ETRUSCAN LANGUAGE Table of Contents Mario Alinei F.R. Latypov M.

Zakiev Etruscan and Hungarian Main Word Groups And Nodes In Analysis And Translation Of The Etruscan Texts Tle 1, Tle 2, Cie 4538 And Inscriptions On Santa Marinella Altar Origin of Trks and Tatars, Section 35

http://www.geocities.com/jackiesixx/caere/languagepage.htm Etruscan Grammar Cristiano Vernesi Etymology of three Etruscan words (English version only) Introduction The best citation on the controversial association of the Etruscan language in the http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/language.html goes as follows: Etruscan Genetics Cap, Oglan/Ulan/Clan, Sack

There are numerous crank theories, which relate the Etruscan language with Hungarian, Israeli, Ukranian, Basque, Turkish, or Akkadian. There is usually a good reason for trying to find such a connection, reasons which have more to do with nationalism than science. Many such websites can be found littering the web, and may be found with most search engines. The translations are quite creative, and read like crossword clues. One would have to wonder why any ancient civilizations would write such strange disjointed phrases on their grave stelae etc. The article by F.R. Latypov can be looked at as one of these crank attempts. The lexical base, fluid and changeable with time, is superimposed over more permanent properties of the language, the properties that define the attribution to the groups of languages. For Trkic languages, these defining properties, which distinguish the Ural-Altaic languages from the Indo-European and other groups of languages are: Agglutinative. No gender. Verbs come at the end of the sentence. Vowel harmony.

A summary of the Etruscan grammar appears to confirm the agglutinative nature of the Etruscan language. The vowel harmony analysis is subject to the guesswork present in any theory of the sound system. The gender or its absence thereof is clearly witnessed in the grammatical studies: there is none.

Any work that traces the Etruscan language to the Trkic group should as a minimum demonstrate these basic properties. The analysis should also tend to include the immigrant vs. the autochthonous genesis of the language. In the vocabulary, some Trkisms are very noticeable: avil year, clan son, etc. The article of F.R. Latypovs adds a number of other words. The usefulness of the methods, suggested by F.R. Latypov, in reading the treasure throve of 13 thousand extant inscriptions, will be a true test of the Pra-Trkic theory. Links http://www.lostlanguages.com/etruscan.htmhttp://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/language.htmlhttp://www.net axs.com/~salvucci/VTLetrvocab.html F.R. Latypov
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MAIN WORD GROUPS AND NODES IN ANALYSIS AND TRANSLATION OF THE ETRUSCAN TEXTS TLE 1, TLE 2, CIE 4538 AND INSCRIPTIONS ON SANTA MARINELLA ALTAR

Published in the book Problems Of Lingo-ethno-history Of The Tatar People (Kazan, 1995, pages 28-35).

Having learned of the Pra-Trkic character of Etruscan language, many starting researchers rush to try to translate separate Etruscan words and texts. However, the correct genuine translation of Etruscan words requires a preliminary multifaceted combinatorial, phonetical, etymological analysis. The purpose of present article is to help a starting researcher in learning and translation of the main Etruscan texts, taking advantage of my long-term experience in that mission.

At once I want to give key points, which of the texts are major and most important. On my deep belief, those are the texts on the slab from Capua TLE 2, and an inscription on the altar from Santa Marinella. Why? Because both of these texts contain a list of moral principles of behavior (in one case for children, in the other for adults) in Etruscan society. And it is a main core of behavioral stereotype of the whole society and of different spheres of its activity. Therefore through these two texts, and also the text of the Zagreb mummy TLE 1, describing the main ritual of Etruscan religion, we can gather a maximum of information about the life of the Mediterranean Pra-Trkic peoples. Below are listed the key moments in the analysis and translation of any Etruscan text, and also are given the general characteristics, brief contents and the main groups of words for each of the named texts. The key moments in the analysis on identification of an Etruscan word

1. By all means learn about an examined word, in what other texts this word is met, and with which words it is surrounded. This can be helped by the volume I of the Volf and Fauler manual, and a review of the last issues of the magazine Studi Etruschi, and other monographs on Etruscan language.

2. The key feature of Etruscan words in comparison with the modern Turkic words consists that they do not have prosthetic sounds, accumulated later in Turkic languages, and sounds themselves, according to already determined frequentative dependences, considerably differ from the modern Turkic... Therefore never discard a consideration that in the beginning of the word could be prosthetic sounds. Their complete list is given in my articles [Latypov F.R.., 1991; 1992 , 1992b]. Of frequentative transitions most important are > , ; > q, k, g, h; m > > b; s > =< z, > =< s. For example, in the analysis of a word pa from the text TLE 2 were explored such probable combinations: b) If in front of the word later has grown a prosthetic sound, this word could turn into apa or aga ( > g), that with etymological association gives in contemporary Kazakh-Turkic the senior sister oraga + g (possible) if'. However neither variation appeared acceptable. The Ancient Turkic Dictionary (ATD), and the word following in the text after pa: cunai teacher helped make the final identification of the examined word, i.e. pa: cunai senior teacher. ) This word is not met anywhere, except for this text;

3. Do not forget to look in ATD: the Etruscan forms are closest to the forms of words in ATD. Compare: pa senior -, clan 'son' -olan, huviun dead body -hvito, lurs magic wand with diamonds for scaring of malicious spirits -lurz etc. y article [Latypov F.R., 1992b] is listing some words with a match in ATD. 4. Filter out the words of the Semitic roots. The Etruscan language comes from the territory of Syria and contains a significant amount of ancient Eastern Semitic borrowings [Latypov F.R., 1994a].

5. Using nostratic matches, search for clones of the translated word in Roman and Slavic languages. For example: Etr. epl attaching', touching' ~ French. applique 'applied ', Etr. cepen ready - French. eciper prepare, equip, hum well, tucu Slavic tugo tough, zl Slavic zelo zeal, etc. 'is good', etc.

6. Precisely understand what type of text you are translating: epitaph, inscription on a dish, on a statue or on an altar. It will help at combinatorial analysis. 7. On epitaphs and inscriptions on altars frequently are used abbreviations help! (umic 'help'), l bless! (lurs), (mlax mulsle munen beneficent, merciful, Omnipresent'), (in eCs Calusce
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Cletram in heavens (eternal) basking Creator '), V (vin 'religion'), R (ril 'age') etc.

8. Pay attention to the first word of the text, on repetitions of the grammar forms in the text (word endings), on separating punctuation between words, on morphological indicators of the word, its precise classification as part of sentence. The information on adjectives, verbs, pronouns and numerals you can find in my articles [Latypov F.R., 1992c, 1994b, 1994d]. General information, contents of translations and key groups of words in the major Etruscan texts TLE 1. An inscription on bandage of the Zagreb mummy [Fowler M., Wolf R., 1965]

Brief description. Found at the end of 19 c., it contains about 1130 words written by almost faded red pigment on the bandage of a mummy of a young girl from Upper Egypt. Dated 3rd c. BC, it is kept in a glass box in the Zagreb Archeological museum.

Overview of the inscription based on my translation [Latypov F.R., 1990, 1994c]. Intent of the inscription is to preserve for the descendants a main ritual of Etruscan religion, human sacrifice. The sacrifice of the young girl was conducted on the altar in the vicinity of city Fivs in the presence of a multitude of noble Etruscan representatives from the East Mediterranean clans, appointed slayers of the Sacred Counsel (conforming to all the ritual rules) with the involvement of the Egyptian mummification experts. Following the columns of text: II-IV - repetitions of evocations from "damage" with epithets praising the main god Tin;

V - description of religious concepts of Etruscans; VI-XI - description of rites and ritual sacrifice;

XII summary of performed rites. The purpose of the whole inscription is relayed in lines III. 14-15 and XII.39 remain as the prayerful will of Tarkic people, performed this ritual... desires of our souls completed. Basic groups of words are (in brackets are given Trkic spelling and pronunciation): a) The girl:xi cis young girl,tesim patient,celucn cheerful,n 'body',taret 'intended for sacrifice,sal 'victim'; b) Society:c, cee 'man',ena 'advice',cil slayers,mutin 'people', acni tre ( uq ny tru elar) sanctificators;

c) Sacrifice tools, envocations, products, chemicals:tunt enac (tu injr) cold sword (compare Scythian inac honorable sword) (aka akinak),usli acac (oly pyaq) sharp knife,ipe (ipi) bread,sul (su) ' water ',prus fruit,macva sweets,hsme leive ' myrrh pitch ' (Bulgarian.lav wax),satrs salammoniac; d) Count, measure:neri sane large number,mur (mrtb) of 'time',ar ratum in order; e) Universe: Crap Cr + ap (Qr +upqyn) field + disappear Universe. TLE 2. Inscription on a slab from Capua [Roncalli F. Hoffman W., 1988]

Brief description. Found at the end of 19 c. in Capua. Contains 250 words written with a boustrophedonic method (sequential change in the direction of lines). Attributed to 5 c. BC. The upper and lower parts of the slab are extensively damaged. The slab is kept in the Berlin Archeological Museum. Summary of the inscription based on my translation.

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The slab contains a code of norms of behavior for a pupil of an Etruscan school. In the beginning of the inscription are mentioned three Tartirians Lunash, Savknes and Ledams (inhabitants of the south of Spain?), who created a doctrine about forming of character and developed 10 rules of conduct. There are quoted some of their statements. The second part of the inscription is devoted to an explanation of a harm of the foul language and atheistic ideas. The last part reviews the mutual relationship of the schoolboy with the parents and with the senior teacher (principal?), imposing prohibitions for undermining the prestige of the teacher, application of cosmetics, revealing home secrets etc. macvilulule fala the child worthy of praises,pa cunai senior instructor (teacher),halx (holyq) character,intehamai (Semit.), 'examination',ital conscience, fairness (at),iluc 'case',picari 'rule',racvanies (rylany) profanity,Astitii (Aristotel?, aesthetics?). It would be interesting to continue excavation near the detection place of this slab. It is thought that there is a chance for detection of clay tablets from the Etruscan school library. CIE 4538. An inscription on rectangular (in crossection) stone pillar (Ital. Chippo), found near Perugia [ Roncalli F., 1987, 1988; Latypov ., 1994 e] Main groups of words:

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Brief description.Chippois found in 1822 on a lot of Vincentso Cerabuni at a depth of 5 m. The inscription is on two sides of a stone prism, well preserved, and is attributed to the 3 c. BC. Now the pillar is on display in the Bolonia Archeological Museum. Summary of the inscription based on my translation. The intent of the inscription is to present to the descendants a rare for the Etruscan society phenomenon of friendship and mutual assistance of two brothers. One is called Larez (the helped one), and another - Volgina (rich, experienced in household business, with the large number of sons and dependants). Volgina rented from Larez his dry, badly irrigated land. With the help of the sons, and also on the advice of the worker Perasha, a digging expert (contemporary irrigator), they blocked off the stream, running along the boundary of Larez lot, by erecting a dam. A rising gate valve was built in in the dam to regulate the feed of water to the lot.
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After plowing of the leased site drainage pipes were laid in trenches and bridges which provided water access to the roots of the plants. As a result of these works and the effective agrotechnical methods a crop was collected as stars in the sky. Harvest was jointly picked also, the grain was threshed and well winnowed. From a joy of the benefits of such cooperation, Volgina and Larez jointly erected this stone marker near the dam, supplying it with an appropriate inscription. Main groups of words: zer land,tezan 'lot',fuleri ten (uele telr) wet places,felic (elga) 'river',unxul (bunkl ') water storage basin,fala ' dam ',capumuniclet (menle-qigan qapqa) rising gate valve,mlesculzicienesci (bele oqykilrend) expert on digging advices ',masu (basu) plough land,ipa (igennr) bread,xim (abyp) having cut,peloi (sugyldy) threshed,renei (rende) winnowed,vaxrlautna (ba alpautlyq) 'rich estate',zranc (srlg) after ploughing,cnl channel,uruna (brn) post,ein (uelgan) hewn. Inscription on an altar from Santa Marinella(Torelli M., 1969] Summary of the inscription based on my translation.

The inscription begins first line with traditional clichs, epithets to the god Tin: < > < > . Then follows a description of the goddess Minerva: who is snake faced, knowing what is hidden for mortals.

From the 4-th until 7-th line treatise is, apparently, about general theory and rules of sacrifice. 8-10 lines are devoted to the specific recommendations, what is useful to do to obtain a favor of the goddess Minerva (Fate), and what is considered a sin. Most outstanding of all inscriptions is the tenth line, packed by such exalted religiously - bureaucratic terminology of complex combination words [Latypov F.R., 1994] that these terms literally shock the researchers [lli< > ., 1969; Rix H., 1989; Fu Treister M., 1991]. Really, nothing like this is found anywhere among Etruscan inscriptions. My translations of some of these shocking words are given below. Literal translation of the text, because of the strong damage, is not possible, though it is clear that it is of exclusive significance. Main groups of words: iceicin ezi ipe (oaan tesle pi) pleasantly looking bread,unu rapa (uyly araqy) good wine...menatina texu... her requests execute,icana (oyga) to this,eizurva (uyllylar) thoughtful,aemeican (dmn) humanistic,xnxa (gnahlar) sins,nacarsurveclesvare (naaryllyq qylasy bar le) such, who yet would make baddish deeds,aesunamulame (kern dusyna mullyq krst) those who are generous to friends (see ancient Turk. adas friend) [Latypov F.R.., 1994 b]. Fowler M., Wolf R. Materials for the Study of the Etruscan Language.-Vol. I-II.-Madison and Milwankee, 1965. LITERATURE

Further follows a list of objects recommended for donations on the altar: pleasantly looking bread, good vine, etc. The list of acceptable donations is strongly damaged.

Latypov F.R. Zagreb mummy - possible witness to apotheosis of Etruscan human sacrifice (Results of inspection of the mummy in August, 1988 in association with Pra-Trkic reading of the shroud text in 1981): Thesis of international colloquium //Etruscanlinks with peoples of Mediterranean. Myths. Religion. Art.-M.: GMII A.S.Pushkin, 1990.

Latypov F.R. Borongo konsygysh semit alynma yuzzere. Urta ditsgezen local Baba-Torki telende (6-3 cc. BC) // Fen. Iyint: Bashkort telgyileme actual meselelere.- Ufa, 1994 .

Latypov F.R. The main forms of inclination, conjugation and non-personal forms of Pra-Trkic verbs // Theses of international conference dedicated to Zaki Validi.-Ufa: Publ. BGU, 1994 b. Latypov F.R. Phonetic changes of the Bashkir, Kazan-Turkic and Azerbaijani languages in comparison with real Parent Turkic languages // Materials of International Trkological conference.- Kazan: IYLI KNC RAN, 1992 b. Latypov F.R. The comparative analysis of Pra-Trkic lexicon of the Zagreb mummy shroud text and the
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Latypov F.R.. Research of actual Pra-Trkic language by PEKFOS method // Summaries and tasks of studying Tatar literary language.-Kazan: IYLI KNC RAN, 1992 a.

modern Bashkir literary language // Questions lexicology and dialectology of Bashkir language.- Ufa: IYLI BAN, 1994 c.

Latypov F.R. The functionally - semantic and comparative degree forms of Pra-Trkic adjectives // Theses of international conference dedicated to Zaki Validi.-Ufa: Publ. BGU, 1994 d.

Latypov F.R. The numerals and pronouns in Pra-Trkic language // Theses of anniversary conference UFMTI.Ufa, 1992c. Latypov F.R. Morphological units of Etruscan language in light of Pra-Trkic hypothesis: Azebaidjan filoloku {asy meselelere)-Baku: ELM, 1991. Latypov F.R. Etrusktar vasyyaty: tugandarzyts duslygy maktaura laiykly // Agizel No 8.-1994e. Rix H. Zur Morphostruktur des etruskichen -S Genetivs // Studi Etruschi.-Vol. LV.-1989.

Torelli M. Terza campacna di scavi a punto delta Vipera (Santa Marinella) // Studi Etruschi.-Vol. XXXVMEML XVII- (serie II) .-l969.

Roncalli p., Sul testo del "Cippo di Perugia" // Studi Etruschi -Vol LIII-MEML XXXV- (serie III), tavv, XXVII-XXVIII.-1987.

RoDcaUi F. Hoffman W. Shrifiwesen der Etrusker (die Welt der Etrusker Helt 4).-Berlin, 1988.

Fu. Treister M. Etruscan Objects in the Northern Pontic Area the Ways of their Penetration // Studi Etruschi.Vol. LVII.-1991 Reference article http://www.geocities.com/jackiesixx/caere/languagepage.htm Etruscan Grammar This page reviews what is now known of the Etruscan Grammar. I would like to express my gratitude to the source of the information provided here, prof.dr. R.S.P. Beekes and dr. L.B. van der Meer who are both connected with the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, and whose student I have been. The review of the Etruscan Grammar is, in fact, a translation from the Dutch language of Chapter 7 of the book "De Etrusken Spreken" by R.S.P. Beekes and L.B. van der Meer (Coutinho, Muiderberg 1991). Introduction Many aspects of the Etruscan language are still unclear. The most recent discussions of Etruscan prove this, not only on Ancient Sites, but especially in Etruscan science: the biggest and most far going book on Etruscan language is that of A.J. Pfiffig, die Etruskische Sprache, Graz, 1969 and the most recent but also shortest one is by H. Rix, La scrittura e la lingua, 1985, in: M.Cristofani, Gli Etruschi, una nuova immagine, pp. 210-238. The theories brought forward by Pfiffig are highly disputable and not very safe. Beekes and van der Meer follow Rix, who has a much more scientific and safe view on the Etruscan language and its interpretation. Beekes agrees with Rix on many point, except his sound system. The Etruscan Sound System This can be presented as the following: labials dentals velars sonants vocals p t k r i ph th ch l e

ph, th and ch were aspirated, like in classic Greek. The f was (in South Etruria) formerly noted as "vh" or "hv": thavhna = thafna"bowl". The z had the sound of "ts". The link between s and s' is not perfectly clear. In North
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Etruria s and s' are (mainly!) used adversary to the use in th South. h came only at the beginning of a word. The consonant i was written as "i", but sounded like "j" or "y" (like in latin at the beginning of a word and with another sonant following): iucurte , Lat. Iugurtha; puia "wife". The Etruscan language didn't have the letter/sound "o". It is thought that u sounded more or less like "o", because the Latin version of a word with -uoften has the sound "o" in it: nufurznei , lat. Noborsinia. Essential in the system is, that u refers to only one sound, so there was no "o" adversary to a "u" sound. Not certain is whether there have been long vocals or whether they have existed in an earlier stage. Diphtongs existed, like ai, ei, ui, au/av, eu, uv (pronounced like "ou"?). Historical Development Over the seven centuries that the Etruscan language can be followed, some changes over the periods of time have been encountered. Here are some of these developments:

syncope:between 500 and 450 B.C. all vocals in the syllable that was not the first of a word disappeared, except for a vocal at the end of a word: aranth > arnth, achile > achle, tinas > tins. Often vocals were repared after the example of other forms. In reverse, in syncopated forms, new vocals are found (later on): thactra > thactara. Some other developments are the following: i > e before e or a: ika, eca "this"ai > ei: 'kaiknas' > ceicnaei (also ei from ai) > e before u/v: cnaive > cneive -ei > -e: caine(i)f- > haround Clusium: fasti > hasti (female name)f > p before sonant: thufltha > thupltha First of all, again we must say that a lot about the nouns is uncertain. For example, it is highly discussed whether there actually is an accusative and dative in Etruscan! How the two genitive forms are used is unclear. One might accept only three things as clear about the flection system in Etruscan: the genitive is -s/-l; the locative is a form ending with -i (often with suffix -thi, -t(e)); the plural has -r (Beekes states that there is no ending in the nominative and accusative plural forms). Genitive There are some stems in Etruscan nouns. Nouns ending with a vocal in the nominative, get -s or -l in the genitive; nouns ending with a consonant in the nominative, get -s or -l (see 2a) or vocal + -s/-l (see 2b); which vocal appears in the last option cannot be predicted. For example: 1 apa suthi avile 2a avil cilth 2b laris methlum sech vel At the genitive -l, we can find furthermore -al after a vocal in female names on -i: Next to Arnthal and Larthal we also find Arth-i-al/Larth-i-al. There are archaic forms on -a instead of -al: arch. aranthia recc. arnthial arch. larisa rec. larisal There has not yet been sufficient research to the historical and dialect-geographical development of these forms. A plausible assumption is that the vocal appearing before -s/-l would belong to the noun's stem, but has
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Nouns

gen. apa-s gen. suthi-s gen. avile-s gen. avil-s gen. cilth-s' gen. laris-a-l methlum-e-s sech-i-s vel-u-s

Latini gen. Latini-a-l

There is little to say about the diversion of -s and -l. as far as names are concearned, there appear to be the following rules: FAMILY NAMES: masculin names--- > genitive: -s feminin names--- > genitive: -l

"fallen off" in the nominative: *methlume > methlum

The Flection of the Noun noun-stems on nom s-gen s-abl. s-dat. l-gen. l-abl. l-dat. loc. loc.+thi The Ablative

Other names have -l after -th or -s, or else they have -s. -a -a, -as -es -asi -al -al(a)s -ale, -e -ethi, -althi -e(i) -aithi -u -u, -us -uis -usi -ul

Tutna: m/gen. Tutna-s f/gen Tutna-l

The ablative was formed by adding the genitive's -s to the genitive. -l gen.+ -s became -ls (arch. -las; so the -l genitive must have developed from *-la). This is the so-called "double genitive". In the case of the -s genitive (probably developed from *-si) this became *-si-s; syncope rendered -Cs-s, f.e. -uis; -ais became -es. The Dative Another from, called "pertinentivus" by Rix, but "dativus" by most linguists, developed from adding the locative -i to the genitive: -s-i; but -la-i > -le. Both ablative and dative are easily to understand if we bare in mind that the genitives on -s and -l originally were adjectives (f.e. not "from/of school" but "school(i)s(h)". By the way, cases from cases do appear more often than one might think, especially in the case of the genitive (f.e. in the Caucasus). The Locative The locative ending was -i; together with -a, this became -ai > -ei > -e. -thi and -t(e) were postpositions, which could be added after the ending -i, hence -aithi > -ethi. The plural was formed by adding -r to the stem: ais (god), ais-e-r (gods). After this -r came the same endings as in the singular. Thereby, before the genitive -s, an -a appears (probably belonging to the -r, so -r<-ra). Another suffix, pointing out the plural, probably a collective form, was -chva, also known as -cva or -va/-ua: f.e. marunuchva "college of maru's" Prenouns These have a separate accusative. The Plural

a) personal prenouns: only the forms for "I" and "me" are known:
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nom. mi "I" acc. mini "me" (also: "mine"/"mene") arch. nom. acc. gen. abl. gen. abl. dat. loc. ika ikan icas'

b) demonstrative prenouns: we know of two: ika > (e)ca and ita > (e)ta. Here's the flection: rec. eca ecn ecs

gen. velthur-us +nom. velthurus'a +gen. velthurus'la gen. arnthal +nom. arnthal-is'a +gen. anthal-is'la

The a/u is probably a recent epenthetic vocal (so *itla is realized as [itela]; cf. tla and is'a further on). These prenouns could be used encliticly as an article: rithna-ita, cinthiuna-itula, tamerescas<*-as-icas, with umlaut a > e and syncope of the i). -is'a is used after a genitive and means "that of/belonging to". -is'a can be put in the genitive itself: -(i)s'la: "of that of/of belonging to" or the dative (-is'ule):

c) anaphoric prenouns are: an and in ("he"/"she"/"this"/"that"). +nom. arnthal-is'a +gen. anthal-is'la

d) interrogative and relative prenoun was ipa (probably in + pa): "which?" and "which". c) anaphoric prenouns are: an and in ("he"/"she"/"this"/"that"). Numerals

d) interrogative and relative prenoun was ipa(probably in + pa): "which?" and "which". Adverbial distributives thunz zelur ciz(i) huthz

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

thu zal/esal ci huth(?) mach s'a semph

8 9 10 14 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

cezp nurphsemphalch *s'ar (gen.s'aris) huthzar? ciem zathrum eslem zathrum thunem zathrum zathrum cialch ? muvalch sealch semphalch cezpalch

cezpz

17 , "ciem zathrum" means "three off twenty", idem 18 and 19 (cf. Lat. duo-de-viginti, un-de-viginti); the genitiveof the numerals is formed by -s: thuns', esals, cis', huth(i)s, machs, zathrum(i)s, cialchls (developed from -alchlus?). Adverbs are: thunzone time etc. The Verb thunur (distr.) "one by one" etc. The known verbal endings are (always the 3rd person singular): ind.praes. coni.?/fut.? imp.praes. ind.perf.act. ind.perf.pass. injunctive?? ptc.praes.act. -a -a -X -ce -che -e -th? -as(a) ptc.perf.act. -thas(a) -anas(a)
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Some think that s'a means "four" and huth means "six".

ptc.perf.pass. intrans. gerundivum infinitive?

-u -u -ri -e?

-ce is the 3rd person singular, but maybe it is also a plural form (vide CIE 6213a: laris avle larisal clenar sval cn suthi cerichunce --- > "Laris and Aule, sons of Laris, have this grave built during their life"). NB: also sval ("living") has no plural ending. A 1st person singular is maybe: inpa thapicun ("that I curse"), TLE 380. mulu-eni-ce: "he has given" (mulu= "given") cerichu-n-ce: "he has built" Formation of the words: frequent is a suffix with -n-:

Maybe the -n- has developed by syncope from -eni-. Additional Literature

zilach-n-u: "having been zilach"; zilach-nu-ce: "he has been zilach"

Adile Ayda, 1979. Adile Ayda. Etrskler'le skitler Aras nda Benzerlik-ler // 8th Trk Tarih Kongresi, I. Ankara.Adile Ayda, 1992. Adile Ayda. Etrskler (Tursakalar) Trk idiler. Ankara.Latypov F., 1994. Pra-Trkic world: inscriptions on the stones of Perugia // Argamak. No. 7. Naberejnye ChelnyNemirovsky A.I., 1983. Etrusks. From a myth to history. M.

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