Japanese Guided Missiles in World War II1

M A R T I N CAIDIN 2

W ORLD War II produced many new types of weapons,

several of which have effected revolutionary changes in
the nature of combat. These include a host of aerial innova-
tions, radar, proximity fuses, automatic computers, shaped
charges, and so on. Outstanding among them all, however,
are two particular weapons which have widened the scope of
war: the operational guided missile and the atomic bomb.
Both weapons involve such radical departures from "ac-
cepted" means of offense and defense that they require an
entirely new concept of armed internal conflict.
Germany began her guided missile research in prewar days
and, during the war, introduced and used many and varied
types of missile weapons. These included the Henschel
Hs 293 series, the Fritz X, Rheintochter, Schmetterling,
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Wasserfall, V-l, V-2, and others. Germany clearly led the

world in missile development and utilization. The United
States, however, engaged in considerably more missile work
than has been generally realized. In free-falling bombs, the
Americans developed a series of weapons which included
Azon, Razon, and their successors; at Rabaul they tested
Felix heat-seeking bombs. In 1943 the familiar B-17s
launched hundreds of GB-1 glide bombs against Cologne,
and improved models of these bombs finally were used.
As the war neared its end, Japanese ships frequently
encountered the Bat, radar-homing glide bomb. Fighter
planes were converted into radio-controlled, television-
guided "bombs."
England tested experimentally a few ground-to-air and
air-to-ground, radio-controlled guided missiles, but these
were of little significance in the over-all war picture.
It is not commonly known that during the latter stages of
World War II Japan rushed the development of the guided
missile for tactical purposes. The Oka, Kikka, Shinryu,
Baika, Tsurugi, and Toka were all piloted suicide bombs
which glided, or were powered by rockets, jets, or piston
engines, to their targets. Remote-guided bombs were de-
veloped also for use against American warships and aircraft.
The following descriptions pertain to these guided missiles.
All organizations referred to are Japanese.

1 Aircraft L a u n c h e d A n t i - S h i p R a d i o -
C o n trolled G u i d e d M i s s i l e s

In the spring of 1944 the Japanese Air Research and De-

velopment Center, Army Bureau of Aeronautics, commenced Fig. 3 I-go Model 1A missile mounted under the belly of the
research activities for a missile to be employed against enemy mother plane Peggy bomber
surface ships. By July, the Bureau had crystallized its many
proposals into the design requirements for two specific classes
of rocket propelled, airplane-type guided missiles, the I-go
Model 1A and the Model IB (Figs. 1-4). Engineer Major
Takeo Omori of the Army Air Research and Development
Center received the assignment of preparing the basic layout
of the stabilization devices and the radio-control system and
of directing the actual missile tests. The Army assigned the
airframe design and fabrication work for the 1A to Mit-
subishi, and for the IB to Kawasaki; Mitsubishi also was
ordered to prepare the rocket engines for both missile types.

1
The material on the Japanese guided missile program was
assembled by the author during work with Jiro Horikoshi, chief
engineer for Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., and the designer
of the famed Zero and other fighter planes; and Colonel Masa-
take Okumiya, former Naval Commander, and today the Chief
of Intelligence, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Japan Defense Forces. Fig. 4 I-go Model IB missile mounted under the belly of the
2 mother plane Lily bomber
Address: 97-37 63 Rd., Rego Park 74, N. Y. Mem. ARS.
AUGUST 1956 691
 held at Lake Biwa and at Wakasa Bay, near Maizuru City,
facing the Japan Sea. By the time the Army concluded its
drop tests, they were able only to complete the adjustments
of the control surfaces and the stabilizing and control systems.
As the single pneumatic power source was utilized for feeding
the propellant to the combustion chamber, operating the
gyro, and actuating the servos, the air pressure for the latter
dropped sharply at the close of the rocket propelled flight.
It was anticipated that better flight characteristics could have
been attained after remedying this effect.
Kawasaki assigned engineer Jun Kitano as chief engineer
for the design of the IB airframe series. Approximate^
one hundred and fifty IB models were built; these under-
went Army drop tests from November of 1944 to July of
1945. The first launching and gliding test at Ajigaura,
Ibaraki Prefecture, gave promising results. Until February
of 1945 the Army held its second series of flight tests at
Point Manazaru where gliding, powered flight, and prelimi-
Fig. 5 Japanese navy rocket interceptor Shusui nary radio-control tests were conducted. The third and fourth
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test senes continued until July, during which time the engi-
The 1A carried a Navy warhead of 1760 lb, and the IB neers improved the stabilizing and control s}rstems and con-
a 660-lb armor-piercing nose bomb. The twin-engined firmed the accuracy of hits. These latter experiments were
bomber Peggy carried the 1A aloft (Figs. 2 and 3); the Lily held at the Yokaichi Army Air Field, Shiga Prefecture.
transported the IB (Fig. 4). Both missiles were designed to The Army used the prominent Shiraishi rock in Lake Biwa
be launched from the mother airplane at a point 6.8 miles as its target. The results indicated that the missile was
from the target at an altitude between 2300 and 3000 ft. assured of success in combat, that the radio-control system
Thereafter the missile sustained flight through use of its was perfectly adequate and that, with or without power, the
rocket engine; the mother plane, now acting as the director, flight characteristics were satisfactory. The test group
followed the missile's flight until the bomber was 2.5 miles estimated an accuracy of seventy-five per cent in hits against
from the target. The bombardier in the nose of the directing aircraft carriers and battleships.
plane tracked the distance from the target and the line of The Army had developed its 1A and IB missiles for a
flight with an optical sight, visually controlling the missile specific purpose. They were intended for use against enemy
by radio to hit the objective. aircraft carriers which were at the center of a ring formation
Army engineers and engineers from Mitsubishi's Nagoya providing heavy AA protection and fighter plane screens.
Engine Research Division and Nagasaki Ordnance Works The missiles proved successful in the experiments, but the
coordinated their efforts to produce the rocket engines. Army was convinced that their relatively low performance,
These used concentrated hydrogen peroxide as the propellant even were it improved, would not permit the launching plane
and an aquatic solution of sodium permanganate as the to survive the enemy's deadly defense system. For this
catalyzer. The construction and control systems of the reason, and also because further factory work was disrupted
engine were rather simple; the propellant and catalyzer were by the incessant B-29 attacks, the Army suspended the
fed under the pressure of compressed air (initial charge of project.
150 atm or 2200 psi). The stabilizing system comprised one
position gyro which controlled the elevators and ailerons;
the radio signals from the directing plane controlled the
elevators and rudder; in the IB series, the rudder and ailerons
Table 1 I--go missiles Models 1A and IB
were coordinated by a special linkage system. In the 1A
series, pneumatic power was used for driving the gyro and 1A IB
the operating control surfaces; equipment for this purpose Configuration High-wing mono- High-wing mono-
was developed and manufactured by the Tokyo Aircraft plane plane
Instrument Company. The electrical system used for gyro Construction Wooden wings and empennage; gal-
and control surface power in the IB series was produced by vanized sheet iron fuselage
the Sumitomo Communicating Machine Company in collabo- Power plant Special rocket no. No. 1 Model 2
ration with the Hokushin Electric Works, Ltd. Sumitomo 1 Model 3
Thrust X dura- 530 lb X 75 sec 330 lb X 80 sec
also developed the radio-control system for both missiles.
ation
In a later development the Army attempted to eliminate Propellant Concentrated In r drogen peroxide;
the longitudinal control system. Sumitomo produced an aquatic solution of sodium per-
experimental automatic radio-control system which was to manganate
maintain an altitude of from ten to thirty feet above sea Maximum speed 342 mph 342 mph
level. Unfortunately the Japanese never learned whether the (est.)
equipment would function satisfactorily; the incessant air Launching speed 224 mph 224 mph
raids suspended all tests by the summer of 1945. Principal dimen-
The Mitsubishi design team which produced the Peggy sions
Wingspan 11.8 ft 8.52 ft
bomber and also developed the 1A series was headed by Length 18.9 ft 13.4 ft
engineer Hisanojo Ozawa. For the missile Ozawa used a Height 3.46 ft 2.95 ft
simplified construction of wooden wings and empennage, Wing area 38.8 s q f t 21.0 sq ft
some wooden accommodations, and a fuselage of galvanized Weight, loaded 3085 lb 1500 lb
sheet iron. The company delivered ten to the Army by Warhead 1760 lb H E 660 lb AP
November of 1944. The Army soon received several of the Date of comple- Nov. 1944 Oct, 1944
production missiles turned out by the Nippon Rolling Stock tion
Company, and submitted the new weapons to their first Final disposition Preliminary test Almost completed
drop tests at Point Manazuru, near Atami City, Izu Penin- phase
sula, Kanagawa Prefecture. The second series of tests was L

692 J E T PROPULSION
 2 Guided Missile Research, Army Technical body, was gyroscopically stabilized, and had cruciform stubby
Research Institute wings and cruciform empennages. These missiles were the:
Funryu Model-2. For preliminary launching and
Infrared Ray A u t o m a t i c H o m i n g Air-to-Ground Missiles guiding tests. Powder rocket propelled and guided by
the afore-mentioned guidance system.
The Technical Research Institute, Army Bureau of Ord-
Funryu Model-3. Similar to Model-2 except for re-
nance, conducted special research into infrared ray automatic
placement of the solid-fuel motor with the liquid-fuel motor
homing air-to-ground missiles, working with Itogawa's
developed at the Institute.
laboratory of the Aeronautical Research Institute, Tokyo
Funryu Model-4. Considerably larger than the Model-
Imperial University. The Army group conducted prelimi-
2 and -3. Liquid rocket engine, propelled and guided by
nary experiments with its new homing device in the summer of
an automatic command guidance system consisting of
1945 at Lake Hamana, Shizuoka Prefecture, using a bonfire
two radar sets and a mechanical computer.
on a raft as the target. The experimental gliding missiles
Ten of the Model-2 missiles were airborne from a rail
had a torpedo-shaped body of 1.64 ft diam and 9.9 ft length;
launcher set up on a hill near Asama Meadow, Kitakaruizawa,
wings were cruciform, 8.2 ft in span; and the empennage as
near the border of Nagano Prefecture and Gunma Prefec-
well was cruciform.
ture ; the missiles were directed against a point on the shoulder
The aerial torpedoes were released by a mother plane. of Mt. Asama. Tests beginning in April of 1945 were con-
In the nose of the missile the Army installed a parabolic tinued for several months.
reflector to collect heat radiation from the target, with a
Engineers regarded the Model-2 as a failure and, conse-
heat-sensing bolometer located at the reflector's focal point.
quently, also abandoned further work on the Model-3. They
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The principle of homing was to make use of the fluctuation

now concentrated all their efforts on the larger Model-4. Navy
of electric current caused by the heat energy received by the
staff officers and civilian company engineers set up emergency
sensing unit, and to amplify the current to actuate the servo
quarters in a hotel at Atami, where they rushed through the
mechanism which operated the control valves of the pneu-
final designs of the new missile. Although the manufacture
matic actuators for the control surfaces. Prior to the experi-
of the airframe and the guidance system had barely gotten
ments, the Army felt that the homing system would lack
under way when Japan capitulated, two of the rocket motors
accuracy in daylight attacks because of the reflection of solar
(one by Nagasaki Ordnance Works of Mitsubishi Heavy In-
heat by the ocean surface. The experiments conducted at
dustries, Ltd., and the other by the Institute) were completed.
night, however, indicated fairly good homing characteristics
The ground tests for the new engines were scheduled for
once the missile caught its target. The system appears to
August 16, the day following the surrender.
have excellent possibilities for future development.
The results of the launching and guidance tests of the
T h e S h u s u i Missile Model-2, with and without the guidance system installed (but
with weight compensations and adjusted CG), are summa-
The Institute also planned for the conversion of the piloted rized :
rocket interceptor Shusui (the Japanese version of the Maximum range of 18,000 ft was obtained when the missile
Messerschmitt Me-163B Komet) to a high speed missile was launched at an elevated angle of 45 deg. Stability and
guided along a radio-wave beam for use against enemy ships controllability characteristics, in pitch and yaw, were satis-
or large aircraft (see Fig. 5). The guidance system, de- factory. The poor stability in rolling, especially at the slow
veloped by Major Masahiko Okamoto and other engineers, speeds encountered after launching, prevented accurate
comprised two VHF beams, along the equi-intensity line of guidance.
which the missile would be guided with a directional accuracy In March of 1945 the Jet and Rocket Propulsion Research
of plus or minus 0.5 deg, and with an effective range of at Division was established within the Institute specifically to co-
least ten thousand feet. By the end of the war the guidance ordinate missile development. Many additional Navy and
system was nearly complete. Preliminary tests were held industrial facilities contributed to this work, as listed be-
in July of 1945 when the beam was directed from Chosi, low:
Chiba Prefecture, to Mount Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture,
along which the pilot of a Type 99 light bomber (Lily) was Electronics Division, Technical
almost successfully guided. Research Institute Guidance systems
NARDC Wind tunnel experiments
Naval Dockyard, Yokosuka.... Airframe manufacture
3 Ground-to-Air and Ground-to-Ship, Radio- Naval Powder Arsenal Powder rockets
Controlled, Rocket Propelled Guided Missiles Aeronautical Research Institute,
Tokyo Imperial University. . . Airframe design; analysis of
Development performance and stability for
Model-4. Designed stabili-
From 1943 the Technical Research Institute, Naval Tech- zation units for all models
nical Bureau, had conducted research into RATO and rockets Nagasaki Ordnance Works, Mit-
for aircraft, and investigated propellants and liquid-fuel subishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.Design and manufacture of
rocket motors for propulsion of special submarines and new- propulsion unit for Model-4
type torpedoes. In the summer of 1944 the Institute began Kawasaki Aircraft Industry Co. Airframe design for Model-4
research work on a rocket propelled anti-shipping guided Tokyo Aircraft Instrument Co.. Design and manufacture of the
missile which employed a radio-impulse (modulation of me- stabilizing units for all models
Technical Research Institute,
dium frequency carrier wave) command guidance system which Nippon Broadcasting Assoc.. . Guidance system (conducting
the Navy originally had developed for controlling target flight tests)
vessels. As the B-29s began raids on northern Kyushu from
Features of the Funryu Models 1-4
bases in China, the Institute, in September 1944, changed its
program to the development of anti-bomber missiles. These Model-1. Anti-shipping, liquid rocket propelled mis-
experimental weapons were at first called the "Special Rocket sile. The airframe, propulsion, stabilizing, and servo
Propelled Missile," but the designation was later changed to systems were very similar to those of the Model-4; the
Funryu (raging dragon). guidance system was patterned after that of the Model-2.
Three anti-bomber missile types were designed and built, This project was discontinued after the preliminary layout
only the first of which underwent preliminary tests. They was completed because of the changing war situation
were generally similar in shape; each had a torpedo-like which called for measures to stop the B-29s.
AUGUST 1956 693
 Model-2. For preliminary testing; anti-bomber, pow- ducted research on radio-controlled small target planes. Ini-
der rocket propelled missile. The powder rocket used a tial studies were aimed at stability and controllability through
cordite propellant and provided a maximum thrust of model flight tests. Later, when Satoshi Narita of the Nobo-
5300 lb for a duration of 3.5 sec. The guidance system was rito Laboratory joined the project, emphasis was shifted to a
adapted from the control system for target vessels. The practical-use target plane. Two experimental models were
operator on the ground, sighting the missile and the built, one with a single engine of 1/2 hp, and the other with
target, operated the control transmitter which sent out two V2 hp engines and a wingspan of 8.2 ft. The models suc-
radio command signals (modulation of medium-frequency cessfully passed their flight tests and could execute figure-
carrier wave) which actuated the corresponding electrical eights and loops.
relays of the missile (for maneuvers in up, down, left, or right
directions). The relays operated valves of the pneumatic Anti-Bomber Missile Guided by Radio B e a m
servo system which in turn operated the control surfaces.
The transmitter carried in the missile sent a response signal Work on an anti-bomber missile guided by radio beam be-
to the ground station every time a command signal was re- gan in 1943 as the war situation deteriorated. The first
ceived. All control surfaces operations were recorded b}r an method of guidance used was a radio-beam system, in which a
auto-recorder carried in the missile. 200 MC carrier wave was modulated by 3 to 10 KC and re-
The stabilizing unit consisted of two sets of compressed air- volved around an axis.
driven gyros which automatically governed the control sur- The small test missile employed had a torpedo body with
faces. The engineers used a laminated dry cell for the missile's small cruciform wings and cruciform tailplane. A special air-
cooled, four-cylinder, two-stroke cycle, opposed-type engine
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electric power source.

of 20 hp was designed for the test model. The airplane was
Over-all length 7.87 ft released and directed by a mother plane to the target. Twenty
Wingspan 3.15 ft test missiles were built, but only a few of these were employed
Diameter 0.985 ft for fundamental research in stability, guidance, performance,
Gross weight 815 lb and so forth. The project did not develop beyond the pre-
Warhead 110 lb liminary stages.
Maximum speed (est.) 790 fps
Maximum altitude (est.) 16,400 ft Aircraft-Launched A n t i - S h i p p i n g A u t o m a t i c H o m i n g
Model-3. Anti-bomber, liquid rocket propelled missile, Glide Missile, I-go Model 1C
identical to the Model-2 except for replacement of the
propulsion unit with the liquid-fuel rocket motor. One Research on the I-go Model 1C was started in the spring
model was built, but was not flight tested. of 1944. The missile steered itself in the direction normal to
Model-4. Anti-bomber, liquid rocket propelled missile. the surface of shock waves sent out by the gunfire of the
The general configuration, although considerably larger, enemy ship; its trajectory would automatically converge to
resembled closely that of the Model-2. The rocket motor the target, in this case the firing gun. The first step in the
was designed from the German Walter unit and used two new project was to investigate thoroughly the characteristics
propellants, 80 per cent hydrogen peroxide and a mixture of the shock waves emitted by heavy guns. The Aeronau-
of methyl alcohol and hydrazine hydrate. Propellants tical Research Institute conducted most of the preliminary ex-
were fed to the combustion chamber by compressed air or periments, using the peak of the main building's tower as its
nitrogen. The thrust of 3300 lb was maintained for 60 measuring site.
sec. The preliminary tests revealed two promising homing meth-
Except for the servo system, the guidance system was a ods. One utilized the minute time lag between the wave
development separate from that of Models-1, -2, and -3. fronts reaching each wing tip for determining the direction of
Ground equipment included two radar sets and a mechanical control. The other method incorporated a horn with direc-
comparator computer. The first radar tracked the target, tional characteristics and a microphone which sensed the
while the second radar tracked and transmitted control signals higher acoustic harmonics (3000-5000 cps) of the shock
to the missile. Data from the two sets led into the computer wave emitted from the target. Both methods were subjected
where corrections for the missile path were calculated and re- to exhaustive experimentation.
layed back to the second radar. The latter sent out five The latter method was finally accepted as the most promis-
specific types of control signals (according to the information ing. A torpedo-shaped experimental missile (1.64 ft in diam
it received from the computer) to the missile, which included and 11.5 ft in length) with cruciform wings and empennage
up, down, right, left, and explosion. For tracking, VHF was equipped with a gyro stabilizing system, shock wave
wave was employed, and for transmitting the control signals (direction) sensing unit, automatic steering devices, and a
(command), frequency modulation of the VHF carrier wave. speed-brake system. In the steering system built especially
The effective guidance range was estimated at 12 to 18 for the test missile the Laboratory selected as its final arrange-
miles, and the error in the missile path to be within 0.5 deg ment solenoid actuators for three primary controls, and a
or 50 m (164 ft). The stabilizing and servo system was almost torque motor for the speed brake. A 36 v, 60A injection cell
similar to that of the Model-2. was used for the electric power source.
The greatest obstacle to be overcome was inadvertent roll-
Over-all length 13.1 ft ing, and hundreds of wind tunnel tests were required to find
Wingspan 5.25 ft the satisfactory solution. On the other hand, it was dis-
Diameter 1.97 ft covered that the amplifiers comprised some twenty vacuum
Maximum speed (est.) 0.9 Mach tubes, which involved the necessity of selecting two hundred-
Maximum altitude (est.) 82,000 ft odd satisfactory tubes out of a thousand for ten drop tests.
Time for climb to 32,800 ft 1 min Obtaining a sufficient quantity proved to be one of the major
Gross weight 4190 lb problems.
Warhead 440 lb In March of 1945 three missiles were launched from a Peggy
4 Guided Missile Research, Aeronautical bomber at the Kujihama Bombing Test Ground near Mito
Research Institute Air Base. The results confirmed the expected converging
motion of the missiles, proving the reliability of the new hom-
Radio-Controlled Small Target Plane ing device. The successful tests resulted in support from the
From 1940 to 1943 the Itogawa Laboratory of the Aero- Army Bureau of Aeronautics, and twenty improved experi-
nautical Research Institute, Tokyo Imperial University, con- mental missiles were produced by July. Following the Kuji-

694 J E T PROPULSION
 Are you interested i n . . . hama experiments, a neutral position was provided for each of
the primary controls. Six gyros (position and rate gyros for
High energy Propellants? each of the three axes) were installed, as against the one
gyro for preventing rolling motion in the original models.
Metallo-organic Polymers? The first six missiles were dropped from a Lily bomber at
Plastic Fabrications? Lake Biwa to confirm the functioning of the new gyro-
stabilizing system; in these tests the shockwave-sensing auto-
Metallic Chlorides? matic homing device was not used. The engineers jubilantly
reported complete success. However, when the group was
about to begin its drop tests with the fourteen fully equipped
missiles, the constant air raids destroyed important equip-
ment, hampering the projected experiments. As the engi-
neers prepared to move the testing grounds to Akita Prefec-
ture, the war ended.

5 R a d i o - C o n t r o l l e d Aircraft a n d T a r g e t P l a n e
The Navy's target planes for antiaircraft training were
pioneered by the glider target MXY3, adopted in 1938. (MX
identifies special airplane; Y the NARDC's design.) The
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MXY3 was an all-wood, high-wing monoplane. The Type

94 reconnaissance seaplane (Alf) released the target glider
from a dorsal rack. After its introduction for fleet use, engi-
neers added an air-driven gyro to maintain constant head-
ings.
As early as 1937 the Naval Aircraft Establishment (later
the NARDC), commenced work in secret on the development
of equipment which permit remote radio-control of aircraft.
In 1939 engineers and pilots held joint conferences where they
Stauffer is now "off the discussed the radio-control application for pilotless bombers,
ground" in the research and torpedo-bombing aircraft, decoy planes, and target planes for
development of new antiaircraft training. In September 1940 and in the spring
of 1941 the combined efforts of the Electric, Instrument, and
chemicals and materials for Aircraft Divisions of the NARDC showed remarkable suc-
application to . . . cess in the radio-control experiments with the Alf seaplane.
These included catapult operations, climbing, level flight,
J e t and Ram-jet Engines turning in flight, and landing. Despite the success of the ex-
Guided Missiles periments they were not pushed further. The Navy esti-
mated that the total cost of the radio-control equipment and
Auxiliary Power Generators the auto-pilot mechanism, as well as launching, exceeded by
Special Components several times the cost required for training one pilot per plane.
But, eventually, the experiments with the Alf stimulated work
Our Commercial Development on a radio-controlled target plane, larger than the MXY3,
Department invites your which could float on water.
inquiries concerning ... NARDC designed and built an all-wood, twin-float, low-
wing monoplane to be carried by the Type 94 seaplane in the
C O M P O U N D S OF same fashion as the MXY3. The model was designed to allow
elevator and rudder control, stopping the engine, and re-
BORON covery parachute release, all from the mother airplane. The
ALUMINUM
first tests were made in October of 1941 at Saeki Bay, Oita
Prefecture, in Kyushu. The initial flight ended in failure be-
FLUORINE cause of elevator overcontrol, but this was remedied in the
second model which proved successful in a sustained thirty-
SILICON minute flight. This model became the Type 1 Target Plane
Model 11 (MXY4) and was produced in quantity until the
TITANIUM outbreak of war.
ZIRCONIUM Wingspan 32.8ft
Length 23.0ft
Wing area 140 sq ft
Incidence 4 deg
Dihedral 6 deg
Gross weight 1125 lb
Engine (Nippon Internal Semi-11, or AVA 4H, 22 hp
Combustion Engine Co.)
The stabilizing and control s}Tstems comprised two sets of
electrically driven rate gyros and electric gyros connected
with the elevator and rudder control, respectively. The ele-
vator also was controlled by the air-speed meter system, to
maintain constant speed. The engineers ran into severe dif-
STAUFFER C H E M I C A L COMPANY ficulties. Even minute differences in the fabrication of wings
Commercial Development Department and control surfaces necessitated different adjustments of con-
380 Madison Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. trol and servo systems from plane to plane.
696 J E T PROPULSION