Designation: D790 10

Standard Test Methods for

Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials1
This standard is issued under the xed designation D790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* 1.1 These test methods cover the determination of exural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics, including high-modulus composites and electrical insulating materials in the form of rectangular bars molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. These test methods are generally applicable to both rigid and semirigid materials. However, exural strength cannot be determined for those materials that do not break or that do not fail in the outer surface of the test specimen within the 5.0 % strain limit of these test methods. These test methods utilize a three-point loading system applied to a simply supported beam. A four-point loading system method can be found in Test Method D6272. 1.1.1 Procedure A, designed principally for materials that break at comparatively small deections. 1.1.2 Procedure B, designed particularly for those materials that undergo large deections during testing. 1.1.3 Procedure A shall be used for measurement of exural properties, particularly exural modulus, unless the material specication states otherwise. Procedure B may be used for measurement of exural strength only. Tangent modulus data obtained by Procedure A tends to exhibit lower standard deviations than comparable data obtained by means of Procedure B. 1.2 Comparative tests may be run in accordance with either procedure, provided that the procedure is found satisfactory for the material being tested. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values provided in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1These test methods are not technically equivalent to ISO 178.

2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:2 D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics D4000 Classication System for Specifying Plastic Materials D4101 Specication for Polypropylene Injection and Extrusion Materials D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens D6272 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials by Four-Point Bending E4 Practices for Force Verication of Testing Machines E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 2.2 ISO Standard:3 ISO 178 PlasticsDetermination of Flexural Properties 3. Terminology 3.1 DenitionsDenitions of terms applying to these test methods appear in Terminology D883 and Annex A1 of Test Method D638. 4. Summary of Test Method 4.1 A bar of rectangular cross section rests on two supports and is loaded by means of a loading nose midway between the supports. A support span-to-depth ratio of 16:1 shall be used unless there is reason to suspect that a larger span-to-depth
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D790 07 1. DOI: 10.1520/D0790-10.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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D790 10
ratio may be required, as may be the case for certain laminated materials (see Section 7 and Note 7 for guidance). 4.2 The specimen is deected until rupture occurs in the outer surface of the test specimen or until a maximum strain (see 12.7) of 5.0 % is reached, whichever occurs rst. 4.3 Procedure A employs a strain rate of 0.01 mm/mm/min (0.01 in./in./min) and is the preferred procedure for this test method, while Procedure B employs a strain rate of 0.10 mm/mm/min (0.10 in./in./min). 5. Signicance and Use 5.1 Flexural properties as determined by these test methods are especially useful for quality control and specication purposes. 5.2 Materials that do not fail by the maximum strain allowed under these test methods (3-point bend) may be more suited to a 4-point bend test. The basic difference between the two test methods is in the location of the maximum bending moment and maximum axial ber stresses. The maximum axial ber stresses occur on a line under the loading nose in 3-point bending and over the area between the loading noses in 4-point bending. 5.3 Flexural properties may vary with specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate of straining as specied in Procedures A and B (see also Note 7). 5.4 Before proceeding with these test methods, reference should be made to the ASTM specication of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the ASTM material specication shall take precedence over those mentioned in these test methods. Table 1 in Classication System D4000 lists the ASTM material specications that currently exist for plastics. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Testing Machine A properly calibrated testing machine that can be operated at constant rates of crosshead motion over the range indicated, and in which the error in the load measuring system shall not exceed 61 % of the maximum load expected to be measured. It shall be equipped with a deection measuring device. The stiffness of the testing machine shall be
TABLE 1 Flexural Strength
Material ABS DAP thermoset Cast acrylic GR polyester GR polycarbonate SMC Mean, 103 psi 9.99 14.3 16.3 19.5 21.0 26.0 Values Expressed in Units of % of 103 psi VrA 1.59 6.58 1.67 1.43 5.16 4.76 VRB 6.05 6.58 11.3 2.14 6.05 7.19 rC 4.44 18.6 4.73 4.05 14.6 13.5 RD 17.2 18.6 32.0 6.08 17.1 20.4

such that the total elastic deformation of the system does not exceed 1 % of the total deection of the test specimen during testing, or appropriate corrections shall be made. The load indicating mechanism shall be essentially free from inertial lag at the crosshead rate used. The accuracy of the testing machine shall be veried in accordance with Practices E4. 6.2 Loading Noses and SupportsThe loading nose and supports shall have cylindrical surfaces. The default radii of the loading nose and supports shall be 5.0 6 0.1 mm (0.197 6 0.004 in.) unless otherwise specied in an ASTM material specication or as agreed upon between the interested parties. When the use of an ASTM material specication, or an agreed upon modication, results in a change to the radii of the loading nose and supports, the results shall be clearly identied as being obtained from a modied version of this test method and shall include the specication (when available) from which the modication was specied, for example, Test Method D790 in accordance with Specication D4101. 6.2.1 Other Radii for Loading Noses and SupportsWhen other than default loading noses and supports are used, in order to avoid excessive indentation, or failure due to stress concentration directly under the loading nose, they must comply with the following requirements: they shall have a minimum radius of 3.2 mm (18 in.) for all specimens. For specimens 3.2 mm or greater in depth, the radius of the supports may be up to 1.6 times the specimen depth. They shall be this large if signicant indentation or compressive failure occurs. The arc of the loading nose in contact with the specimen shall be sufficiently large to prevent contact of the specimen with the sides of the nose. The maximum radius of the loading nose shall be no more than four times the specimen depth. 6.3 Micrometers Suitable micrometers for measuring the width and thickness of the test specimen to an incremental discrimination of at least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) should be used. All width and thickness measurements of rigid and semirigid plastics may be measured with a hand micrometer with ratchet. A suitable instrument for measuring the thickness of nonrigid test specimens shall have: a contact measuring pressure of 25 6 2.5 kPa (3.6 6 0.36 psi), a movable circular contact foot 6.35 6 0.025 mm (0.250 6 0.001 in.) in diameter and a lower xed anvil large enough to extend beyond the contact foot in all directions and being parallel to the contact foot within 0.005 mm (0.002 in.) over the entire foot area. Flatness of foot and anvil shall conform to the portion of the Calibration section of Test Methods D5947. 7. Test Specimens 7.1 The specimens may be cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes, or may be molded to the desired nished dimensions. The actual dimensions used in Section 4.2, Calculation, shall be measured in accordance with Test Methods D5947.
NOTE 2Any necessary polishing of specimens shall be done only in the lengthwise direction of the specimen.

A Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is obtained by rst pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1)2 + (s2)2 . . . + ( sn)2]/n] 1/2 then Vr = (Sr divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100. B Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation: SR = {Sr2 + SL2}1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then: VR = (S R divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100. C r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Vr. D R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 VR.

7.2 Sheet Materials (Except Laminated Thermosetting Materials and Certain Materials Used for Electrical Insulation, Including Vulcanized Fiber and Glass Bonded Mica):

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D790 10
7.2.1 Materials 1.6 mm (116 in.) or Greater in Thickness For atwise tests, the depth of the specimen shall be the thickness of the material. For edgewise tests, the width of the specimen shall be the thickness of the sheet, and the depth shall not exceed the width (see Notes 3 and 4). For all tests, the support span shall be 16 (tolerance 61) times the depth of the beam. Specimen width shall not exceed one fourth of the support span for specimens greater than 3.2 mm (18 in.) in depth. Specimens 3.2 mm or less in depth shall be 12.7 mm (12 in.) in width. The specimen shall be long enough to allow for overhanging on each end of at least 10 % of the support span, but in no case less than 6.4 mm (14 in.) on each end. Overhang shall be sufficient to prevent the specimen from slipping through the supports.
NOTE 3Whenever possible, the original surface of the sheet shall be unaltered. However, where testing machine limitations make it impossible to follow the above criterion on the unaltered sheet, one or both surfaces shall be machined to provide the desired dimensions, and the location of the specimens with reference to the total depth shall be noted. The value obtained on specimens with machined surfaces may differ from those obtained on specimens with original surfaces. Consequently, any specications for exural properties on thicker sheets must state whether the original surfaces are to be retained or not. When only one surface was machined, it must be stated whether the machined surface was on the tension or compression side of the beam. NOTE 4Edgewise tests are not applicable for sheets that are so thin that specimens meeting these requirements cannot be cut. If specimen depth exceeds the width, buckling may occur.

61). Thicker specimens should be avoided if they exhibit signicant shrink marks or bubbles when molded. 7.5 High-Strength Reinforced Composites, Including Highly Orthotropic LaminatesThe span-to-depth ratio shall be chosen such that failure occurs in the outer bers of the specimens and is due only to the bending moment (see Note 7). A span-to-depth ratio larger than 16:1 may be necessary (32:1 or 40:1 are recommended). For some highly anisotropic composites, shear deformation can signicantly inuence modulus measurements, even at span-to-depth ratios as high as 40:1. Hence, for these materials, an increase in the span-to-depth ratio to 60:1 is recommended to eliminate shear effects when modulus data are required, it should also be noted that the exural modulus of highly anisotropic laminates is a strong function of ply-stacking sequence and will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is not stacking-sequence dependent.
NOTE 7As a general rule, support span-to-depth ratios of 16:1 are satisfactory when the ratio of the tensile strength to shear strength is less than 8 to 1, but the support span-to-depth ratio must be increased for composite laminates having relatively low shear strength in the plane of the laminate and relatively high tensile strength parallel to the support span.

7.2.2 Materials Less than 1.6 mm (116 in.) in Thickness The specimen shall be 50.8 mm (2 in.) long by 12.7 mm (12 in.) wide, tested atwise on a 25.4-mm (1-in.) support span.
NOTE 5Use of the formulas for simple beams cited in these test methods for calculating results presumes that beam width is small in comparison with the support span. Therefore, the formulas do not apply rigorously to these dimensions. NOTE 6Where machine sensitivity is such that specimens of these dimensions cannot be measured, wider specimens or shorter support spans, or both, may be used, provided the support span-to-depth ratio is at least 14 to 1. All dimensions must be stated in the report (see also Note 5).

8. Number of Test Specimens 8.1 Test at least ve specimens for each sample in the case of isotropic materials or molded specimens. 8.2 For each sample of anisotropic material in sheet form, test at least ve specimens for each of the following conditions. Recommended conditions are atwise and edgewise tests on specimens cut in lengthwise and crosswise directions of the sheet. For the purposes of this test, lengthwise designates the principal axis of anisotropy and shall be interpreted to mean the direction of the sheet known to be stronger in exure. Crosswise indicates the sheet direction known to be the weaker in exure and shall be at 90 to the lengthwise direction. 9. Conditioning 9.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise specied by contract or the relevant ASTM material specication. Conditioning time is specied as a minimum. Temperature and humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless specied differently by contract or material specication. 9.2 Test ConditionsConduct the tests at the same temperature and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise specied by contract or the relevant ASTM material specication. 10. Procedure 10.1 Procedure A: 10.1.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement. Measure the width and depth of the specimen to the nearest 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) at the center of the support span. For specimens less than 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) in depth, measure the depth to the nearest 0.003 mm (0.0005 in.). These measurements shall be made in accordance with Test Methods D5947.

7.3 Laminated Thermosetting Materials and Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation, Including Vulcanized Fiber and Glass-Bonded MicaFor paper-base and fabric-base grades over 25.4 mm (1 in.) in nominal thickness, the specimens shall be machined on both surfaces to a depth of 25.4 mm. For glass-base and nylon-base grades, specimens over 12.7 mm (12 in.) in nominal depth shall be machined on both surfaces to a depth of 12.7 mm. The support span-to-depth ratio shall be chosen such that failures occur in the outer bers of the specimens, due only to the bending moment (see Note 7). Therefore, a ratio larger than 16:1 may be necessary (32:1 or 40:1 are recommended). When laminated materials exhibit low compressive strength perpendicular to the laminations, they shall be loaded with a large radius loading nose (up to four times the specimen depth to prevent premature damage to the outer bers. 7.4 Molding Materials (Thermoplastics and Thermosets) The recommended specimen for molding materials is 127 by 12.7 by 3.2 mm (5 by 12 by 18 in.) tested atwise on a support span, resulting in a support span-to-depth ratio of 16 (tolerance

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D790 10
10.1.2 Determine the support span to be used as described in Section 7 and set the support span to within 1 % of the determined value. 10.1.3 For exural xtures that have continuously adjustable spans, measure the span accurately to the nearest 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) for spans less than 63 mm (2.5 in.) and to the nearest 0.3 mm (0.012 in.) for spans greater than or equal to 63 mm (2.5 in.). Use the actual measured span for all calculations. For exural xtures that have xed machined span positions, verify the span distance the same as for adjustable spans at each machined position. This distance becomes the span for that position and is used for calculations applicable to all subsequent tests conducted at that position. See Annex A2 for information on the determination of and setting of the span. 10.1.4 Calculate the rate of crosshead motion as follows and set the machine for the rate of crosshead motion as calculated by Eq 1:
R 5 ZL 2/6d (1)

L = support span, mm (in.), and d = depth of beam, mm (in.).

NOTE 8For some materials that do not yield or break within the 5 % strain limit when tested by Procedure A, the increased strain rate allowed by Procedure B (see 10.2) may induce the specimen to yield or break, or both, within the required 5 % strain limit. NOTE 9Beyond 5 % strain, this test method is not applicable. Some other mechanical property might be more relevant to characterize materials that neither yield nor break by either Procedure A or Procedure B within the 5 % strain limit (for example, Test Method D638 may be considered).

where: R = rate of crosshead motion, mm (in.)/min, L = support span, mm (in.), d = depth of beam, mm (in.), and Z = rate of straining of the outer ber, mm/mm/min (in./ in./min). Z shall be equal to 0.01. In no case shall the actual crosshead rate differ from that calculated using Eq 1, by more than 610 %. 10.1.5 Align the loading nose and supports so that the axes of the cylindrical surfaces are parallel and the loading nose is midway between the supports. The parallelism of the apparatus may be checked by means of a plate with parallel grooves into which the loading nose and supports will t when properly aligned (see A2.3). Center the specimen on the supports, with the long axis of the specimen perpendicular to the loading nose and supports. 10.1.6 Apply the load to the specimen at the specied crosshead rate, and take simultaneous load-deection data. Measure deection either by a gage under the specimen in contact with it at the center of the support span, the gage being mounted stationary relative to the specimen supports, or by measurement of the motion of the loading nose relative to the supports. Load-deection curves may be plotted to determine the exural strength, chord or secant modulus or the tangent modulus of elasticity, and the total work as measured by the area under the load-deection curve. Perform the necessary toe compensation (see Annex A1) to correct for seating and indentation of the specimen and deections in the machine. 10.1.7 Terminate the test when the maximum strain in the outer surface of the test specimen has reached 0.05 mm/mm (in./in.) or at break if break occurs prior to reaching the maximum strain (Notes 8 and 9). The deection at which this strain will occur may be calculated by letting r equal 0.05 mm/mm (in./in.) in Eq 2:
D 5 rL2/6d (2)

10.2 Procedure B: 10.2.1 Use an untested specimen for each measurement. 10.2.2 Test conditions shall be identical to those described in 10.1, except that the rate of straining of the outer surface of the test specimen shall be 0.10 mm/mm (in./in.)/min. 10.2.3 If no break has occurred in the specimen by the time the maximum strain in the outer surface of the test specimen has reached 0.05 mm/mm (in./in.), discontinue the test (see Note 9). 11. Retests 11.1 Values for properties at rupture shall not be calculated for any specimen that breaks at some obvious, fortuitous aw, unless such aws constitute a variable being studied. Retests shall be made for any specimen on which values are not calculated. 12. Calculation 12.1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance with Annex A1 unless it can be shown that the toe region of the curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating of the specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic material response. 12.2 Flexural Stress (sf)When a homogeneous elastic material is tested in exure as a simple beam supported at two points and loaded at the midpoint, the maximum stress in the outer surface of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint. This stress may be calculated for any point on the load-deection curve by means of the following equation (see Notes 10-12):
sf 5 3PL/2bd2 (3)

where: s = stress in the outer bers at midpoint, MPa (psi), P = load at a given point on the load-deection curve, N (lbf), L = support span, mm (in.), b = width of beam tested, mm (in.), and d = depth of beam tested, mm (in.).
NOTE 10Eq 3 applies strictly to materials for which stress is linearly proportional to strain up to the point of rupture and for which the strains are small. Since this is not always the case, a slight error will be introduced if Eq 3 is used to calculate stress for materials that are not true Hookean materials. The equation is valid for obtaining comparison data and for specication purposes, but only up to a maximum ber strain of 5 % in the outer surface of the test specimen for specimens tested by the procedures described herein. NOTE 11When testing highly orthotropic laminates, the maximum

where: D = midspan deection, mm (in.), r = strain, mm/mm (in./in.),

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D790 10
stress may not always occur in the outer surface of the test specimen.4 Laminated beam theory must be applied to determine the maximum tensile stress at failure. If Eq 3 is used to calculate stress, it will yield an apparent strength based on homogeneous beam theory. This apparent strength is highly dependent on the ply-stacking sequence of highly orthotropic laminates. NOTE 12The preceding calculation is not valid if the specimen slips excessively between the supports.

12.3 Flexural Stress for Beams Tested at Large Support Spans (s f)If support span-to-depth ratios greater than 16 to 1 are used such that deections in excess of 10 % of the support span occur, the stress in the outer surface of the specimen for a simple beam can be reasonably approximated with the following equation (see Note 13):
sf 5 ~3PL/2bd2!@1 1 6~D/L! 2 2 4~d/L!~D/L!# (4)

where: sf, P, L, b, and d are the same as for Eq 3, and D = deection of the centerline of the specimen at the middle of the support span, mm (in.).
NOTE 13When large support span-to-depth ratios are used, signicant end forces are developed at the support noses which will affect the moment in a simple supported beam. Eq 4 includes additional terms that are an approximate correction factor for the inuence of these end forces in large support span-to-depth ratio beams where relatively large deections exist.

12.4 Flexural Strength (sfM)Maximum exural stress sustained by the test specimen (see Note 11) during a bending test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials that do not break at strains of up to 5 % may give a load deection curve that shows a point at which the load does not increase with an increase in strain, that is, a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve B), Y. The exural strength may be calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, Y. 12.5 Flexural Offset Yield StrengthOffset yield strength is the stress at which the stress-strain curve deviates by a given strain (offset) from the tangent to the initial straight line portion of the stress-strain curve. The value of the offset must be given whenever this property is calculated.
NOTE 14This value may differ from exural strength dened in 12.4. Both methods of calculation are described in the annex to Test Method D638.

NOTECurve a: Specimen that breaks before yielding. Curve b: Specimen that yields and then breaks before the 5 % strain limit. Curve c: Specimen that neither yields nor breaks before the 5 % strain limit.
FIG. 1 Typical Curves of Flexural Stress (f) Versus Flexural Strain (f)

from the load-deection curve at the deection corresponding to the desired strain (for highly orthotropic laminates, see Note 11). 12.8 Flexural Strain, fNominal fractional change in the length of an element of the outer surface of the test specimen at midspan, where the maximum strain occurs. It may be calculated for any deection using Eq 5:
f 5 6Dd/L2 (5)

12.6 Flexural Stress at Break (sfB )Flexural stress at break of the test specimen during a bending test. It is calculated according to Eq 3 or Eq 4. Some materials may give a load deection curve that shows a break point, B, without a yield point (Fig. 1, Curve a) in which case s fB = sfM. Other materials may give a yield deection curve with both a yield and a break point, B (Fig. 1, Curve b). The exural stress at break may be calculated for these materials by letting P (in Eq 3 or Eq 4) equal this point, B. 12.7 Stress at a Given StrainThe stress in the outer surface of a test specimen at a given strain may be calculated in accordance with Eq 3 or Eq 4 by letting P equal the load read
4 For a discussion of these effects, see Zweben, C., Smith, W. S., and Wardle, M. W., Test Methods for Fiber Tensile Strength, Composite Flexural Modulus and Properties of Fabric-Reinforced Laminates, Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674 , 1979, pp. 228262.

where: f = strain in the outer surface, mm/mm (in./in.), D = maximum deection of the center of the beam, mm (in.), L = support span, mm (in.), and d = depth, mm (in.). 12.9 Modulus of Elasticity: 12.9.1 Tangent Modulus of ElasticityThe tangent modulus of elasticity, often called the modulus of elasticity, is the ratio, within the elastic limit, of stress to corresponding strain. It is calculated by drawing a tangent to the steepest initial straight-line portion of the load-deection curve and using Eq 6 (for highly anisotropic composites, see Note 15).
EB 5 L3m/4bd 3 (6)

where: EB = modulus of elasticity in bending, MPa (psi), L = support span, mm (in.),

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D790 10
b d m = width of beam tested, mm (in.), = depth of beam tested, mm (in.), and = slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the load-deection curve, N/mm (lbf/in.) of deection. 12.10 Arithmetic Mean For each series of tests, the arithmetic mean of all values obtained shall be calculated to three signicant gures and reported as the average value for the particular property in question. 12.11 Standard DeviationThe standard deviation (estimated) shall be calculated as follows and be reported to two signicant gures:
s 5 =~ (X 2 2 nX 2! / ~n 2 1! (8)

NOTE 15Shear deections can seriously reduce the apparent modulus of highly anisotropic composites when they are tested at low span-todepth ratios.4 For this reason, a span-to-depth ratio of 60 to 1 is recommended for exural modulus determinations on these composites. Flexural strength should be determined on a separate set of replicate specimens at a lower span-to-depth ratio that induces tensile failure in the outer bers of the beam along its lower face. Since the exural modulus of highly anisotropic laminates is a critical function of ply-stacking sequence, it will not necessarily correlate with tensile modulus, which is not stacking-sequence dependent.

12.9.2 Secant Modulus The secant modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain at any selected point on the stress-strain curve, that is, the slope of the straight line that joins the origin and a selected point on the actual stress-strain curve. It shall be expressed in megapascals (pounds per square inch). The selected point is chosen at a prespecied stress or strain in accordance with the appropriate material specication or by customer contract. It is calculated in accordance with Eq 6 by letting m equal the slope of the secant to the loaddeection curve. The chosen stress or strain point used for the determination of the secant shall be reported. 12.9.3 Chord Modulus (Ef)The chord modulus may be calculated from two discrete points on the load deection curve. The selected points are to be chosen at two prespecied stress or strain points in accordance with the appropriate material specication or by customer contract. The chosen stress or strain points used for the determination of the chord modulus shall be reported. Calculate the chord modulus, Ef using the following equation:
Ef 5 ~sf2 2 sf1!/~f2 2 f1! (7)

where: s = estimated standard deviation, X = value of single observation, n = number of observations, and X = arithmetic mean of the set of observations. 13. Report 13.1 Report the following information: 13.1.1 Complete identication of the material tested, including type, source, manufacturers code number, form, principal dimensions, and previous history (for laminated materials, ply-stacking sequence shall be reported), 13.1.2 Direction of cutting and loading specimens, when appropriate, 13.1.3 Conditioning procedure, 13.1.4 Depth and width of specimen, 13.1.5 Procedure used (A or B), 13.1.6 Support span length, 13.1.7 Support span-to-depth ratio if different than 16:1, 13.1.8 Radius of supports and loading noses, if different than 5 mm. When support and/or loading nose radii other than 5 mm are used, the results shall be identied as being generated by a modied version of this test method and the referring specication referenced as to the geometry used. 13.1.9 Rate of crosshead motion, 13.1.10 Flexural strain at any given stress, average value and standard deviation, 13.1.11 If a specimen is rejected, reason(s) for rejection, 13.1.12 Tangent, secant, or chord modulus in bending, average value, standard deviation, and the strain level(s) used if secant or chord modulus, 13.1.13 Flexural strength (if desired), average value, and standard deviation, 13.1.14 Stress at any given strain up to and including 5 % (if desired), with strain used, average value, and standard deviation, 13.1.15 Flexural stress at break (if desired), average value, and standard deviation, 13.1.16 Type of behavior, whether yielding or rupture, or both, or other observations, occurring within the 5 % strain limit, and 13.1.17 Date of specic version of test used. 14. Precision and Bias 14.1 Tables 1 and 2 are based on a round-robin test conducted in 1984, in accordance with Practice E691, involving six materials tested by six laboratories using Procedure A. For each material, all the specimens were prepared at one

where: sf2 and sf1 are the exural stresses, calculated from Eq 3 or Eq 4 and measured at the predened points on the load deection curve, and f2 and f1 are the exural strain values, calculated from Eq 5 and measured at the predetermined points on the load deection curve.
TABLE 2 Flexural Modulus
Material ABS DAP thermoset Cast acrylic GR polyester GR polycarbonate SMC Mean, 103 psi 338 485 810 816 1790 1950 Values Expressed in units of % of 103 psi VrA 4.79 2.89 13.7 3.49 5.52 10.9 VRB 7.69 7.18 16.1 4.20 5.52 13.8 rC 13.6 8.15 38.8 9.91 15.6 30.8 RD 21.8 20.4 45.4 11.9 15.6 39.1

A Vr = within-laboratory coefficient of variation for the indicated material. It is obtained by rst pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results from all of the participating laboratories: Sr = [[(s1)2 + ( s2)2 . . . + (sn)2]/n] 1/2 then Vr = (Sr divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100. B Vr = between-laboratory reproducibility, expressed as the coefficient of variation: SR = {Sr2 + SL2}1/2 where SL is the standard deviation of laboratory means. Then: VR = (SR divided by the overall average for the material) 3 100. C r = within-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 Vr. D R = between-laboratory critical interval between two test results = 2.8 3 VR.

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source. Each test result was the average of ve individual determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test results for each material.
NOTE 16Caution: The following explanations of r and R (14.214.2.3) are intended only to present a meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of these test methods. The data given in Tables 2 and 3 should not be applied rigorously to the acceptance or rejection of materials, as those data are specic to the round robin and may not be representative of other lots, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of these test methods should apply the principles outlined in Practice E691 to generate data specic to their laboratory and materials, or between specic laboratories. The principles of 14.2-14.2.3 would then be valid for such data.

14.2 Concept of r and R in Tables 1 and 2If Sr and SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were averages from testing ve specimens for each test result, then: 14.2.1 Repeatability Two test results obtained within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more

than the r value for that material. r is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory. 14.2.2 Reproducibility Two test results obtained by different laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R value for that material. R is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained by different operators using different equipment in different laboratories. 14.2.3 The judgments in 14.2.1 and 14.2.2 will have an approximately 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct. 14.3 BiasNo statement may be made about the bias of these test methods, as there is no standard reference material or reference test method that is applicable. 15. Keywords 15.1 exural properties; plastics; stiffness; strength

ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information) A1. TOE COMPENSATION

A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (see Fig. A1.1) there is a toe region, AC, that does not represent a property of the material. It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack and

alignment or seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct values of such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield point, this artifact must be compensated for to give the corrected zero point on the strain or extension axis. A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of Hookean (linear) behavior (see Fig. A1.1), a continuation of the linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed through the zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zerostrain point from which all extensions or strains must be measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any point along the Line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the same point (measured from Point B, dened as zero-strain). A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any linear region (see Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to the maximum slope at the inection Point H8. This is extended to intersect the strain axis at Point B8, the corrected zero-strain point. Using Point B8 as zero strain, the stress at any point (G8) on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain a secant modulus (slope of Line B8 G8). For those materials with no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through the inection point as a basis for determination of an offset yield point may result in unacceptable error.

NOTESome chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.

FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region

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NOTESome chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.

FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region

A2. MEASURING AND SETTING SPAN

A2.1 For exural xtures that have adjustable spans, it is important that the span between the supports is maintained constant or the actual measured span is used in the calculation of stress, modulus, and strain, and the loading nose or noses are positioned and aligned properly with respect to the supports. Some simple steps as follows can improve the repeatability of your results when using these adjustable span xtures. A2.2 Measurement of Span: A2.2.1 This technique is needed to ensure that the correct span, not an estimated span, is used in the calculation of results. A2.2.2 Scribe a permanent line or mark at the exact center of the support where the specimen makes complete contact. The type of mark depends on whether the supports are xed or rotatable (see Figs. A2.1 and A2.2). A2.2.3 Using a vernier caliper with pointed tips that is readable to at least 0.1 mm (0.004 in.), measure the distance between the supports, and use this measurement of span in the calculations.

FIG. A2.1 Markings on Fixed Specimen Supports

FIG. A2.2 Markings on Rotatable Specimen Supports

A2.3 Setting the Span and Alignment of Loading Nose(s)To ensure a consistent day-to-day setup of the span and ensure the alignment and proper positioning of the loading nose, simple jigs should be manufactured for each of the standard setups used. An example of a jig found to be useful is shown in Fig. A2.3.

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FIG. A2.3 Fixture Used to Set Loading Nose and Support Spacing and Alignment

APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information) X1. DEVELOPMENT OF A FLEXURAL MACHINE COMPLIANCE CORRECTION

X1.1 Introduction X1.1.1 Universal Testing instrument drive systems always exhibit a certain level of compliance that is characterized by a variance between the reported crosshead displacement and the displacement actually imparted to the specimen. This variance is a function of load frame stiffness, drive system wind-up, load cell compliance and xture compliance. To accurately measure the exural modulus of a material, this compliance should be measured and empirically subtracted from test data. Flexural modulus results without the corrections are lower than if the correction is applied. The greater the stiffness of the material the more inuence the system compliance has on results. X1.1.2 It is not necessary to make the machine compliance correction when a deectometer/extensometer is used to measure the actual deection occurring in the specimen as it is deected. X1.2 Terminology X1.2.1 ComplianceThe displacement difference between test machine drive system displacement values and actual specimen displacement X1.2.2 Compliance CorrectionAn analytical method of modifying test instrument displacement values to eliminate the amount of that measurement attributed to test instrument compliance. X1.3 Apparatus X1.3.1 Universal Testing machine X1.3.2 Load cell X1.3.3 Flexure xture including loading nose and specimen supports X1.3.4 Computer Software to make corrections to the displacements

X1.3.5 Steel bar, with smoothed surfaces and a calculated exural stiffness of more than 100 times greater than the test material. The length should be at least 13 mm greater than the support span. The width shall match the width of the test specimen and the thickness shall be that required to achieve or exceed the target stiffness. X1.4 Safety Precautions X1.4.1 The universal testing machine should stop the machine crosshead movement when the load reaches 90 % of load cell capacity, to prevent damage to the load cell. X1.4.2 The compliance curve determination should be made at a speed no higher than 2 mm/min. Because the load builds up rapidly since the steel bar does not deect, it is quite easy to exceed the load cell capacity. X1.5 Procedure
NOTE X1.1A new compliance correction curve should be established each time there is a change made to the setup of the test machine, such as, load cell changed or reinstallation of the exure xture on the machine. If the test machine is dedicated to exural testing, and there are no changes to the setup, it is not necessary to re-calculate the compliance curve. NOTE X1.2On those machines with computer software that automatically make this compliance correction; refer to the software manual to determine how this correction should be made.

X1.5.1 The procedure to determine compliance follows: X1.5.1.1 Congure the test system to match the actual test conguration. X1.5.1.2 Place the steel bar in the test xture, duplicating the position of a specimen during actual testing. X1.5.1.3 Set the crosshead speed to 2 mm/min. or less and start the crosshead moving in the test direction recording crosshead displacement and the corresponding load values.

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X1.5.1.4 Increase load to a point exceeding the highest load expected during specimen testing. Stop the crosshead and return to the pre-test location. X1.5.1.5 The recorded load-deection curve, starting when the loading nose contacts the steel bar to the time that the highest load expected is dened as test system compliance. X1.5.2 Procedure to apply compliance correction is as follows: X1.5.2.1 Run the exural test method on the material at the crosshead required for the measurement. X1.5.2.2 It is preferable that computer software be used to make the displacement corrections, but if it is not available compliance corrections can be made manually in the following manner. Determine the range of displacement (D) on the load versus displacement curve for the material, over which the modulus is to be calculated. For Youngs Modulus that would steepest region of the curve below the proportional limit. For Secant and Chord Modulii that would be at specied level of strain or specied levels of strain, respectively. Draw two vertical lines up from the displacement axis for the two chosen displacements (D1, D2) to the load versus displacement curve for the material. In some cases one of these points maybe at zero displacement after the toe compensation correction is made. Draw two horizontal lines from these points on the load displacement curve to the Load (P) axis. Determine the loads (L1, L2). X1.5.2.3 Using the Compliance Correction load displacement curve for the steel bar, mark off L1 and L2 on the Load (P) axis. From these two points draw horizontal lines across till they contact the load versus displacement curve for the steel bar. From these two points on the load deection curve draw two vertical lines downwards to the displacement axis. These two points on the displacement axis determine the corrections (c1, c2) that need to be made to the displacements measurements for the test material. X1.5.2.4 Subtract the corrections (c1, c2) from the measured displacements (D1, D2), so that a true measures of test specimen deection (D1-c1, D2-c2) are obtained. X1.6 Calculations X1.6.1 Calculation of Chord Modulus X1.6.1.1 Calculate the stresses (sf1, sf2) for load points L1 and L2 from Fig. X1.1 using the equation in 12.2 3. X1.6.1.2 Calculate the strains (f1, f2) for displacements D1-c1 and D2-c2 from Fig. X1.3 using the equation in 12.8 Eq. 5. X1.6.1.3 Calculate the exural chord modulus in accordance with 12.9.3 Eq. 7. X1.6.2 Calculation of Secant Modulus X1.6.2.1 Calculation of the Secant Modulus at any strain along the curve would be the same as conducting a chord modulus measurement, except that sf1 = 0, L1= 0, and D1-c1 = 0. X1.6.3 Calculation of Youngs Modulus X1.6.3.1 Determine the steepest slope m along the curve, below the proportional limit, using the selected loads L1 and L2 from Fig. X1.1 and the displacements D1-c1 and D2-c2 from Fig. X1.3. X1.6.3.2 Calculate the Youngs modulus in accordance with 12.9.1 Eq. 6.

FIG. X1.1 Example of Modulus Curve for a Material

FIG. X1.2 Compliance Curve for Steel Bar

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FIG. X1.3 Example of the Material Curve Corrected for the Compliance Corrected Displacement or Strain

SUMMARY OF CHANGES Committee D20 has identied the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D790 - 071) that may impact the use of this standard. (April 1, 2010) (1) Revised Section 9.
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