LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Cycle-1
1. Tensile test
2. Threepoint bend test
3. Spring test
4. Strain & torque measurement & Compound pendulum
5. Synthesis of fourbar mechanism

Expt. No: TENSILE TEST

Date:

Aim: To study the response of the given specimens subjected to tensile load.
Description: The engineering tension test is widely used to provide basic design information
on the strength of the materials and as an accepted test for the
specification of the materials. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually
increasing uniaxial tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation
of the specimen.
Apparatus/ Instrument
required:
1. INSTRON tensile
testing machine,
Capacity-2 kN
2. Vernier caliper and
scale
3. Test specimens- As
per ASTM standards

Procedure:
1. Measure and record
the initial dimension
of the specimen
(gauge length-L
0
,
width w
0
, thickness
t
0
,)
2. Fix the test specimen
between fixed and
movable jaws of
machine.
3. Reset the load to zero
4. Operate the machine
till the specimen
fractures
5. Repeat the experiment
for different strain
rate (rate of loading)
6. Using the data
acquired by the
system, construct the
stress-strain curves
and find the various
parameters as listed in
the calculation.


Observations:
Sl.
No
Material,
Strain rate
& Load
Dimensions
(mm)
Fracture
dimension
(mm)
1
Aluminium
Strain rate:

Load:
L
o
=
w
o
=
t
o
=
L
f
=

2
Nylon
Strain rate:

Load:
L
o
=
w
o
=
t
o
=
L
f
=

3
Nylon
Strain rate:

Load:
L
o
=
w
o
=
t
o
=
L
f
=


Calculations:
1.
2
0
A mm =
2.
2
f
A mm =
3. Ultimate tensile strength,
2 max
0
/
u
P
S N mm
A
= =
where,
f
P is the maximum load
4. Yield strength,
2
0
/ S N mm = (obtain form graph)
Note: Yield strength is the stress required to produce a small specified amount of
plastic deformation. The usual definition of this property is the offset yield strength
determined by the stress corresponding to the intersection of the stress-strain curve
and a ine parallel to the elastic part of the curve offset by a strain of 0.2%
5. Breaking stress,
2
0
/
f
f
P
S N mm
A
= =
where,
f
P is the breaking/fracture load (load at occurrence of facture)
6. Elongation,
0
0
f
f
L L
e
L

= =
7. Reduction in area at fracture,
0
0
f
A A
q
A

= =
8. Modulus of elasticity, E = Slope of initial linear portion of the curve,
2
/ N mm
9. Resilience,
2
2 0
/
2
R
S
U N mm
E
= =
10. Toughness,
2 0
/
2
u
T f
S S
U e N mm
+
= =
Plots:
1. Engineering stress Vs Engineering strain
2. True stress Vs True strain

Inference:
1. Compare the results and state which material has high strength, tough, ductility,
Stiffness
2. State the effect of strain rate in material response

---*---*---

Expt. No: THREE-POINT BEND TEST

Date:

Aim: To determine the modulus of elasticity of metallic and nonmetallic materials in
bending and to verify Maxwell's reciprocal theorem

Apparatus required:
1. Three-point bend test apparatus
2. Micrometer
3. Vernier caliper
4. Weights

Procedure:
1. Measure the dimensions of the test specimen
2. Fix the support at L distance apart
3. Place the specimen on the support
4. Rotate the dial gauge outer frame and ensure zero setting
5. Place the loading table exactly at the mid-span of the specimen
6. Place the weight on the loading pan and note down the total load and deflection from
the dial gauge
7. Increase the load in steps and measure the deflection
8. Vary the span length and repeat the experiment for each specimen
9. Calculate the modulus of elasticity in bending
10. Repeat the experiment for different specimens


Tabulation:
Span Length Load

Deflection Modulus of
elasticity in bending
Average Modulus
of elasticity in
bending
Specimen-I:
Dimensions:
Moment of
Inertia:

Specimen-II:
Dimensions:
Moment of
Inertia:








Specimen-III:
Dimensions:
Moment of
Inertia:









Calculations:
3
max
48
WL
E
Iy
=

where,
E Modulus of elasticity in bending,
2
/ N mm
W Load in N
L Span length, mm
I Moment of inertia of cross-section,
4
mm
y
max
- Maximum deflection under point load, mm


Moment of inertia, I

Maxwells reciprocal theorem:
The Maxwells law of reciprocal deflection states that, if a and b are two points in a loaded
beam, then the deflection (y) at b due to application of unit load P at a is exactly equal to the
deflection (y) at a due to the same unit load P applied at b.


Verification of Maxwells reciprocal theorem:
1. Measure the dimensions of the test specimen
2. Fix the support at L distance apart
3. Divide the span length into four equal segment and place the load at a distance L/4
from left support
4. Measure & tabulate the deflection at beam at a distance L/4, L/2 & 3L/4 from left
support
5. Conduct the experiment for different load & tabulate the deflection.

Tabulation:
Specimen:

Dimension:


Span length:

Load
location
(from left
support)
Load

Deflection
L/4 L/2 3L/4
L/4




L/2




3L/4

Graph:
Draw the graph load vs deflection for different specimens using common X & Y axis

Inferences:
State the reason for variation in E
avg
value in different span length
State how the cross section of the beam affects the deflection

---*---*---

Expt. No: (a) STRAIN & TORQUE MEASUREMENT

(b) COMPOUND PENDULUM
Date:

(a) STRAIN & TORQUE MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the working principle of strain gauge and to measure the strain and
torque using strain gauge

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Strain gauge
2. Weights
3. Scale

FORMULA:
1. Resistance value- R = ()
Where,
= Resistivity (mm)
A = Area =b h , (mm
2
)
l = length (mm)

2. Gauge factor =
3. Strain =
4. Theoretical strain=
E
o
c =
5. Stress=
M y
I
o

= ,N/mm
2

6. Theoreticaltorque=Moment= load displacement ,Nmm
7. Momentofinertia=
3
12
bh
I = ,mm
4
.
8.
2
h
y = ,mm

PROCEDURE: STRAIN MEASUREMENT
1. Switch on the instrument and allow it to warm up for 20 to 30 min
2. same bridge type in beam unit and display unit
3. Keep gaugefactor as 2 and resistance as F ohms for full bridge and 350 ohms
for half and quarter bridge
4. Using coarse and fine adjusting knobs, set the reading in the DPM to zero, and
CAL value to 500.
5. Place the weight on the load pan and note down the strain values
6. Note down the readings during successive loading and unloading and take the
average value for the particular load.
7. Compare the strain gauge readings with theoretical strain of the cantilever
beam

TABULATION: Dimensions of Cantilever Beam: L=300 mm, b= 32mm, h= 6 mm,
E=70GPa.
S.NO
BRIDGE
TYPE
LOAD
(N)
STRAIN GAUGE READING ( Strain)

STRAIN ( Strain)
LOADING UNLOADING AVERAGE Experimental Theoretical



1



Full















2



Half















3



Quarter

Full bridge: Actual strain = Strain gauge reading
Half bridge: Actual strain = 2 x Strain gauge reading
Quarter bridge: Actual strain = 4 x Strain gauge reading

PROCEDURE: TORQUE MEASUREMENT

1. Switch on the instrument and allow it to warm up for 20 to 30 min
2. Using coarse and fine adjusting knobs, set the reading in to zero
3. Place the weight on the load pan and note down the torque values
4. Note down the readings during successive loading and unloading and take the average
value for the particular load.
5. Compare the strain gauge readings with theoretical torque
TABULATION:
S.NO
TORQUE
ARM
LENGTH
(m)
LOAD
(g)
STRAIN GAUGE READING (kg-m) THEORETICAL
TORQUE
(kg-m) LOADING UNLOADING AVERAGE
1 1














2 0.75












3 0.5












4 0.25

GRAPH:
Plot the graphs, Load Vs Straingauge reading & Theoretical strain on common X &
Y axis graph.
Load Vs Strain gauge measured torque & theoretical torque on common X & Y axis
graph.

RESULT:
Working principle of strain gauge is understood & strain, torque were measured using
the strain gauge in Wheatstone bridge circuit

INFERENCE:
State the reason for the variation in theoretical & experimental strain & torque values

(b) COMPOUND PENDULUM

OBJECTIVE:
Objective is to determine the center of gravity, natural frequency, radius of gyration
& moment of inertia of compound pendulum about the suspension point

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Compound pendulum
2. Knife edge
3. Stop watch
4. Measuring scale

PROCEDURE:

1. Measure & note down the mass & dimensions of the compound pendulum
2. Suspend the compound pendulum on the knife edge about the hole A
3. Allow the pendulum to oscillate freely and note down the time taken for any 20
oscillations do the experiment for 3 times and record the readings
4. Suspend the compound pendulum on the knife edge
about the hole B
5. Allow the pendulum to oscillate freely and note down
the time taken for any 20 oscillations do the
experiment for 3 times and record the readings
6. Using the formula determine the required parameters

Tabulation: Mass of Compound pendulum (m) = kg

S.NO PIVOT HOLE
TIME FOR 20
OSCILLATIONS
(sec)
AVG.TIME
FOR 20
OSCILLATIONS
(sec)
PERIODIC
TIME
T
n
(sec)
NATURAL
FREQUENCY
f
n
(Hz)

1
A
1.
2.
3.

2
B
1.
2.
3.

3 C
1.
2.
3.



DIMENSIONS OF COMPOUND PENDULUM (m):

L
1
= L
2
= L
sAB
= L
sBC
=

B
1
= B
2
=
d
1
, d
2
, d
3
=
y
1
= y
2
= y
3
=
FORMULAS:
Natural frequency f
n
= = = Hz
Where

2 2
eq
L k
L
L
+
= m
k= radius of gyration, m
T
n
= Time period, s
Experimental determinations of the lengths are L
A
, L
B
& L
C
:


( )
( )
2 2
4
eq
A
n
A
g
L
f
=
[
m,
( )
2 2
A eq A
A
k L L L
(
=

m,
Similarlly
( )
eq
B
L ,
( )
eq
C
L

sAB A B
L L L = +
sBC B C
L L L = +

Theoretical determinations of the lengths are L

A
, L
B
& L
C
:

y =

Where
L
A
= y
3
+ r
3
y
L
B
= y y
1
+ r
1
L
C
= y
2
+ r
2
y
RESULT:

VALUES THEORETICAL
EXPERIMENTAL
USING A&B
EXPERIMENTAL
USING B&C
L
A



L
B



L
C



K


I about A


I about B


I about C




INFERENCE:
Why the theoretical & experimental results are different / same
Why the two experimental results are different / same Derive the equation to
determine the center of mass location of the compound pendulum

Expt. No: SPRING TEST

Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the spring stiffness, spring index and modulus of rigidity of spring wire.
To verification of equivalent spring stiffness in series & parallel combination

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Spring testrig
2. Micrometer
3. Vernier caliper
4. Weights

PROCEDURE: COMPRESSION SPRING & TENSION SPRING TEST
1. Measure the coil diameter (D), wire diameter (d) and number of turns in the spring
(N).
2. Place the spring inbetween load unit and base plate
3. Place the load in loadpan and measure the deformation of the spring ().
4. Do the experiment for different loads and different springs and tabulate the readings



FORMULAS:

1. Mean coil diameter (D
m
) = D-d,

2. Spring Index (C) =

3. Spring stiffness (k) = N/mm

4. Deformation in Series combination
eq
=
1 2
1 2
Load
k k
k k
| |
|
+
\ .
mm,

5. Deformationinparallelcombination
eq
=
1 2
Load
(k +k )
mm,

6. GraphicalSpringStiffness=
Max.Load - Min. Load
Max. Deflection - Min. Deflection
N/mm

7. Modulus of rigidity (G)=
3
4
8
m
WD N
d o
N/mm
2
Where D = Outer diameter of the spring in mm,
d = Inner diameter of the spring in mm,
W = Load in N,
= Deflection in mm,
N = Number of turns.

TABULATION:

Weight of loading unit: 0.185 kg (Compression spring testrig)
Weight of loading unit: 0.284 kg (Tension spring testrig)

S.
NO
SPRING TYPE AND
DIMENSIONS
SPRING
INDEX
TOTAL
LOAD
SCALE READING (mm)
SPRING
STIFFNESS
(N/mm)
MODULUS
OF
RIGIDITY
OF WIRE
(N/mm
2
)
kg N HEIGHT DEFORMATION
1.

Compression
spring
L=
N=
d=
D=

2.

Compression
spring
L=
N=
d=
D=

3.

Compression
spring
L=
N=
d=
D=

4. Tension spring
L=
N=
d=
D=

5. Tension spring

TABULATION: SERIESPARALLEL COMBINATION


RESULT:

S.NO
SPRING
DIMENSIONS
SPRING
INDEX
AVG.SPRING
STIFFNESS
(N/mm)
GRAPHICAL
SPRING STIFFNESS
(N/mm)
AVG.MODULUS OF
RIGIDITY
(N/mm
2
)

1


2


3


4




5






L=
N=
d=
D=
6. Tension spring
L=
N=
d=
D=



S.NO
SPRING
TYPE &
DIMENSIO
NS
TOTAL
LOAD
W
(N)
DEFLE
CTION

(mm)
SPRING
STIFFNESS
(N/mm)
AVG.
SPRING
STIFFNESS
(N/mm)
DEFORMATION IN
SERIES
COMBINATION
(mm)
DEFORMATION IN
PARALLEL
COMBINATION
(mm)
Experim
ental
Theoretic
al
Experi
mental
Theoretic
al
1. Compressi
onspring
L=
D=
d=
N=

2. Compressi
onspring
L=
D=
d=
N=

GRAPH:
Using common X & Y axis plot the load Vs deflection graph determine the slope of
straight line and report it as graphical stiffness

INFERENCE:
How the geometric parameter does affect the spring stiffness
Derive the equivalent spring stiffness for series & parallel configurations
For the given springs which configuration is stiffer
State the difference between linear spring and nonlinear spring

Expt. No: SYNTHESIS OF FOURBAR MECHANISM

Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To build the fourbar mechanism and its inversions. To design a crank-rocker
mechanism using two position synthesis method
Take: = 60
o
and O
4
B
1
= 40 cm.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Mechanical kit

GRASHOF'S LAW:
It states that, to get continuous relative motion between two members of a planar
fourbar chain, the sum of shortest and longest link lengths cannot be greater than the sum of
the remaining two link lengths. If this law is not satisfied no link will make complete
revolution relative to another link.
sl p+q


INVERSIONS OF FOUR-BAR MECHANISM:



Synthesis:
It is a mechanism design process to yield a desired set of motion characteristics.
Synthesis is done in three stages

Type Synthesis: This is the first stage in which mechanism type is selected linkage, gear
train, belt & pulley and cam & follower

Number Synthesis: This is the second stage in which number of linkages and the number of
joints to obtain required mobility is selected

Dimensional Synthesis: This is the second stage in which number of linkages and the
number of joints to obtain required mobility is selected

Two position synthesis:
B
1
& B
2
limiting positions of the rocker
B
1
O
4
B
2
= - rocker angle
- Crank angle during advance stroke
(360
o
) -crank angle during return stroke

During advance & return stroke, link p (rocker) covers the same distance at different
speed this is due to different crank angle during advance & return stroke.

The ratio, time of advance stroke to time of return stroke is called as Advance-to-
return time ratio (Q)
Q=



Two position synthesis procedure:
1) Take any point as o
4
and choose any desired rocker length p
2) Draw the two extreme positions o
4
B
1
& o
4
B
2
of link p separated by the angle
3) Through B
1
construct any line X
4) Through B
2
construct any line Y at an angle of to the line Xlocate the intersection
point o
2

5) Draw an arc passing through the point B
1
with o
2
as center locate the intersection
point C
6) The shortest link length s is the half the length of B
2
C
7) The longest link length l is obtained from o
2
B
2

8) Join the points o
2
& o
4
the length o
2
o
4
is the length of another intermediate link q

A
2
B
2
=A
1
B
1
=l
B
2
C=2s
O
2
A
1
=O
2
A
2
=s
O
2
B
2
=ls

RESULTS:
- The fourbar linkage is constructed using the links of dimension s =; l =;
p =--------; q =.
- The inversions of fourbar mechanism are built and the curve traced by the input link
and the output links are recorded
- For the given values of rocker angle & advancetoreturn ratio the forbar mechanism
is designed.

INFERENCE:
Derive the Grubler's equation for planar mechanism with lower pair & higher pair
recorded.