The Basic Principles of OFDM
The Basic Principles of OFDM
The Basic Principles of OFDM
Gwo-Ruey Lee
Outlines
The Basic Principles of OFDM [1-7] FFT-based OFDM System Serial and Parallel Concepts [1,7] Modulation/Mapping [10,11] M-ary Phase Shift Keying M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation IFFT and FFT [8,9] Signal Representation of OFDM using IDFT/DFT Orthogonality [1-7] Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension [1-7] Advantages and Disadvantages [1,4,7]
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d0
s0
d1
Signal Mapper IFFT
s1
d n 1
sn1
Parallelto-Serial Converter
UpConverter
s(t )
Subchannels
Frequency
Channel
Time
d0 d
Signal Demapper One-tap Equalizer
s1
FFT
s0
Serial-toParallel Converter Guard Interval Removal A/D DownConverter
dn1
sn1
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x bits x1
Serial-toParallel Converter
s1
IFFT
x2 xn 1
d2
s2 sn 1
dn1
Parallelto-Serial Converter
01
10
00
11
d1=1
I
. .
10
Q
01
00
.
. .
10
11
01
00
11
. .
10
Q
01
00
11
..
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x bits x1
Serial-toParallel Converter
s1
IFFT
x2 xn 1
d2
s2 sn 1
dn1
Parallelto-Serial Converter
1 i d i = 1 1
0.2
s = [ -0.09,
-0.003-0.096i,
0.1 0.05
0.15
, 0.01+ 0.247i,
-0.035-0.0472i ]
CP CP CP
0 10 20 30
0.2
CP
DATA
40 50 60
CP
70
0 -0.05 -0.1
-0.15 -0.2
80
-0.15 -0.2
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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Serial data
Serial-toParallel Converter
Parallel data
0 Tb 2Tb
Ts = NTb
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Modulation/Mapping
The process of mapping the information bits onto the signal constellation plays a fundamental role in determining the properties of the modulation. An OFDM signal consists of a sum of sub-carriers, each of which contains M-ary phase shift keyed (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signals. Modulation types over OFDM systems
Phase shift keying (PSK) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
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Consider M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) for which the signal set is
i = 1, 2,..., M
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Decision boundary
m4
m2
Decision region Es
m1
Es
m5
M M
m6
m8 message point Es
m7
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sn ( t) =
where E is the energy of the signal with the lowest amplitude, and E = a 2 , an and bn are amplitudes taking on the values, and, where M is assumed to be a power of 4. The parameter a can be related to the average signal energy ( Es ) by
a = 3Es 2 (M 1)
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an , bn = a, 3a,, ( log 2 M 1) a ,
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1 IDFT x[ n ] = N
D F T X [k ] =
X [k ]e
k =0
j
N 1
2 kn N
x [ n ]e
n=0
N 1
2 kn N
IFFT and FFT algorithms are the fast implementation for the IDFT and DFT. In the IEEE 802.11a, the size of IFFT and FFT is N=64. CCU CCU
1 xn = N
X ke
k =0
N 1
j ( 2 kn / N )
1 = N
X k e(
k =0
N 1
j 2 f k tn )
n = 0,1, 2
N 1,
where f k = k / ( N t ) , tn = nt , and t is an arbitrarily chosen symbol duration of the serial data sequence X k .
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1 s(t ) = N
( A cos 2 f t B
k =0 k k
N 1
sin 2 f k t ),
0 t N t .
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Orthogonality
Digital communication systems
In time domain In frequency domain
* j
2/2
1 , x i ( t )x ( t ) dt = 0 ,
* j
i= j i j
1 , i = j X i ( f )X ( f ) df = 0 , i j
OFDM
Two conditions must be considered for the orthogonality between the subcarriers. 1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in the FFT interval. 2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs by exactly one.
ts +T
ts
j 2
k ( t ts ) N 1 T n=0
dn e
j 2
n ( t ts ) T
dt = dn
n=0
N 1
ts +T
ts
j 2
nk ( t ts ) T
dt = dkT
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Orthogonality
Time domain
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Ttotal = T + Tg
Guard Interval
DATA
Guard interval Tg
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T g > T d e la y sp re a d
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< T
d e l y -s p re a d
Tg
Sym bol 1
Tg
Sym bol 2
Tg
Sym bol 3
Tg
Sym bol 4
Tg T d e ly - s p r e a d
Sym bol 1
Tg
Sym bol 2
Tg
Sym bol 3
If
Tg > T
de ly - sp r e a d
Tg
Sym bol 1
Tg
Sym bol 2
Tg
Sym bol 3
Tg
Sym bol 4
Tg T de ly - sp r e a d
Sym bol 1
Tg
Sym bol 2
Tg
Sym bol 3
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Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
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Delayed subcarrier #2 Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing OFDM symbol time Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing OFDM symbol time CCU CCU Wireless Access Tech. Lab. Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Guard Intervals
Frequency
Symbols
Time
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Each subchannel is almost flat fading, so it only needs a one-tap equalizer to overcome channel effect.
Efficient bandwidth usage
Symbol synchronization
Timing errors Carrier phase noise
Frequency synchronization
Sampling frequency synchronization Carrier frequency synchronization
Problem 1. It increased complexity of the analog-todigital and digital-to-analog converters. Problem2. It reduced efficiency of the RF power amplifier. The solutions
1.Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes simply by nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around the peaks. 2.Coding techniques using a special forward-error-correction code 3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with different scrambling sequences and then the sequence that gives the smallest PAP ratio is selected.
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References
[1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication, Artech House Boston London, 2000. [2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1999. [3] Ramjee Prasad, OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication, Letter Notes on ISCOM99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999. [4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation Principles and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000. [5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers. [6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and Applications, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society. [7] Zou, W.Y.; Yiyan Wu, COFDM: An overview Broadcasting, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, Issue 1, pp. 1 8, Mar. 1995. [8] Emmanuel C. Ifeachor & Barrie W. Jervis, Digital signal processing A practical approach, AddisionWesley, 1993. [9] Blahut, R. E., Fast Algorithms for digital processing. Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley, 1985. [10] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 3rd edition, 1994. [11] Roger L. Peterson, Rodger E. Ziemer, David E. Borth, Introduction to spread spectrum communications, Prentice Hall International Editions, 1995.
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