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    Payne Effect

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    rajchemeng
    1) Elastomer Research Testing B.V. provides research and testing services for measuring properties of filled rubber, including the Payne effect. 2) The Payne effect is a decrease in dynamic modulus of filled rubber under increasing strains, caused by disruption of the filler network. 3) Testing shows the Payne effect can be reliably measured in vulcanized rubber using dynamic shear testing between 0.1-40% strain, and in unvulcanized compounds using torsional shear between 1-25% strain.

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    Payne Effect

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    rajchemeng
    354 views31 pages
    1) Elastomer Research Testing B.V. provides research and testing services for measuring properties of filled rubber, including the Payne effect. 2) The Payne effect is a decrease in dynamic modulus of filled rubber under increasing strains, caused by disruption of the filler network. 3) Testing shows the Payne effect can be reliably measured in vulcanized rubber using dynamic shear testing between 0.1-40% strain, and in unvulcanized compounds using torsional shear between 1-25% strain.

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    1) Elastomer Research Testing B.V. provides research and testing services for measuring properties of filled rubber, including the Payne effect. 2) The Payne effect is a decrease in dynamic modulus of filled rubber under increasing strains, caused by disruption of the filler network. 3) Testing shows the Payne effect can be reliably measured in vulcanized rubber using dynamic shear testing between 0.1-40% strain, and in unvulcanized compounds using torsional shear between 1-25% strain.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    354 views31 pages

    Payne Effect

    Uploaded by

    rajchemeng
    1) Elastomer Research Testing B.V. provides research and testing services for measuring properties of filled rubber, including the Payne effect. 2) The Payne effect is a decrease in dynamic modulus of filled rubber under increasing strains, caused by disruption of the filler network. 3) Testing shows the Payne effect can be reliably measured in vulcanized rubber using dynamic shear testing between 0.1-40% strain, and in unvulcanized compounds using torsional shear between 1-25% strain.

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    Measuring the Payne effect in filled rubber

    VKRT meeting, May 14, 2009

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 1

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V. As is in the name: ERT B.V. provides research and testing facilities in the rubber field for third parties. One of the properties of filled rubber we are working on is the measurement of the Payne effect. The Payne effect is directly related to the dynamic properties of the vulcanized rubber.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 2

    The Payne effect in filled rubber is the phenomenon of a strain dependent dynamic modulus.
    In carbon black or silica filled rubber we measure a high dynamic modulus at low strains (< 1%) which decreases at higher strains (> 10%). The reason for this phenomenon is the formation of a network formed by filler-filler interaction. For carbon black the interactions are Van der Waals forces and for silica the much stronger hydrogenbondings.
    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.
    VKRT 3

    Andr Wehmeier, VKRT February 14, 2008.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 4

    Possible mechanisms for the Payne effect.


    (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) the destruction-reformation of a filler network adsorption-desorption of polymeric chains at the filler interface disentanglement of bulk polymer from the rubber bounded to the surface strain-softening of the glassy polymer shell surrounding the particles surfaces

    In real life this means an energy loss and the intention is to minimize this effect in filled rubber (but with the reinforcement retained).
    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 5

    How to measure this filler-filler interaction.


    The first remark about this phenomenon was in 1942 by Gehman. The Dutch Rubber Stichting played a pronounced roll in the discovery of this phenomenon. In 1954 S. de Meij and G.J. van Amerongen presented their results on the DKG Tagung in Munich. Part of these results were published in 1956.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 6

    Measuring device of Seel de Meij.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 7

    KAUTSCHUK UND GUMMI, 9. Jahrgang, Nr. 3/1956

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 8

    G vs. strain, A.R. Payne, RTC 1966, 365

    Loss modulus G

    Payne effect: G = [G0 - G] tan

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 9

    L. Guy, IRC Lyon, 2006

    samples were tested in pure shear with a Metravib VA3000 analyzer ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.
    VKRT 10

    L. Guy, IRC Lyon, 2006

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 11

    Measuring the Payne effect.


    The Payne effect is difficult to measure in tension (single strain) and measuring in compression means that the test piece has to be glued as is done in the Metravib VA3000 analyzer. The other modes are shear and torsion; ERT has the option make use of an Eplexor and a RPA.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 12

    RPA measures in torsion shear on samples which are first cured in the die of the instrument. (Wehmeier, VKRT 14-2-2008). Chosen is for 60C and 1 Hz. The RPA measures from 0.7% up to 90% strain; below 1.0% the data are not reliable. Eplexor measures on bar shaped vulcanized test pieces of 4x4 mm. Chosen is for 60C and 1 Hz. The Eplexor measures reliable from 0.1% to 40% (this is what we did until now). Only two compounds were measured (207-03 and 207-04).
    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.
    VKRT 13

    Measurements in shear on the Eplexor.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 14

    RPA Payne effect (G') of vulcanized samples


    2,0

    1,5 G' (MPa)

    1,0

    207-03 207-04

    0,5

    0,0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 15

    Eplexor G' of vulcanized samples


    2,0

    1,5

    G' (MPa)

    1,0

    207-03 207-04

    0,5

    0,0 0,1 1 10 100

    strain (%)

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 16

    Comparison Payne effect (G') measurements


    2,0

    1,5 G' (MPa)


    RPA-03

    1,0

    RPA-04 Eplexor-03 Eplexor-04

    0,5

    0,0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 17

    RPA G" of vulcanized samples


    0,20

    0,15 G" (MPa)

    0,10

    207-03 207-04

    0,05

    0,00 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 18

    Eplexor G" vulcanized samples


    0,10 0,08 G" (MPa) 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,00 0,1 1,0 strain (%) 10,0 100,0

    207-03 207-04

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 19

    Comparison of G" vs. strain


    0,20

    0,15 G" (MPa) RPA-03 0,10 RPA-04 Eplexor-03 Eplexor-04 0,05

    0,00 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 20

    RPA tan of vulcanized samples


    0,30 0,25 0,20 tan 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100 207-03 207-04

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 21

    Eplexor tan vulcanized samples


    0.3

    0.2 tan 207-03 207-04 0.1

    0.0 0.1 1.0 strain (%) 10.0 100.0

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 22

    Comparison of tan vs. strain


    0,30 0,25 0,20

    RPA-03 RPA-04 Eplexor-03 Eplexor-04

    tan

    0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 0,1 1 10 100

    strain (%)

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 23

    Results
    The Payne effect as measured with the RPA on cured samples is higher than measured in shear on the Eplexor (G1,0G20) = 0.548 vs. 0.432 MPa for 207-03 and (G1,0G20) = 0.307 vs. 0.234 MPa for 207-04. The storage modulus G is also much higher for the RPA measurements. Both the loss modulus and the tan show an unexpected increase at strains over 25%. (Most probably due to slip in the RPA die at higher strains.)
    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 24

    The Payne effect of unvulcanized compounds


    The Payne effect as measured with the RPA on unvulcanized compounds did not show this increase in loss modulus (G) but the tan curve showed again an increase. Note: the following curves G and G for unvulcanized compounds are smoothened below 1% strain.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 25

    RPA G' measured curves


    300 250 200 G' (kPa) 150 100 50 0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100 207-03 207-04

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 26

    Payne effect G', unvulcanized compound


    300 250 200 G' (kPa) 150 100 50 0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100 207-03 207-04

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 27

    G" vs . strain; unvulcanized compounds


    300 250 200 G' (kPa) 150 100 50 0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100 207-03 207-04

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 28

    tan vs. strain; unvulcanized compounds


    1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,1 1 strain (%) 10 100 207-03 207-04

    tan

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 29

    Conclusions: the Payne effect can not reliably be measured on vulcanized rubber with the RPA because of unreliability below 1% strain and slip above (at least) 25% strain. For unvulcanized compounds the RPA seems to be reliable between 1.0 and 25% strain. The Payne effect of vulcanized samples can reliably be measured with the Eplexor in shear between 0.1 and 40% strain.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 30

    The Payne effect was defined by A.R. Payne as the difference between G0 and G but this is difficult to determine. As a measure for the Payne effect in unvulcanized compounds, the differences between the G values at 1% and 20% as determined with the RPA in torsion shear can be used in comparative studies. As a measure for the Payne effect in vulcanized rubbers, the differences between the G values at 0.5% and 40% as determined with the Eplexor in pure dynamic shear can be used in comparative studies.

    ELASTOMER RESEARCH TESTING B.V.

    VKRT 31

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