Data Link

Control
and
Protocols
Data Link Control
 Deals with design & procedure for
communication between two adjacent
nodes: node-to-node communication
 Include framing, flow & error control
 Software implemented protocols that
provide smooth & reliable transmissions of
frames between nodes
Framing
 DLL needs to pack bits into frames, so that each
frame is distinguishable from another
 Separates a message from one source to a
destination, or from other messages to other
destinations, by adding sender address &
destination address
 Very Large frame makes flow & error control
very inefficient & even single bit error would
require the retransmission of the whole message
Types of Framing
 Fixed sized framing
* No need for defining the boundaries
of the frames; size itself is used as
delimiter e.g ATM wide area network
 Variable size framing
* Prevalent in LAN ,need a way to
define the end of the frame & the
beginning of the next frame
Character oriented Protocols
 Also known as byte oriented protocols
 frame or packet is interpreted as a series of
characters
 Data are 8-bit characters encoded in ASCII.
 An 8-bit flag is added at the beginning & the end
of a frame
 Byte stuffing is the process of adding 1 extra
byte whenever there is a flag or escape character
in the text
 Are not as efficient as bit-oriented protocols and
therefore one now seldom used
Bit-oriented protocol
 frame of packet is interpreted as a series
of bits to be interpreted by the upper layer
as text, graphics, audio, video, etc
 can pack more information into shorter
frames and avoid the transparency
problem of character-oriented protocol
 Bit-oriented protocols provide full-duplex
operation and are more efficient and
reliable.
Bit-Stuffing
 Most protocols use 8-bit pattern flag
01111110 as the delimiter to define
the beginning & end of the frame
 Stuff 1 bit to prevent the pattern from
looking like a flag
 If a 0 and five consecutive 1 bits are
encountered, an extra 0 is added
Flow and Error Control

Flow Control

Error Control
Flow control refers to a set of
procedures used to restrict the
amount of data that the
sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.
Error control in the data
link layer is based on
automatic repeat request,
which is the
retransmission of data.
 Stop-and-Wait ARQ

Operation
Bidirectional Transmission
Stop and Wait
 Source transmits single frame
 Wait for ACK
 If received frame damaged, discard it
 Transmitter has timeout
 If no ACK within timeout, retransmit
 If ACK damaged,transmitter will not
recognize it
 Transmitter will retransmit
 Receive gets two copies of frame
 Use ACK0 and ACK1
Normal operation

S=Holds the number of

the recently sent
frame(0,1)
R=Holds the number of
the next frame
expected(0,1)
11.2 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost frame
11.3 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, lost ACK frame
 Note:

In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, numbering

frames prevents the retaining of
duplicate frames.
11.4 Stop-and-Wait ARQ, delayed ACK
 Numbered acknowledgments are
needed if an acknowledgment is
delayed and the next frame is lost.
Piggybacking
Go-Back-N ARQ

Sequence Number

Sender and Receiver Sliding Window

Control Variables and Timers
Acknowledgment

Resending Frames

Operation
Sequence Number(SeqN)
 Frames from sending station are
numbered sequentially
 If header of the frame allows m-bits for
the sequence number,the SeqN range
from 0 to 2m -1
Sender sliding window

• All frames are stored in a buffer

• Outstanding frames are enclosed in a window
Receiver sliding window
 Control variables

S= Holds the SeqN of the recently sent frames

SF= Holds the SeqN of the first frame in the window

SL= Holds the SeqN of the Last frame in the window

W= size of the window=SL-SF +1

R= Holds the SeqN of the frame it expects to receive

Go-Back-N ARQ, normal operation
 Go-Back-N ARQ, lost frame

Reciever
expecting
frame 2

After the timer

for frame 2
expires at the
sender site, the
sender send
frame 2 & 3
In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the sender window must be less
than 2m; the size of the receiver window is always 1.
If m=2,W=3, and all 3 ACKs are lost,frame
0 timer expires & all 3 frames are resent.
How ever window of receiver is expecting
frame 3,not frame 0,so duplicate frame is
correctly discarded
If W=4,and all ACKS are lost, sender will
send the duplicate of frame 0. However,
this time the window of the receiver expects
to receive frame 0,so it accepts frame 0,not
as a duplicate, but as the first frame in the
next cycle. This is an error
Selective-Repeat ARQ

Sender and Receiver Windows

Operation

Sender Window Size

Bidirectional Transmission

Pipelining
Selective Repeat ARQ
 For noisy link frame has higher probability
of damage,which means resending
multiple frames,so bandwidth is utilized
and slow transmission
 For noisy links,only damaged frame is
resent.
 But processing at the reciver side is more
complex
 Selective Repeat ARQ, sender and receiver windows

Selective Repeat ARQ also defines a negative acknowledgment

(NAK)
Selective Repeat ARQ, lost frame
 Note:

In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of

the sender and receiver window must
be at most one-half of 2m.
11.14 Selective Repeat ARQ, sender window size
Example 1
In a Stop-and-Wait ARQ system, the bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps, and 1 bit
takes 20 ms to make a round trip. What is the bandwidth-delay product? If the
system data frames are 1000 bits in length, what is the utilization percentage of
the link?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is

1  106  20  10-3 = 20,000 bits

The system can send 20,000 bits during the time it takes for the data to go
from the sender to the receiver and then back again. However, the system
sends only 1000 bits. We can say that the link utilization is only
1000/20,000, or 5%. For this reason, for a link with high bandwidth or long
delay, use of Stop-and-Wait ARQ wastes the capacity of the link.
Example 2
What is the utilization percentage of the link in Example 1 if the link uses Go-
Back-N ARQ with a 15-frame sequence?

Solution
The bandwidth-delay product is still 20,000. The system can send up to 15
frames or 15,000 bits during a round trip. This means the utilization is
15,000/20,000, or 75 percent. Of course, if there are damaged frames, the
utilization percentage is much less because frames have to be resent.
 Data Link Control Protocols
 Interface standards provide means for which a stream of
data can be transmitted but do not include function of
error control and flow control
 A data link control protocol handles error control and flow
control
 Examples of data link protocols
 HDLC – High Level Data Link Control


LAPB- Link Access Procedure Balanced
 Connect devices to packet switched networks


LAPF- Link Access Procedure for Frame
 Frame relay
HDLC

Configurations and Transfer Modes

Frames

Frame Format

Examples

Data Transparency
HDLC
 Accepts user data from higher level
software and delivers across link to
another device
 On other side HDLC accepts user data and
send it to application
 Both HDLC modules exchange control
information to provide:
 Flow control
 Error control
HDLC Station Types
 Primary station
 Controls operation of link
 Frames issued are called commands
 Maintains separate logical link to each
secondary station
 Secondary station
 Under control of primary station
 Frames issued called responses
 Combined station
 May issue commands and responses
HDLC Link Configurations
 Unbalanced
 One primary and one or more secondary
stations
 Supports full duplex and half duplex
 Balanced
 Two combined stations
 Supports full duplex and half duplex
NRM (Normal Response Mode)
HDLC Transfer Modes (1)
 Normal Response Mode (NRM)
 Unbalanced configuration
 Primary initiates transfer to secondary
 Secondary may only transmit data in response
to command from primary
 Used on multi-drop lines
 Host computer as primary
 Terminals as secondary
ABM
HDLC Transfer Modes (2)
 Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)
 Balanced configuration
 Either station may initiate transmission
without receiving permission
 Most widely used
 No polling overhead
 HDLC frame

 Flag
 Used for synchronization
 Beg and end of frame
 Address
 Address of secondary stations
 Point to point or multidrop
 Control
 Identifies purpose and function of frame
 Information
 User Data
 Frame Check Sequence
 16 or 32 bit CRC
Flag Fields
 Delimit frame at both ends
 01111110
 May close one frame and open another
 Receiver hunts for flag sequence to synchronize
 Bit stuffing used to avoid confusion with data
containing 01111110
 0 inserted after every sequence of five 1s
 If receiver detects five 1s it checks next bit
 If 0, it is deleted
 If 1 and seventh bit is 0, accept as flag
 If sixth and seventh bits 1, sender is indicating abort
Address Field
 Identifies secondary station that sent or will
receive frame
 Usually 8 bits long
 May be extended to multiples of 7 bits
 LSB of each octet indicates that it is the last octet (1)
or not (0)
 All ones (11111111) is broadcast
Control Field
 Different for different frame type
 Information - data to be transmitted to user
(next layer up)
 Flow and error control piggybacked on information
frames
 Supervisory - ARQ when piggyback not used
 Unnumbered - supplementary link control
 First one or two bits of control filed
identify frame type
HDLC frame types
 Information Frames
 I frame
 Carries user data
 Can also carry flow control and error control
 Supervisory Frames
 S Frames
 Flow control and error control
 Unnumbered frames
 Link set – up and disconnection
 No acknowledgement information
Control Field Diagram
 I-frame

• If the first Bit of control field is 0,it is I-frame

• Next 3 bits, N(s), defines the SeqNo. (between 0 & 7) Of the
frame in travel
• Next is a single P/F bit. Poll when frame is sent by a primary to
secondary station. Final means when frame is sent by a
secondary to a primary
• Next 3 bits, N(R), corresponds to the value of the ACK when
piggybacking is used
 S-frame control field in HDLC

• Used for flow & error control whenever piggybacking is either

impossible or inappropriate
• First 2 bits are 10,means it is an S-Frame
• Second 2 bits defines the 4 types of S-frames
• Receive ready (RR) value is 00. It Ack. A safe and sound frame or group
of frames
• Receive not ready (RNR) Value is 10. It Ack. The receipt of a frame or
group of frames, and it announces that the receiver is busy & cannot
receive more frames. Acts as a kind of congestion control mechanism
• Reject(REJ) Value is 01.It is NAK frame used in Go-Back-N ARQ to
improve the efficiency of the process by informing the sender
• Selective reject (SREJ) value is 11,NAK frame in selective Repeat ARQ
U-frame control field in HDLC
 Unnumbered frames used to exchange
session mgt. and control information
between connected devices
 Information field used for system
management information, not user data
 2-bit prefix before the P/F bit & a 3-bit
suffix after the P/F bit create up to 32
different types of U-frames
U-frame control command and response
Command/response Meaning
SNRM Set normal response mode
SNRME Set normal response mode (extended)
SABM Set asynchronous balanced mode
SABME Set asynchronous balanced mode (extended)
UP Unnumbered poll
UI Unnumbered information
UA Unnumbered acknowledgment
RD Request disconnect
DISC Disconnect
DM Disconnect mode
RIM Request information mode
SIM Set initialization mode
RSET Reset
XID Exchange ID
FRMR Frame reject
 Bit stuffing is the process of adding
one extra 0 whenever there are five
consecutive 1s in the data so that the
receiver does not mistake the
data for a flag.
Bit stuffing and removal
Bit stuffing in HDLC