P FOR RELEASE: THURSDAY A.M.

NOVEMBER 3, 1966

R
RELEASE NO: 66-272

E PROJECT: GEMINI 12
(To be launched no earlier
than Nov. 9, 1966)

CONTENTS

S GENERAL RELEASE-------------------------------------------1-4
PREFLIGHT ACTIVITIES AND INTEGRATED COUNTDOWN-------------5
Launch Vehicle Countdown-------------------------------5-6
Reentry------------------------------------------------7
MISSION DESCRIPTION---------------------------------------7

S
Launch-------------------------------------------------7-8
Rendezvous---------------------------------------------8
Agena PPS Maneuver-------------------------------------9
First Standup EVA--------------------------------------9
Umbilical Extravehicular Activity----------------------10-11
Station-Keeping Exercise-------------------------------11
Solar Eclipse Phasing----------------------------------11
Second Standup EVA-------------------------------------11
Retrofire and Reentry----------------------------------12
EXPERIMENTS-----------------------------------------------13-20
CAMERAS---------------------------------------------------20-21
CREW PROVISIONS AND TRAINING------------------------------22

K Crew Training Background-------------------------------22

Gemini 12 Suits----------------------------------------23
Extravehicular Life Support System (ELSS)--------------24
Medical Checks-----------------------------------------24
Body Waste Disposal------------------------------------24
Water Measuring System---------------------------------24

I Food and Flight Menu-----------------------------------24-25

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MANNED SPACE FLIGHT TRACKING NETWORK---------------------------26

Mission Requirements----------------------------------------26
Real Time Computer Complex (RTCC)---------------------------26
Tracking----------------------------------------------------26-30
Ground Communications---------------------------------------30
Network Responsibility--------------------------------------30-31
Network Configuration---------------------------------------32
ABORT AND RECOVERY---------------------------------------------33
Crew Safety-------------------------------------------------33
Planned and Contingency Landing Areas-----------------------33-34
SPACECRAFT AND LAUNCH VEHICLES---------------------------------35
Gemini Spacecraft-------------------------------------------37
Gemini Launch Vehicle---------------------------------------37-38
Agena Target Vehicle----------------------------------------38-39
Atlas Launch Vehicle----------------------------------------39-40
CREW BIOGRAPHIES-----------------------------------------------41-45
PREVIOUS GEMINI FLIGHTS----------------------------------------45-49
PROJECT OFFICIALS----------------------------------------------50-51
SPACECRAFT CONTRACTORS-----------------------------------------52-53
APPROXIMATE TIMES OF MAJOR EVENTS------------------------------54-58

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NEWS
FOR RELEASE: THURSDAY A.M.
NOVEMBER 3, 1966
RELEASE NO: 66-272
GEMINI FINALE
98-HOUR FLIGHT
BEGINS NOV. 9

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration will conclude

its Gemini manned space program with the four day Gemini 12 flight,
to be launched no earlier than November 9 from Cape Kennedy, Fla.

Gemini 12 will include rendezvous and docking with an Agena

during the third spacecraft revolution, docking practice, a tethered-
vehicle station-keeping exercise, and maneuvers using the Agena
primary propulsion system to change orbit.

Fourteen experiments are scheduled for the flight. Three

periods of extravehicular activity (EVA) are planned, one for an hour
and 53 minutes umbilical EVA, the other two standup activities
totaling about three hours.

Splashdown is scheduled in the Western Atlantic some 94 hours

30 minutes after liftoff.

Gemini 12 command pilot is Navy Capt. James A. Lovell, Jr. Pilot

is Air Force Maj. Edwin E. Aldrin. Backup crew members are Col. L.
Gordon Cooper, Jr., USAF, and Comdr. Eugene A. Cernan, USN.

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Launch of the Agena is scheduled at 2:16 p.m. EST. The target

vehicle will be placed in a circular orbit 185 miles above the Earth.
Spacecraft launch is scheduled 98.5 minutes later at 3:5)4:32 p.m.

Rendezvous will occur in the third spacecraft revolution over

Tananarive about three hours 245 minutes into the flight with docking
to take place at three hours 55 minutes ground elapsed time (GET).

About eight hours into the mission, the Agena primary propulsion
system (PPS) will boost the docked vehicles into a 185-by-460-mile
orbit.

Pilot Aidrin will begin his first standup EVA about 20:15 GET
over the Canary Islands and will complete it over Carnarvon,
Australia at the end of the second night pass, about 22:33 GET.

An Agena PPS retrograde burn at 30:15 GET over the Rose Knot
Victor tracking ship will re-circularize the orbit at
185 miles.

Aidrin's second extravehicular activity will begin over Canton

Island 42 hours 37 minutes into the flight. He will attach the Agena
tether to the spacecraft docking index bar and will perform a series
of work tasks in the spacecraft adapter and forward on the Agena
target docking adapter (TDA) to evaluate man's ability to work in
space.

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The umbilical EVA, during which Aldrin will use only a

hand-over-hand technique to propel himself, will end at 44:30 GET off
the west coast of the United States.

Two hours and 40 minutes later the crew will begin the tethered
station-keeping exercise using the gravity gradient technique.
Tethered station-keeping will last about five hours, ending about
52:00 GET with the jettisoning of the spacecraft docking bar and the
attached tether.

Following the station-keeping exercise and before the sleep

period begins, the spacecraft will be aligned for solar eclipse
photography on Saturday, Nov. 12. The eclipse will be photographed
only if it does not interfere with the flight plan.

The eclipse photography will occur at the end of the 39th

revolution, 63:48 GET. Aidrin will have begun his third extra-
vehicular activity at about 63:20 over the Pacific. He will end it
about 64 hours 10 minutes with the jettisoning of EVA equipment.

Retrofire is scheduled approximately 94 hours 2 minutes 41

seconds after liftoff and will occur near Canton Island. As on Gemini
11, the spacecraft onboard computer will use inertial guidance system
data to calculate guidance commands and feed them to the spacecraft
propulsion system. The crew will monitor the system and will take
control of the reentry procedures if necessary.

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Splashdown will be in the West Atlantic, area 59-1 at

94:37 GET.

Fourteen experiments are scheduled for Gemini 12, but only two
are new to the program. They are photography of a high-altitude
sodium vapor cloud formed by a French Centaure rocket to be launched
from Hammaguir, Algeria (S-051), and manual mid-course navigation
(T-2).

Gemini 12 is the tenth manned flight in the program,

which began April 8, 1964.

END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS

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PREFLIGHT ACTIVITIES AND INTEGRATED COUNTDOWN

The Gemini flights have been developed by the Manned Spacecraft

Center, Houston, under the direction of NASA's Office of Manned Space
Flight. The Kennedy Space Center in Florida, is responsible for preflight
testing, checkout and launching of the Gemini and Agena. At liftoff,
flight control is switched to the Mission Control Center at Houston.

The Gemini 12 launch vehicle (GLV) arrived at KSC August 30 (first

stage) and September 2 (second stage), and the spacecraft arrived
September 6. The Agena target docking adapter (TDA) arrived August 14, the
Agena Itself September 4, and the Atlas standard launch vehicle (ASLV)
September 19.

The mission countdown is a simultaneous one involving both launch

vehicles, the spacecraft and the target vehicle, the crew, Houston mission
control and the worldwide tracking network, the Eastern Test Range, and
the radio command guidance system.

Atlas-Agena liftoff occurs at T minus 95 minutes in the simultaneous

count. A built-in hold late in the countdown is used to phase the
spacecraft liftoff with Agena's orbit.

Launch Vehicle Countdown

Gemini Atlas-Agena
Time

T-720 GLV propellant loading

Begin terminal
T-6l5
count

T-390 Complete propellant loading

T-300 Back-up flight crew to 100-

foot level of White Room to
participate in final flight
preparation. Begin terminal
countdown. Pilot's ready
room, 100-foot level of
White Room, and crew
quarters manned and made
ready for prime crew.

T-245 Medical examination

T-240 Start tower re-

moval
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Time Gemini Atlas-Agena

T-230 Eat

T-l87 Crew leaves quarters

T-175 Crew arrives at ready room on

Pad 16

T-135 Purging of suit begins

T-125 Crew leaves ready room

T-120 Flight crew to Complex 19

T-119 Crew arrives at 100-foot

level

T-115 Crew enters spacecraft

T-100 Close spacecraft hatches

T-95 Liftoff

T-86 Insertion into

orbit

T-70 White Room evacuation

T-55 Begin erector lowering

T-20 Spacecraft OAMS static firing

T-03:01 Built-in hold

T-00:00 Lift off

T+02:36 Booster engine cutoff

T+05:40 Second stage engine cutoff

(SECO)

T+06:00 Spacecraft-launch vehicle

separation

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Reentry
(Elapsed Time from Gemini Lift-Off)
Time
94:00:41 Retrofire
94:22:10 400,000 feet
94:24:35 Blackout begins
94:29:54 Blackout ended
94:31:39 Drogue chute deployed (50,000feet)
94:33:19 Main chute fully deployed (9,000 feet)
94:37:43 Spacecraft landing

MISSION DESCRIPTION

Information presented in this press kit is based on a normal

mission. Plans may be altered prior to or during flight to meet
changing conditions.

(All orbital parameters in this section are in statute miles. To

convert these figures to nautical miles, multiply by 0.87, to
kilometers multiply by 1.61.)

Launch

Launch Times -- Atlas/Agena - 2:16 p.m. EST, Launch Complex 14

Gemini 12 -- 3:54:32 p.m. EST, Launch Complex 19

Launch Windows -- Gemini 12 is scheduled for launch in the M = 3, or

third revolution rendezvous, pane of the launch window. This
pane is about 33 seconds, extending from the nominal liftoff time.
The M = 4 pane extends to 130 seconds beyond nominal liftoff time.
Present plans do not call for use of panes later than M = 4 as
long as practical to the overall success of the mission.

Azimuth -- The Agena will be launched along an azimuth of 83.32

degrees east of north. Gemini 12 will be launched on an azimuth of
100.66 degrees, biased to minimize the necessity of a plane change.

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IVAR (Insertional Velocity Adjustment Routine -- Some 20 seconds

after GLV SECO, the spacecraft separates using the aft-firing or-
bital attitude and maneuvering system (OAMS) thrusters. This man-
euver assures separation of the spacecraft from the launch vehicle
and aims for an insertional velocity of about 25,750 feet per sec-
ond and an elliptical orbit 100 by 168 miles. The Agena will be
in a 185-mile circular orbit about 575 miles ahead of the space-
craft at insertion.

RENDEZVOUS

Phase Adjustment: At 50 minutes into the flight, near spacecraft

first apogee near Carnarvon, a nominal 58.2 fps posigrade burn will
raise perigee to about 137 miles, reducing the catchup rate from 6.3
degrees to 3.9 degrees per orbit. Gemini trails Agena by 360 miles.

Combination Corrective Maneuver: Catchup rate and altitude ad-

justment, plus final change corrections, will be achieved in a
combination maneuver at about 01:45 GET over the Eastern Test Range.
Thrust components for this maneuver and for the previous and
following maneuvers will be computed by the crew as well as by the
ground: the solutions will be compared, and, barring any large
disagreement between the two sets of figures, the crew solution will
be used. Gemini trails by 161 miles.

Co-elliptical Maneuver: Near second spacecraft apogee at about

02:20 over the Indian Ocean a posigrade burn will circularize
the spacecraft orbit at a nominal 10 miles below the Agena.
Gemini trails by 75 miles and radar lock-on should be achieved.

Terminal Phase Initiate (TPI): At about 03:03 GET over Guaymas,

about 12 minutes prior to darkness, TPI will begin with a posi-
grade burn along the line of sight to the target. Gemini trails
by about 25 miles.

Midcourse Corrections: At 12 minutes and 24 minutes after TPI, the

two intermediate corrections are made. After the second, range
between the vehicles is about 3.0 miles.

Terminal Phase Final (TPF): The braking or velocity matching

maneuver to establish rendezvous occurs at about 03:35 GET over
Ascension Island. It is followed by a period of formation flying
while the crew checks out spacecraft systems and investigates the
condition of the Agena. Docking should occur over Tananarive at about
03:55 GET and will be followed by a series of practice undockings by
both crew members.

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Agena PPS Maneuver

After the first meal period and just before the first sleep
period, the Agena primary propulsion system will perform a posi-
grade translation burn that will change apogee from 185 miles to
460 miles. This high apogee will be sustained from 08:05 GET to
30:15 GET, through the first sleep period and the first standup
extravehicular activity. Apogee will occur over the northern
hemisphere and over the United States in particular. Thus the
synoptic terrain photographs (Experiment S-5) will be of different
land masses than those photographed during the northern hemisphere
high apogee of Gemini 11.

First Standup Extravehicular Activity

Pilot Aldrin will begin his first standup extravehicular

activity at about 20:14 GET over the Canary Islands. He will
conduct photographic experiments during both the nighttime and the
daytime portions of the EVA period. In the daylight pass, the crew
will practice umbilical EVA procedures, and Aldrin will install a
handrail to be used during the umbilical EVA. The rail telescopes
in four two-foot sections and is spring-loaded at the spacecraft
end. Aldrin will extend it to its full length then maneuver the
plain end into an attachment hole in the Agena target docking
adapter (TD). He will then fit the spring-loaded end under a
specially adapted shingle bolt between the spacecraft hatches.
Installed, the rail will be slightly canted to the spacecraft
longitudinal axis and will afford Aldrin a hand hold during his
umbilical EVA movement to the TDA.

Standup EVA procedure will follow that used by Michael Collins

on Gemini 10 and Richard Gordon on Gemini 11. Aldrin will be
connected to the spacecraft by three umbilicals and a tether. The
umbilicals are on 18-inch environmental control system (ECS) suit
1/2
inlet extension, a 24-inch ECS outlet, and a 28 -inch electrical
extension carrying communications and biomedical instrumentation
hardline.
1/2
The tether is nylon webbing adjustable at 29, 35 and 42
inches. It fastens to the spacecraft by being slipped under the
right-hand seat left arm restraint and passed through a loop on one
end of the tether. At the other end is a snap connector that
attaches to the tether ring on the astronaut's parachute harness.
This EVA will end about 22:34 GET over Carnarvon, a duration of
approximately 2 hours 20 minutes.

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Umbilical Extravehicular Activity

While portions of the first EVA will occur at the high apogee,
the umbilical extravehicular activity will be carried out at 185
miles. An Agena PPS retrograde burn at 30:15 over the Rose Knot Victor
will have recircularized the orbit. At 42:37 over Canton Island,
Aldrin will begin an EVA specifically designed to gain knowledge of
man's ability to work in space.

The one activity of a nature other than work evaluation or

directly related to work evaluation will be the attachment of the free
end of the Agena tether to the spacecraft docking index bar in
preparation for the station-keeping exercise.

To facilitate his tether-attachment activity at the TDA, Aldrin

will use a pair of nylon body tethers adjustable from one and a half
to three feet. They will fasten by means of pip pins placed into holes
at various points around the TDA and into rings on each side of the
parachute harness.

Before attaching the Agena tether to the docking bar, Aldrin will
rest at the TDA. After tether attachment -- a simplified operation
over Gemini 11 in that a cable with a slip loop will be passed over
the bar, then drawn tight -- Aldrin will return to the spacecraft
cabin area by way of the telescoping handrail. Me will hand the EVA
sequence camera, mounted in operation on the bracket behind the
pilot's hatch, to the command pilot and will take the work area
sequence camera from the command pilot. (The 16mm work area camera is
not listed in the camera data in the Experiments Section of this press
kit; it is identical to the EVA sequence camera.)

Aldrin will enter the adapter prior to sunset, routing the

umbilical through the umbilical guide, positioning his feet in the
"overshoe" foot restraints, and mounting the work area sequence camera
on the left handrail. After a rest period, he will begin his work task
evaluation. The work site, measuring about 30 x 30 inches, is a panel
on which is mounted hardware such as electrical and fluid connectors,
hook-and-ring combinations, strips of Velcro, and fixed bolt and
removable bolt.

He will work with these items using the foot restraints only,
then the body tethers only to see how they help maintain his body
position. Following another rest period, he will dismount the camera
and fasten it to the ELSS, free the umbilical from the guide, and
return to the hatch area after sunrise.

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Trading sequence cameras with the command pilot and mounting the
EVA camera pointed forward toward the TDA, Aldrin will return to the
spacecraft nose area and go through another sequence of work tasks at
a work site similar to but smaller than that in the adapter. As he
did during his first activity at the TDA, Aldrin will use the waist
tethers to help maintain control of his body position. At the
completion of these tasks, he will return to the cabin area, jettison
the telescoping handrail, retrieve the EVA sequence camera, and enter
the cabin to end the umbilical EVA at about 44:40 GET west of Mexico.

Station-keeping Exercise

About 47:10 at sunrise over Carnarvon, the spacecraft will

undock from the Agena and translate up to draw the Dacron web
tether out of the TDA storage bag. The spacecraft will be po-
sitioned above the Agena so that the longitudinal axis points through
that of the Agena toward the center of the Earth. If the crew can
successfully establish a relative rate between the spacecraft and the
Agena of 1/10 fps, a gravity gradient situation will have been
established. The vehicles will remain aligned and pointed toward the
center of the Earth as they circle the Earth. The exercise will be
continued for about five hours. The spin-up technique used by Gemini
11 is not planned by Gemini 12.

Solar Eclipse Phasing

Before the sleep period, the crew will initiate a phasing

maneuver designed to place the spacecraft in a position for pho-
tography of the solar eclipse on Saturday. Magnitude and direction of
the maneuver will be determined in real time from ground data on the
spacecraft trajectory.

Second Standup EVA

Photographic coverage of the solar eclipse will be attempted only if

it does not conflict with the rest of the mission. The optimum
position for eclipse photography from the spacecraft will be over
Galapagos at 63:48 GET.

Aldrin will begin his standup EVA about 63:20 GET with jet-
tisoning of unnecessary EVA equipment. He will then photograph the
solar event with the 16 mm sequence camera mounted on the retro
adapter bracket behind the pilot hatch. Camera data: 25mm f.95 lens
at 1/50 shutter speed; Eastman S085 black and white film, ASA 6000,
at 16 frames per second. The Maurer 70mm camera with UV lens and film
back will be mounted on the hatch bracket and operated by the cable
release. The command pilot window 16mm sequence camera will expose
color film at 1 frame per second.

The standup EVA will end about 64:00 GET.

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Retrofire and Reentry

Retrofire is scheduled at 94:00:41 over the Pacific near Hawaii.

Reentry guidance will be in the automatic mode used on Gemini 11. The
spacecraft onboard computer will use data from the inertial guidance
system (IGS) to calculate guidance commands and feed them to the
spacecraft propulsion system. The crew will monitor the system during
the automatic portion of reentry and will take control of the reentry
procedures if necessary.

Splashdown should occur at 94:37 GET in the West Atlantic

recovery area 59-1.

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EXPERIMENTS

Of the 114 experiments that will fly in Gemini 12, two are new:
Sodium Cloud Photography (S-015) and Manual Midcourse Navigation (T-2).

The complete list of Gemini 12 experiments is:

1. D-l0 Ion Sensing Attitude Control

2. T-2 Manual Midcourse Space Navigation
3. M-4O5 (MSC-3) Tri-Axis Magnetometer
4. M-408 (MSC-6) Beta Spectrometer
5. M-409 (MSC-7) Bremsstrahlung Spectrometer
6. S-3 Frog Egg
7. S-5 Synoptic Terrain Photography
8. S-6 Synoptic Weather Photography
9. 5-10 Micrometeoroid Cratering
10. 8-11 Airglow Horizon Photography
11. S-l2 Micrometeoroid Collection
12. 8-13 UV Astronomical Camera
13. S-29 Earth-Moon Libration Region Photography
14. 8-051 Sodium Cloud Photography

Description of each experiment follows:

D-l0 Ion Sensing Attitude Control

Purpose - To investigate determination of spacecraft attitude in yaw

and pitch from measurement of ion flow variations. The recording of ion
sensor outputs during pitch and yaw maneuvers will be compared with data
obtained from the inertial guidance system and the horizon scanner.
Results of the comparison and the astronaut evaluation will form the basis
for further development of simple, lightweight orbital attitude
determination systems.

Equipment - Two independent but identical systems are used, one for
the measurement of pitch and one for yaw. Each set of sensors is mounted
on a boom approximately three feet in length which is extended on command
by the astronaut.

Weight (Total System) 140 lbs.

Sensors (Each)
Weight 7 lbs.
1/2
Size 11” x 6 ” x 6

Procedure - The simultaneous deployment of the two booms, followed by

pyrotechnic release of the sensor package covers is accomplished by one of
the astronauts by activating a cabin switch. A second switch is used to
turn the experiment on and subsequently to direct the sensor outputs to
the pilot's Flight Director Indicator (FDI).

Propellant Requirement - 17 pounds

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Experimenters - Dr. Rita Sagalyn, Upper Atmosphere Physics Lab.,

AFCRL, Office of Aerospace Research and Maj. R. J. Hamborsky, Space
Systems Division Detachment 2, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center.

T-2 Manual Midcourse Space Navigation

Purpose - To evaluate the ability of an astronaut to measure, using a

hand-held sextant, the angle between various celestial bodies from
on-board the stabilized Gemini spacecraft. The experiment will be
conducted in a manner to provide (1) maximum benefit to Apollo spacecraft
technology, and (2) Information to aid design of a simplified navigation
system for future spacecraft.

Equipment - Hand-held sextant.

Experimenter - D. W. Smith and B. Y. Creer, Ames Research Center.

Propellant Requirement - 38 pounds

M-405 (MSC-3) Tri-Axis Magnetometer

Purpose - To monitor the direction and amplitude of the Earth's

magnetic field with respect to an orbiting spacecraft.

Equipment - An adapter mounted tri-axis fluxgate magnetometer.

Procedure - The astronaut will operate the experiment as the

spacecraft passes through the South Atlantic Geomagnetic Anomaly. The
magnitude of the three directions of the Earth's magnetic field will be
measured with respect to the spacecraft.

Experimenter - W. D. Womack, MSC

Propellant Requirement - None

Note: Also flown on Gemini 4, 7, 10

M-408 (MSC-6) Beta Spectrometer

Purpose - Prior to the Apollo missions it will be necessary to

predict, as accurately as possible, the radiation doses to which the
astronauts will be subjected so that the degree of hazard can be assessed
for each mission and preventive measures taken. The Beta Spectrometer
experiments will provide accurate data on the electron source term. This
source term data will be an input to computer calculations for dose due to
secondary X-ray emission.

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Equipment - The spectrometer is mounted in the adapter equipment

section. The mounting is such that the axis of the electron cone is normal
to the plane of the outward face of the detector.

Procedures - Since the experiment will detect electrons in the Gemini

orbit, operation during launch and retro phases is not required. The bulk
of data to be collected will originate in the South Atlantic anomaly
region, an area bounded approximately by 15 degrees south and 55 degrees
south geodetic and 30 degrees east, 60 degrees west geodetic. Operation
while in this area is of prime importance. The experiment will be turned
on every time the spacecraft passes through any portion of this region and
in addition, will be left on for three continuous orbits to gather
background data outside the anomaly.

Experimenter - J. Marbach, MSC

Propellant Requirement - 2 pounds

Note: Also flown on Gemini 10

M-409 (MSC-7) Bremsstrahlung Spectrometer

Purpose - When a spacecraft passes through a region of high free

electron concentration an interaction takes place between the vehicle
structure and the electrons, producing a continuous x-ray spectrum. This
experiment is designed to measure the bremsstrahlung flux as a function of
energy immediately behind the vehicle when the vehicle passes through the
South Atlantic anomaly, as well as electron flux within the spacecraft.

Equipment - The bremsstrahlung spectrometer consists of an x-ray

detection system mounted on the inner wall of the pressurized cabin.

Procedure - The only experimental procedure is turning the

spectrometer on and off at the correct time.

Experimenter - R. Lindsey, MSC

Propellant Requirement - None

Note: Also flown on Gemini 10

S-3 Frog Egg Experiment

Purpose - To study the effect of sub-gravity on a biological system

known to be sensitive to disorientation with respect to gravity. Sub-
gravity may provide a particularly useful instrument for the extension of
our knowledge of terrestrially influenced vertebrate embryology.

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Equipment - Hardware consists of one unit mounted on the right hatch.

The unit contains four two-celled chambers; one is the egg cell, the other
the fixative (formalin) cell. These will be manipulated to actuate
fixation at critical stages of development.

Procedure - Rana pipens eggs will be fertilized as close to launch

time as possible and maintained in the flight hardware at 6 to 10 degrees
C until launch. At launch the temperature will be raised, with an
electrical heating coil, to approximately 22 degrees C so that development
can proceed.

Experimenter - Dr. R. S. Young -- Ames

Propellant Requirement - None

Note: Also flown on Gemini 8

S-5 Synoptic Terrain Photography

Purpose - To improve and extend the techniques of synoptic geographic

and topographic aerial photography up to orbital altitudes.

Equipment - 70 mm Maurer camera, film magazine, 80 mm lens.

Procedures - Photographs will be taken of typical physiographic

features of the terrain for which information is known or is readily
obtainable such as folded mountains, volcanic fields, major fault zones,
impact craters, and cratonic areas.

Experimenter - Dr. Paul Lowman, Goddard

Propellant Requirement - 10 pounds

Note: Also flown on Gemini 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11

S-6 Synoptic Weather Photography

Purpose - To learn more about the Earth's weather systems as revealed

by the details contained in selective, high quality, color cloud
photographs.

Equipment - Same as S-5

Procedure - Photographs will be taken of weather systems for

comparisons with lower resolution, higher altitude television pictures
from meteorological satellites to advance the present state of knowledge.
Photographs will be taken in a wide range of categories which might best
be located by the pilots from their own knowledge of weather analysis and
which unexpectedly appear near the flight path or which may be suggested
by meteorological experts utilizing world-wide information.

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Experimenter - Kenneth Nagler, U. S. Weather Bureau

Propellant Requirement - 10 pounds

Note: Also flown on Gemini 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11

S-10 Micrometeoroid Cratering Experiment

Purpose - To collect samples of micrometeoroids and their impacts,

and return them uncontaminated to Earth for laboratory analysis.

Equipment - A two-piece aluminum box on the Agena which hinges on a

stainless steel rod. The inside provides area for eight surfaces
consisting of polished metals, polished glass, and special surfaces
designed to capture the small particles intact.

Procedures - The samples will be collected by exposing controlled

surfaces to the ultrasmall particles which make up the majority of the
meteoroid environment of near-Earth space. From these samples, the nature
and frequency of high velocity micrometeoroid impacts under flight
conditions can be studied.

Experimenter - Dr. Curtis Hemenway, Dudley Observatory

Propellant Requirement - None

Note: Also flown on Gemini 8, 9, 10

S-11 Airglow Horizon Photography

Purpose - To photograph the night airglow layer which, from orbiting

altitudes, can be seen as a narrow bright .band lying above the nighttime
horizon.

Equipment - Parts of the Maurer 70 mm General Purpose Camera have

been specially designed to carry out the airglow horizon photography.
Because of the faintness of the airglow layer, a lens of large relative
aperture, plus fast black-and-white film are used.

Procedure - The optical sight is installed in the left-hand window,

the mounting bracket in the right-hand window. The experiment is conducted
by photographing the horizon in a specific manner. This will result in the
airglow layer being observed “edge on" and photographed as a "layer" or
thin bright line lying some distance above the terrestrial horizon.

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Experimenter - Martin Kooman, U. S. Navy Research Lab.

Propellant Requirement - 24 pounds docked, 12 pounds undocked

Note: Also flown on Gemini 9, 11

S-12 Meteoroid Collection

Purpose - (1) To collect ultra-small meteoroids in near Earth space

to study the nature and frequency of hyperballistic impacts under flight
conditions, (2) to expose microbiological specimens to the space
environment to determine their ability to survive the vacuum, extreme
temperatures, and radiation, and (3) to search for any organisms capable
of living on micrometeoroids in space.

Equipment - Aluminum collection box, 11 inches long by 5.5

inches wide by 1.25 inches deep, weighing 7 pounds, 6 ounces. The device
has two collection compartments, an internal electric motor, and thermally
insulated batteries. The collection compartment materials are aluminum-
shadowed, 200 Angstrom thick nitrocellulose and formvar mounted on 200-
mesh copper screening. They are the same collection materials used by the
experimenters in previous rocket, balloon, and aircraft sampling
experiments.

Procedure - The experiment is mounted on the retro adapter

directly behind the pilot's hatch. The hinged lid will be
opened and closed and locked by ground command. It is planned
to open the experiment only during the first eight-hour crew
sleep period when the spacecraft is in drifting flight to avoid
contamination by the spacecraft OAMS system. One of the com-
partments will be sterilized to determine the presence or absence
of micro-organisms in the meteoroids collected. When returned
to the laboratory, cultures designed for non-terrestrial
organisms will be prepared to determine if any types of life
are present in the sample. A set of representative Earth micro-
organisms such as bacteria, molds, and spores will be placed
in the non-sterile compartment. They will be quantitatively
assayed after the flight exposure to determine the fractions
which survive.

Experimenter - Dr. C. Hemenway, Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y.

Propellant Requirement – None

Note: Also flown on Gemini 9, 10.

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S-13 UV Astronomical Camera

Purpose - Primarily to devise and test techniques of ultraviolet

photography and spectroscopy under vacuum conditions. To investigate the
distribution of light intensity in the ultraviolet portions of stellar
spectra down to a limit of 200 A. Also to explore the ultraviolet spectra
of 0 and B stars and some of the planets.

Equipment - 70 mm Maurer camera with 73 mm f3.3 UV Mauer lens, an

objective prism and grating.

Procedure - The spacecraft is oriented toward the star field to be

photographed. The cabin will be depressurized and the hatch opened. The
camera will be positioned manually and guided by the pilot. A defraction
grating will be used to obtain spectrograms of the desired stars and
planets.

Experimenter - Dr. Karl Henize, Dearborn Observatory

Propellant Requirement - 19 pounds

Note: Also flown on Gemini 10, 11

S-29 Photographic Study of Earth-Moon Libration Regions

Purpose - To investigate by photographic techniques the libration

points of the Earth-Moon system to determine the possible existence of
clouds or particulate matter orbiting the Earth in these regions.

Equipment - Maurer 70 mm camera with 50 mm lens (f/o.95)

extended shutter actuator, and the S-11 mounting bracket.

Procedure - The L4 and L5 libration regions are the La Grangian

points of stable equilibrium where centrifugal forces balance
gravitational forces. They are located 60 degrees ahead of aid 60 degrees
behind, respectively, the Moon in its orbital path. The libration points
will be photographed during two separate orbits of the spacecraft. The
points will be photographed during one orbit early in the mission and the
same sky areas will be re-photographed during an orbit near the end of the
mission.

Experimenter - Elliott Morris, USGS

Propellant Requirement - 8 pounds docked, 4 pounds undocked

Note: Scheduled on Gemini 11, not conducted because launch date

slipped.

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S-051 Sodium Cloud Photography

Purpose - To measure the daytime wind velocity vector of the high

atmosphere as a function of altitude between 62 and 93 miles. The
measurements will be obtained from the deformations of a rocket-made
vertical sodium cloud.

Equipment - Maurer 70 mm camera with f/0.95, 50 mm lens, special

objective filter, and goggles.

Procedures - A rocket will be launched from Hammaguir, Algeria, in

front of the Gemini spacecraft to eject sodium vapor from 37 to 97 miles
altitude during the ascent and descent. The vapor, whose optical resonance
will be excited by the solar yellow light, will be visible from the
spacecraft as a faint yellow cloud. A series of pictures of the cloud will
be taken from the spacecraft. From a couple of pictures taken about 19
miles apart the detailed tridimensional shape of the cloud at a given time
can be obtained by stereogrammetric recombination. This pair of pictures
has to be taken with an interval of from 3 to 5 seconds. From a second
identical pair of pictures taken some time later, the tridimensional
configuration of the cloud will again be obtained. A comparison of the
state of the cloud at different times will give the wind velocity in the
atmosphere at all relevant altitudes, supposing that only horizontal winds
exist.

Experimenter - Jacques-Enille Blamont, Scientific and Technical

Director, National Center of Space Studies, France

Propellant Requirement - 3 pounds

CAMERAS

On-board cameras for various experiments and for operational

photography on Gemini 12 are:

1. Maurer 70 mm still camera with three lenses and seven maga-

zines. The camera was developed for space photography by
J. A. Maurer Inc., Long Island City, New York. The camera
body is aluminum; lenses and magazines are matched to
specific focal plane distances and are color coded for easy
matching. Carbon dioxide gas, contained in a capsule within
the camera, insures flattening of film against machined,
curved platen.

Lenses: 1. Standard 3-inch focal length, f2.8

2. Ultraviolet 73 mm, f3.3
3. Low-light 50 mm, fO.95
Film: 1. Eastman SO-368 color, ASA 64, for experi-
ments S-5 and S-6.
2. Eastman 103-D black and white thin base,
ASA 3000, for experiment S-11.
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3. Eastman 1-0, spectrographic black and white thin

base, ASA 1600, for S-13 and M-407

4. Eastman S0-166 black and white thin base,

ASA 6000

2. Hasselblad 70 mm still camera with one lens and several magazines.

The camera is a standard commercial model single lens reflex.

Lens: 80 mm Zeiss Planar, f2.8

Film: Eastman SO-368 color, sprocketed to give 50
exposures.

3. Two Maurer 16 mm motion picture cameras with three lenses and

variable-speed drive.

Lenses: 1. 75 mm focal length, f2.5

2. 18 mm, f2, 40 x 30 degree field

3. 5 mm, f2, 118 x 78 degree field, used for EVA

Shutter: Shutter speeds 1/50, 1/100, 1/200 and 1/250 with

frame rates of 1, 6, and 16 fps

Film: Eastman SO-368 color, 80 feet per magazine

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CREW PROVISIONS AND TRAINING

Crew Training Background

In addition to the extensive general training received prior to

flight assignment, the following preparations have or will be accomplished
prior to launch:

1. Launch abort training in the Gemini Mission Simulator and the

Dynamic Crew Procedures Simulator.

2. Egress and recovery activities using a crew procedures

development trainer, spacecraft boilerplate model, and actual recovery
equipment and personnel. Pad emergency egress training using elevator and
slide wire, and breathing apparatus.

3. Celestial pattern recognition in the University of North

Carolina's Morehead Planetarium at Chapel Hill.

4. Zero gravity training in KC-135 aircraft to practice EVA.

Stowage and donning of EVA equipment is done in aircraft and crew
procedures trainer.

Additional EVA training is performed in 20-foot chamber at vacuum

conditions.

5. Suit, seat and harness fittings.

6. Training sessions totaling approximately 15 hours per crew member

on the Gemini translation and docking simulator.

7. Detailed Agena and Gemini systems briefing; detailed experiment

briefings; flight plans and mission rules reviews.

8. Participation in mock-up reviews, systems review, subsystem

tests, and spacecraft acceptance review.

9. Ejection seat training.

During final preparation for flight, the crew participates in network

launch abort simulations, joint combined systems test, and the final
simulated flight tests. At T-2 days, the major flight crew medical
examinations will be administered to confirm readiness for flight and
obtain data for comparison with post flight medical examination results.

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Gemini 12 Suits

The pressure suit worn by the command pilot will be

similar to suits worn on all Gemini flights except 3 and 6.
The pilot will wear a suit with special thermal protective cover layers
for EVA activities.

Command Pilot Suit

The Gemini command pilot's suit has five layers and

weighs 23 pounds. The layers are, starting inside the suit:

1. White cotton constant wear undergarment with pockets around the

waist to hold biomedical instrumentation equipment.

2. Blue nylon comfort layer.

3. Black neoprene-coated nylon pressure garment.

4. Restraint layer of nylon link net to restrain pressure garment

and maintain its shape.

5. White HT-1 nylon outer layer.

Pilot Suit

The pressure suit worn by the Gemini 12 pilot is identical to the

command pilot's suit with the following exceptions:

Thermal protection for the hands is built into the basic suit glove -
- no EVA thermal over-gloves will be worn.

The EVA coverlayer is a lay-up consisting of, from inside to outside

layer: micrometeoroid protection, super insulation, and HT-1 nylon outer
protective layer.

The extravehicular suit weighs 33 pounds.

For extravehicular activity, the pilot will wear a detachable

overvisor which has attachment points on both sides of the helmet and can
be swiveled into position over the faceplate. The inner visor is a
polycarbonate material which provides impact and meteoroid protection. The
outer visor is goldcoated and provides protection for the eyes from solar
glare.

When the cabin is depressurized, the suits automatically pressurize

to 3.7 pounds per square inch to provide pressure and breathing oxygen for
both crew members.

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Extravehicular Life Support System (ELSS)

It is a 142-pound rectangular box which is worn on the chest. It

provides electrical, mechanical and life support connections between the
EVA astronaut and the spacecraft. The system is 18 inches high, 10 inches
wide and 6 inches deep. It contains an ejector pump for circulation, a
heat exchanger for cooling air, and a 30-minute emergency oxygen supply.
Controls and a warning system for the emergency oxygen supply are mounted
on the top of the unit. The ELSS functions as a suit pressurization and
air supply system during EVA.

Medical Checks

At least one medical check will be made each day by each crew member.
Performed over a convenient ground station, a check will consist of: oral
temperature and food and water intake evaluation.

Body Waste Disposal

Solid Wastes -- Plastic bag with adhesive lip to provide secure

attachment to body. Contains germicide which prevents formation of
bacteria and gas. Adhesive lip also used to form seal for bag after use
and bag is stowed in empty food container box and brought back for
analysis.

Urine -- Voided into fitted receptacle connected by hose to either a

collection device or overboard dump.

Water Measuring System

A mechanical measuring system has been added to the water gun. It

consists of a neoprene bellows housed in a small metal cylinder mounted at
base of gun. The bellows holds one-half ounce of water. When plunger of
gun is depressed, a spring pushes water out of bellows through gun. A
counter in right side of gun registers number of times bellows is
activated. Each crewman will record how much he drinks by noting numbers
at beginning and end of each use of gun.

Food

Number of Meals -- 13 per astronaut for mission.

Type – Bite-sized and rehydratable. Water is placed in rehydratables

with special gun. Bite-sized items need no rehydration.

Storage -- Meals individually wrapped in aluminum foil

and polyethelene, polyamide laminate. All meals are stored in the right
aft food box over the pilot's right shoulder.

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Gemini 12 Menu

Day 1: Meal A Calories Day 3: Meal A Calories

Applesauce 139 Peaches 98
Sugar Frosted Strawberry Cereal
Flakes 139 Cubes 171
Bacon Squares 180 Sausage Patties 223
Cinnamon Toast 56 Cinnamon Toast 56
Cocoa 190 Orange Drink 83
Orange Drink 83______ Grapefruit drink 83____
787 711
Day 1: Meal B Day 3: Meal B
Pea Soup 220 Potato Soup 220
Tuna Salad 214 Chicken Salad 237
Cinnamon Toast 56 Beef Sandwiches 138
Date Fruitcake 262 Butterscotch
Pineapple-grape- Pudding 311
fruit drink 83 Tea 32____
835 938
Day 1: Meal C Day 3: Meal C
Beef Pot Roast 119 Shrimp Cocktail 119
Potato Salad 143 Beef and Gravy 160
Cinnamon Toast 56 Creamed Corn 105
Chocolate Pudding 307 Toasted Bread
Brownies 241 Cubes 161
Tea 32 Pineapple Fruitcake 253
898 Orange-grapefruit
drink 83____
Day 2: Meal A 881
Applesauce 139
Sugar Frosted Day 4: Meal A
Flakes 139 Fruit cocktail 87
Bacon Squares 180 Toasted Oat Cereal 91
Cinnamon Toast 56 Bacon Squares 180
Cocoa 190 Ham/Applesauce 127
Orange Drink 83 Cinnamon Toast 56
757 Orange Drink 83
Day 2: Meal B Pineapple-grape-
Beef/Vegetables 98 fruit drink 83___
Meat/Spaghetti 70 707
Cheese Sandwiches 158 Day 4: Meal B
Apricot Pudding 300 Shrimp Cocktail 119
Gingerbread 183 Chicken/Gravy 92
Grapefruit Drink 83 Toasted Bread Cubes 161
892 Pineapple Fruitcake 253
Day 2: Meal C Coconut Cubes 206
Pea Soup 220 Orange-Grapefruit
Tuna Salad 214 Drink _83___
Cinnamon Toast 56 914
Date Fruitcake 262 Day 4: Meal C
Pineapple-grape- Beef/Vegetables 98
fruit drink _83___ Meat/Spaghetti 70
835 Cheese Sandwiches 158
Apricot Pudding 300
Gingerbread 183
Grapefruit Drink _83___
892

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MANNED SPACE FLIGHT TRACKING NETWORK

GEMINI 12 MISSION REQUIREMENTS__

NASA operates the Manned Space Flight Tracking Network

by using its own facilities and those of the Department of
Defense for mission information and control.

For Gemini 12, the network will provide flight controllers:

(1) Radar tracking, command control, voice and telemetry

data from launch through Gemini spacecraft splashdown. Except for voice
communications, the network provides the same functions for the Agena as
long as electrical power is available.

(2) Verification of the proper operation of the systems onboard

the Gemini and Agena target.

Real Time Computer Complex (RTCC)

The RTCC at the Manned Spacecraft Center is responsible for the

control of the entire mission. The RTCC collects, stores, processes,
sends, and displays the necessary computer support information required by
the flight controllers at the Mission Control Center (MCC).

During the launch phase, the RTCC receives launch trajectory and
telemetry data from the various sites and stores and processes this
information for command and control of the mission. This telemetered
information consists of bio-medical, environmental, electrical, command
maneuvering, and other spacecraft systems parameters. This information is
displayed at the various flight controllers consoles in the MCC where the
necessary decisions are made. The flight controllers use the information
to determine voice messages or computer commands to the spacecraft.

Tracking

The mission requires separate tracking of four vehicles: the Gemini

spacecraft, the Agena target vehicle, Gemini launch vehicle (GLV), and as
required, the Atlas Standard Launch Vehicle (SLV). The Agena carries one
C-band and one S-band beacon. Skin tracking of the spacecraft, Agena and
Gemini launch vehicle throughout orbital lifetime is a mission
requirement. The MSFN Wallops Station (WLP) Space Range Radar (SPANDAR)
and facilities of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) will be
used. However, NORAD will not track during rendezvous phase.

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Spacecraft tracking will be according to individual station

capability. Some sites have radar systems capable of providing space
position information on both the Gemini and Agena simultaneously through
their Verlort (S-band) and FPS-16 or FPQ-6 (C-band) antennas. Data
transmission links, however, have only a single system capability;
therefore, priority is established by the Flight Director or Flight
Dynamics Officer according to their needs.

During the first revolution of the Agena (prior to Gemini spacecraft

liftoff), all stations will track this vehicle to establish its position
as accurately as possible. After Gemini spacecraft liftoff, as a general
rule, the C-band radars will track the Gemini spacecraft while the S-band
radars will track the Agena target vehicle. The sites with dual-tracking
capability will track both vehicles simultaneously.

Goddard Space Flight Center Computer Support

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., real-time

computing support for Gemini includes the processing of real-time tracking
information beginning with mission simulations through Gemini spacecraft
recovery and Agena lifetime.

Goddard's computer certifies the worldwide network's readiness to

support Gemini through a system-by-system, station-by-station,
computer-programmed check-out method called CADFISS (Computation and Data
Flow Integrated Subsystem).

Gemini Spacecraft

The spacecraft has two C-band tracking beacons. The model ACF beacon
(spacecraft) will be installed in the reentry module and the DPN-66 module
beacon (adapter) in the adapter section.

The ACF beacon will be prime for launch, insertion, and reentry
phase, using the DPN-66 as a backup for these periods.

Agena Target Vehicle

The Agena target vehicle will contain one C-band and one S-band beacon.
The C-band beacon will be a modified DPN-66. The
C-band beacon will be prime for Agena target vehicle prior to
the Gemini launch. The Gemini spacecraft will be the prime
target for C-band tracking following launch.

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Acquisition Systems

All network sites receive real-time acquisition messages (pointing

data) from the Real Time Computing Center at MSC, Houston. This
information is used to position telemetry and radar antennas for
acquisition of RF signals from the spacecraft when they appear over the
horizon. Most sites also have an acquisition aid system which permits
"slaving" the radar antennas to the telemetry antennas or vice versa.
Since the telemetry antennas have a much broader beamwidth than the radar
antennas, they may acquire the spacecraft RF signal first, making it
possible to point the radar antennas in the general vicinity of the
spacecraft to allow rapid radar acquisition.

Mission Message Requirements

Low speed telemetry data (on-site teletype summaries) from flight

controller manned stations are sent to the Houston Mission Control Center.

Bermuda and Corpus Christi transmit Gemini spacecraft or Agena target

vehicle PCM telemetry via high-speed digital data to Houston in computer
format. MCC-K/TEL III, Grand Bahama Island, Grand Turk Island, and Antigua
remote Gemini spacecraft and Agena wide-band data to the Houston Mission
Control Center in the same manner.

Spacecraft Command System

The prime ground system in effecting rendezvous is the Digital

Command System (DCS) at key stations throughout the worldwide network.
Command control of the mission from launch through recovery is provided by
the Flight Director at Houston.

Grand Canary Island; Carnarvon, Australia; Hawaii, and the two ships,
USNS Coastal Sentry and USNS Rose Knot, are DCS equipped and manned by
flight controllers who initiate all uplink data command transmissions.

Following astronaut recovery, further commands will be sent the Agena

target vehicle. Network Digital Command System support will be continued
throughout the Agena target vehicle battery, lifetime.

The Texas, Cape Kennedy, Grand Bahama, Grand Turk, Antigua, and
Bermuda sites are not manned by flight controllers. Uplink data command
transmissions through these sites will be remoted in real time from
Houston Control Center.

In addition to real-time commands and onboard clock update commands,

the following digital instructions may be sent:

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a. Gemini spacecraft b. Agena target vehicle

1. Preretro with maneuver 1. Maneuver

2. Preretro without maneuver 2. Ephemeris
3. Orbital navigation 3. Engine burn time
4. Maneuver
5. Rendezvous
6. Accelerometer error corrections

Spacecraft Communications

All MSFN stations having both HF and UHF spacecraft communications are
controlled either by the station or by remote (tone) keying from Houston
and Goddard.

The following sites are not scheduled to have a command communicator

(Cap Com) and will be remoted to Houston.

Cape Kennedy; Grand Bahama Island; Tannanrive, Malagasy Republic;

Kano, Nigeria; Bermuda; Grand Turk Island; Pt. Arguello, Calif.;
Antigua Island; Ascension Island; Canton Island; USNS Wheeling, and
the voice relay air-craft.

Spacecraft Systems Support

The Gemini spacecraft communications systems (antennas, beacons, voice

communications, telemetry transmitters, recovery light, and digital
command) allows radar tracking of the spacecraft, two-way voice
communications between the ground and the spacecraft and from astronaut to
astronaut, ground command of the spacecraft, TM systems data transmission,
and postlanding and recovery data transmission. The sole link between the
ground and the spacecraft is by these systems.

The Agena target vehicle communications systems (antennas, beacons,

telemetry transmitters, and digital command system) allows radar tracking
of the vehicle from both the ground and the Gemini spacecraft. Ground
station and Gemini spacecraft command to the Agena also are accomplished
through this system.

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Agena Target Vehicle On-Board Gemini Spacecraft On-Board

Systems Support by Network Systems Support by Network
Stations Stations
_____________________________ ____________________________
Telemetry (Real Time) Reentry Module UHF (voice)
Teletry (Dump) xmit-Rcv
L-Band Transponder Reentry Module HF (voice)
S-Band Transponder xmit-Rcv
C-Band Transponder Reentry Module Telemetry
Command Receiver (Real Time)
(Range Safety) Reentry Module Telemetry (Dump)
Command Receiver Reentry Module Telemetry Backup)
(Command Control) Adapter Package L-Band Radar
(Telemetry Readouts)
Reentry Module C-Band Transponder
Adapter Package C-Band Trans-
ponder
Adapter Package Acquisition
Aid Beacon
Adapter Package Digital
Command System
Reentry Module UHF Recovery
Beacon

Ground Communications

The NASA Communications Network (NASCOM) used for Gemini 11 will be

used for Gemini 12. Shore stations for USNS Rose Knot and USNS Coastal
Sentry ship support are based upon the mission-designated ship positions
and predicted HF radio propagation conditions.

Network Responsibility

Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). The direction and mission control of

the Network immediately preceding and during a mission simulation or an
actual mission is responsibility of the MSC.

Goddard Space Flight Center. The NASA Office of Tracking arid Data
Acquisition has centralized the responsibility for the planning,
implementation, and technical operations of Goddard Space Flight Center.

Department of Supply Australia. The Department of Supply, Commonwealth

of Australia, is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the NASA
station at Carnarvon, Australia.

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Department of Defense (DOD). The DOD is responsible for

the maintenance and operational control of DOD assets and
facilities supporting Gemini. These include network stations
at the Eastern Test Range, Western Test Range, White Sands Range, the
Air Proving Ground Center, and the tracking and telemetry ships.

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ABORT AND RECOVERY

Crew Safety

Every Gemini system affecting crew safety has a backup feature. The
Malfunction Detection System aboard the launch vehicle warns the crew of a
malfunction in time for escape.

There are three modes of escape:

MODE I Ejection seats and personal parachutes, used at ground

level and during first 50 seconds of powered flight, or
during descent after reentry.

MODE II Retrorockets salvo fired after engine shutdown is

commanded.

MODE III Normal separation from launch vehicle using OAMS thrusters,
then normal reentry using computer.

Except for Mode I, spacecraft separates from Gemini Launch Vehicle,

turns blunt-end forward, then completes reentry and landing with crew
aboard.

Survival Package

Survival gear, mounted on each ejection seat and attached to the

astronaut's parachute harnesses by nylon line, weighs 23 pounds.

Each astronaut has:

3.5 pounds of drinking water; machete; one-man life raft, 3 by 5

feet, with CO2 bottle for inflation, sea anchor, dye markers, nylon
sun bonnet; survival light (strobe), with flashlight, signal mirror,
compass, sewing kit, 14 feet of nylon line, cotton balls and striker,
halazone tablets, a whistle, and batteries for power; survival radio,
with homing beacon and voice transmission and reception; sunglasses;
desalter kit, with brickettes enough to desalt eight pints of
seawater; medical kit, containing stimulant, pain, motion sickness
and antibiotic tablets and aspirin, plus injectors for pain and
motion sickness.

Planned and Contingency Landing Areas

There are two types of landing areas for Gemini: planned, where
recovery forces are pre-positioned to recover spacecraft and crew within a
short time, and contingency, requiring special search and rescue
techniques and a longer recovery period.

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Planned Landing Areas

PRIMARY West Atlantic where the primary recovery

aircraft carrier is pre-positioned.

SECONDARY East Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid-Pacific

areas where ships are deployed.

LAUNCH SITE Off-the-pad abort or abort during early

phase of flight, includes an area about 41
miles seaward from Cape Kennedy, 3 miles
toward Banana River from Complex 19.

LAUNCH ABORT Abort during powered flight, extending from 41 miles

at sea from Cape Kennedy to west coast of Africa.

Contingency Landing Areas

All the areas beneath the spacecraft's ground track except those
designated Planned Landing Areas are Contingency Landing Areas, requiring
aircraft and pararescue support for recovery within 18 hours from
splashdown.

Recovery forces are provided by the military services under the

operational control of the Department of Defense Manager for Manned Space
Flight Support Operations.

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SPACECRAFT AND LAUNCH VEHICLES

Gemini Spacecraft

The Gemini spacecraft is conical, 18 feet, 5 inches long, 10 feet in

diameter at its base and 39 inches in diameter at the top. Its two major
sections are the reentry module and the adapter section.

Reentry Module

The reentry module is 11 feet high and 71/2 feet in diameter at its
base. It has three main sections: (1) rendezvous and recovery (R&R), (2)
reentry control (RCS), and (3) cabin.

Rendezvous and recovery section is the forward (small) end of the

spacecraft, containing drogue, pilot and main parachutes and radar.

Reentry control section is between R&R and cabin sections and

contains fuel and oxidizer tanks, valves, tubing and two rings of eight
attitude control thrusters each for control during reentry. A parachute
adapter assembly is included for main parachute attachment.

Cabin section between RCS and adapter section, houses the crew seated
side-by-side, their instruments and controls. Above each seat is the
hatch. Crew compartment is pressurized titanium hull. Equipment not
requiring pressurized environment is located between pressure hull and
outer beryllium shell which is corrugated and shingled to provide
aerodynamic and heat protection. Dish-shaped heat shield forms the large
end of cabin section.

Adapter Section is 71/2 feet high and 10 feet in diameter at its base,
containing retrograde and equipment sections.

Retrograde section contains four solid retrograde rockets and part of

the radiator for the cooling system.

Equipment section contains fuel cells for electrical power, fuel for
the orbit attitude and maneuver system (OAMS), primary oxygen for the
environmental control system (ECS), cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen for fuel
cell system. It also serves as a radiator for the cooling system, also
contained in the equipment section.

The equipment section is jettisoned immediately before retrorockets

are fired for reentry. The retrograde section is jettisoned after retros
are fired.

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Electric Power Systems

Gemini 12 will carry two fuel cells for the primary power supply
during launch and orbital flight. The cells consist of three stacks of 32
individual cells. Cryogenic liquid oxygen and hydrogen react to produce
electrical energy.

Four 45-amp-hour batteries will also be carried in the spacecraft to

insure a continuous power supply during reentry and landing. They also
will be used during prelaunch and launch, in conjunction with the fuel
cells.

Three 15-amp-hour squib batteries will be used in the reentry section

for all squib-actuated pyrotechnic separations during the mission.

Propellant
Usable: 917 pounds. Budgeted, no dispersions: 620 pounds.

Rendezvous Radar

Purpose -- to measure range, range rate, and bearing angle to Agena

so crew can determine maneuvers necessary for rendezvous.

Location -- small end of spacecraft on forward face of rendezvous and

recovery section.

Size -- less than two cubic feet.

Weight -- less than 70 pounds.

Power Requirements -- less than 80 watts.

Auxiliary Tape Memory (ATM) -- The auxiliary tape memory is a 15-track

magnetic tape recorder which stores 12,500,000 bits. Data parity,
clocking, and computer processing bits are recorded in triplicate. The ATM
provides triple redundant storage for approximately 1,170,000 bits for
external storage of computer programs. The computer has onboard program
capability for launch, rendezvous, and reentry and has 156,000 bits of
program storage.

The ATM Is a hermetically-sealed unit which contains a mechanical

transport assembly mounted on vibration isolators, and an electronic
assembly containing the power supply, control logic, record logic, and
playback logic.

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The tape transport is a flangeless reel, peripheral drive unit which

contains 525 feet of one-inch magnetic tape. The magnetic tape is driven
by the endless, seamless 3/4-inch wide mylar belt. The peripheral drive
belt is in turn driven by two capstans coupled by mylar belts. By not
exposing the magnetic tape to drive stresses, its useful life is extended.

The unit weighs 26 pounds, contains 700 cubic inches, and uses
approximately 18 watts. The A is built by Raymond Engineering
Laboratories, Middletown, Conn., under contract to the International
Business Machines, Electronics Systems Division, Owego, N.Y., for the
prime Gemini Contractor, McDonnell Aircraft Corp.

Gemini Launch Vehicle

The Gemini Launch Vehicle is a modified U.S. Air Force

Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile consisting of two
stages, identical to the launch vehicles used in previous
Gemini flights.

FIRST STAGE SECOND STAGE

HEIGHT 63 feet 27 feet

DIAMETER 10 feet 10 feet

THRUST 430,000 pounds 100,000 pounds

(one engine, two nozzles) (one engine)

FUEL Aerozine 50 – half-and-half blend of

hydrazine and unsymmetrical diniethyl-
hydrazine (UDMH).

OXIDIZER Nitrogen tetroxide (Fuel is hypergolic,

ignites spontaneously upon contact with
oxidizer.)

Overall height of launch vehicle and spacecraft is 109 feet.

Combined weight is about 340,000 pounds.

Modifications to Titan II for use as the Gemini Launch Vehicle

include:

1. Malfunctions detection system added to detect and transmit

booster performance information to the crew.

2. Back-up flight control system added to provide a

secondary system if primary system fails.

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3. Radio guidance substituted for inertial guidance.

4. Retro and vernier rockets deleted.

5. New second stage equipment truss added.

6. New second stage forward oxidizer skirt assembly added.

7. Trajectory tracking requirements simplified.

8. Electrical hydraulic and instrument systems modified.

Gemini Launch Vehicle program management for NASA Is under the

direction of the Space Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command.

Agena Target Vehicle

The Agena target vehicle for Gemini 12 is a modification of the U.S.

Air Force Agena D upper stage, similar to the space vehicles which helped
propel Ranger and Mariner spacecraft to the Moon and planets.

It acts as a separate stage of the Atlas/Agena launch vehicle,

placing itself into orbit with its main propulsion, and can be maneuvered
either by ground control or the Gemini crew.

Height (Liftoff) 36.3 feet Including shroud

Length (orbit) 26 feet Minus shroud and

adapter
Diameter 5 feet

Weight 7,000 pounds In orbit, fueled

Thrust 16,000 pounds Primary propulsion

400 pounds Secondary Engines,
Unit II
32 pounds Secondary Engines,
Unit I

Fuel UDMH (Unsynnnetrical Dlmethyl Hydrazine)

Oxidizer IRFNA (Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid)

in primary propulsion system; MON (Mixed
Oxides of Nitrogen) in secondary propul-
sion system.

Combustion IRFNA and UDMH are hypergolic, ignite on

contact.

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Primary and secondary propulsion systems are restartable. Main engine

places Agena into orbit and is used for large orbit changes. Secondary
system, two 200-pound-thrust, aft-firing engines, are for small velocity
changes. Two 16-pound-thrust, aft-firing thrusters are for ullage
orientation and vernier adjustments. Attitude control (roll, pitch, yaw)
is accomplished by six nitrogen jets mounted on Agena aft end.

Agena program management for NASA is under the direction of the Space
Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command.

Atlas Launch Vehicle

The Atlas Standard Launch Vehicle is a refinement of the modified U.S. Air
Force Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile, similar to the launch
vehicle which placed Project Mercury astronauts into orbit.

Atlas is a 11/2-stage Standard Launch Vehicle, igniting all three main

engines on the pad, then dropping off the two outboard booster engines at
staging, allowing the single sustainer engine to continue thrusting at
altitude, aided by two small vernier engines.

Height 77 feet Minus Agena Payload

Diameter 16 feet Lower Booster

Section

10 feet Tank Sections

5 feet, 10 inches Tapered Upper End

Weight 260,000 pounds Fully fueled, minus

Agena payload

Thrust 390,000 pounds Total at liftoff

330,000 Two booster (outer)
engines

247,000 pounds One Sustainer

(center) engine

Balance Two small vernier

engines for tra-
jectory and final
velocity control

Fuel RP-1, a hydrocarbon resembling kerosene

Oxidizer Liquid oxygen at -297 degrees F.

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Combustion Unlike Titan's hypergolic, spontaneous

ignition, Atlas combustion is achieved by
forcing propellants to chambers under
pressure, burning them in gas generators
which drive propellant pump turbines.

Modifications to the Atlas Standard Launch Vehicle for the Gemini 12

mission include:

1. Special autopilot system for rendezvous mission.

2. Improved propellant utilization system to assure simultaneous

depletion of both fuel and oxidizers.

3. Increased thickness of Atlas structure for support of Agena upper

stage.

4. Simplified pneumatic system.

5. Retrorockets moved from exterior equipment pods to upper

interstage adapter section.

6. Uprated MA-5 propulsion system (used on later Mercury

flights.)

7. Modular telemetry kit tailored for each mission.

Atlas Standard Launch Vehicle program management for NASA

is under the direction of the Space Systems Division, Air Force
Systems Command.

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CREW BIOGRAPHIES

NAME: James A. Lovell, Jr.

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Cleveland, Ohio, March 25, 1928.

EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval

Academy.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Marilyn Gerlach of Milwaukee,

Wisconsin.

CHILDREN: Barbara L., October 13, 1953; James A., February 15, 1955; Susan
K., July 14, 1958; Jeffrey Carl, January 114, 1966.

SPECIAL AWARDS: NASA Exceptional Service Medal and Navy Astronaut Wings.
American Astronautical Society, Flight Achievement Award.

EXPERIENCE: Lovell, a Navy captain, received flight training following

graduation from Annapolis.

He served in a number of Naval Aviator assignments including a

three-year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center
at Patuxent River, Md. His duties there included service as
program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation.

Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School,

University of Southern California.

He served as flight instructor and safety officer, Fighter

Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station, Oceana, Va.
Lovell has logged 3,300 hours flying time, including more than
2,200 hours in jets.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Lovell was selected as an astronaut by NASA

in September 1962. In addition to participating in the astronaut training
program, he has performed special duties, including monitoring design and
development of recovery and crew life support systems. Lovell was pilot of
the history-making Gemini 7 mission, which was launched December 4, 1965,
and splashed down after 330 hours and 35 minutes, establishing a number of
space "firsts": longest manned space flight; first rendezvous of two
manned maneuverable spacecraft as Gemini 7 was joined in orbit by Gemini
6; longest multi-manned space flight, and numerous technical and medical
experiments. Lovell previously was backup pilot for the second manned
Gemini space mission, and backup command pilot for Gemini 9.

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NAME: Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Monclair, N.J., January 20, 1930.

EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Military Academy,

1951; and Sc.D. degree in astronautics from Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 1963.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Joan A. Archer of Hohokus, New

Jersey.

CHILDREN: James M., September 2, 1955; Janice R., August 16,

1957; Andrew J., June 17, 1958.

SPECIAL AWARDS: Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Air Medal with two oak
leaf clusters; Group Achievement Award for Rendezvous and
Operations Planning Team.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Member, American Institute of Aeronautics and

Astronautics; Sigma Gamma Tau, aeronautical
engineering society; and Sigma Xi, national
science research society.

EXPERIENCE: Aldrin, a major, U.S. Air Force, received his wings at Bryan,
Tex., in 1952.

He flew 66 combat missions in F-86 aircraft in Korea with the

51st Fighter Interceptor Wing. Aldrin was credited with two
MIG-15's destroyed and damaged.

He served a tour as aerial gunnery instructor at Nellis AFB,

Nev.; then attended the Squadron officers’ School, Air
University, Maxwell AFB, Ala.

Following a tour as administrative assistant to the Dean of

Faculty, U.S. Air Force Academy, Aldrin flew F-100's as a
flight commander with the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at
Bitburg, Germany.

After completing his work at MIT, where his doctoral thesis

concerned guidance for manned orbital rendezvous, he was
assigned to the Gemini Target Office of the Air Force Space
Systems Division, Los Angeles.

While there, he was member of the special study group which

made recommendations concerning Air Force participation in the
NASA Gemini Program. He was later transferred to the USAF
Field Office at the Manned Spacecraft Center, which is
responsible for integrating DOD experiments into the NASA
Gemini flights.
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Aldrin has logged 2,850 hours flying time, including 2,450 hours
in jets.

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Aldrin was one of the third group of astronauts named
by NASA in October 1963. In addition to participating in the astronaut
training program, his specific area of responsibility is mission flight
planning for Gemini and Apollo flights. He has played a key role in the
formulation of mission profiles for the early Gemini rendezvous flights.
He was the designated backup pilot for the Gemini 9 mission.

NAME: L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Shawnee, Okla., March 6, 1927.

EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering, Air

Force Institute of Technology.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Trudy Olson of Seattle.

CHILDREN: Camala, November 16, 1948; Janita, March 15, 1950.

SPECIAL AWARDS: NASA Distinguished Service Medal and USAF Astronaut Wings;
NASA Exceptional Service Medal and USAF Command Astronaut
Wings; Firefly Club Award.

EXPERIENCE: Cooper, a colonel, U.S. Air Force, received an Army

commission after completing three years of schooling at the
University of Hawaii. He was transferred to the Air Force and
went on extended active duty in 1949 and was given flight
training.

Cooper was assigned to the 86th Fighter Bomber Group in

Munich, Germany, where he flew F-84's and F-86's for four
years. While in Munich, he attended the European Extension of
the University of Maryland.

Returning to the United States, he studied for two years at

the Air Force Institute of Technology.

After graduation from AFIT, Cooper attended the Air Force

Experimental Flight Test School, Edwards AFB, Calif. He was
graduated from this school in April 1957, and was assigned to
the Performance Engineering Branch of the Flight Test
Division. He flew experimental fighter aircraft as a test
pilot.

Cooper has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time,

including more than 2,000 hours in jets.

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 -44-

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Cooper was one of the seven Project Mercury

astronauts named by NASA in April 1959. On May 15-16, 1963, he
piloted "Faith 7" spacecraft on a 22-orbit mission which completed
the operational phase of Project Mercury. He attained a maximum
altitude of 166 miles, a speed of 17,546 miles per hour, and trav-
eled 546,167 miles in a flight of 34 hours, 20 minutes.

As command pilot of the eight-day Gemini 5 mission, he was the first man
to make a second orbital flight, and broke the Russian lead in man-hours
in space by accumulating a total of 225 hours and 15 minutes. Gemini 5
flight which began on August 21 and terminated on August 29, 1965,
established a record of 190 hours, 55 minutes in 120 revolutions, and
covered a total of 3,338,200 miles.

NAME: Eugene A. Cernan

BIRTHPLACE AND DATE: Chicago, March 14, 1934.

EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from

Purdue University; Master of Science degree in aeronautical
engineering from United States Navy Postgraduate School.

MARITAL STATUS: Married to the former Barbara J. Atchley of Houston.

CHILDREN: Teresa Dawn, March 4, 1963.

SPECIAL AWARDS: NASA Exceptional Service Medal and Navy Astronaut Wings.

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Member of Tau Beta Pi, national engineering

society; Sigma Xi, national science research
society; and Phi Gamma Delta.

EXPERIENCE: Cernan, a commander, U.S. Navy, received his commission

through the Navy ROTC program at Purdue, and entered flight
training upon graduation.

Prior to attending the Naval Postgraduate School he was

assigned to Attack Squadrons 126 and 113 at the Naval Air
Station, Miramar, Calif.

He has logged more than 1,900 hours flying time, more than
1,700 in jets.

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 -45-

CURRENT ASSIGNMENT: Cernan was named in the third group of astronauts

selected by NASA in October 1963. He was pilot of the Gemini 9 mission,
which began on June 3, 1966, and remained in orbit for almost three days.
He spent one hour and forty seven minutes in extra vehicular activity on
that flight. Rendezvous was achieved with the Augmented Target Docking
Adapter by three different techniques.

PREVIOUS GEMINI FLIGHTS

Gemini 1 Apr. 8 1964

Unmanned orbital flight, using first production spacecraft, to test

Gemini launch vehicle performance and ability of launch vehicle and
spacecraft to withstand launch environment. Spacecraft and second stage
launch vehicle orbited for about four days. No recovery attempted.

Gemini 2 Jan 19, 1965

Unmanned ballistic flight to qualify spacecraft reentry heat

protection and spacecraft systems. Delayed three times by adverse weather,
including hurricanes Cleo and Dora. December launch attempt terminated
after malfunction detection system shut engines down because of hydraulic
component failure. Spacecraft recovered after ballistic reentry over
Atlantic Ocean.

Gemini 3 Mar. 23, 1965

First manned flight, with Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W.

Young as crew. Orbited Earth three times in four hours, 53 minutes. Landed
about 50 miles short of planned landing area in Atlantic because
spacecraft did not provide expected lift during reentry. First manned
spacecraft to maneuver out of plane, alter its own orbit. Grissom, who
made suborbital Mercury flight, is the first man to fly into space twice.

Gemini 4 June 3-7 1965

Second manned Gemini flight completed 62 revolutions and

landed in primary Atlantic recovery area after 97 hours, 56
minutes of flight. Astronaut James A. McDivitt was command pilot.
Astronaut Edward H. White II was pilot, accomplished 23 minutes of
extravehicular activity (EVA), using a hand-held maneuvering unit for the
first time in space. Near-rendezvous attempt with GLV second stage was
terminated after reaching allotted fuel limitation. Malfunction in
inertial guidance system required crew to perform zero-lift reentry.

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Gemini 5 Aug. 21-29 1965

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles (Pete) Conrad, Jr., circled

the Earth 120 times in seven days, 22 hours and 56 minutes. Cooper was
first to make two orbital space flights. Failure of oxygen heating system
in fuel cell supply system threatened mission during first day of flight,
but careful use of electrical power, and excellent operational management
of fuel cells by both crew and ground personnel, permitted crew to
complete flight successfully. Spacecraft landed about 100 miles from
primary Atlantic recovery vessel because of erroneous base-line
information programmed into onboard computer, although computer itself
performed as planned. Plan to rendezvous with a transponder-bearing pod
carried aloft by Gemini 5 was cancelled because of problem with fuel cell
oxygen supply.

Gemini 7 Dec. 4-18 1965

Holds current world record for long-duration manned space flight as

Command Pilot Frank Borman and Pilot James Lovell completed 206
revolutions of the Earth in 13 days, 18 hours, and 35 minutes. On the 12th
day of their flight, the Gemini 7 served as target for the Gemini 6
spacecraft on the first successful rendezvous in space. In proving man's
ability to operate in space for a period of up to two weeks, the crew of
Gemini 7 carried out an ambitious list of 20 experiments including all
medical experiments in the Gemini program, a test of laser communications
from space, and visual acuity. The Gemini 7 experienced continuous
difficulty with the delta p light on the fuel cell system. However, the
system performed for the entire mission. The only other problem
encountered was the temporary malfunction of a yaw thruster on the
spacecraft. Gemini 7 landed in the Atlantic on Dec. 18, making a
controlled reentry which brought it within 10 miles of the recovery
carrier.

Gemini 6 Dec. 15-16 1965

The first spacecraft to rendezvous with another spacecraft in orbit.

Command Pilot Walter Schirra and Pilot Thomas Stafford flew their
spacecraft from a l00-by-l67 mile orbit into a 185 mile circular orbit,
rendezvousing with Gemini 7 over the Pacific Ocean at 5 hours, 47 minutes
after liftoff. It demonstrated one of the major objectives of the program,
and also paved the way for Apollo Lunar Orbit Rendezvous in the
accomplishment of the first manned landing on the Moon.

Gemini 6 was launched on its historic rendezvous mission on the third

attempt. On the first try, Oct. 25, the Agena target vehicle was destroyed
by a hard start of its primary propulsion system. On Dec. 12, the Gemini
Launch Vehicle failed to achieve liftoff when a booster tail plug dropped
out prematurely.

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Gemini 8 March 16 1966

Astronaut Neil Armstrong, command pilot, and David Scott, pilot,

completed the first rendezvous and docking with an Agena spacecraft
launched into orbit approximately 100 minutes earlier. The planned three-
day flight was terminated near the end of the sixth revolution after an
electrical short circuit in the Gemini spacecraft caused continuous firing
of a roll thruster. The crew undocked from the Agena and activated the
reentry reaction control system to regain control of the spacecraft. The
crew made a guided reentry and landed in the Pacific Ocean 500 miles east
of the island of Okinawa and only approximately five miles from the aiming
point. A recovery aircraft was on the scene before splashdown to parachute
a recovery team to the spacecraft. The crew and spacecraft were picked up
by a Navy destroyer approximately three hours after splashdown.

Gemini 9 June 3-6 1966

Three separate rendezvous with the Augmented Target Docking Adapter

and a 2-hour 8-minute extravehicular activity were the primary
accomplishments of the seventh manned Gemini flight. Col. Thomas P.
Stafford, a veteran of the first U.S. rendezvous mission in Gemini 6, was
command pilot for the 3-day flight. Eugene Cernan was pilot and performed
the EVA. The flight, originally scheduled for May 17, was postponed two
weeks when the Atlas booster which was launching the Agena target vehicle
developed an electrical short circuit which caused its engines to gimbal
hard over and abort the flight. The ATDA was substituted for the Agena and
was launched on June 1. Gemini 9 did not launch when a malfunction in the
Data Transmitting System, sending data to the spacecraft caused an
automatic hold at T-3 minutes. Gemini 9 was launched two days later, and
although the shroud had failed to separate from the ATDA which prevented
any docking exercises, an initial third orbit rendezvous was achieved,
followed by an equiperiod rendezvous, and a lunar abort or rendezvous from
above on the following day. The EVA was postponed to the following day
when Cernan spent more than one orbit outside the spacecraft. Visor
fogging in his helmet forced termination of the EVA before the Astronaut
Maneuvering Unit experiment could be performed. Gemini 9 landed
approximately 300 yards from the planned impact point in the West Atlantic
after 44 revolutions of the Earth.

Gemini 10 July 18-21 1966

Rendezvous and docking, two extravehicular activities, docked

maneuvers, a dual rendezvous, and a new altitude record were the prime
accomplishments of Gemini 10, the eighth manned Gemini flight. Astronauts
John W. Young and Michael Collins maneuvered the docked Gemini-Agena 10 to
475 miles altitude in the course of achieving a dual rendezvous with Agena
8. Collins conducted a standup EVA and an umbilical EVA.

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During the umbilical EVA, Collins used the Hand Held Maneuvering Unit
(HHMU) to maneuver to Agena 8 and retrieve the attached meteoroid
experiment package. In the 38 hours 47 minutes while Gemini was docked
with Agenda 10, six maneuvers of the docked configuration using the Agena
10 propulsion system were successfully completed. Gemini 10 splashed down
in the Atlantic after completing 43 revolutions at 70 hours 47 minutes
after liftoff. Landing was within three miles of the planned landing
point.

Gemini 11 Sept. 12-15 1966

Astronauts Charles Conrad and Richard Gordon, using only onboard

systems, steered Gemini 11 to a direct ascent, first orbit rendezvous and
docking with the orbiting Agena. After four dockings with Agena, two EVA
exercises totaling 167 minutes, and a record altitude flight to 850 miles
above Earth, the astronauts undocked and slowly spun the tethered Gemini-
Agena vehicles in a station keeping experiment to save maneuvering fuel.
The umbilical EVA was terminated early due to moisture in Astronaut
Gordon's eye. The astronauts wound up the Gemini 11 mission with an
Apollo-type rendezvous and the first, closed loop, automatic reentry,
splashing down 2.5 to 3 miles from the primary recovery ship. Mission
duration was 71 hours and 17 minutes or 44 revolutions.

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U.S. MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS

MANNED HOURS TOTAL MANNED HRS.
MISSION SPACECRAFT HRS. REVS. IN MISSION CUMULATIVE
HRS. MIN. SEC. HRS. MIN. SEC. HRS. MIN. SEC.

MR-3 (Shepard) 15 22 SO 15 22 15 22

MR-4 (Grissom) 15 37 SO 15 37 30 59

MA-6 (Glenn) 4 55 23 3 4 55 23 5 26 22

MA-7 (Carpenter) 4 56 05 3 4 56 05 10 22 27

MA-8 (Schirra) 9 13 11 6 9 13 11 19 35 38

MA-9 (Cooper) 34 19 49 22 34 19 49 55 55 27
Gemini 3 (Grissom
& Young) 4 53 00 3 9 46 00 63 41 27
Gemini 4 (McDivitt
& White) 97 56 11 62 195 52 22 259 33 49
Gemini 5 (Cooper
& Conrad) 190 56 01 120 381 52 02 641 25 51
Gemini 7 (Borman
& Lovell) 330 35 13 206 661 10 26 1302 36 17
Gemini 6 (Schirra
& Stafford) 25 51 24 15 51 42 48 1354 19 05
Gemini 8 (Armstrong
& Scott) 10 42 06 6.6 21 24 12 1375 43 17
Gemini 9 (Stafford
& Cernan) 72 20 56 44 144 41 52 1520 25 09
Gemini 10 (Young
& Collins) 70 46 45 43 141 33 30 1661 58 39
Gemini 11 (Conrad
& Gordon) 71 17 08 44 142 34 16 1804 32 55

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PROJECT OFFICIALS

Dr. George E. Mueller Associate Administrator for

Manned Space Flight, NASA
Headquarters; Acting Director,
Gemini Program

John Edwards Deputy Director, Gemini Programs,

Office of Manned Space Flight,
NASA Headquarters

William C. Schneider Gemini 12 Mission Director,

Deputy Director, Mission Opera-
tions, Office of Manned Space
Flight, NASA Headquarters

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth Director, NASA Manned Spacecraft

Center, Houston

Charles W. Mathews Gemini Program Manager, Manned

Spacecraft Center, Houston

Christopher C. Kraft Assistant Director for Flight

Operations, Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston

Dr. Kurt H. Debus Director, John F. Kennedy Space

Center, Fla.

G. Merritt Preston Deputy Mission Director for

Launch Operations, John F.
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.

Lt. Gen. Leighton I. Davis USAF, National Range Division,

Command and DOD Manager of Manned
Space Flight Support Operations

Maj. Gen. V. G. Huston USAF, Deputy DOD Manager of

Manned Space Flight Support
Operations; Commander of Air
Force Eastern Test Range

Col. Robert R. Hull USAF, Director, Gemini Launch

Vehicles Directorate, Space
Systems Division, Air Force
Systems Command

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Col. Alfred J. Gardner USAF, Director, Gemini Target

Vehicle Directorate and Agena
Directorate Space Systems Di-
vision, Air Force Systems Command

Col. Otto C. Ledford USAF, Commander 6555th Aerospace

Test Wing, Space Systems Division
at Air Force Eastern Test Range

Col. John G. Albert USAF, Chief, Gemini Launch

Division, 6555th Aerospace Test
Wing, Space Systems Division at
Air Force Eastern Test Range

Lt. Col. L. E. Allen, Jr. USAF, Chief, Atlas Division,

6555th Aerospace Test Wing,
Space Systems Division at Air
Force Eastern Test Range

R. Adm. William C. Abhau USN, Commander Task Force 140

Primary Recovery Area

R. Adm. T. W. Jackson USN, Commander Task Group l40.3

R. Adm. Henry S. Persons USN, Commander Task Force 130

Pacific Recovery Area

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SPACECRAFT CONTRACTORS

McDonnell Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo., is prime contractor for the
Gemini spacecraft. Other include:

AlResearch Manufacturing Co. Environmental Control System

Los Angeles

IBM Federal Systems Division Onboard Computer

Electronic Systems Center
Owego, N.Y.

General Electric Co. Fuel Cells

West Lynn, Mass.

The Eagle Pitcher Co. Batteries

Joplin, Mo.

Northrop Corp. Parachutes

Newbury Park, Cal.

Rocketdyne Division, OAMS, RCS

North American Aviation, Inc.
Canoga Park, Cal.

Thiokol Chemical Corp. Retrorocket System

Elkton, Md.

Weber Aircraft Corp. Ejection Seats

Burbank, Cal.

Westinghouse Electric Corp. Rendezvous Radar System

Baltimore, Md.

Honeywell, Inc. Attitude Control Electronics

Minneapolis, Minn.
St. Petersburg, Fla. Inertial Guidance Platform

Atlas contractors include:

General Dynamics, Convair Airframe and Systems Integration

Division
San Diego, Cal.

Rocketdyne Division Propulsion Systems

North American Aviation, Inc.
Canoga Park, Cal.

General Electric Co. Guidance

Syracuse, N. Y.
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Burroughs Corp. Ground Guidance Computer

Paoli, Pa.

Titan II contractors include:

Martin Co. Airframe and Systems Integration

Baltimore, Md.

Aerojet-General Corp. Propulsion System

Sacremento, Cal.

General Electric Co. Radio Command Guidance

Syracuse, N.Y.

Burroughs Corp. Ground Guidance Computer

Paoli, Pa.

Aerospace Corp. Systems Engineering and

El Segundo, Cal. Technical Direction

Agena D contractors include:

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Airframe and Systems Integration

Sunnyvale, Cal.

Bell Aerosystems Co. Propulsion Systems

Niagara Falls, N.Y.

McDonnell Aircraft Corp. Target Docking Adapter

St. Louis, Mo.

Food contractors:

U.S. Army Laboratories Food Formulation Concept

Natick, Mass.

Whirlpool Corp. Procurement, Processing,

St. Joseph, Mich. Packaging

Swift and Co., Chicago Principal Food Contractors

Pillsbury Co., Minneapolis

Suit contractor:

The David R. Clark Co.

Worcester, Mass.

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Approximate Times of Major Events

In Nominal Gemini 12 Mission

GET Event GET Event

Hours Hours

00 - Launch 13 -
- Insertion -
- Alige Platform -
- 14 -
01 - -
- Out-of-plane Translation -
- -
- CSE Translation 15 -
02 - -
- CDH Translation -
- Radar Track Agena -
- 16 -
03 - TPI Translation -
- Midcourse Correction - S-12 Experiment (door closed)
- Baking -
- Fly Formation 17 - Eat Period
04 - First Docking -
- -
- First Undocking -
- Second Docking -
05 - M 408 Experiment 18 - Standup EVA Preps.
- -
- Second undocking -
- Third Docking -
06 - Third Undocking 19 -
- Fourth Docking -
- Eat Period -
- M 408 Experiment -
07 - 20 -
- - Depressurize
- - Open Hatch
- Prep. for Agena PPS Burn -
- - Standup EVA
- 21 – S-13 Experiment
08 - -
- Posigrade PPS Translation -
- (161 x 400 nm) -
- Sleep Period -
09 - S-12 Experiment (door open) 22 -
- -
- - Close Hatch
- - Repressurize
- 23 -
10 - - Post EVA
- -
- -
- -
11 - 24 - Eat Period
- -
- -
- - S-5 and s-6 Experiments
12 - 25 -
- - S-11 Experiment
- -
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 -55-
GET Event GET Event
Hours Hours

26 - 39 -
- S-5 and S-6 Experiment -
- - Umbilical EVA Preps.
- S-11 Experiment -
27 - 40 -
- -
- -
- S-5 and S-6 Experiment -
28 - 41 -
- -
- S-11 Experiment -
- -
29 - Eat Period 42 -
- -
- - Depressurize – Open Hatch
- - Umbilical EVA
30 - Prep. for Agena PPS Burn 43 -
- Retrograde PPS Translation -
- -
- Sleep Period -
31 - 44 -
- -
- - Close Hatch - Repressurize
- - Post EVA
32 - 45 -
- -
- -
- -
33 - 46 -
- - Eat Period
- -
- - Tether Exercise Prep.
34 - 47 -
- – Fourth Undocking & Tether Exercise
- -
- -
35 - 48 -
- -
- -
- -
36 - 49 -
- -
- -
- -
37 - 50 - Eat Period
- -
- -
- -
38 - 51 -
- -
- - Terminate Tether Exercise
- Eat Period -
- -

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GET Event GET Event
Hours Hours

52 – Fly Formation 65 -
- -
- Eclipse Phasing Translation -
- Sleep Period -
53 - 66 - T-2 Experiment
- -
- -
- -
54 - 67 -
- -
- -
- -
55 - 68 -
- - Eat Period
- -
- -
56 - 69 - T-2 Experiment
- -
- -
- -
57 - 70 -
- -
- -
- -
58 - 71 -
- -
- -
- -
59 - 72 -
- - S-29 Experiment
- -
- -
60 - 73 -
- – D-10 Experiment
- -
- Eat Period - S-11 Experiment
61 - 74 -
- Eclipse Phasing Translation - D-10 Experiment & Eat Period
- -
- Standup EVA Preps. -
62 - 75 -
- -
- -
- -
63 - 76 -
- Depressurize & open Hatch -
- Jettison Equipment, Standup EVA & -
- Mount S-13 Equipment -
- Eclipse & Retrieve S-13 -
64 – Close Hatch & Repressurize -
- -
- Post EVA -
- -

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 -57-
GET Event GET Event
Hours Hours

78 – 91 -
- -
- - Eat Period
- -
79 - 92 -
- -
- - Retro Preps.
- -
80 - 93 -
- -
- -
- -
81 - 94 - Retrofire
- -
- -
- -
82 - 95 -
- -
- -
- -
83 - 96 -
- -
- -
- -
84 - 97 -
- -
- Eat Period -
- -
85 - 98 -
- -
- -
- T-2 Experiment -
86 - 99 -
- -
- S-51 Experiment -
- -
87 - D-10 Experiment 100-
-
-
-
88 -
- S-51 Experiment
- D-10 Experiment
-
89 -
-
-
-
90 –
- Stow Equipment
-
-

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 -58-
LOCAL TIME LOCAL TIME Note: Clip the time scales
A.M. P.M. at left and slide
12:00 - 12:00 - then along the scales
- - showing the approxi-
- - mate ground elapsed
- - time of a nominal
01 - 01 - mission. Place the
- - local time of liftoff
- - opposite the 00 on
- - the GET scale and you
02 - 02 - will be able to read
- - off the approximate
- - local times of major
- - events.
03 - 03 -
- -
- -
- -
04 - 04 -
- -
- -
- -
05 - 05 -
- -
- -
- -
06 - 06 -
- -
- -
- -
07 - 07 -
- -
- -
- -
08 - 08 -
- -
- -
- -
09 - 09 -
- -
- -
- -
10 - 10 -
- -
- -
- -
11 - 11 -
- -
- -
- -
12 - 12 -
- -
- -
- -

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