TD - Chapter7 - Data Link Control Protocols - Correction-Groupe7

REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
Paix – Travail – Patrie Peace – Work – Fatherland

-.-.-.- -.-.-.-
UNIVERSITÉ DE YAOUNDÉ I UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDÉ I
Faculté des Sciences Faculté des Sciences
Département d'Informatique Department of Computer Science
B.P. 812 Yaoundé P.O.Box 812 Yaoundé
ICT303 (Data Communication)
TD_Chapter7_Data Link Control Protocols_Correction
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. List and briefly define some of the requirements for effective
communications over a data link.
 Frame synchronization : the beginning and end of each frame must
be recognizable ;
 Flow control : The sending station must not send frames at a rate
faster than the receiving station can absorb them,
 Error control : Bits errors introduced by the transmission system
should be corrected ;
 Addressing : On a multi point line, such as a local area network
(LAN), the identity of two stations involved in a transmission must
be specified,
2. Define flow control.
It is the function permed by a receiving entity to limit the amount or
rate of data that is sent by a transmitting entity.
3. Describe stop-and-wait flow control.
Stop-and-wait flow control is the simplest form of flow control. In this

method the message is broken into multiple frames, and the receiver
indicates its readiness to receive a frame of data. The sender waits for a
receipt acknowledgement (ACK) after every frame for a specified time
(called a time out). The receiver sends the ACK to let the sender know
that the frame of data was received correctly. The sender will then send
the next frame only after the ACK.
4. What are reasons for breaking up a long data transmission into a number
of frames?
 En cas d’erreur une retransmission de trame plus petites est
nécessaire
 Empêcher une station d’occuper support pendant de longue périodes
5. Describe sliding-window flow control.

It is a method of flow control in which a transmitting station may
send numbered packets within a window of numbers. The window
changes dynamically to allow additional packets to be sent.
6. What is the advantage of sliding-window flow control compared to stop-

and-wait
 Le récepteur a un tampon plus W plus long
 L’émetteur peut envoyer jusqu’à W trames sans ACK
 ACK inclut le nombre de trame suivantes a transmettre
7. What is piggybacking?
C’ est une technique de transmission bidirectionnelle avec accusé de

réception.
8. Define error control

Le contrôle d’erreur est une technique qui consiste à s’assurer que
le message reçut est celui transmis.
9. List common ingredients for error control for a link control protocol.
Error detection ; positive acknowledgment ; transmission after
timeout ; negative acknowledgment.
10.Describe automatic repeat request (ARQ).

Automatic repeat request (ARQ) is a protocol for error control in
data transmission. When the receiver detects an error in a packet, it
automatically requests the transmitter to resend the packet. This
process is repeated until the packet is error free or the error
continues beyond a predetermined number of transmissions. ARQ
is sometimes used with Global System for Mobile (GSM)
communication to guarantee data integrity.
11.List and briefly define three versions of ARQ.

 Arrêter et attendez : l’émetteur renvoie la donnée si le cadre est
endommagé ou si l’émetteur réçoit un ACK endommagé il ne le
reconnaitra pas puis enverra une autre et l’a la réception recevra 2
trames
 Revenir en arrière N : en cas d'erreur, répondez par rejet
Jeter cette trame et toutes les trames futures jusqu'à ce que la trame
d'erreur soit reçue
correctement. L'émetteur doit revenir en arrière et retransmettre cette
trame et toutes les trames suivantes
 Rejet sélectif : Seules les images rejetées sont retransmises Les
trames suivantes sont acceptées par le récepteur et mises en mémoire
tampon Minimise la retransmission Le récepteur doit conserver un
tampon suffisamment grand
12.What are the station types supported by HDLC? Describe each.

 Station primaire
◦ Contrôle le fonctionnement de la liaison
◦ Les trames émises sont appelées commandes
◦ Maintient un lien logique séparé vers chaque station secondaire
 Station secondaire
◦ Sous le contrôle de la station principale
◦ Cadres émis réponses appelées
 Station combinée
◦ Peut émettre des commandes et des réponses
13.What are the transfer modes supported by HDLC? Describe each.

 Mode de réponse normale (NRM): Configuration déséquilibrée Le
primaire initie le transfert au secondaire.
Le secondaire ne peut transmettre des données qu'en réponse à la
commande du
primaire
 Mode équilibré asynchrone (ABM): Configuration équilibrée.

L'une ou l'autre station peut lancer la transmission sans recevoir
l'autorisation. Le plus largement utilisé
 Mode de réponse asynchrone (ARM): Configuration déséquilibrée

Le secondaire peut lancer la transmission sans autorisation principale
Responsable principal de la ligne
14.What is the purpose of the flag field?

La zone du drapeau délimite le début et la fin du cadre.
15.Define data transparency.
La transparence des données fait référence a la possibilité
d’inclure des motifs des bits arbitraires dans le champ de données
d’une trame sans qu’aucun motif ne soit confondu avec une partie
des informations de contrôles dans la trame. Ceci est obtenu par
bourrage de bits
16.What are the three frame types supported by HDLC? Describe each.
 Information frames (I-frames) carry the data to be transmitted for
the user (the logic above HDLC that is using HDLC). Additionally,
flow and error control data, using the ARQ mechanism, are
piggybacked on an information frame.
 Supervisory frames (S-frames) provide the ARQ mechanism when
piggybacking is not used.
 Unnumbered frames (U-frames) provide supplemental link control
functions.
PROBLEMS
1. No mention was made of reject (REJ) frames in the stop-and-wait ARQ

discussion.
Why is it not necessary to have REJ0 and REJ1 for stop-and-wait
ARQ?
In fact, a REJ is not needed at all, since the sender will time out if it
fails to receive an ACK. The REJ improves efficiency by informing
the sender of a bad frame as early as possible.
2. Suppose that a selective-reject ARQ is used where W = 4. Show, by
example, that a 3-bit sequence number is needed.
Assume a 2-bit sequence number:

 Station A sends frames 0, 1, 2 to station B.
 Station B receives all three frames and cumulatively acknowledges
with RR 3.
 Because of a noise burst, the RR 3 is lost.
 A times out and re-transmits frame 0.
 B has already advanced its receive window to accept frames 3, 0, 1,
2. Thus it assumes that frame 3 has been lost and that this is a new
frame 0, which it accepts.
The problem with the foregoing scenario is that there is an overlap
between the sending and receiving windows. To overcome this problem,
the maximum window size should be no more than half the range of
sequence numbers.
3. It is clear that bit stuffing is needed for the address, data, and FCS fields
of an HDLC frame. Is it needed for the control field?
No because the field is of known fixed length. However, for simplicity,
bit stuffing is used on this field.
4. Because of the provision that a single flag can be used as both an ending
and a starting flag, a single-bit error can cause problems.
a. Explain how a single-bit error can merge two frames into one.
When a flag is used as both an ending and starting flag (that is, one 8-
bit pattern serves to mark the end of one frame and the beginning of
the next), then a single-bit error in that flag alters the bit pattern so
that the receiver does not recognize the flag. Accordingly, the
received assumes that this is a single frame.
b. Explain how a single-bit error can split a single frame into two frames.
If a bit error somewhere in a frame between its two flags results in the
pattern 01111110, then this octet is recognized as a flag that delimits
the end of one frame and the start of the next frame.

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REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

Paix – Travail – Patrie Peace – Work – Fatherland

ICT303 (Data Communication)

TD_Chapter7_Data Link Control Protocols_Correction

Stop-and-wait flow control is the simplest form of flow control. In this

5. Describe sliding-window flow control.

6. What is the advantage of sliding-window flow control compared to stop-

C’ est une technique de transmission bidirectionnelle avec accusé de

8. Define error control

10.Describe automatic repeat request (ARQ).

11.List and briefly define three versions of ARQ.

12.What are the station types supported by HDLC? Describe each.

13.What are the transfer modes supported by HDLC? Describe each.

 Mode équilibré asynchrone (ABM): Configuration équilibrée.

 Mode de réponse asynchrone (ARM): Configuration déséquilibrée

14.What is the purpose of the flag field?

1. No mention was made of reject (REJ) frames in the stop-and-wait ARQ

Assume a 2-bit sequence number:

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