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Protocol Controls: by Dr. Piya Techateerawat

The document summarizes several data link layer protocols. It discusses basic flow control, signaling, frame-oriented control, sliding window protocols including Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat. It also covers common data link control protocols such as High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) protocols. Specific topics covered include frame formats, error control, buffer management, and the different modes of HDLC including normal response, asynchronous response and asynchronous balanced modes.

Uploaded by

Seravana Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Protocol Controls: by Dr. Piya Techateerawat

The document summarizes several data link layer protocols. It discusses basic flow control, signaling, frame-oriented control, sliding window protocols including Go-Back-N and Selective Repeat. It also covers common data link control protocols such as High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) protocols. Specific topics covered include frame formats, error control, buffer management, and the different modes of HDLC including normal response, asynchronous response and asynchronous balanced modes.

Uploaded by

Seravana Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By Dr.

Piya Techateerawat

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Basic Flow Control


Flow Control defines the way in which many frames are sent and tracked and how the stations do error control. Error Control defines how a station checks frames for errors and what it does if it finds them. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) is type of error control which request and resend the frame when needed.

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Signaling
DTE-DCE Flow Control
There is DTR and DST lines to indicate the readiness DTE send to DCE by
1. RTS (Request To Send) 2. Wait for CTS (Clear To Send)

Signaling
X-ON/X-OFF
In ASCII character defines DC3[19] and DC1[17] They are X-OFF (DC3) and X-ON (DC1) X-OFF is a signal that use when buffer is filling up so sender will stop sending. X-ON is signal that use to resume the transmission. Note: There is delay when sending X-OFF so generally receiver sends X-OFF signal when buffer is reached the threshold.

Signaling
The simple example is
Sender Receiver DATA DATA .. DATA

Buffers filling up, please stop Sender DATA DATA .. DATA Receiver

Sender Ill wait until receive request signal

Receiver

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Frame-Oriented Control
X-ON/X-OFF is byte oriented and asynchronous communications. (Can pause at any given byte) Synchronous communication are frame oriented and require more organization. Generally, these protocols send as a large piece of data. So buffer must able to store the whole frame.

Unrestricted Protocol
This protocol is an example that assumes receiver has un limited capacity and fast enough so the buffer space is always available. This is count as easiest protocol where it does not consider problem on flow control. Text book give an example as post office with normal mail.

Stop and Wait Protocol


Every time the receiver gets a frame it sends an acknowledgement back to sender. After Sending a frame, sender waits for an acknowledgement before sending the next frame. The receiver sends acknowledgement as error or ack depends on the received data. What if data/acknowledgement lost? What if data/acknowledgement damage?

Protocol Efficiency
Channel Utilization R = transmission rate (e.g. 10 Mbps) S = signal speed (e.g. 200 meter per sec) D = distance between the sender and receiver (e.g. 200 meters) T = time to create one frame (e.g. 1 sec) F = number of bits in a frame (e.g. 200) N = number of data bits in a frame (e.g. 160) A = number of bits in an acknowledgement (e.g. 40)

Protocol Efficiency
Time (UP) = T + F/R Time (SWP)= 2* (T+D/S) + (F+A)/R P (UP) = 100 * (F/R)/ (T+ (F/R)) P (SWP) = 100 * (F/R)+ (D/S) 2*(T+D/S) + (F+A)/R Effective data rate (UP) = N/(T+F/R) Effective data rate (SWP) = N 2*(T+D/S) + (F+A)/R UP:- Unrestricted Protocol SWP:- Stop and Wait Protocol

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Sliding Window Protocols


Window :- Number of frame to be sent Window will move from the senders frames from time to time.
Acknowledged
_ | Window | -

Acknowledged

Wait for window Wait for window Wait for window

Sliding Window Protocols

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Frame Format
Protocol sends and receive frame which both must be understand. Source | Dest | No. | ACK| Type | .. Data.. | CRC

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Go-Back-n Protocol

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Selective Repeat Protocol


Go-back-n works well over reliable channels. Why not allow receiver sort the received frame? Protocol uses naks for damaged frames.

Sliding Window Protocol Efficiency


Time to build W*(T+F/R) > Time to send & receive 2*(T+ D/S + F/R)

R = transmission rate (e.g. 10 Mbps) S = signal speed (e.g. 200 meter per sec) D = distance between the sender and receiver (e.g. 200 meters) T = time to create one frame (e.g. 1 sec) F = number of bits in a frame (e.g. 200) N = number of data bits in a frame (e.g. 160) A = number of bits in an acknowledgement (e.g. 40) W = number of frames in the window

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Data Link Control Protocols


Refer to OSI Model, this is to manage and control the flow of frames between two stations.

Note: Previously, protocol control and maintain data frame exchange.

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)


HDLC is a bit oriented protocol that supports both half-duplex and full-duplex communications.
Primary station (host station or control station)
It managed data flow by issuing commands to other stations and acting on their response.

Secondary station (target station or guest station)


It response to commands issued by a primary station (only one primary station)

Combined station
It acts as both primary and secondary station.

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)


HDLC can communicate in one of three modes.
Normal response mode (NRM)
The secondary station can send only when primary station instructs to do so.

Asynchronous response mode (ARM)


The secondary can send data or control information to the primary station without permission. For the rest, establishing, maintaining and ending connection still resides with primary station

Asynchronous balanced mode (ABM)


This configurations connecting combined stations. So, each station can send data control information and commands.

High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)


Frame Format

Flag | Address | Control | --- Data--- |


8 8 or 16 8 or 16 variable Number of bits

FCS
16 or 32

| Flag
8

Protocol Controls
Basic Flow Control
Signaling Frame-Oriented Control

Sliding Window Protocols


Frame Format Go-Back-n Protocol Selective Repeat Protocol

Data Link Control Protocols


High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols


BSC was mad by IBM. It used with synchronous, half-duplex communications and stop and wait flow control. The frame starts with two SYN characters to alert the receiver that bytes are arriving.

Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Binary Synchronous Communications (BSC) Protocols

Reference
http://www.simplesat.co.uk/images/rs%20232.jpg @ 17 Nov 2008 http://www.tutorialsweb.com/networking/tcpip/images/Fig10_SlidingWindow.jpg @ 17 NOV 2008 http://astro.temple.edu/~stafford/sp05/cis320/lecture/chap3/deluxecontent_files/03-21.jpe@17 NOV 2008 http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/cs653-1997/notes/ch5/Image4.gif @ 17 Nov 2008 http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~sim/547/Old547/notes/NOTE9_1_files /image002.jpg @ 17 Nov 2008 http://ckp.made-it.com/bisync.html@ 17 Nov 2008

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