow into the crack tip. Thus, J is a measure of the singularity
    strength at the crack tip for the case of elastic-plastic material response.

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    For the special case of a linear elastic solid,

      = ,dUM J =G=, da
    K 2 ,1 ,  2 =E
    d PE da

    JIc measurements in high toughness, ductile solids in which valid KIc testing will require unreasonably large test specimens.
    from
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 9

    This relationship can be used to infer an equivalent

    KIc value

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    Consider two different paths around the crack tip:

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    10

    Derivation

    Integral
    Continued

    The If

    S2 is in elastic material,

    J Integral is independent of the path around the crack tip. K 2 ,1 ,  2 JS2 = E

    Jalong S1 = Jalong S2

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    11

    HRR eld
    We now consider the Hutchinson, Rice, Rosengren (HRR) singular crack tip elds for elastoplastic material response. (Recall Williams solution assumes linear elastic material behavior). Assume: Pure power law material response:

    = material constant, hardening exponent, 0

    n = 1.

    For linear elastic material

    n = 1, for perfectly plastic response


    Fatigue and Fracture

    = reference yield strength, = strain reference yield strain . 0

    = 0

    n = =E

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    12

    Continued

    HRR eld
    With these assumptions, the crack tip elds (HRR eld) can be derived. (Ref: J.W. Hutchinson, JMPS, 1968 and J.R. Rice and G.F. Rosengren, JMPS, 1968.)

    ij = ij =

    J
    0 0

    Inr

    1 n+1
    nn +1

    ~ij  ; n ~ij  ; n
    1
    n+1

    ui = 0 r ui  ; n ~ 0 0Inr The function In has a weak dependence on n.


    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 13

    0 0

    Inr

    nn +1

    CTOD
    The variation in crack tip opening displacement different material response is depicted below:

    t or (CTOD) for

    The crack tip opening displacement depends on distance from the crack tip. We need an operational denition for CTOD.
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 14

    CTOD
    The denition of

    t is somewhat arbitrary since the opening

    displacement varies as the crack tip is approached. A commonly used operational denition is based on the

    45

    construction

    depicted below (see C.F. Shih, JMPS, 1982).

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    15

    CTOD

    J t = dn
    Plane Strain:

    dn is a strong function of n, and a weak function of 0=E . dn  0:3 , 0:65 0:65 for n ! 1 dn  0:5 , 1:07 1:07 for n ! 1
    Fatigue and Fracture 16

    Plane Stress:

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    CTOD
    Presuming dominance of HRR elds

    JJ t = dn
    0

    For Small Scale Yielding (SSY)

    KI2 ,1 ,  2 J= E ,  2 1 , 2 KI t = dn E 0
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 17

    CTOD
    Importance/Applications of CTOD: Critical CTOD as a measure of toughness. Exp. measure of driving force. Multiaxial fracture characterization. Specimen size requirements for

    KIc and JIc testing.

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    18

    J-Dominance
    Just as for the

    ( -based) elds.

    K eld, there is a domain of validity for the HRR

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    19

    J-Dominance
    Under plane strain and small scale yielding conditions, it has been found that:

    For

    J dominance the uncracked ligament size b must be greater than 25 times the CTOD or  25  J= 0. The variation in stress

    1rp r0  4

    ahead of the crack is depicted on the following page:

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    20

    J-Dominance

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    21

    K and J-Dominance
    Consider a low strength steel with 0 MPa, MPa m and GPa. What are the Minimum Ic specimen size requirements for valid Ic and Ic measurements?

    K = 250

    E = 210

    = 350

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    22

    K-Dominance
    ASTM standard E399 (1974) for

    KIc testing:
    2

    KIc a; b; t 2:5 0 Substitute the known values for 0 and KIc. Find that a; b; t 1:28 m!  50 inches

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    23

    J-Dominance
    For Ic testing, the condition requires that for a deeply cracked compact tension or bend specimen:

    JIc = 25KIc 1 ,  b 25 E 0 0
    ,

    b 0:02 m Specimen size requirements for J testing are much less severe than for K testing.
    SMA c 2000 MIT Fatigue and Fracture 24

    J-Dominance
    The measured testing.

    JIc value may be converted to equivalent KIc

    value. The validity of this approach has been veried by extensive

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    24

    J-Dominance
    Example: notched bar loaded axially (induces bending and stretching)

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    25

    J-Dominance

    SMA c 2000 MIT

    Fatigue and Fracture

    26

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